Santería - Knowledge

1848: 2793: 2629:; most slaves were prisoners of war captured in conflicts with neighbouring groups, although some were convicted criminals. The first enslaved Africans arrived in Cuba in 1511, although the largest numbers came in the 19th century. Cuba continued to receive new slaves until at least 1860, with full emancipation occurring in 1886. In total, between 702,000 and 1 million enslaved Africans were brought to Cuba. Most came from a stretch of Western Africa between the modern nation-states of Guinea and Angola. The great plurality were Yoruba, from the area encompassed by modern Nigeria and Benin; the Yoruba had a shared language and culture but were divided among different states. They largely adhered to Yoruba traditional religion, which incorporated many local 620: 2852: 2228: 1617:, and sometimes to the earth. These offerings can consist of fruit and other foodstuffs, liquor, flowers, candles, money, or slaughtered animals. Divination is often used to determine the exact nature of the offering; initiates are supposed to provide offerings on a regular basis, and at least once a year. Given to strengthen the supernatural forces, to thank them, or as a supplication, they help form a reciprocal relationship with these entities in the hope of receiving something in return. If this fails to materialise, practitioners may resort to several explanations: that the details of the ritual were incorrect, that the priest or priestess carrying out the rite lacked sufficient 2715: 1594: 2535: 2746:(witchcraft) and thought to be connected to criminality. Although the republic's new constitution enshrined freedom of religion and Santería was never legislated against, throughout the first half of the 20th century various campaigns were launched against it. These were often encouraged by the press, who promoted allegations that white children were being abducted and murdered in Santería rituals; this reached a fever pitch in 1904 after two white children were murdered in Havana in cases that investigators speculated were linked to brujería. 3012: 2609: 2215:; for instance, those believing themselves possessed by Ochún may wipe their skirt over other people, representing the waves of the ocean, while those regarding themselves as being possessed by Eleguá may steal from assembled participants. The possessed individual will then provide healing or dispense advice; sometimes a possessed person will reprimand others present, for instance for failing to carry out their ritual obligations, or issue them a warning. Some practitioners have also reported becoming possessed by an 1480: 849: 255: 1163: 496:. Practitioners believe that this divinity created the universe but takes little interest in human affairs. As this creator deity is inaccessible to humanity, no major offerings are dedicated to it. The three facets of this divinity are understood slightly differently; Olodumare represents the divine essence of all that exists, Olorun is regarded as the creator of all beings, while Olofi dwells in all creation. In taking a triplicate form, this deity displays similarities with the Christian 2300: 2412: 2941: 2697:, associations that the establishment regarded as a means of controlling the Afro-Cuban population. These operated as mutual aid societies and organized communal feasts, dances, and carnivals. The Catholic Church saw these groups as a method for gradual evangelisation, through which they tolerated the practice of some African customs while stamping out those they most fiercely objected to. It is probable that in these groups, priests of different West African 1718: 1057: 29: 12314: 12589: 2973:. While it has both Afro-Cuban and Euro-Cuban followers, Wedel noted that in the 1990s Santería was "more common in working-class, low-income neighborhoods dominated by Afro-Cubans." Wedel believed that men and women practice in roughly equal numbers. Some practitioners grow up in Santería as the children of initiates, although others only approach the religion as adults. While it accepts new followers, Santería is a non-proselytizing religion. 12577: 1585:("little corner"), a small area in which they collect together assorted objects, often those typically found in a household, as a material manifestation of the dead. Offerings to the dead may be placed here. Many practitioners will also enshrine their family ancestors under the bathroom sink. This location is chosen so that the ancestors can travel between the realms of the living and the dead via the water in the pipes. 954:

unevolved spirits, who lack the wisdom and skill to be useful and instead cause havoc. Santería teaches that through offerings and prayers, individuals can help some of their unevolved spirits to become evolved. Santería also divides the spirits into categories that each exhibit different traits, reflecting stereotypes about different social groups, with such spirits often portrayed as African, Haitian, Gypsy, Arab, or

1366: 512: 2820:, Castro's government took a negative view of Santería. Practitioners experienced police harassment, were denied membership of the Communist Party, and faced limited employment opportunities. They required police permission to perform rituals, which was sometimes denied. The state nevertheless promoted art forms associated with Santería in the hope of using them to promote a unified 1089:

suggested that many Cubans chose Santería over Roman Catholicism or Spiritism because it emphasizes techniques for dealing with pragmatic problems in life. In the U.S., some African American adherents have contrasted what they regard as the African-derived ethos of Santería with the non-African origins of Christianity, thus adopting it as a religion readily combined with

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number of initiates is estimated to be in the high hundreds of thousands. These initiates serve as diviners and healers for a much larger range of adherents of varying levels of fidelity, making the precise numbers of those involved in Santería difficult to determine. Many of those involved also identify as practitioners of another religion, typically Roman Catholicism.

1969: 1154:. Lucumí derives from the Yoruba language, although it has become "increasingly fragmented and unintelligible" since the 19th century. As Yoruba transitioned into Lucumí, the Yoruba pronunciations of many words were forgotten, and in the early 21st century some practitioners have studied the Yoruba language to better understand the original meaning of Lucumí words. 362:; although its origins are not Yoruba, it is sometimes considered a branch of Santería rather than a separate system. Santería also has commonalities with other West African and West African-derived traditions in the Americas which collectively form the "Orisha religion", "Orisha Tradition", or "Orisha worship." These include 2581:("deaders") who are usually women. During these rituals, the medium may be possessed by a spirit of the dead, who then engages in healing practices or offers advice and warnings to those assembled. Adopted from Espiritismo, they are often included in initiation and funerary rites. An additional ritual found in Santería is the 2546:, are designed to appease the soul of the deceased. As part of this, a funeral mass is held in a Roman Catholic church nine days after the individual has died to ensure that their soul successfully travels to the realm of the spirits. A year of additional rites for the dead individual follow, a period ended with the 781:, is equated with Ochún. It has been argued that Yoruba slaves initially linked their traditional deities with Christian saints as a means of concealing their continued worship of the former from the Spanish authorities, or as a means of facilitating social mobility by assimilating into Roman Catholic social norms. 659:, and most ceremonies start by requesting his permission to continue. He is depicted as being black on one side and red on the other, and practitioners will frequently place a cement head decorated with cowrie shells that represents Eleguá behind their front door, guarding the threshold to the street. The second 1150:"), it is regarded as a divine language through which practitioners can contact the deities. Although some practitioners are uncomfortable using it, most initiates know tens or hundreds of Lucumí words and phrases. Most Cubans do not understand the Lucumí language, barring a few words that have filtered into 2050: 1546:, although will often include objects associated with them; a wooden axe for Changó or a fan for Ochún, for instance. Creating these altars is deemed expensive and time-consuming. Material may be selected based on the tastes of the adherent; anthropologists have observed practitioners who have included 3019:

By the late 1980s, Santería had received considerable interest from established Christian churches, health professionals, and social scientists. Some initiates mistrusted academics and were thus either vague or deliberately misleading in their answers to the latter's questions, although the 1990s saw

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all took part in government-sponsored tours for foreigners desiring initiation into such traditions, while Afro-Cuban floor shows became common in Cuban hotels. In 1991, the Communist Party approved the admission of religious members, and in 1992 the constitution was amended to declare Cuba a secular

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The scholar of religion Mary Ann Clark labelled Santería a "female oriented and female normative" religion, arguing that all of its practitioners are expected to take on "female gender roles" during its rituals. Women can hold the highest leadership positions, although restrictions are placed on them

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accompanying them at all times, and that these can be benevolent, malevolent, or a mix of both. Practitioners also believe that the number and identities of these spirits can be determined through divination. It draws a distinction between evolved spirits, who can help those they are attached to, and

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translates into English as the "way of the saints". This term was first used by scholarly commentators in the 1930s and later spread among the religion's practitioners themselves. It has become the most popular name for the religion, although some practitioners find it offensive. A common alternative

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interacted and began to develop a new system. In the late 18th and early 19th century new laws restricted the cabildos' activities, although their membership expanded in the 19th century. The final decades of the 19th century also saw a growing interest in Spiritism, a religion based on the ideas of

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Christian views of Santería have been largely negative, and in Cuba, it has faced much opposition from the Roman Catholic clerical establishment over the centuries. Many Cuban intellectuals and academics also take a dim view of Santería. Opposition to the religion is also evident outside Cuba. When

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The Cuban Revolution fuelled Cuban emigration, especially to the United States, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela. With an increased Cuban presence in the U.S., Santería grew in many U.S. cities, being embraced by Latino Americans as well as European Americans and African Americans. Some

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requires an individual giving up their consciousness to the deity, and accordingly they often claim no memory of the events that occurred during the possession. Some have stated that reaching the mental state whereby an individual can become possessed takes much practice. The onset of the trance is

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in everyday interactions and events. For instance, a practitioner who meets a child at a traffic intersection may interpret this as a message from Eleguá, who is often depicted as a child and who is perceived as the "guardian" of the crossroads. At that point the practitioner may turn to divination

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In Spanish Cuba, Roman Catholicism was the only religion that could be practiced legally. Cuba's Roman Catholic Church made efforts to convert the enslaved Africans, but the instruction in Roman Catholicism provided to the latter was typically perfunctory and sporadic. In Cuba, traditional African

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are often given to small children, who are deemed particularly vulnerable to sorcery. Charms and amulets are also used as a general prophylaxis against illness; one example are ears of corn that are wrapped in purple ribbon and placed behind a doorway. Other rituals are designed to protect against

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practices. As well as it being common for Cubans to idiosyncratically blend ideas from different religions, many of Santería's practitioners claim multiple religious allegiances. Santería's adherents often consider themselves to be Roman Catholics—some priests and priestesses of Santería refuse to

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provinces, although communities exist across the island and abroad, especially among the Cuban diasporas of Mexico and the United States. The religion remains most common among working-class Afro-Cuban communities although is also practiced by individuals of other class and ethnic backgrounds. The

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are often accused of financially exploiting their initiates and clients—an accusation sometimes made by other practitioners of Santería itself. Various practitioners have also found that their involvement in Santería has strained their relationship with spouses or other family members who are not

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groups, who deemed the sacrifices to be inhumane. The festival's organizers yielded to the pressure, cutting the Santería elements of the festival by 1998. Pervasive stereotypes link Santería to criminal activity, and its rituals for self-protection have been adopted by various groups involved in

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and does not view the universe as being divided between good and evil; rather, all things are perceived as being complementary and relative. Several academics have described Santería as having a "here-and-now" ethos distinct from that of Christianity, and the social scientist Mercedes C. Sandoval

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religion. In Cuba it is sometimes described as "the national religion", although it has also spread abroad. Santería's roots are in the traditional religions brought to Cuba by enslaved West Africans, the majority of them Yoruba, between the 16th and 19th centuries. In Cuba, these religions mixed

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for assistance on practical matters. In 1991, the Cuban anthropologist López Valdés suggested that about 90 percent of Cuba's population practiced some form of religion and that of that 90 percent, a greater number practiced one of the Afro-Cuban religions than "pure Catholicism". In 2004, Wedel

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vary in their ethnic makeup, often reflecting broader racial divisions in U.S. society. Based on his ethnographic work in New York City during the 1980s, Samuel Gregory noted that there Santería was not a "religion of the poor", but contained a disproportionately high percentage of middle-class

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in Cuba was not just a continuation of Yoruba religious and cultural practices but something new, born from the encounter of the diverse Yoruba tribes with one another, with non-Yoruba Africans, and with the Europeans in a new environment and a new social order governed by set of institutions

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Some practitioners whose approach to Santería is influenced by Espiritismo also create cloth dolls for deceased family members and spirit guides. The spirit is believed to enter and inhabit the doll, with some practitioners stating that they can see the inhabiting spirit. Sometimes the doll's

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permeates all life, and is present in both the visible and invisible world. It is nevertheless deemed to sometimes congregate more densely, for instance in the forces of nature, specific locales, and in certain human individuals; initiates are believed to attract more of it than other humans.

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The scholars of religion Anibal Argüelles Mederos and Ileana Hodge Limonta estimated that in the early 21st century around 8% of Cubans were initiates of Santería, which would amount to between 800,000 and 900,000 people. There are a greater number of people who are not initiates but turn to

2742:, the island became an independent republic in 1898. In the republic, Afro-Cubans remained largely excluded from economic and political power, and negative stereotypes about them remained pervasive throughout the Euro-Cuban population. Afro-Cuban religious practices were often referred to as 2730:

teaching Santería emerged in urban parts of western Cuba during the late 19th century. As a trained priesthood emerged, they ensured a level of standardisation among new initiates. Although it drew on older West African cults, Santeria was, as described by Clark, "a new religious system".

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must then be propitiated to stop, sometimes with the sick individual receiving initiation. Santería also holds that a spirit of the dead may attach itself to an individual and thus harm them. Adherents also often believe that humans can harm one another through supernatural means, either

1640:, chickens, and doves—are commonly sacrificed, usually by having their throats slit or their heads twisted and ripped off. For rituals of greater importance, sacrifices are often of four-legged animals. Some practitioners describe the killing of animals as an acceptable substitute to 1693:, this liquid is used for removing malevolent influences and in ceremonies for baptising ritual tools. Santería's animal sacrifice has been a cause of concern for many non-practitioners. It has sometimes brought adherents into confrontation with the law, as with the 1993 case of 2775:

was published, representing the first scholarly attempt to understand Santería as a religion; in contrast to Ortiz, he maintained that the tradition should be seen as a religious system as opposed to a form of witchcraft. Lachatañeré was instrumental in promoting the term

2761:). He saw it as a barrier to the social integration of Afro-Cubans into broader Cuban society and recommended its suppression. In the 1920s, there were efforts to incorporate elements of Afro-Cuban culture into a wider understanding of Cuban culture, such as through the 1105:

are lesbians. A stereotype exists that all male Santería priests are homosexual, and members of other Afro-Cuban traditions with a more masculinist orientation, such as Palo, have often denigrated it for being dominated by women and men they consider to be "womanly".

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is the smallest. For ceremonial purposes, these drums must be wooden; adding metal elements could offend Changó, who is associated with wooden artefacts, because of their links with his enemy, Ogun. They may however have brass bells associated with Ochún, known as

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Santería is an initiatory religion, one which is organized around a structured hierarchy. An ethos of secrecy pervades many of its practices, with initiates often refusing to discuss certain topics with non-initiates. For this reason, Mason described Santería as a

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capable of listing the practitioners who have been initiated into it. In some ceremonies, the names of these individuals, who are regarded as the ancestors of the house, are recited in chronological order. Although members of different houses often interact, each

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have been formed in Spain and Germany. Santería was present in the U.S. by the 1940s, increasing its presence following the Cuban Revolution. Clustering in Florida, California, New Jersey, and New York, it attracted converts from varied ethnic backgrounds. U.S.

2034:, affixed to their rim. Each ceremonial drum has to be "born" from an existing example, the latter constituting its "godfather," and in this way they form lineages. Before being used in ceremonies, these drums are baptized, after which they are referred to as a 1072:. The religion presents strict rules regarding how to interact with other people and with the supernatural, for instance placing emphasis on respect for elders and superiors. A general attitude in Santería is that if an individual maintains good character, the 3002:

of 2001 estimated that there were then approximately 22,000 practitioners in the U.S., although in the mid-1990s the scholar Joseph Murphy suggested that hundreds of thousands of people in the country had engaged with Santería in some form, often as clients.

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The spelling "orisha" is widely favored for the deities venerated in West Africa; it is sometimes also used for all traditions venerating these deities globally. The alternative spelling "oricha" is more commonly used in discussing Cuban Santería

2435:; the diviner will then cast small objects onto a board or table and interpret the way in which they fall. The diviner asks the client questions and seeks to answer them by making multiple throws. The diviner will ultimately determine which 2056: 2054: 2051: 428:("believers"). Some people external to the religion have referred to its practitioners as "santerians" although this is not used by adherents themselves. A non-initiate, including those who may attend public Santería ceremonies, is an 423:

Different vocabulary indicates the level of a practitioner's involvement, with the various terms sometimes reflecting different political and social agendas. Practitioners of both Santería and other Afro-Cuban religions are called

1737:". A charge is levied for initiation; this varies depending on the client, but is often equivalent to a year's wage. Each initiation varies in its details, which are often concealed from non-initiates. The initiate is known as an 823:, practitioners are encouraged to make offerings to them, sponsor ceremonies in their honor, and live in accordance with their wishes, as determined through divination. Practitioners are concerned at the prospect of offending the 2055: 2253:. Particular focuses of Santería healing include skin complaints, gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, sexually transmitted infections, and issues of female reproduction; some practitioners provide concoctions to induce 2624:

populations dramatically declined. To provide a new labor source for the sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations they had established on Cuba, the Spanish then turned to buying slaves sold at West African ports. Slavery was

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is the most complex and prestigious divinatory system used in the religion. It typically involves the casting of consecrated palm nuts to answer a question, with the nuts offering 256 possible configurations. Although

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will aid them. Practitioners generally take socially conservative stances, having high regard for traditional family structures, marriage, fidelity, and child-rearing; adherents in the United States often adopt more

2839:" in which new economic measures would be necessary. As part of this, it selectively supported Afro-Cuban and Santería traditions, partly out of a desire to boost tourism; this Santería-focused tourism was called 1554:, on their altars. Food and flowers are often placed on the altar as offerings. Although rarely included on their altars, practitioners will often have statues of Roman Catholic saints elsewhere in their homes. 1097:

while menstruating. Similar restrictions are also placed on homosexual males, traditionally prohibiting them from taking part in certain forms of divination and ritual drumming. Many gay men are nevertheless

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people, were identified as the "Lucumí nation". Enslaved West Africans brought their traditional religions with them to Cuba; some were from the priestly class and possessed knowledge of traditions such as

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is largely autonomous, allowing for variation in their practices. In Cuba, it is common for Santería practitioners to meet with each other regularly, and to regard each other as being akin to a family: the

200:, and Roman Catholicism, the only religion legally permitted on the island by the Spanish colonial government. In urban areas of West Cuba, these traditions merged with Spiritist ideas to form the earliest 2453:, involves the casting of four pieces of a dried coconut shell, with the manner in which they fall being used to answer a question. Any practitioner can utilise this technique, which is also used in Palo. 2281:(witchcraft). The latter are often perceived as acting out of envy, utilising cursing techniques from Palo, for which they have employed material, such as hair or nail clippings, taken from their victim. 2589:

clothing is changed to please the spirit, while offerings, such as glasses of water or fruit, are placed before them. These spirit dolls may also be passed down through the generations within a family.

2053: 2296:. Adherents often believe that different types of plant have different temperaments and personalities; some are shy or easily frightened and thus need to be approached with the appropriate etiquette. 2343:. Many practitioners will also encourage their clients to seek mainstream medical assistance, either from doctors or psychotherapists, with Santería healing seen as complementary to medical science. 667:

of weapons and war, and also of iron and blacksmiths. The third, Ochosi, is associated with woods and hunting, while the fourth, Osun, is a protector who warns practitioners when they are in danger.

2706:, which in Cuba proved particularly popular among the white peasantry, the Creole class, and the small urban middle class. Ideas from Spiritism increasingly filtered into and influenced Santería. 1911:("the middle day"), when guests—including the initiate's family and friends—pay homage to them. It includes drumming and a feast. On the seventh day of the initiation, the new initiate leaves the 234:. Since the late 20th century, some practitioners have emphasized a "Yorubization" process to remove Roman Catholic influences and created forms of Santería closer to traditional Yoruba religion. 11638:

Shapiro Rok, Ester Rebeca (2001). "Santería as a Healing Practice in Diaspora Communities: My Cuban Jewish Journey with Oshun". In Margarite Fernández Olmos; Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert (eds.).

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during ceremonies, although by the 1990s some women practitioners in the U.S. had taken on the role. Practitioners explain the taboo with the view that menstrual blood can weaken the drum's

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often emphasise teaching in a non-verbal manner, encouraging their initiates to learn through taking part in the ritual activities. Since at least the 20th century, some initiates have kept

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McNeill, Brian; Esquivel, Eileen; Carrasco, Arlene; Mendoza, Rosalilia (2008). "Santería and the Healing Process in Cuba and the United States". In Brian McNeill; Joseph Cervantes (eds.).

2878:(Yorubization) process emerged, with attempts made to remove Roman Catholic elements from Santería; this process was criticised by those who saw Santería's syncretism as a positive trait. 918:, they are still thought capable of assisting the living, with whom they can communicate through dreams, intuition, and spirit possession. Santería teaches that a person can learn to both 765:, a depiction of Christ as a child, is conflated with Eleguá, who is seen as having a childlike nature. Babalú Ayé, who is associated with disease, is often identified with the Catholic 576:

is understood to "rule over" a particular aspect of the universe, and they have been described as personifications of different facets of the natural world. They live in a realm called

2431:. Attending a divination ritual in this way is commonly the first time that an individual encounters Santería so directly. During the session, offerings will be given to an overseeing 2382:

is a central aspect of Santería, taking place before all major rites and being utilized by adherents at critical moments of their life. Three main divinatory techniques are employed:

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to earth, at which point they can possess one of the participants. It is believed that the collective energy built up by the group is necessary in achieving this. In turn, the

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derives from Yoruba traditional religion, where it is seen as a person's "spiritual double". In Santería, this concept idea has syncretised with Roman Catholic beliefs about

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is considered a privilege and is usually reserved for the most experienced initiate present. There are specific rules of engagement that are laid out for taking part in the

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are female, others male. They are not regarded as wholly benevolent, being capable of both harming and helping humans, and displaying a mix of emotions, virtues, and vices.

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Khristoforova, Olga B. (2019). ""All of Them Are Our Ancestors": African and European Elements in Cuban Religion". In Dmitri M. Bondarenko and Marina L. Butovskaya (ed.).

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deities perhaps continued to be venerated within clubs and fraternal organizations made up of African migrants and their descendants. The most important of these were the

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African Americans regarded it as an authentically African religion, especially when purged of Roman Catholic elements, sometimes perceiving it as a religious wing of the

2768: 2052: 2211:, after which they are returned to the main room. As well as speaking in the Lucumí language, those possessed may then display gestures associated with a particular 2848:

rather than an atheist state. This liberalisation allowed Santería to leave behind its marginalisation, and during the 1990s it began to be practiced more openly.

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if female, although these two terms have sometimes been used for anyone, initiate or not, who participates in the religion. Alternative terms for an initiate are

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are linked to the healing of specific ailments; Ochún is for instance usually requested when dealing with genital problems. People who are sick may undergo the

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ceremony. Once this is done, they may lead rituals and help initiate others. Thenceforth, they will celebrate the annual anniversary of their initiation, their

1808:, where the initiate sleeps upon a mat on the floor for the seven days. No one uninvolved in the initiation is permitted entry. The initiate is given their own 2371:("life switch"), a practice by which the ailments of a sick person are believed to be transferred to another individual, often without the latter's knowledge. 1266:. Conversely, in an area like Veracruz in Mexico, many practitioners attend group rituals and then leave, sometimes never seeing their co-practitioners again. 394:

in the 19th century, while in continental North America, Santería has also incorporated influences from Central American and Mexican religions as well as from

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associated with agriculture were abandoned, probably because slaves had little reason to protect the harvests of slave-owners. Many myths associated with the

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often feature photographs of deceased relatives, to whom offerings are given; popular offerings for the spirits of the dead include seven glasses of water, a

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to determine the precise meaning of the encounter. The information obtained from these messages may then help practitioners make decisions about their life.

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Rossbach de Olmos, Lioba (2008). "Santeria Abroad: The Short History of an Afro-Cuban Religion in Germany by Means of Biographies of some of its Priests".

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literary and artistic movement. These often drew upon Afro-Cuban music, dance, and mythology, but typically rejected Santería rituals themselves. In 1942,

2112:, and have their own hierarchy separate from that of the priesthood. Santería drumming is male dominated; women are discouraged or banned from playing the 884:

or protector spirits. There is no strict orthodoxy on this issue and thus interpretations differ. Practitioners often believe that everyone has a specific

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of the 16th to 19th centuries. It formed through the blending of the traditional religions brought to Cuba by enslaved West Africans, the majority of them

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Emigration has spread Santería across most of Latin America and also to the United States and Europe. In Mexico, it established a particular presence in

1958:, notebooks in which they have written down material relevant to the practice of Santería. These may be shared with their own initiates or kept private. 930:

regarded as ancestors; these ancestors can include both hereditary forebears or past members of one's congregation, with practitioners believing that a

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in non-ritual contexts, such as while sleeping or walking through the streets, or during drumming performances carried out for non-religious purposes.

1695: 390:, and no central authority in control of the entire religion. It has absorbed elements from many cultures that it has encountered, such as that of the 2292:

which holds healing power; medicinal plants are deemed more powerful if harvested from the wild rather than being cultivated, for the latter can lack

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can communicate with humans through divination, prayers, dreams, music, and dance. Many practitioners also describe how they "read" messages from the

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is deemed to influence the individual's personality, and can be recognised through examining the person's personality traits, or through divination.

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Once an individual is possessed, they may be taken into an adjacent room where they are dressed in the ritual clothing pertaining to the possessing

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Castañeda, Angela N. (2007). "The African Diaspora in Mexico: Santería, Tourism, and Representations of the State". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.).

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can be both singular and plural, because Lucumí, the ritual language of Santería, lacks plural markers for nouns. Practitioners believe that some

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in the house or the placement of okra by the door. In Cuba, protective rituals from Santería have often been invoked in hospitals to prevent the

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spread Santería abroad. The late 20th century saw growing links between Santería and related traditions in West Africa and the Americas, such as

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Barnet, Miguel (1997). "La Regla de Ocha: The Religious System of Santería". In Fernández Olmos, Margarite; Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth (eds.).

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Although also found in rural areas, in Cuba Santería has always been a primarily urban phenomenon, predominating in the north-west provinces of

2648:(nations), often based on their port of embarkation rather than their own ethno-cultural background; those who were Yoruba speakers, as well as 2427:(consultation), usually to ask for advice about their health, family problems, or legal issues, and in doing so will pay the diviner a fee, the 1040:

can emanate from the human body via speech, song, dance, and drumming, and can be transmitted through such acts as singing praise songs for the

12629: 1126:, focusing on solving the problems of everyday life. Practitioners usually use the term "work" in reference to ritual activity; thus "working 2147:, often while swaying back and forth. These choral responses may split into a two or three-part harmony. Dancing also takes place, with each 12093: 11128:

du Toit, Brian M. (2001). "Ethnomedical (Folk) Healing in the Caribbean". In Margarite Fernández Olmos; Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert (eds.).

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Mason, Michael Atwood (1994). ""I Bow My Head to the Ground": The Creation of Bodily Experience in a Cuban American Santería Initiation".

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can switch from song to song quickly, with the drummers having to adapt their rhythm accordingly. A chorus of singers will respond to the

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being a term for the religion's deities. Some adherents regard this as the religion's "official" name. The tradition has also been called

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refers not only to the building where ceremonies take place, but also the community of practitioners who meet there. In this sense, many

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Pérez y Mena, Andrés I. (1998). "Cuban Santería, Haitian Vodun, Puerto Rican Spiritualism: A Multiculturalist Inquiry into Syncretism".

4252: 2484:

also has a separate existence from Santería, the two are closely linked, sharing the same mythology and conception of the universe; the

386:

Santería is a flexible and eclectic tradition, with considerable variation in how it is practiced. There is no strict orthodoxy, no key

3113: 2962:

suggested that practitioners of Santería "greatly outnumber" those who practiced Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, or Judaism in Cuba.

2796:

A statue of Santa Barbara in a house in Mantilla, Havana; practitioners sometimes have statues of Roman Catholic saints in their homes.

117:

are equated with Roman Catholic saints and associated with various myths. Each human is deemed to have a personal link to a particular

1068:

Santería has standards for behavior expected of practitioners, encouraging behaviors influenced by the mythological stories about the

2731:

Urban-to-rural migration then spread Santería elsewhere in Cuba, and in the 1930s it probably arrived in Cuba's second largest city,

2004:

are believed capable of soothing the grieving, healing the sick, blessing the deserving, and rebuking those who have behaved badly.

1561:, many practitioners have altars set aside for the spirits of the dead. These typically consist of a white-covered table known as a 12328: 11730:

Wirtz, Kristina (2007a). "How Diasporic Religious Communities Remember: Learning to Speak the "Tongue of the Oricha" in Santería".

1847: 1660:. An animal that struggles to avoid being killed is sometimes understood as having particular strength which will then pass to the 1233:, will be used for public occasions, as well as for the cultivation of plants and the housing of animals due to be sacrificed. The 2264:

may make someone sick, either as punishment or to encourage them to make a change in their life, often to become an initiate. The

1313:

and their "godchildren" is central to the religion's social organization, and practitioners believe that the more "godchildren" a

993:

referred to it as "a spiritual-mystical energy or power found in varying degrees and in many forms throughout the universe". The

4128: 2439:

will assist the client in dealing with their problems and outline what sacrifices will be appropriate to secure the aid of said

1464:

devoted to them; Changó has six or ten black stones, Obatala has eight white stones, while Ochún favors five yellow stones. New

11703:

Wexler, Anna (2001). "Dolls and Healing in a Santería House". In Margarite Fernández Olmos; Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert (eds.).

2017:; these are deemed sacred, and are sometimes regarded as the central symbol of Santería. There are multiple types of batá: the 216:. Santería nevertheless remained marginalized by Cuba's Roman Catholic, Euro-Cuban establishment, which typically viewed it as 334:

Although Santería is the best known of the Afro-Cuban religions, and the most popular, it is not the only one. Others include

12132: 7353: 1048:

is sometimes described as conveying notions of luck, health, and prosperity, and has the power to fortify a person's health.

319:. Roman Catholic saints were conflated with West African deities, while enslaved Africans adopted Roman Catholic rituals and 2870:, a prominent Yoruba political and religious leader, visited Cuba in 1987. Cuba's government permitted the formation of the 2473:

is generally seen as being open to all practitioners of Santería, although some groups reserve it for postmenopausal women.

726:

of divination, who in Santería's mythology was present at the creation of humanity and thus is aware of everyone's destiny.

7473: 3044:. Santería's influence can also be seen in the names of the Cuban liquor Santero and the state-owned machete factory Ogún. 2502:

and although their presence is not essential to Santería ceremonies, they often attend in their capacity as diviners. Many

3285: 1915:

and visits the marketplace, where they make offerings to Eleguá and steal something small, also as an offering to Eleguá.

1016:

as "the realized and inherent divine potential in all aspects of life, even in apparently inert objects." She added that "

127:, a supernatural force permeating the universe that can be manipulated through ritual actions. Practitioners venerate the 10843:

Bahia, Joana (2016). "Dancing with the Orixás: Music, Body and the Circulation of African Candomblé Symbols in Germany".

8009: 3168: 557:

as facets of Olodumare, and thus think that by venerating them they are ultimately worshipping the creator god. Certain

370:, sometimes characterized as "sister religions" of Santería due to their shared origins in Yoruba traditional religion. 12050: 12004: 11985: 11966: 11947: 11928: 11909: 11890: 11873:

Cid Lucas, Fernando (2023). "Ritual en el bailongo: santería y candomblé en algunas canciones de los siglos XX y XXI".

11864: 11845: 11826: 11807: 11788: 11760: 11720: 11693: 11674: 11655: 11516: 11497: 11478: 11256: 11183: 11164: 11145: 11118: 11062: 11022: 10974: 10947: 10833: 2461:

stories. Dilogún typically involves a set of 21 cowrie shells, filed flat on their round side; these are fed with both

1934:. This may for instance include abstaining from sexual intercourse, wearing only white, or not cutting their hair. The 1700: 1452:; for example ocean stones are linked with Yemaya, river pebbles with Ochún, and meteorite fragments with Changó. Each 966:

spirits of Africa are perceived as strong-willed, powerful, and adept at guiding people through hostile circumstances.

96:. There is no central authority in control of Santería and much diversity exists among practitioners, who are known as 9640: 1907:. An animal sacrifice usually follows, involving at least five four-legged animals and 25 birds. The following day is 1337:

provides assistance for their needs. Within the religion, offending one's godparent is regarded as also offending the

962:(gypsy) spirits for instance are believed capable of foreseeing impending troubles and diagnosing illnesses while the 331:—were drawn into the mix, with Santería emerging as a distinct religion in western Cuba during the late 19th century. 11360: 11341: 10984:

Clark, Mary Ann (2001). "¡No Hay Ningun Santo Aqui! (There Are No Saints Here!): Symbolic Language within Santería".

9751: 7194: 7042: 6732: 4628: 4512: 3978: 2612:

Painting of a slave auction in Cuba. Most elements of Santería came from African religious ideas preserved by slaves.

7449: 6585: 3389: 2257:. Santería healers will typically use divination to determine the cause of an ailment before prescribing treatment. 12619: 12125: 7916: 3048:

the International Afro-Caribbean Festival in Veracruz was launched in 1994, it showcased art and ritual by Mexican

2792: 2665:

were worshipped across West Africa, fewer than twenty became prominent in Santería, perhaps because many kin-based

1237:

will typically include a place to store ritual paraphernalia, kitchen facilities, and space for visitors to sleep.

5191: 4823: 3918: 655:. Eleguá is viewed as the guardian of the crossroads and thresholds; he is the messenger between humanity and the 432:("stranger"); these non-initiates make up the majority of people involved in the religion. Initiates are known as 12614: 12392: 12172: 6351: 6349: 4296: 8129: 6023: 2518:. Unlike the more open policy for Santería initiates, only heterosexual men are traditionally allowed to become 2046:, a small leather bag containing items including a parrot feather and glass beads, to the interior of the drum. 1436:

Practitioners will collect stones from the landscape and then use divination to determine which ones contain an

11371: 3040:

for example recorded a version of "Que viva Chango" ("Long Live Chango"), while a Cuban band called themselves

10134: 8841: 6346: 2780:

in reference to the phenomenon, deeming it a more neutral description than the pejorative-laden terms such as

619: 12238: 7509: 5303: 4692: 3942: 3607: 3357: 2323:

necklace. They may perform a ritual to transfer the sickness to an animal, sacrifice an animal to a specific

2120:, or that the drum's desire for blood would drain the woman, causing her harm, or in some cases infertility. 6078: 4476: 2457:

entails the casting of cowrie shells, and is considered more complex in that it requires a knowledge of the

1863:, a session with a diviner. The diviner will reveal the initiate's Lucumí ritual name, a praise name of the 1675:

to which the sacrifice has been directed. After the carcass has been butchered, some of the organs—known as

456:("mother-deity") if female. Those who have a sustained engagement with the religion are also referred to as 12457: 11411:

Long, Carolyn Morrow (2002). "Perceptions of New Orleans Voodoo: Sin, Fraud, Entertainment, and Religion".

9513: 4608: 3890: 2863:-worshipping religions in West Africa and the Americas. These transnational links were reinforced when the 2851: 2227: 2088:

in public and may not refer to it by name. Drums which have not been baptised are not viewed as containing

1721:

An initiate with ceremonial material in Havana; initiates wear white clothing during the initiation process

2557:, a Puerto Rican tradition focused on contacting the dead; this is particularly the case in areas such as 1772:

The initiation process takes seven days, plus two days of preparatory rituals. During this preparation, a

761:

are often conflated with one or more Roman Catholic saints based on similar attributes. For instance, the

12624: 9422: 8400: 8045: 6369: 2714: 2288:, having an important role in the religion. Practitioners believe that each species of plant has its own 1844:, designed to rid them of any malevolent spirits attached to them. Often, their hair will be shaved off. 1381:

Yemaya, who is associated with the sea; Yemaya altars often feature seashells and nautical paraphernalia.

1201:("house of religion"). The ethnomusicologist María Teresa Vélez called this the "house-temple", with the 4373: 3074:

involved, and in some cases adherents have abandoned Santería to join other religious movements such as

2750: 2685:

cults were reconstituted into a single religious system, one which had a newly standardized pantheon of

698:

is a warrior associated with wind, lightning, and death, and is viewed as the guardian of the cemetery.

12567: 12148: 4672: 4652: 4087: 2828:, Castro's government viewed the promotion of a separate Afro-Cuban identity as counter-revolutionary. 2538:

A selection of offerings that have been placed at the base of a tree in Cuba as part of a Santería rite

2235:

Healing is important in Santería, and health problems are the most common reason why people approach a

1930:"), during which they must observe certain restrictions, the nature of which depends on their tutelary 990: 69: 12085: 11802:. Translated by Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 79–100. 6700: 4436: 3056:, although this brought public protests from Roman Catholic organizations, who regarded such rites as 12552: 10154: 8994: 8821: 7258: 4556: 2739: 2191:

to possess one of the participants. The possessed individual is referred to as the "horse", with the

1644:, and in Cuba there have been persistent rumours of children being sacrificed in Santería rites. The 1217:("sacred grove of the festival"), where the most important rituals take place. There will also be an 1085: 981:

is a major cosmological concept in Yoruba traditional religion and has been transferred to Santería.

209: 205: 20: 7876: 4536: 4456: 3220: 2550:, the breaking of a dish, to symbolise the deceased's final departure from the realm of the living. 1712: 1499:

includes cowrie shells; usually 18 are added although the precise number differs depending on which

148: 12263: 11157:

Creole Religions of the Caribbean: An Introduction from Vodou and Santería to Obeah and Espiritismo

10408: 9572: 4887: 3451: 1652:

are believed to "eat" the blood of the victim; the latter's lifeforce is deemed to transfer to the

1325:. The "godchildren" are expected to contribute both their labor and finances to events held at the 1166: 185:. Healing rituals and the preparation of herbal remedies and talismans also play a prominent role. 12072: 11382:

Lefever, Harry G. (1996). "When the Saints Go Riding In: Santería in Cuba and the United States".

2573:

are believed capable of communicating with spirits; seances conducted for this purpose are called

2565:. Sometimes the word "Santerismo" is used to refer to a blend between the two traditions. Various 1804:

takes the initiate to purify themselves in a river. The rest of the initiation takes place in the

11609:

Sandoval, Mercedes C. (1979). "Santeria as a Mental Health Care System: An Historical Overview".

11223:(2000). "Bringing Down the Santo: An Analysis of Possession Performance in Afro-Cuban Santería". 11032:

Clark, Mary Ann (2006). "Santería Sacrificial Rituals: A Reconsideration of Religious Violence".

9152: 7708: 5596: 4787: 2899: 2813: 2626: 328: 9208: 7788: 7606: 7604: 4903: 4712: 2339:("blessing of the head"), in which coconut water and cotton are applied to the head to feed the 1867:

that rules their head. This name often incorporates elements indicating the initiate's tutelary

11667:

Drumming For The Gods: The Life and Times of Felipe Garcia Villamil, Santero, Palero and Abakuá

3851: 1636:. This is usually a man, with menstruating women prohibited from involvement. Birds—including 8472: 7981: 7652: 7066: 6569: 6255: 5580: 5175: 4398: 4396: 2681:

which were not present in West African mythologies. As Santería formed, separate West African

2598: 1683:; other parts will be eaten by practitioners. Some of the blood may be collected and added to 902:

is important in Santería. The religion entails propitiating the spirits of the dead, known as

181:. Offerings are also given to the spirits of the dead, with some practitioners identifying as 12355: 12243: 12231: 11015:

Where Men Are Wives And Mothers Rule: Santería Ritual Practices and their Gender Implications

10901:

Brandon, George (1991). "The Uses of Plants in Healing in an Afro-Cuban Religion, Santería".

9138: 9136: 7601: 7573: 6239: 6131: 6117: 6115: 6113: 4592: 4328: 4026: 1581:

liquor. Alternatively, many practitioners of Santería—like those who follow Palo—will have a

762: 350:. Many practitioners of Palo and Abakuá also follow Santería. Another Afro-Cuban religion is 347: 312: 12080: 9707: 4867: 4496: 868:

goes before Olodumare, where it is given its essential character, and forms a link with the

12437: 11555:"Santería in Catemaco, Mexico: Hybrid (Re)Configurations of Religious Meaning and Practice" 9899: 7636: 4393: 2859:

The second half of the 20th century saw a growing awareness of Santería's links with other

2096:("Jewish drums"). Particular rhythms played on the drums may be associated with a specific 1593: 998: 994: 616:

is also associated with specific songs, rhythms, colors, numbers, animals, and foodstuffs.

193: 12609: 11959:

Animal Sacrifice and Religious Freedom: Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah

11705:

Healing Cultures: Art and Religion as Curative Practices in the Caribbean and its Diaspora

11640:

Healing Cultures: Art and Religion as Curative Practices in the Caribbean and its Diaspora

11130:

Healing Cultures: Art and Religion as Curative Practices in the Caribbean and its Diaspora

9676: 9133: 8913: 7620: 7557: 7529: 7421: 7393: 7294: 7278: 7230: 7178: 6110: 5412: 5138: 4843: 4002: 2534: 2526:

are gay men, and since the 21st century a small number of women have also been initiated.

2284:

Herbalism is a major component of Santería healing practices, with healing plants, termed

8: 12479: 12199: 11686:

Santería Healing: A Journey into the Afro-Cuban World of Divinities, Spirits, and Sorcery

9624: 5921: 1551: 899: 778: 324: 213: 93: 12167: 11669:. Studies in Latin American and Caribbean Music. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 11528:"Santería Grand Slam: Afro-Cuban Religious Studies and the Study of Afro-Cuban Religion" 5231: 4803: 3962: 2260:

Santería teaches that supernatural factors cause or exacerbate ailments. It claims that

1703:

ruled that animal cruelty laws targeted specifically at Santería were unconstitutional.

12499: 12293: 12036: 12023: 11597: 11457: 11428: 11399: 11312: 11283: 11244: 11232: 11220: 11211: 11194: 11097: 11089: 11001: 10926: 10918: 10889: 10860: 6899: 6680: 2966: 1009: 922:. Practitioners will often provide offerings, typically seven glasses of water, to the 804:

as one that "rules the head" of an individual; it is their "owner of the head". If the

766: 238: 113:. Typically deriving their names and attributes from traditional Yoruba deities, these 12194: 11432: 9835: 2669:

cults were lost when traditional kinship networks were destroyed through enslavement.

2131:

or with instrumental accompaniment. The lead singer at such ceremonies is known as an

1139: 12511: 12283: 12182: 12046: 12000: 11981: 11962: 11943: 11924: 11905: 11886: 11860: 11841: 11822: 11803: 11784: 11756: 11716: 11689: 11670: 11651: 11626: 11622: 11512: 11493: 11474: 11356: 11337: 11316: 11279: 11252: 11179: 11174:

Flores-Peña, Ysamur (2005). "Lucumí: The Second Diaspora". In Helen A. Berger (ed.).

11160: 11141: 11114: 11101: 11058: 11018: 10970: 10943: 10930: 10893: 10864: 10829: 2970: 2887: 1341:

that "rules the head". Practitioners express respect both to their godparent and the

1225:, often a living room, where semi-private rites can be conducted. Another space, the 1169:, a Cuban priest of both Santería and Palo photographed with his ritual paraphernalia 1090: 242: 121:

who influences their personality. Olodumare is believed to be the ultimate source of

12221: 12204: 10114: 7756: 1996:, performed to gain their favor. The goal of the rhythms and songs is to summon the 1776:("spiritual mass") will typically take place to gain the blessings of the ancestral 1081:

stances on issues surrounding gender and sexuality than their counterparts in Cuba.

351: 12253: 11739: 11708: 11643: 11618: 11589: 11566: 11539: 11449: 11420: 11391: 11329: 11304: 11275: 11206: 11133: 11081: 11041: 10993: 10962: 10910: 10881: 10852: 10821: 9402: 3011: 2935: 2919: 2805: 2801: 2749:

One of the first intellectuals to examine Santería was the lawyer and ethnographer

2732: 2608: 2558: 2553:

As well as having been influenced by Spiritism, Santería is often intertwined with

2065: 1828:). Each necklace is a different color associated with a specific deity. During the 986: 223: 156: 52: 10885: 10297: 10038: 9560: 9538: 9536: 9503: 9501: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8236: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 5503: 5501: 5128: 5126: 12593: 12523: 12367: 12268: 11559:

Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society

11055:

Santería: Correcting the Myths and Uncovering the Realities of a Growing Religion

10217: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4061: 4059: 4057: 3880: 3878: 2835:'s collapse in the 1990s, Castro's government declared that Cuba was entering a " 2354:. These are created using herbs and blood and produced while in contact with the 1641: 1006: 997:

Johan Wedel described it as "life force" or "divine force", while the folklorist

707: 399: 335: 167:

to possess one of their members and thus communicate with them. Several forms of

85: 81: 12258: 11712: 11647: 11377:(Report). New York City: The Graduate Center of the City University of New York. 11333: 11137: 3020:

non-Cuban ethnographers seeking initiation into the religion, thus blurring the

1393:

and in practitioners' homes. Central to these altars are sacred objects, termed

1162: 623:

Offerings before a statue of Saint Lazarus in Havana; this saint represents the

12489: 12377: 12360: 12288: 11857:

A Year in White: Cultural Newcomers to Lukumi and Santería in the United States

11571: 11554: 11085: 10914: 10812:

Ayorinde, Christine (2007). "Writing Out Africa? Racial Politics and the Cuban

10637: 9995: 9723: 9664: 9612: 9533: 9498: 9196: 9014: 8977: 8861: 8718: 8488: 8373: 8319: 7997: 7310: 6609: 5498: 5123: 5080: 3075: 3061: 3041: 3025: 2836: 2821: 1135: 955: 877: 493: 391: 387: 316: 303: 11544: 11527: 10856: 8738: 7146: 4747: 4168: 4054: 3875: 3531: 3200: 1992:. Lasting for up to several hours, this is usually seen as an offering to the 1769:("one who witnesses"), who acts as a secondary godparent to the new initiate. 949:, or protective spirits. The religion maintains that all people have multiple 715: 706:

of truth and justice and is deemed responsible for helping to mould humanity.

12603: 12540: 12467: 12348: 12333: 12226: 12117: 12068: 11743: 11266:

Holbraad, Martin (2005). "Expending Multiplicity: Money in Cuban Ifá Cults".

10997: 9224: 5874: 3487: 3021: 2922:

in the late 20th century. One of the most prominent figures in this revival,

2817: 2763: 2492:, Orula or Ọ̀rúnmila, has a prominent place within Santería. High priests of 1796:("ceremony of the initiate"), in which offerings are given to Ochún, and the 1479: 1151: 1078: 848: 770: 746:

are deemed antagonistic to others; Changó and Ogun are for instance enemies.

549:

were created before humanity, while others were originally humans who became

363: 288: 254: 227: 197: 11353:

The Omnipresent Past: Historical Anthropology of Africa and African Diaspora

10966: 10825: 10513: 6389: 4972: 2299: 2195:

having "mounted" them. According to practitioners, becoming possessed by an

2127:, with specific songs associated with particular deities. These may be sung 1946:("birthday in the saint"). Although a largely orally-transmitted tradition, 346:, which has its origins among the secret male societies practiced among the 12372: 12177: 12042: 11753:

Ritual, Discourse, and Community in Cuban Santería: Speaking a Sacred World

11424: 9923: 2832: 2809: 2703: 774: 738:

of markets, while his wife Olosá is associated with lagoons. Agagyú is the

89: 12189: 11978:

Wizards and Scientists: Explorations in Afro-Cuban Modernity and Tradition

11838:

Electric Santería: Racial and Sexual Assemblages of Transnational Religion

11045: 9180: 8420: 5838: 3835: 2411: 2013: 1903:

are placed to the initiate's head, culminating in those of their tutelary

367: 231: 12581: 12462: 12422: 12402: 11883:

Santería Enthroned: Art, Ritual, and Innovation in an Afro-Cuban Religion

11630: 11072:

Cosentino, Donald (2005). "Vodou in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction".

9057: 2981: 2940: 2883: 2864: 2825: 2653: 2554: 2163:

and humanity. Dancing either alone or first in front of the drums at the

1859:("day of history"), usually the third day, the initiate will undergo the 1637: 1577: 977: 699: 604:

has varies, with some having several hundred. Practitioners believe that

339: 320: 123: 12027: 11308: 11236: 11093: 10697: 10309: 9735: 6174: 3437: 3435: 2243:

for help. When operating as healers, practitioners are sometimes termed

2231:

A selection of paraphernalia associated with Santería for sale in Havana

1417:), which are regarded as the literal and symbolic representation of the 856:

Santería teaches that the human head contains a person's essence, their

218: 12412: 12313: 11601: 11403: 11287: 11005: 10922: 10058: 10007: 9939: 5726: 4280: 3037: 3015:

The interior of the Templo Yemalla, a Santería temple in Trinidad, Cuba

2867: 2638: 2562: 2379: 1717: 1115: 1056: 919: 524: 359: 355: 307: 189: 182: 168: 77: 28: 11461: 11295:

Holbraad, Martin (2012). "Truth Beyond Doubt: Ifá Oracles in Havana".

10340: 9454: 9101: 8556: 8540: 8287: 8065: 4759: 4420: 1397:("fundamentals"), which are contained within porcelain vessels, often 792:

Santería's focus is on cultivating a reciprocal relationship with the

12530: 12474: 12273: 11511:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. 9359: 9343: 7337: 5858: 3432: 3024:. The religion was also explored in other media; the Cuban filmmaker 2245: 1349:, in which they bow their head to the floor. The precise form of the 592:("roads"), or manifestations, a concept akin to the Hindu concept of 519:

is Eleguá, who is represented by small cement heads kept in the home.

485: 104: 12162: 12096:

profile at the Religious Movements Homepage (University of Virginia)

11593: 11395: 11326:

Secrets, Gossip, and Gods: The Transformation of Brazilian Candomblé

11178:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 102–119. 10265: 9117: 9073: 8271: 7014: 4956: 4071: 3471: 3341: 3269: 1761:

overseeing the initiation ceremony, the event may be attended by an

1667:

Once killed, the animals' severed heads may be placed on top of the

640: 484:

Santería teaches the existence of an overarching divinity, known as

343: 12588: 12216: 11453: 11159:(second ed.). New York and London: New York University Press. 10356: 10237: 10074: 9470: 9276: 9236: 8588: 8572: 8524: 7377: 6484: 6190: 5525: 3718: 3057: 2977: 2903: 2891: 2719: 2677:

were transformed, creating kinship relationships between different

2498: 2347: 2274: 2254: 1571: 678:

or Shango is associated with lightning and fire. Another prominent

408: 103:

Santería teaches the existence of a transcendent creator divinity,

11471:

Living Santería: Rituals and Experiences in an Afro-Cuban Religion

11111:

Santería: The Beliefs and Rituals of a Growing Religion in America

10569: 9871: 9855: 9026: 7828: 7082: 6275: 5799: 4992: 3579: 3418: 3416: 2649: 808:

is male then it is described as the individual's "father"; if the

687: 12450: 12387: 12382: 12343: 12298: 12038:

Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy

11195:"Afro-Caribbean Religions in New York City: The Case of Santería" 10761: 10585: 10553: 10432: 10281: 5097: 5095: 2985: 2621: 885: 553:

through some remarkable quality. Some practitioners perceive the

497: 404: 395: 12099: 11490:

Latina/o Healing Practices: Mestizos and Indigenous Perspectives

11155:

Fernández Olmos, Margarite; Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth (2011).

11154: 10777: 10643: 10625: 10303: 10186: 10168: 10148: 10001: 9769: 9729: 9717: 9686: 9670: 9658: 9634: 9618: 9582: 9566: 9542: 9527: 9507: 9436: 9218: 9202: 9162: 9146: 9020: 9008: 8988: 8923: 8855: 8835: 8754: 8494: 8482: 8414: 8379: 8325: 8143: 8059: 8027: 8003: 7991: 7934: 7886: 7798: 7692: 7662: 7646: 7630: 7614: 7583: 7567: 7539: 7523: 7491: 7467: 7431: 7403: 7371: 7316: 7304: 7288: 7272: 7240: 7212: 7188: 7076: 7060: 6950: 6756: 6750: 6714: 6626: 6603: 6579: 6383: 6363: 6249: 6141: 6125: 6092: 5606: 5590: 5507: 5422: 5317: 5209: 5185: 5148: 5132: 5086: 4893: 4833: 4797: 4753: 4722: 4702: 4686: 4666: 4646: 4622: 4602: 4550: 4530: 4506: 4490: 4470: 4450: 4387: 4338: 4306: 4270: 4181: 4150: 4101: 4065: 4036: 3996: 3972: 3956: 3932: 3884: 3621: 3537: 3465: 3407: 3371: 3234: 3135: 2722:

while incorporating preserved African cultural practices. (1850)

1984:

Santería's main public ritual is a drumming ceremony called the

1542:

Many altars contain few or no anthropomorphic depictions of the

407:

Roman Catholic—and others consider themselves to be Spiritists,

12518: 12427: 12248: 11413:

Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions

9979: 8303: 6553: 6330: 6223: 5754: 3746: 3682: 3639: 3413: 2915: 2898:

before relocating with his followers in 1970 to a community in

2895: 2855:

A shop in Havana selling paraphernalia associated with Santería

2617: 1685: 1547: 1398: 1281:

who has attracted a following. An apprentice is known as their

731: 686:, the deity associated with maternity, fertility, and the sea. 683: 675: 648: 609: 593: 529: 163:, in which practitioners drum, sing, and dance to encourage an 109: 37: 12484: 12105: 11487: 9230: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5215: 5092: 3507: 2392: 2363:

sorcery, as for instance with the scattering of petals of the

2171:; dancing poorly at the ritual is considered an insult to the 1597:

A chicken being sacrificed at a 2017 Santería ritual in Havana

1535:

will be arranged in a descending hierarchy depending on which

1365: 1118:. It has an elaborate system of ritual, with its rites termed 695: 608:

can physically inhabit certain objects, among them stones and

511: 173: 12535: 12494: 12445: 12407: 12338: 12303: 12211: 11800:

Sacred Possessions: Vodou, Santería, Obeah, and the Caribbean

10940:

Santeria from Africa to the New World: The Dead Sell Memories

9799: 8682: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 3660: 3658: 3022:

distinction between practitioner and anthropological observer

2408:(male and female), and sometimes work in this role fulltime. 2331:

to possess the sick individual and thus heal them. Different

1968: 1421:, and thus living entities. They are deemed to be sources of 1230: 926:

to placate and please them. Especially propitiated are those

896:(road), although their fate is not completely predetermined. 727: 719: 489: 222:(witchcraft). In the 1960s, growing emigration following the 11997:

The Cooking of History: How Not to Study Afro-Cuban Religion

11509:

Society of the Dead: Quita Manaquita and Palo Praise in Cuba

10749: 10661: 6164: 6162: 2894:. After being initiated in Cuba, he established a temple in 2183:

Possession is important in Santería, and the purpose of the

2151:

associated with a particular dance style. The dances at the

1487:, or white table, set out for the spirits of the dead, at a 12547: 12417: 12397: 11034:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

10601: 10529: 10207: 10205: 10102: 9392: 9390: 9089: 9047: 9045: 8436: 8336: 8334: 8261: 8259: 8214: 8212: 7849: 7847: 7816: 7732: 7589: 7110: 6303: 6011: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5705: 5617: 5615: 5568: 5546: 5544: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5328: 5326: 5293: 5291: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 1895:

is believed to literally enter the initiate's cranium. The

1689:, an infusion of herbs and water. Believed to contain much 1116:

ritual correctness is considered more important than belief

652: 644: 412: 73: 10942:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 10872:

Bascom, William R. (1950). "The Focus of Cuban Santería".

8658: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7866: 7864: 7862: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6147: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5647: 5645: 5632: 5630: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5008: 4728: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4042: 3706: 3670: 3655: 3377: 2998:

people such as teachers, social workers, and artists. The

769:, who rose from the dead, while Changó is conflated with 12506: 12111: 11781:

Afro-Cuban Religiosity, Revolution, and National Identity

11249:

Divine Utterances: The Performance of Afro-Cuban Santería

10028: 10026: 9548: 9319: 8648: 8646: 7969: 7409: 6524: 6159: 5977: 5975: 5950: 5948: 5476: 5474: 5472: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 3789: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3240: 76:

during the late 19th century. It arose amid a process of

10789: 10725: 10685: 10541: 10372: 10202: 10174: 10090: 9967: 9955: 9887: 9823: 9811: 9387: 9331: 9297: 9295: 9042: 8633: 8631: 8604: 8331: 8256: 8209: 8197: 8117: 8093: 8081: 7940: 7844: 7804: 7668: 7166: 7122: 6990: 6875: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6656: 6644: 6632: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6098: 5987: 5770: 5612: 5541: 5445: 5350: 5323: 5288: 5276: 5251: 3032:

in 1992. Various songs have referenced Santería and its

2926:, had previously been involved in King's Orisha-Voodoo. 2886:

movement. A prominent exponent of this approach was the

1122:(ceremonies). Most of its activities revolve around the 872:

who becomes "the owner of the head". The concept of the

757:

and is not a literal reference to Christian saints, the

237:

Practitioners of Santería are primarily found in Cuba's

10649: 10613: 10503: 10501: 10499: 9697: 9695: 9168: 8787: 8785: 8390: 8388: 8351: 8349: 8185: 8161: 8149: 7952: 7904: 7859: 7327: 7325: 7246: 7098: 7002: 6928: 6926: 6863: 6668: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6500: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6320: 6318: 6206: 6066: 6056: 6054: 5815: 5693: 5642: 5627: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5051: 5032: 5020: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4344: 4240: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3329: 3317: 3141: 1565:, something derived from the White Table of Spiritism. 1539:

each is dedicated to, with that of Obatala at the top.

1353:

differs depending on whether the individual's personal

985:

is regarded as the organizing power of the cosmos; the

11921:

Santería Aesthetics in Contemporary Latin American Art

11902:

Santería Garments and Altars: Speaking without a Voice

11370:

Kosmin, Barry A.; Mayer, Egon; Keysar, Ariela (2001).

10673: 10472: 10330: 10328: 10023: 9787: 9486: 9442: 9375: 8643: 8500: 8448: 8361: 7776: 5999: 5972: 5960: 5945: 5911: 5909: 5894: 5469: 4775: 4107: 3627: 3252: 2637:

worshipped widely due to the extent of the Yoruba-led

2616:

After the Spanish Empire conquered Cuba, the island's

12565: 10737: 10484: 10460: 10396: 10253: 9307: 9292: 8889: 8706: 8694: 8628: 8224: 8173: 7680: 7030: 6966: 6887: 6832: 6796: 6784: 6720: 6409: 5787: 4194: 4192: 4190: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3808: 3806: 3804: 2319:, give them a cleansing bath, or provide them with a 1456:

is deemed to prefer a particular color and number of

1051: 945:

who protect them. Individuals can have as many as 25

10713: 10496: 10448: 9775: 9692: 9600: 9264: 9252: 8965: 8953: 8941: 8929: 8901: 8877: 8809: 8797: 8782: 8770: 8670: 8616: 8512: 8460: 8385: 8346: 8105: 8033: 7892: 7744: 7545: 7497: 7437: 7322: 7218: 7134: 6978: 6938: 6923: 6851: 6820: 6808: 6772: 6536: 6512: 6467: 6455: 6426: 6315: 6291: 6051: 5742: 5681: 5657: 5556: 5513: 5486: 5457: 5428: 5393: 5369: 5338: 5154: 5111: 4944: 4927: 4580: 4316: 3762: 3734: 3694: 3555: 3543: 3158: 3156: 2080:, itself an avatar of Ochún, and a manifestation of 1922:

home. They may then undergo a year-long period, the

1448:

sometimes display traits linking them to particular

1248:

trace a lineage back to the 19th century, with some

287:, in reference to the colonial Spanish term for the 11923:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 10384: 10325: 9588: 5906: 5669: 5381: 4361: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4156: 3595: 3567: 2159:, strengthening the link between the realms of the 1027:While deeming Olodumare the ultimate embodiment of 11900:Flores-Peña, Ysamur; Evanchuk, Roberta J. (1994). 11268:The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4187: 3818: 3801: 3519: 1871:; devotees of Yemajá for instance usually include 1832:("pinning") ritual, a heavy necklace known as the 1696:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah 338:, which derives from practices originating in the 11707:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 89–114. 11532:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 11369: 11355:. Moscow: LRC Publishing House. pp. 339–68. 10961:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 131–50. 10820:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 151–66. 10631: 3153: 2906:. Having a strained relationship with many other 2514:to perceive themselves as being superior to most 2423:Clients approach these diviners for a divinatory 2222: 1816:. They are also given beaded necklaces, known as 1588: 1472:("baptism") rite, entailing them being washed in 941:("spiritual portrait" or "spiritual picture") of 812:is female then it is the person's "mother". This 208:resulted in an independent republic in 1898, its 32:A group of Santería practitioners performing the 12601: 11642:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 69–88. 11328:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 11176:Witchcraft and Magic: Contemporary North America 11132:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 19–28. 2644:In Cuba, slaves were divided into groups termed 784: 2735:, which lies at the eastern end of the island. 2585:, a drum ceremony for the spirits of the dead. 1887:("coronation"), which marks the point when the 1060:Two practitioners of Santería taking part in a 1044:or sacrificing an animal. Among practitioners, 19:"Santeria" redirects here. For other uses, see 12147: 10959:The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion 10818:The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion 2709: 2042:, making sacrifices to Osain, and affixing an 1840:("washing"), the initiate's head is bathed in 1812:, as well as objects representing the warrior 730:takes the form of twins who protect children. 714:associated with disease and its curing, while 12133: 11372:American Religious Identification Survey 2001 11350: 6694: 6045: 5245: 4897: 4881: 4837: 4817: 4706: 4574: 4310: 4274: 3869: 2787: 1632:, with the person carrying it out termed the 1191: 11904:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 11783:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 11755:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 11688:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 11582:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 11579: 11384:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 11017:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 10703: 10667: 10644:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 10304:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 10169:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 10149:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 10002:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9770:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9730:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9718:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9687:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9671:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9659:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9635:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9619:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9583:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9567:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9543:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9528:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9508:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9437:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9219:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9203:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9186: 9163:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9147:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9021:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 9009:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8989:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8924:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8867: 8856:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8836:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8495:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8483:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8415:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8380:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8326:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8144:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8060:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8028:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 8004:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7992:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7935:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7887:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7799:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7663:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7647:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7631:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7615:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7584:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7568:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7540:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7524:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7492:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7468:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7432:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7404:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7372:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7317:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7305:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7289:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7273:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7241:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7213:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7189:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7077:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 7061:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 6751:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 6715:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 6627:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 6604:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 6580:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 6384:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 6364:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 6250:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 6142:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 6126:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 6093:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 6033: 5732: 5720: 5607:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 5602: 5591:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 5574: 5508:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 5423:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 5318:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 5210:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 5186:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 5149:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 5133:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 5087:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4894:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4877: 4834:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4798:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4754:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4723:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4703:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4687:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4667:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4647:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4623:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4603:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4551:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4531:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4507:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4491:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4471:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4451:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4388:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4339:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4307:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4271:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4182:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4151:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4102:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4066:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 4037:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3997:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3973:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3957:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3933:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3885:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3622:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3538:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3466:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3408:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3372:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3246: 3235:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3178: 3136:Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011 3123: 2135:. During the opening verse of the song, the 2038:. This baptism entails washing the drums in 1875:("water"), while those of Changó often have 1511:will often be covered by a cloth known as a 1213:. It will typically have an inner room, the 12114:Everything about Santeria, la Regla de Osha 11859:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 11637: 11173: 11108: 10986:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 10607: 10535: 7766: 7738: 7347: 6309: 4741: 4718: 4570: 4048: 4020: 3992: 3795: 3712: 3688: 3676: 3664: 3383: 3299: 3279: 2944:Afro-Cuban drummers in Havana performing a 2303:An outdoor Cuban altar photographed in 2015 2072:Practitioners believe that the consecrated 476: 12140: 12126: 2804:of 1959 resulted in the island becoming a 2529: 2419:in Havana engaging in a form of divination 2396:. Highly skilled diviners are known as an 1784:("opening sacrifice") will be made to the 1114:Santería is a practice-oriented religion; 418: 11570: 11552: 11543: 11210: 11071: 10956: 10755: 10523: 10519: 10144: 10124: 9127: 7415: 7367: 6530: 6184: 6168: 5868: 4813: 3904: 3367: 3347: 3307: 2902:, that they called the Yoruba Village of 564:Origin myths and other stories about the 354:, which derives from practices among the 11999:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11961:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 11608: 11294: 11265: 11243: 11219: 10811: 10731: 10691: 10579: 10422: 10414: 10378: 10275: 10247: 10231: 10211: 10180: 10140: 10120: 10108: 10096: 10080: 10064: 10044: 10032: 10017: 10013: 9973: 9961: 9945: 9933: 9929: 9909: 9893: 9877: 9865: 9845: 9841: 9829: 9817: 9745: 9654: 9464: 9460: 9428: 9416: 9412: 9396: 9369: 9353: 9242: 9111: 9107: 9095: 9079: 9067: 9063: 9051: 9036: 8871: 8847: 8744: 8594: 8578: 8562: 8546: 8530: 8478: 8442: 8430: 8426: 8406: 8340: 8297: 8293: 8281: 8265: 8250: 8246: 8218: 8203: 8191: 8167: 8155: 8139: 8123: 8099: 8087: 8075: 8055: 8019: 7987: 7963: 7946: 7926: 7910: 7882: 7870: 7853: 7838: 7822: 7810: 7794: 7718: 7674: 7658: 7515: 7479: 7459: 7387: 7363: 7200: 7172: 7152: 7116: 7088: 7072: 7048: 7020: 6996: 6881: 6738: 6686: 6662: 6650: 6638: 6591: 6575: 6490: 6379: 6355: 6269: 6196: 6180: 6104: 6084: 6072: 5993: 5781: 5621: 5550: 5531: 5451: 5363: 5332: 5309: 5297: 5282: 5270: 5237: 5181: 5045: 5026: 4962: 4913: 4909: 4853: 4829: 4793: 4769: 4765: 4678: 4658: 4638: 4618: 4598: 4522: 4482: 4442: 4426: 4414: 4402: 4383: 4355: 4334: 4302: 4286: 4258: 4246: 4138: 4134: 4093: 4081: 4077: 4032: 3948: 3928: 3908: 3900: 3857: 3845: 3841: 3783: 3613: 3585: 3513: 3497: 3477: 3445: 3441: 3363: 3335: 3323: 3295: 3263: 3210: 3206: 3190: 3182: 3131: 3010: 3000:American Religious Identification Survey 2939: 2850: 2791: 2713: 2607: 2533: 2410: 2298: 2226: 2048: 1967: 1851:A woman practitioner in Old Havana, Cuba 1846: 1716: 1592: 1478: 1364: 1161: 1142:is often used. Sometimes referred to as 1055: 847: 618: 510: 464:("one who worships the oricha"), and an 253: 204:during the late 19th century. After the 131:at altars, either in the home or in the 27: 11840:. New York: Columbia University Press. 11492:. New York: Routledge. pp. 63–81. 11381: 11323: 11192: 11127: 10937: 10900: 10655: 10619: 10591: 10559: 10418: 10362: 10319: 10315: 10287: 9905: 9793: 9741: 9713: 9646: 9578: 9554: 9519: 9492: 9476: 9448: 9408: 9381: 9365: 9349: 9214: 9158: 8664: 8652: 8506: 8454: 8071: 7714: 7104: 7008: 6506: 6261: 6245: 6217: 6153: 6137: 6088: 5927: 5832: 5805: 5699: 5651: 5636: 5480: 5197: 5074: 5062: 5014: 4978: 4873: 4849: 4634: 4614: 4518: 4122: 3633: 3561: 3395: 3226: 3119: 1613:, ancestral spirits, to a person's own 1515:that is colored in accordance with the 989:scholars Margarite Fernández Olmos and 819:To gain the protection of a particular 12602: 11750: 11729: 11702: 11525: 10871: 10771: 10707: 10679: 10490: 10478: 10438: 10402: 10366: 10350: 10346: 10196: 10128: 10068: 10052: 9989: 9949: 9917: 9805: 9765: 9337: 9325: 9313: 9301: 9282: 9190: 9083: 8760: 8367: 7782: 7770: 6905: 6893: 6845: 6420: 6395: 6017: 6005: 5981: 5966: 5954: 5939: 5900: 5888: 4379: 4266: 3924: 3896: 3740: 3724: 3700: 3426: 3403: 3351: 3311: 3194: 3147: 3065:narcotics trafficking within the U.S. 2139:may break into a personal prayer. The 1836:is placed on the initiate. During the 1305:(godmother). The relationship between 937:Adherents believe that everyone has a 864:. It maintains that before birth, the 694:of rivers and of romantic love, while 612:shells, which are deemed sacred. Each 381:— Ethnomusicologist María Teresa Vélez 12630:Christianity and religious syncretism 12121: 11683: 11664: 11506: 11473:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. 11468: 11439: 11251:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. 11052: 11031: 11012: 10983: 10842: 10795: 10783: 10767: 10743: 10719: 10595: 10575: 10563: 10547: 10507: 10466: 10454: 10442: 10426: 10390: 10291: 10271: 10259: 10243: 10227: 10223: 10192: 10164: 10160: 10084: 10048: 9985: 9913: 9881: 9861: 9849: 9781: 9761: 9757: 9701: 9682: 9650: 9630: 9606: 9594: 9523: 9480: 9432: 9286: 9270: 9258: 9246: 9174: 9142: 9123: 9032: 9004: 9000: 8971: 8959: 8947: 8935: 8919: 8907: 8895: 8883: 8851: 8831: 8827: 8815: 8803: 8791: 8776: 8764: 8748: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8712: 8700: 8688: 8676: 8637: 8622: 8610: 8598: 8582: 8566: 8550: 8534: 8518: 8466: 8410: 8394: 8355: 8313: 8309: 8277: 8242: 8230: 8179: 8135: 8111: 8051: 8039: 8023: 8015: 7975: 7930: 7922: 7898: 7834: 7762: 7750: 7726: 7722: 7702: 7698: 7686: 7642: 7626: 7610: 7595: 7579: 7563: 7551: 7535: 7519: 7503: 7487: 7483: 7463: 7455: 7443: 7427: 7399: 7383: 7359: 7343: 7331: 7300: 7284: 7268: 7264: 7252: 7236: 7224: 7208: 7204: 7184: 7160: 7156: 7140: 7128: 7092: 7056: 7052: 7036: 7024: 6984: 6972: 6960: 6956: 6944: 6932: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6869: 6857: 6826: 6814: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6762: 6746: 6742: 6726: 6710: 6706: 6690: 6674: 6599: 6595: 6563: 6559: 6547: 6518: 6494: 6478: 6461: 6449: 6437: 6403: 6399: 6375: 6359: 6340: 6336: 6324: 6297: 6285: 6281: 6265: 6233: 6229: 6200: 6121: 6060: 6041: 6037: 6029: 5935: 5931: 5915: 5884: 5880: 5864: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5809: 5793: 5764: 5760: 5748: 5736: 5687: 5675: 5663: 5586: 5562: 5535: 5519: 5492: 5463: 5439: 5418: 5406: 5387: 5375: 5344: 5313: 5241: 5225: 5221: 5205: 5201: 5169: 5144: 5117: 5105: 5101: 5002: 4998: 4986: 4982: 4966: 4950: 4938: 4921: 4917: 4861: 4857: 4809: 4781: 4698: 4682: 4662: 4642: 4586: 4566: 4562: 4546: 4542: 4526: 4502: 4486: 4466: 4462: 4446: 4430: 4410: 4406: 4367: 4322: 4290: 4262: 4234: 4222: 4210: 4198: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4097: 4016: 4012: 4008: 3988: 3984: 3968: 3952: 3936: 3912: 3865: 3861: 3829: 3812: 3771: 3756: 3752: 3728: 3649: 3645: 3617: 3601: 3589: 3573: 3549: 3525: 3501: 3493: 3481: 3461: 3457: 3422: 3399: 3303: 3291: 3275: 3230: 3214: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3127: 2084:. Many drummers avoid mentioning the 1205:usually being the personal home of a 843: 742:of volcanoes and the wasteland. Some 323:. In the 19th century, elements from 51: 11940:Santería: African Spirits in America 11854: 11410: 10874:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 10334: 2753:, who discussed it in his 1906 book 2577:("spiritual masses") and are led by 2327:to request healing, or encourage an 2108:. Those playing the batá are called 1918:The initiate can finally take their 1745:, a term meaning both "slave of the 1389:are typically found both within the 1157: 16:African diasporic religion from Cuba 12102:, the website of Cynthia Duncan PhD 11297:HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 1289:(goddaughter). They refer to their 1005:the "ritual generative power". The 934:becomes an ancestor when they die. 852:A Santería shrine in Trinidad, Cuba 773:because they both wear red. Cuba's 635:are the four "warrior deities", or 468:("one who belongs to the oricha"). 306:religion, and more specifically an 258:A figure at the Templo Yemalla, an 155:include fruit, liquor, flowers and 13: 11885:. Chicago: University of Chicago. 11836:Beliso-De Jesús, Aisha M. (2015). 11771: 11324:Johnson, Paul Christopher (2002). 11212:10.1111/j.2050-411X.1989.tb00994.x 11057:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 10816:". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). 2510:, although it is not uncommon for 2269:involuntarily, by giving them the 1679:—may be cooked and offered to the 1557:In addition to their altar to the 1527:, again representing a particular 1052:Morality, ethics, and gender roles 527:, revolving around deities called 262:(house of worship) devoted to the 135:(house-temple), which is run by a 107:, under whom are spirits known as 14: 12641: 12061: 11980:. Durham: Duke University Press. 11113:. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans. 2843:. Priests of Santería, Palo, and 1961: 1519:in question. Often laid over the 1495:Other material placed inside the 1020:is neither good nor bad; rather, 920:see and communicate with the dead 392:Chinese migrants who came to Cuba 12587: 12575: 12312: 12035:Thompson, Robert Farris (1983). 11442:The Journal of American Folklore 11280:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00234.x 11074:RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 2948:based on those found in Santería 2011:uses double-headed drums called 1625:was provided for the situation. 1177:("house"), sometimes called the 718:is linked to herbs and healing. 448:("father-deity") if male and an 376:different from those of Africa. 177:, to decipher messages from the 11109:de la Torre, Miguel A. (2004). 10632:Kosmin, Mayer & Keysar 2001 3093: 2929: 143:(priestess). Membership of the 11469:Mason, Michael Atwood (2002). 2223:Healing and amuletic practices 2200:marked by body spasms, termed 2123:Praise songs are sung for the 1589:Offerings and animal sacrifice 1345:via a ritual prostration, the 749:Although in Santería the term 279:, meaning "the rule of ocha", 249: 1: 12108:, the website of Martin Blais 10886:10.1086/soutjanth.6.1.3628691 3081: 2603: 2374: 2346:Santería features protective 2178: 1706: 1031:, practitioners believe that 880:and Spiritist notions of the 503: 403:initiate anyone who is not a 12480:European witchcraft folklore 11821:. Princeton: Marcus Wiener. 11779:Ayorinde, Christine (2004). 11665:Vélez, María Teresa (2000). 11623:10.1016/0160-7987(79)90009-7 11199:Center for Migration Studies 3107: 3036:; the Cuban American singer 3006: 2633:cults although with certain 2277:), or deliberately, through 1976:drum, which are used in the 1405:. The most important of the 1109: 753:is regarded as a synonym of 460:("children of the oricha"), 7: 11713:10.1007/978-1-137-07647-2_6 11648:10.1007/978-1-137-07647-2_5 11611:Social Science and Medicine 11334:10.1093/0195150589.001.0001 11138:10.1007/978-1-137-07647-2_2 2872:Yoruba Cultural Association 2710:Formation and early history 2076:contain a substance called 1800:("breaking"), in which the 1628:Animal sacrifice is called 1138:. For ritual purposes, the 580:, which is contrasted with 295:("the Lucumí religion") or 10: 12646: 12149:African diaspora religions 11957:O'Brien, David M. (2004). 11938:Murphy, Joseph M. (1993). 11572:10.30965/23642807-bja10044 11507:Ochoa, Todd Ramón (2010). 11086:10.1086/RESv47n1ms20167667 10915:10.1177/002193479102200106 10804: 10786:, pp. 15–16, 22, 158. 2984:, in Canada it centred in 2933: 2788:After the Cuban Revolution 2596: 2592: 1710: 1360: 1173:Rituals take place in the 991:Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert 515:One of the most prominent 471: 192:communities following the 159:. A central ritual is the 18: 12553:Native American religions 12436: 12321: 12310: 12155: 11751:Wirtz, Kristina (2007b). 11553:Papenfuss, Maria (2023). 11545:10.1163/22134360-90002510 10857:10.1163/18725465-00901005 2740:Cuban War of Independence 2627:widespread in West Africa 2155:are believed to generate 2060:A dance dedicated to the 1879:("king"). Next comes the 1656:, thus strengthening its 1385:Altars or shrines to the 670:Perhaps the most popular 584:, the realm of humanity. 206:Cuban War of Independence 188:Santería developed among 21:Santeria (disambiguation) 11995:Palmié, Stephan (2013). 11976:Palmié, Stephan (2002). 11942:. Boston: Beacon Press. 11919:Lindsay, Arturo (1996). 11881:Brown, David H. (2003). 11744:10.1525/ae.2007.34.1.108 11526:Palmié, Stephan (2005). 11193:Gregory, Steven (1989). 11053:Clark, Mary Ann (2007). 11013:Clark, Mary Ann (2005). 10938:Brandon, George (1993). 10903:Journal of Black Studies 3086: 2718:Afro-Cubans celebrating 1609:), and are given to the 1550:figurines or statues of 1197:("house of saints"), or 1144:la lengua de los orichas 299:("the rule of Lucumí"). 266:Yemaja in Trinidad, Cuba 80:between the traditional 12620:Afro-Caribbean religion 12106:Santería Music Database 12086:Encyclopædia Britannica 11817:Barnet, Miguel (2001). 10967:10.1057/9780230609938_8 10826:10.1057/9780230609938_9 8691:, pp. 110–11, 118. 2900:Sheldon, South Carolina 2814:Communist Party of Cuba 2548:levantamiento de platos 2530:Funerals and mediumship 2307:To heal a patient, the 1725:Initiation is known as 1523:are necklaces known as 1321:has, the greater their 1130:" describes its rites. 969: 785:Relationships with the 663:is Ogun, viewed as the 419:Terms for practitioners 70:Afro-Caribbean religion 12615:Afro-American religion 12322:Practices and concepts 11433:10.1525/nr.2002.6.1.86 11425:10.1525/nr.2002.6.1.86 11245:Hagedorn, Katherine J. 11221:Hagedorn, Katherine J. 10998:10.1093/jaarel/69.1.21 9808:, pp. xix, 54–55. 9581:, pp. 76, 77–78; 7885:, pp. 3, 75, 80; 7486:, pp. 5, 64, 77; 3516:, pp. 22–23, 105. 3016: 2949: 2856: 2797: 2759:The Black Witchdoctors 2723: 2613: 2542:Funeral rites, called 2539: 2420: 2304: 2232: 2069: 1981: 1852: 1722: 1713:Initiation in Santería 1598: 1492: 1382: 1192: 1189:("house of worship"), 1170: 1146:("the language of the 1065: 995:medical anthropologist 853: 628: 520: 378: 267: 49:Spanish pronunciation: 41: 11855:Carr, C.Lynn (2016). 11684:Wedel, Johan (2004). 11046:10.1558/pome.v8i2.133 9844:, pp. 140, 154; 8850:, pp. 152, 248; 8747:, pp. 145, 147; 7598:, pp. 65–66, 74. 6358:, pp. 232, 254; 4289:, pp. 242, 251; 3014: 2943: 2934:Further information: 2914:, who accused him of 2854: 2795: 2717: 2611: 2537: 2414: 2337:rogación de la cabeza 2302: 2230: 2059: 1971: 1850: 1720: 1601:Offerings are called 1596: 1482: 1368: 1273:are established by a 1165: 1059: 851: 763:Holy Infant of Atocha 622: 541:("saints"). The term 514: 373: 327:—a French variant of 257: 31: 11877:, nº 502: pp. 74–91. 11819:Afro-Cuban Religions 11732:American Ethnologist 9932:, pp. 175–176; 9161:, pp. 178–179; 8874:, pp. 152, 248. 8751:, pp. 121, 150. 8138:, pp. xv, 155; 8018:, pp. 48, 118; 7729:, pp. 104, 106. 7366:, pp. 60, 244; 6272:, pp. 133, 250. 6264:, pp. 150–151; 6020:, pp. 111, 112. 4485:, pp. 75, 101; 3691:, pp. 103, 112. 3620:, pp. 16, 134; 2784:then in common use. 2661:. While hundreds of 2036:tambor de fundamento 2025:is smaller, and the 2021:is the largest, the 1749:" and "bride of the 1621:, or that the wrong 1531:. On the altar, the 1036:Santería holds that 999:Michael Atwood Mason 588:each have their own 317:Spanish colonialists 194:Atlantic slave trade 171:are used, including 84:of West Africa, the 53:[santeˈɾi.a] 11875:Revista de folklore 11309:10.14318/hau2.1.006 10522:, pp. 141–42; 10429:, pp. 36, 173. 10318:, pp. 114–19; 10067:, pp. 197–98; 10047:, pp. 197–98; 9948:, pp. 154–55; 9522:, pp. 15, 30; 9231:McNeill et al. 2008 9217:, pp. 107–08; 9066:, pp. 104–05; 8735:, pp. 51, 110. 7978:, pp. 50, 126. 7522:, pp. 54, 67; 6268:, pp. 12, 32; 5589:, pp. 14, 15; 5316:, pp. 50, 95; 4916:, pp. 76, 81; 4429:, pp. 5, 247; 3848:, pp. 82, 245. 2599:History of Santería 2315:may also prescribe 2187:is to call down an 1944:cumpleaños de santo 1507:is devoted to. The 1433:than younger ones. 1357:is male or female. 1167:Baba Raúl Cañizares 900:Ancestor veneration 779:Our Lady of Charity 291:, or alternatively 214:freedom of religion 151:. Offerings to the 12625:Afro-Cuban culture 12294:Trinidadian Vodunu 12079:Joseph M. Murphy. 12073:in other libraries 12067:Library resources 11225:The World of Music 10798:, pp. 160–61. 10758:, pp. 137–38. 10550:, pp. 18, 22. 10353:, pp. 25, 35. 10226:, pp. 92–93; 10111:, pp. 155–56. 9764:, pp. 51–52; 9744:, pp. 86–87; 9479:, pp. 57–58; 9328:, pp. 95, 99. 9285:, pp. 89–90; 9189:, pp. 21–22; 9098:, pp. 233–34. 8667:, pp. 55, 58. 8613:, pp. 57, 60. 8445:, pp. 107–08. 8433:, pp. 126–27. 8142:, pp. 3, 89; 7825:, pp. 129–30. 7797:, pp. 3, 75; 7613:, pp. 66–67; 7582:, pp. 64–65; 7131:, pp. 60, 61. 7119:, pp. 9, 220. 6695:Khristoforova 2019 6284:, pp. 32–33; 6156:, pp. 293–94. 6046:Khristoforova 2019 5246:Khristoforova 2019 5077:, pp. 297–98. 5017:, pp. 289–90. 5001:, pp. 7, 50; 4898:Khristoforova 2019 4882:Khristoforova 2019 4838:Khristoforova 2019 4818:Khristoforova 2019 4800:, pp. 43, 45. 4707:Khristoforova 2019 4575:Khristoforova 2019 4505:, pp. 4, 83; 4311:Khristoforova 2019 4275:Khristoforova 2019 3959:, pp. 60, 62. 3870:Khristoforova 2019 3731:, pp. 30, 35. 3480:, pp. 22–23; 3150:, pp. 30, 65. 3028:released the film 3017: 2988:, while in Europe 2950: 2857: 2824:. While espousing 2808:state governed by 2798: 2773:Manuel de santería 2769:Rómula Lachatañeré 2724: 2702:the French writer 2695:cabildos de nación 2614: 2575:misas espirituales 2540: 2421: 2305: 2233: 2070: 2064:Ochún recorded in 1982: 1853: 1753:". As well as the 1723: 1701:U.S. Supreme Court 1599: 1493: 1440:and, if so, which 1409:are stones termed 1383: 1329:and in return the 1171: 1066: 1010:Katherine Hagedorn 854: 844:Birth and the dead 629: 521: 477:Olodumare and the 293:La Religión Lucumí 268: 157:sacrificed animals 72:that developed in 42: 12563: 12562: 12475:Western occultism 12284:Spiritual Baptist 12112:Santeria Religion 10704:Pérez y Mena 1998 10668:Pérez y Mena 1998 10306:, pp. 85–86. 9569:, pp. 40–41. 9557:, pp. 55–56. 9340:, pp. 98–99. 9187:Pérez y Mena 1998 9177:, pp. 51–52. 8868:Pérez y Mena 1998 8569:, pp. 47–48. 8553:, pp. 49–51. 7255:, pp. 61–62. 6872:, pp. 30–31. 6677:, pp. 40–41. 6452:, pp. 70–71. 6034:Pérez y Mena 1998 5733:Pérez y Mena 1998 5721:Pérez y Mena 1998 5603:Pérez y Mena 1998 5575:Pérez y Mena 1998 4878:Pérez y Mena 1998 4784:, pp. 33–34. 3247:Pérez y Mena 1998 3179:Pérez y Mena 1998 3124:Pérez y Mena 1998 2888:black nationalist 2755:Los negros brujos 2092:, and are called 2057: 1972:Several types of 1926:("journey of the 1794:ceremonia del río 1792:. Next comes the 1671:belonging to the 1491:in Trinidad, Cuba 1377:representing the 1158:Houses of worship 1091:black nationalism 1007:ethnomusicologist 939:cuadro espiritual 831:believe that the 313:Roman Catholicism 56:), also known as 12637: 12592: 12591: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12571: 12329:Animal sacrifice 12316: 12254:Louisiana Voodoo 12142: 12135: 12128: 12119: 12118: 12090: 12056: 12031: 12010: 11991: 11972: 11953: 11934: 11915: 11896: 11870: 11851: 11832: 11813: 11794: 11766: 11747: 11726: 11699: 11680: 11661: 11634: 11605: 11576: 11574: 11549: 11547: 11538:(3–4): 281–300. 11522: 11503: 11484: 11465: 11436: 11407: 11378: 11376: 11366: 11347: 11320: 11291: 11262: 11240: 11216: 11214: 11189: 11170: 11151: 11124: 11105: 11068: 11049: 11028: 11009: 10980: 10953: 10934: 10897: 10868: 10845:African Diaspora 10839: 10799: 10793: 10787: 10781: 10775: 10765: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10741: 10735: 10729: 10723: 10717: 10711: 10701: 10695: 10689: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10665: 10659: 10653: 10647: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10608:Flores-Peña 2005 10605: 10599: 10589: 10583: 10573: 10567: 10557: 10551: 10545: 10539: 10536:Flores-Peña 2005 10533: 10527: 10517: 10511: 10505: 10494: 10488: 10482: 10476: 10470: 10464: 10458: 10452: 10446: 10436: 10430: 10412: 10406: 10400: 10394: 10388: 10382: 10376: 10370: 10360: 10354: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10323: 10313: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10285: 10279: 10269: 10263: 10257: 10251: 10241: 10235: 10221: 10215: 10209: 10200: 10190: 10184: 10178: 10172: 10158: 10152: 10143:, pp. 7–8; 10138: 10132: 10123:, pp. 7–8; 10118: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10088: 10078: 10072: 10062: 10056: 10042: 10036: 10030: 10021: 10011: 10005: 9999: 9993: 9983: 9977: 9971: 9965: 9959: 9953: 9943: 9937: 9927: 9921: 9903: 9897: 9891: 9885: 9875: 9869: 9859: 9853: 9839: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9815: 9809: 9803: 9797: 9791: 9785: 9779: 9773: 9755: 9749: 9739: 9733: 9727: 9721: 9711: 9705: 9699: 9690: 9680: 9674: 9668: 9662: 9644: 9638: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9598: 9592: 9586: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9531: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9496: 9490: 9484: 9474: 9468: 9458: 9452: 9446: 9440: 9426: 9420: 9406: 9400: 9394: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9363: 9357: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9290: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9184: 9178: 9172: 9166: 9156: 9150: 9140: 9131: 9121: 9115: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9077: 9071: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9040: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8917: 8911: 8905: 8899: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8865: 8859: 8845: 8839: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8789: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8758: 8752: 8742: 8736: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8641: 8635: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8592: 8586: 8576: 8570: 8560: 8554: 8544: 8538: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8424: 8418: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8344: 8338: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8307: 8301: 8291: 8285: 8275: 8269: 8263: 8254: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8079: 8069: 8063: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7857: 7851: 7842: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7767:Flores-Peña 2005 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7739:Flores-Peña 2005 7736: 7730: 7712: 7706: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7656: 7650: 7640: 7634: 7624: 7618: 7608: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7577: 7571: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7533: 7527: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7477: 7471: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7397: 7391: 7381: 7375: 7357: 7351: 7348:de la Torre 2004 7341: 7335: 7329: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7298: 7292: 7282: 7276: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7198: 7192: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7086: 7080: 7070: 7064: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6921: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6760: 6754: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6704: 6698: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6607: 6589: 6583: 6573: 6567: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6424: 6418: 6407: 6393: 6387: 6373: 6367: 6353: 6344: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6313: 6310:de la Torre 2004 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6279: 6273: 6259: 6253: 6243: 6237: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6204: 6194: 6188: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6135: 6129: 6119: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6049: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5943: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5883:, p. xiii; 5878: 5872: 5862: 5856: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5813: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5768: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5640: 5634: 5625: 5619: 5610: 5600: 5594: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5539: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5426: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5321: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5249: 5235: 5229: 5219: 5213: 5195: 5189: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5152: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5099: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5049: 5043: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 4996: 4990: 4976: 4970: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4925: 4907: 4901: 4891: 4885: 4871: 4865: 4847: 4841: 4827: 4821: 4807: 4801: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4742:Flores-Peña 2005 4739: 4726: 4719:Flores-Peña 2005 4716: 4710: 4696: 4690: 4676: 4670: 4656: 4650: 4632: 4626: 4612: 4606: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4571:Flores-Peña 2005 4560: 4554: 4540: 4534: 4516: 4510: 4500: 4494: 4480: 4474: 4460: 4454: 4440: 4434: 4424: 4418: 4400: 4391: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4342: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4300: 4294: 4284: 4278: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4185: 4179: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4105: 4091: 4085: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4052: 4049:Flores-Peña 2005 4046: 4040: 4030: 4024: 4021:Flores-Peña 2005 4006: 4000: 3993:Flores-Peña 2005 3982: 3976: 3966: 3960: 3946: 3940: 3922: 3916: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3873: 3855: 3849: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3816: 3810: 3799: 3796:Shapiro Rok 2001 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3760: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3722: 3716: 3713:Flores-Peña 2005 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3689:Flores-Peña 2005 3686: 3680: 3677:Flores-Peña 2005 3674: 3668: 3665:Flores-Peña 2005 3662: 3653: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3491: 3485: 3475: 3469: 3455: 3449: 3439: 3430: 3420: 3411: 3393: 3387: 3384:Flores-Peña 2005 3381: 3375: 3361: 3355: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3300:Shapiro Rok 2001 3289: 3283: 3280:Flores-Peña 2005 3273: 3267: 3261: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3224: 3218: 3204: 3198: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3117: 3101: 3097: 2936:Religion in Cuba 2920:Louisiana Voodoo 2806:Marxist–Leninist 2802:Cuban Revolution 2733:Santiago de Cuba 2583:tambor para egún 2522:, although some 2465:and blood. Like 2449:, also known as 2104:, or all of the 2066:Santiago de Cuba 2058: 1909:el Día del Medio 1891:of the tutelary 1883:("seating"), or 1575:coffee, and the 1444:it is. Specific 1264:familia de santo 1199:casa de religión 1195: 1084:The religion is 1064:ceremony in 2011 1062:Cajon de Muertos 987:Hispanic studies 596:. The number of 411:, Vodouists, or 382: 224:Cuban Revolution 210:new constitution 55: 50: 34:Cajón de Muertos 12645: 12644: 12640: 12639: 12638: 12636: 12635: 12634: 12600: 12599: 12598: 12586: 12576: 12574: 12566: 12564: 12559: 12432: 12368:Hot foot powder 12317: 12308: 12151: 12146: 12078: 12069:in your library 12064: 12059: 12053: 12034: 12013: 12007: 11994: 11988: 11975: 11969: 11956: 11950: 11937: 11931: 11918: 11912: 11899: 11893: 11880: 11867: 11848: 11835: 11829: 11816: 11810: 11797: 11791: 11778: 11774: 11772:Further reading 11769: 11763: 11723: 11696: 11677: 11658: 11594:10.2307/1388026 11519: 11500: 11481: 11396:10.2307/1386562 11374: 11363: 11344: 11259: 11186: 11167: 11148: 11121: 11065: 11025: 10977: 10950: 10836: 10807: 10802: 10794: 10790: 10782: 10778: 10770:, p. 158; 10766: 10762: 10754: 10750: 10742: 10738: 10730: 10726: 10718: 10714: 10702: 10698: 10690: 10686: 10678: 10674: 10666: 10662: 10654: 10650: 10642: 10638: 10630: 10626: 10618: 10614: 10606: 10602: 10594:, p. 287; 10590: 10586: 10574: 10570: 10562:, p. 106; 10558: 10554: 10546: 10542: 10534: 10530: 10518: 10514: 10506: 10497: 10489: 10485: 10477: 10473: 10465: 10461: 10453: 10449: 10437: 10433: 10417:, p. 142; 10413: 10409: 10401: 10397: 10389: 10385: 10377: 10373: 10365:, p. 284; 10361: 10357: 10349:, p. 109; 10345: 10341: 10333: 10326: 10314: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10290:, p. 104; 10286: 10282: 10274:, p. 141; 10270: 10266: 10258: 10254: 10242: 10238: 10222: 10218: 10210: 10203: 10191: 10187: 10179: 10175: 10159: 10155: 10147:, p. 148; 10139: 10135: 10127:, p. 148; 10119: 10115: 10107: 10103: 10095: 10091: 10083:, p. 198; 10079: 10075: 10063: 10059: 10043: 10039: 10031: 10024: 10016:, p. 197; 10012: 10008: 10000: 9996: 9984: 9980: 9972: 9968: 9960: 9956: 9944: 9940: 9928: 9924: 9912:, p. 154; 9904: 9900: 9892: 9888: 9880:, p. 154; 9876: 9872: 9860: 9856: 9848:, p. 154; 9840: 9836: 9828: 9824: 9816: 9812: 9804: 9800: 9792: 9788: 9780: 9776: 9768:, p. 111; 9756: 9752: 9740: 9736: 9728: 9724: 9712: 9708: 9700: 9693: 9681: 9677: 9669: 9665: 9657:, p. 152; 9649:, p. 290; 9645: 9641: 9629: 9625: 9617: 9613: 9605: 9601: 9593: 9589: 9577: 9573: 9565: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9541: 9534: 9518: 9514: 9506: 9499: 9491: 9487: 9475: 9471: 9463:, p. 100; 9459: 9455: 9447: 9443: 9431:, p. 178; 9427: 9423: 9415:, p. 100; 9407: 9403: 9395: 9388: 9380: 9376: 9364: 9360: 9348: 9344: 9336: 9332: 9324: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9300: 9293: 9281: 9277: 9269: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9245:, p. 205; 9241: 9237: 9229: 9225: 9213: 9209: 9201: 9197: 9185: 9181: 9173: 9169: 9157: 9153: 9141: 9134: 9122: 9118: 9110:, p. 234; 9106: 9102: 9094: 9090: 9082:, p. 105; 9078: 9074: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9043: 9031: 9027: 9019: 9015: 8999: 8995: 8987: 8978: 8970: 8966: 8958: 8954: 8946: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8918: 8914: 8906: 8902: 8894: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8866: 8862: 8846: 8842: 8826: 8822: 8814: 8810: 8802: 8798: 8790: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8759: 8755: 8743: 8739: 8723: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8687: 8683: 8675: 8671: 8663: 8659: 8651: 8644: 8636: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8609: 8605: 8597:, p. 146; 8593: 8589: 8581:, p. 146; 8577: 8573: 8565:, p. 146; 8561: 8557: 8549:, p. 146; 8545: 8541: 8533:, p. 145; 8529: 8525: 8517: 8513: 8505: 8501: 8493: 8489: 8481:, p. 141; 8477: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8453: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8429:, p. 107; 8425: 8421: 8409:, p. 126; 8405: 8401: 8393: 8386: 8378: 8374: 8366: 8362: 8354: 8347: 8339: 8332: 8324: 8320: 8308: 8304: 8296:, p. 105; 8292: 8288: 8280:, p. 158; 8276: 8272: 8264: 8257: 8249:, p. 105; 8245:, p. 193; 8241: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8217: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8154: 8150: 8134: 8130: 8122: 8118: 8110: 8106: 8098: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8074:, p. 321; 8070: 8066: 8058:, p. 100; 8050: 8046: 8038: 8034: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7990:, p. 254; 7986: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7953: 7945: 7941: 7921: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7881: 7877: 7869: 7860: 7852: 7845: 7833: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7793: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7769:, p. 104; 7765:, p. 105; 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7717:, p. 149; 7713: 7709: 7701:, p. 115; 7697: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7661:, p. 248; 7657: 7653: 7645:, p. 103; 7641: 7637: 7625: 7621: 7609: 7602: 7594: 7590: 7578: 7574: 7562: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7534: 7530: 7518:, p. 214; 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7482:, p. 213; 7478: 7474: 7462:, p. 213; 7454: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7398: 7394: 7382: 7378: 7370:, p. 140; 7358: 7354: 7342: 7338: 7330: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7299: 7295: 7283: 7279: 7267:, pp. 62; 7263: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7211:, p. 101; 7203:, p. 206; 7199: 7195: 7183: 7179: 7171: 7167: 7155:, p. 217; 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7091:, p. 103; 7087: 7083: 7075:, p. 103; 7071: 7067: 7059:, p. 100; 7051:, p. 103; 7047: 7043: 7035: 7031: 7023:, p. 197; 7019: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6955: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6924: 6904: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6868: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6761: 6757: 6749:, p. 140; 6741:, p. 246; 6737: 6733: 6725: 6721: 6713:, p. 141; 6705: 6701: 6689:, p. 246; 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6610: 6594:, p. 243; 6590: 6586: 6578:, p. 232; 6574: 6570: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6493:, p. 232; 6489: 6485: 6477: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6436: 6427: 6419: 6410: 6394: 6390: 6382:, p. 251; 6374: 6370: 6354: 6347: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6280: 6276: 6260: 6256: 6248:, p. 292; 6244: 6240: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6207: 6199:, p. 246; 6195: 6191: 6183:, p. 148; 6179: 6175: 6167: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6140:, p. 293; 6136: 6132: 6120: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091:, p. 292; 6087:, p. 148; 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6059: 6052: 6044:, p. 104; 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5953: 5946: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5879: 5875: 5867:, p. 104; 5863: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5816: 5808:, p. 293; 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5771: 5759: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5613: 5601: 5597: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5542: 5534:, p. 209; 5530: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5429: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5324: 5312:, p. 245; 5308: 5304: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5252: 5244:, p. 130; 5240:, p. 250; 5236: 5232: 5220: 5216: 5200:, p. 289; 5196: 5192: 5184:, p. 140; 5180: 5176: 5168: 5155: 5143: 5139: 5131: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5100: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5052: 5044: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5009: 4997: 4993: 4981:, p. 289; 4977: 4973: 4965:, p. 213; 4961: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4928: 4912:, p. 100; 4908: 4904: 4892: 4888: 4872: 4868: 4848: 4844: 4832:, p. 138; 4828: 4824: 4816:, p. 145; 4808: 4804: 4796:, p. 138; 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4768:, p. 139; 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4729: 4721:, p. 107; 4717: 4713: 4697: 4693: 4677: 4673: 4657: 4653: 4637:, p. 289; 4633: 4629: 4621:, p. 244; 4617:, p. 289; 4613: 4609: 4601:, p. 139; 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573:, p. 106; 4565:, p. 131; 4561: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4521:, p. 289; 4517: 4513: 4501: 4497: 4481: 4477: 4461: 4457: 4441: 4437: 4425: 4421: 4405:, p. 139; 4401: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4345: 4337:, p. 213; 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4305:, p. 134; 4301: 4297: 4285: 4281: 4269:, p. 114; 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4188: 4180: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4141:, p. 254; 4137:, p. 101; 4133: 4129: 4121: 4108: 4096:, p. 101; 4092: 4088: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4035:, p. 138; 4031: 4027: 4007: 4003: 3995:, p. 105; 3983: 3979: 3967: 3963: 3955:, p. 105; 3951:, p. 233; 3947: 3943: 3923: 3919: 3911:, p. 159; 3907:, p. 142; 3895: 3891: 3883: 3876: 3860:, p. 242; 3856: 3852: 3844:, p. 105; 3840: 3836: 3828: 3819: 3811: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3763: 3755:, p. 136; 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3656: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3616:, p. 138; 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588:, p. 137; 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500:, p. 170; 3492: 3488: 3476: 3472: 3456: 3452: 3444:, p. 233; 3440: 3433: 3421: 3414: 3406:, p. 111; 3398:, p. 319; 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370:, p. 137; 3366:, p. 138; 3362: 3358: 3350:, p. 137; 3346: 3342: 3338:, pp. 6–7. 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310:, p. 131; 3298:, p. 253; 3290: 3286: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3225: 3221: 3213:, p. 151; 3205: 3201: 3193:, p. 151; 3173: 3169: 3161: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134:, p. 212; 3122:, p. 319; 3118: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3009: 2938: 2932: 2816:. Committed to 2790: 2712: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2532: 2377: 2225: 2181: 2094:tambores judìos 2049: 1966: 1774:misa espiritual 1715: 1709: 1699:, in which the 1642:human sacrifice 1591: 1363: 1301:(godfather) or 1181:("house of the 1160: 1140:Lucumí language 1112: 1054: 974: 878:guardian angels 846: 790: 509: 482: 474: 421: 384: 380: 302:Santería is an 252: 100:("believers"). 82:Yoruba religion 48: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12643: 12633: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12597: 12596: 12584: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12533: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12516: 12515: 12514: 12504: 12503: 12502: 12497: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12442: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12378:Kromanti dance 12375: 12370: 12365: 12364: 12363: 12353: 12352: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12331: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12318: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12289:Tambor de Mina 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12235: 12234: 12224: 12222:Dominican Vudú 12219: 12214: 12209: 12208: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12159: 12157: 12153: 12152: 12145: 12144: 12137: 12130: 12122: 12116: 12115: 12109: 12103: 12100:About Santeria 12097: 12091: 12076: 12075:about Santería 12063: 12062:External links 12060: 12058: 12057: 12052:978-0394505152 12051: 12032: 12011: 12006:978-0226019567 12005: 11992: 11987:978-0822328421 11986: 11973: 11968:978-0700613021 11967: 11954: 11949:978-0807010211 11948: 11935: 11930:978-1560986157 11929: 11916: 11911:978-1617030673 11910: 11897: 11892:978-0226076102 11891: 11878: 11871: 11866:978-0813571195 11865: 11852: 11847:978-0231173162 11846: 11833: 11828:978-1558762558 11827: 11814: 11809:978-0813523613 11808: 11795: 11790:978-0813027555 11789: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11767: 11762:978-0813030647 11761: 11748: 11738:(1): 108–126. 11727: 11722:978-0312218980 11721: 11700: 11695:978-0813026947 11694: 11681: 11676:978-1566397315 11675: 11662: 11657:978-0312218980 11656: 11635: 11606: 11577: 11550: 11523: 11518:978-0520256842 11517: 11504: 11499:978-0415954204 11498: 11485: 11480:978-1588340528 11479: 11466: 11454:10.2307/541071 11448:(423): 23–39. 11437: 11408: 11379: 11367: 11361: 11348: 11342: 11321: 11292: 11263: 11258:978-1560989479 11257: 11241: 11217: 11205:(1): 287–304. 11190: 11185:978-0812238778 11184: 11171: 11166:978-0814762288 11165: 11152: 11147:978-0312218980 11146: 11125: 11120:978-0802849731 11119: 11106: 11080:(47): 231–46. 11069: 11064:978-0275990794 11063: 11050: 11029: 11024:978-0813028347 11023: 11010: 10981: 10976:978-1403977861 10975: 10954: 10949:978-0253211149 10948: 10935: 10898: 10869: 10840: 10835:978-1403977861 10834: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10800: 10788: 10776: 10760: 10756:Castañeda 2007 10748: 10746:, p. 161. 10736: 10734:, p. 161. 10724: 10712: 10710:, p. 200. 10706:, p. 22; 10696: 10694:, p. 110. 10684: 10682:, p. 284. 10672: 10670:, p. 298. 10660: 10658:, p. 287. 10648: 10636: 10624: 10622:, p. 285. 10612: 10610:, p. 111. 10600: 10584: 10582:, p. 160. 10568: 10552: 10540: 10538:, p. 113. 10528: 10526:, p. 278. 10524:Papenfuss 2023 10520:Castañeda 2007 10512: 10495: 10483: 10481:, p. 109. 10471: 10469:, p. 156. 10459: 10447: 10445:, p. 157. 10441:, p. 64; 10431: 10425:, p. 22; 10421:, p. 61; 10407: 10395: 10383: 10381:, p. 171. 10371: 10355: 10339: 10324: 10322:, p. 322. 10308: 10296: 10280: 10278:, p. 159. 10264: 10262:, p. 108. 10252: 10250:, p. 157. 10246:, p. 34; 10236: 10234:, p. 158. 10230:, p. 34; 10216: 10214:, p. 152. 10201: 10195:, p. 35; 10185: 10183:, p. 157. 10173: 10167:, p. 34; 10163:, p. 93; 10153: 10145:Castañeda 2007 10133: 10125:Castañeda 2007 10113: 10101: 10099:, p. 156. 10089: 10073: 10057: 10051:, p. 33; 10037: 10022: 10020:, p. 156. 10006: 9994: 9978: 9976:, p. 193. 9966: 9964:, p. 192. 9954: 9938: 9936:, p. 154. 9922: 9908:, p. 91; 9898: 9896:, p. 190. 9886: 9870: 9868:, p. 154. 9854: 9834: 9832:, p. 186. 9822: 9820:, p. 153. 9810: 9798: 9786: 9774: 9760:, p. 88; 9750: 9748:, p. 141. 9734: 9722: 9716:, p. 72; 9706: 9691: 9685:, p. 29; 9675: 9663: 9639: 9623: 9611: 9599: 9587: 9571: 9559: 9547: 9532: 9526:, p. 81; 9512: 9497: 9485: 9469: 9453: 9441: 9435:, p. 28; 9421: 9411:, p. 43; 9401: 9399:, p. 184. 9386: 9374: 9372:, p. 184. 9368:, p. 44; 9358: 9356:, p. 184. 9352:, p. 40; 9342: 9330: 9318: 9306: 9291: 9275: 9263: 9251: 9235: 9223: 9207: 9195: 9179: 9167: 9151: 9145:, p. 14; 9132: 9130:, p. 390. 9128:Papenfuss 2023 9126:, p. 63; 9116: 9100: 9088: 9072: 9056: 9054:, p. 104. 9041: 9035:, p. 92; 9025: 9013: 9007:, p. 55; 9003:, p. 12; 8993: 8976: 8964: 8952: 8940: 8928: 8922:, p. 20; 8912: 8900: 8898:, p. 188. 8888: 8876: 8870:, p. 20; 8860: 8854:, p. 27; 8840: 8834:, p. 91; 8830:, p. 97; 8820: 8808: 8796: 8781: 8769: 8763:, p. 66; 8753: 8737: 8731:, p. 34; 8727:, p. 28; 8717: 8715:, p. 110. 8705: 8703:, p. 123. 8693: 8681: 8669: 8657: 8642: 8640:, p. 111. 8627: 8615: 8603: 8587: 8571: 8555: 8539: 8523: 8511: 8499: 8487: 8471: 8459: 8447: 8435: 8419: 8413:, p. 71; 8399: 8384: 8372: 8370:, p. 115. 8360: 8345: 8343:, p. 109. 8330: 8318: 8312:, p. 50; 8302: 8286: 8284:, p. 119. 8270: 8268:, p. 123. 8255: 8235: 8233:, p. 158. 8223: 8221:, p. 117. 8208: 8206:, p. 107. 8196: 8184: 8182:, p. 156. 8172: 8160: 8148: 8128: 8126:, p. 132. 8116: 8104: 8102:, p. 234. 8092: 8090:, p. 124. 8080: 8078:, p. 117. 8064: 8054:, p. 48; 8044: 8032: 8026:, p. 70; 8022:, p. 91; 8008: 7996: 7980: 7968: 7951: 7949:, p. 106. 7939: 7933:, p. 70; 7929:, p. 90; 7925:, p. 39; 7915: 7903: 7891: 7875: 7858: 7856:, p. 126. 7843: 7837:, p. 15; 7827: 7815: 7813:, p. 102. 7803: 7787: 7785:, p. 115. 7775: 7773:, p. 115. 7755: 7743: 7741:, p. 104. 7731: 7725:, p. 43; 7721:, p. 18; 7707: 7691: 7689:, p. 115. 7679: 7677:, p. 218. 7667: 7651: 7635: 7629:, p. 68; 7619: 7600: 7588: 7572: 7566:, p. 64; 7556: 7544: 7538:, p. 67; 7528: 7508: 7496: 7490:, p. 75; 7472: 7466:, p. 27; 7458:, p. 23; 7448: 7436: 7430:, p. 78; 7420: 7418:, p. 140. 7416:Castañeda 2007 7408: 7402:, p. 13; 7392: 7390:, p. 244. 7386:, p. 29; 7376: 7368:Castañeda 2007 7362:, p. 29; 7352: 7350:, p. 112. 7336: 7321: 7309: 7303:, p. 11; 7293: 7287:, p. 74; 7277: 7271:, p. 74; 7257: 7245: 7239:, p. 61; 7229: 7217: 7207:, p. 60; 7193: 7187:, p. 60; 7177: 7175:, p. 217. 7165: 7159:, p. 79; 7145: 7133: 7121: 7109: 7107:, p. 299. 7097: 7081: 7065: 7055:, p. 13; 7041: 7039:, p. 116. 7029: 7027:, p. 139. 7013: 7011:, p. 300. 7001: 6999:, p. 197. 6989: 6977: 6975:, p. 141. 6965: 6963:, p. 142. 6959:, p. 75; 6949: 6937: 6922: 6920:, p. 141. 6916:, p. 64; 6912:, p. 31; 6908:, p. 66; 6898: 6886: 6884:, p. 105. 6874: 6862: 6850: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6805:, p. 140. 6795: 6793:, p. 143. 6783: 6771: 6769:, p. 142. 6765:, p. 31; 6755: 6745:, p. 64; 6731: 6729:, p. 142. 6719: 6709:, p. 24; 6699: 6697:, p. 348. 6693:, p. 64; 6679: 6667: 6665:, p. 242. 6655: 6653:, p. 243. 6643: 6641:, p. 232. 6631: 6608: 6602:, p. 14; 6598:, p. 16; 6584: 6568: 6562:, p. 16; 6552: 6535: 6533:, p. 244. 6531:Cosentino 2005 6523: 6511: 6509:, p. 155. 6499: 6483: 6466: 6454: 6442: 6425: 6408: 6406:, p. 114. 6402:, p. 71; 6398:, p. 65; 6388: 6378:, p. 37; 6368: 6362:, p. 15; 6345: 6339:, p. 28; 6329: 6314: 6312:, p. 102. 6302: 6290: 6274: 6254: 6238: 6232:, p. 33; 6222: 6220:, p. 292. 6205: 6189: 6187:, p. 142. 6185:Castañeda 2007 6173: 6171:, p. 142. 6169:Castañeda 2007 6158: 6146: 6130: 6124:, p. 24; 6109: 6107:, p. 244. 6097: 6077: 6065: 6050: 6048:, p. 345. 6036:, p. 20; 6032:, p. 33; 6022: 6010: 6008:, p. 111. 5998: 5996:, p. 122. 5986: 5984:, p. 114. 5971: 5969:, p. 113. 5959: 5957:, p. 110. 5944: 5942:, p. 109. 5938:, p. ix; 5934:, p. 36; 5930:, p. 55; 5920: 5905: 5903:, p. 118. 5893: 5891:, p. 118. 5873: 5871:, p. 137. 5869:Castañeda 2007 5857: 5851:, p. 34; 5847:, p. 29; 5837: 5835:, p. 293. 5814: 5798: 5796:, p. 114. 5786: 5784:, p. 137. 5769: 5763:, p. 36; 5753: 5741: 5739:, p. 118. 5735:, p. 20; 5725: 5704: 5702:, p. 294. 5692: 5680: 5668: 5656: 5654:, p. 291. 5641: 5639:, p. 298. 5626: 5624:, p. 145. 5611: 5605:, p. 20; 5595: 5579: 5567: 5555: 5553:, p. 219. 5540: 5524: 5512: 5497: 5485: 5468: 5456: 5454:, p. 119. 5444: 5427: 5421:, p. 82; 5411: 5392: 5380: 5368: 5366:, p. 118. 5349: 5337: 5335:, p. 211. 5322: 5302: 5300:, p. 212. 5287: 5285:, p. 127. 5275: 5273:, p. 205. 5250: 5248:, p. 347. 5230: 5224:, p. 36; 5214: 5204:, p. 36; 5190: 5174: 5153: 5147:, p. 10; 5137: 5122: 5110: 5104:, p. 27; 5091: 5079: 5067: 5065:, p. 297. 5050: 5031: 5019: 5007: 4991: 4971: 4969:, p. 100. 4955: 4943: 4926: 4920:, p. 50; 4902: 4900:, p. 355. 4896:, p. 45; 4886: 4884:, p. 349. 4880:, p. 17; 4876:, p. 97; 4866: 4860:, p. 85; 4856:, p. 39; 4852:, p. 51; 4842: 4840:, p. 356. 4836:, p. 43; 4822: 4820:, p. 357. 4814:Castañeda 2007 4812:, p. 83; 4802: 4786: 4774: 4772:, p. 106. 4758: 4746: 4744:, p. 107. 4727: 4711: 4709:, p. 356. 4705:, p. 53; 4701:, p. 15; 4691: 4685:, p. 85; 4681:, p. 54; 4671: 4665:, p. 84; 4661:, p. 56; 4651: 4645:, p. 84; 4641:, p. 54; 4627: 4607: 4591: 4589:, p. 133. 4579: 4577:, p. 358. 4569:, p. 84; 4555: 4549:, p. 17; 4545:, p. 83; 4535: 4529:, p. 17; 4525:, p. 52; 4511: 4495: 4489:, p. 83; 4475: 4469:, p. 14; 4465:, p. 83; 4455: 4445:, p. 50; 4435: 4433:, p. 128. 4419: 4413:, p. 85; 4409:, p. 34; 4392: 4386:, p. 76; 4382:, p. 66; 4372: 4360: 4358:, p. 213. 4343: 4327: 4325:, p. 125. 4315: 4313:, p. 359. 4309:, p. 45; 4295: 4279: 4277:, p. 356. 4273:, p. 47; 4265:, p. 81; 4261:, p. 34; 4251: 4249:, p. 138. 4239: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4186: 4167: 4155: 4127: 4125:, p. 289. 4106: 4086: 4080:, p. 99; 4070: 4053: 4051:, p. 106. 4041: 4025: 4023:, p. 105. 4019:, p. 82; 4011:, p. 36; 4001: 3987:, p. 36; 3977: 3961: 3941: 3935:, p. 60; 3931:, p. 82; 3927:, p. 64; 3917: 3905:Castañeda 2007 3903:, p. 82; 3899:, p. 64; 3889: 3874: 3872:, p. 354. 3850: 3834: 3817: 3800: 3788: 3786:, p. 133. 3776: 3774:, p. 118. 3761: 3745: 3733: 3727:, p. 68; 3717: 3715:, p. 112. 3705: 3693: 3681: 3679:, p. 105. 3669: 3667:, p. 102. 3654: 3652:, p. 105. 3648:, p. 16; 3638: 3636:, p. 145. 3626: 3606: 3594: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3552:, p. 133. 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3496:, p. 11; 3486: 3470: 3460:, p. 10; 3450: 3431: 3425:, p. 23; 3412: 3402:, p. 88; 3388: 3386:, p. 103. 3376: 3368:Castañeda 2007 3356: 3348:Castañeda 2007 3340: 3328: 3326:, p. 151. 3316: 3314:, p. 109. 3308:Castañeda 2007 3302:, p. 70; 3294:, p. 36; 3284: 3282:, p. 102. 3278:, p. 24; 3268: 3266:, p. 149. 3251: 3239: 3229:, p. 56; 3219: 3209:, p. 14; 3199: 3197:, p. 109. 3185:, p. 14; 3181:, p. 18; 3177:, p. 36; 3167: 3152: 3140: 3130:, p. 33; 3126:, p. 18; 3111: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3076:Pentecostalism 3062:animal welfare 3026:Gloria Rolando 3008: 3005: 2931: 2928: 2837:Special Period 2831:Following the 2822:Cuban identity 2789: 2786: 2751:Fernando Ortiz 2738:Following the 2711: 2708: 2605: 2602: 2597:Main article: 2594: 2591: 2531: 2528: 2376: 2373: 2369:cambio de vida 2224: 2221: 2185:toque de santo 2180: 2177: 2169:toque de santo 2165:toque de santo 2153:toque de santo 2009:toque de santo 1986:toque de santo 1978:toque de santo 1965: 1963:Toque de santo 1960: 1938:ends with the 1834:collar de mazo 1782:ebó de entrada 1733:", or "making 1711:Main article: 1708: 1705: 1590: 1587: 1362: 1359: 1193:casa de santos 1159: 1156: 1136:secret society 1111: 1108: 1053: 1050: 973: 968: 845: 842: 789: 783: 734:is the patron 508: 502: 481: 475: 473: 470: 420: 417: 372: 366:and Brazilian 315:introduced by 304:Afro-Caribbean 251: 248: 230:and Brazilian 183:spirit mediums 161:toque de santo 86:Roman Catholic 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12642: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12583: 12573: 12572: 12569: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12549: 12546: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12520: 12517: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12505: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12469: 12468:Protestantism 12466: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12438:Diverse roots 12435: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12362: 12359: 12358: 12357: 12354: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12336: 12335: 12334:Fetish priest 12332: 12330: 12327: 12326: 12324: 12320: 12315: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12228: 12227:Haitian Vodou 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12192: 12191: 12188: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12143: 12138: 12136: 12131: 12129: 12124: 12123: 12120: 12113: 12110: 12107: 12104: 12101: 12098: 12095: 12092: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12065: 12054: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12039: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12022:(2): 483–97. 12021: 12017: 12012: 12008: 12002: 11998: 11993: 11989: 11983: 11979: 11974: 11970: 11964: 11960: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11941: 11936: 11932: 11926: 11922: 11917: 11913: 11907: 11903: 11898: 11894: 11888: 11884: 11879: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11862: 11858: 11853: 11849: 11843: 11839: 11834: 11830: 11824: 11820: 11815: 11811: 11805: 11801: 11796: 11792: 11786: 11782: 11777: 11776: 11764: 11758: 11754: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11733: 11728: 11724: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11701: 11697: 11691: 11687: 11682: 11678: 11672: 11668: 11663: 11659: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11617:(2): 137–51. 11616: 11612: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11524: 11520: 11514: 11510: 11505: 11501: 11495: 11491: 11486: 11482: 11476: 11472: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11419:(1): 86–101. 11418: 11414: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11390:(3): 318–30. 11389: 11385: 11380: 11373: 11368: 11364: 11362:9785907117761 11358: 11354: 11349: 11345: 11343:9780195150582 11339: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11303:(1): 81–109. 11302: 11298: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11274:(2): 231–54. 11273: 11269: 11264: 11260: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11231:(2): 99–113. 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11191: 11187: 11181: 11177: 11172: 11168: 11162: 11158: 11153: 11149: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11126: 11122: 11116: 11112: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11056: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11040:(2): 133–45. 11039: 11035: 11030: 11026: 11020: 11016: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10982: 10978: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10955: 10951: 10945: 10941: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10841: 10837: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10814:regla de ocha 10810: 10809: 10797: 10792: 10785: 10780: 10774:, p. 71. 10773: 10769: 10764: 10757: 10752: 10745: 10740: 10733: 10732:Ayorinde 2007 10728: 10722:, p. 35. 10721: 10716: 10709: 10705: 10700: 10693: 10692:Hagedorn 2001 10688: 10681: 10676: 10669: 10664: 10657: 10652: 10646:, p. 84. 10645: 10640: 10634:, p. 12. 10633: 10628: 10621: 10616: 10609: 10604: 10597: 10593: 10588: 10581: 10580:Ayorinde 2007 10578:, p. 8; 10577: 10572: 10565: 10561: 10556: 10549: 10544: 10537: 10532: 10525: 10521: 10516: 10510:, p. 38. 10509: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10493:, p. 84. 10492: 10487: 10480: 10475: 10468: 10463: 10457:, p. 36. 10456: 10451: 10444: 10440: 10435: 10428: 10424: 10423:Hagedorn 2001 10420: 10416: 10415:Sandoval 1979 10411: 10405:, p. 64. 10404: 10399: 10392: 10387: 10380: 10379:Hagedorn 2001 10375: 10369:, p. 35. 10368: 10364: 10359: 10352: 10348: 10343: 10337:, p. 96. 10336: 10331: 10329: 10321: 10317: 10312: 10305: 10300: 10293: 10289: 10284: 10277: 10276:Ayorinde 2007 10273: 10268: 10261: 10256: 10249: 10248:Ayorinde 2007 10245: 10240: 10233: 10232:Ayorinde 2007 10229: 10225: 10220: 10213: 10212:Ayorinde 2007 10208: 10206: 10199:, p. 73. 10198: 10194: 10189: 10182: 10181:Ayorinde 2007 10177: 10171:, p. 83. 10170: 10166: 10162: 10157: 10151:, p. 80. 10150: 10146: 10142: 10141:Hagedorn 2001 10137: 10131:, p. 72. 10130: 10126: 10122: 10121:Hagedorn 2001 10117: 10110: 10109:Ayorinde 2007 10105: 10098: 10097:Ayorinde 2007 10093: 10087:, p. 33. 10086: 10082: 10081:Hagedorn 2001 10077: 10071:, p. 73. 10070: 10066: 10065:Hagedorn 2001 10061: 10055:, p. 73. 10054: 10050: 10046: 10045:Hagedorn 2001 10041: 10034: 10033:Hagedorn 2001 10029: 10027: 10019: 10018:Ayorinde 2007 10015: 10014:Hagedorn 2001 10010: 10004:, p. 83. 10003: 9998: 9992:, p. 65. 9991: 9988:, p. 3; 9987: 9982: 9975: 9974:Hagedorn 2001 9970: 9963: 9962:Hagedorn 2001 9958: 9952:, p. 64. 9951: 9947: 9946:Ayorinde 2007 9942: 9935: 9934:Ayorinde 2007 9931: 9930:Hagedorn 2001 9926: 9920:, p. 60. 9919: 9916:, p. 6; 9915: 9911: 9910:Ayorinde 2007 9907: 9902: 9895: 9894:Hagedorn 2001 9890: 9883: 9879: 9878:Ayorinde 2007 9874: 9867: 9866:Ayorinde 2007 9864:, p. 8; 9863: 9858: 9851: 9847: 9846:Ayorinde 2007 9843: 9842:Hagedorn 2001 9838: 9831: 9830:Hagedorn 2001 9826: 9819: 9818:Ayorinde 2007 9814: 9807: 9802: 9796:, p. 84. 9795: 9790: 9784:, p. 68. 9783: 9778: 9772:, p. 64. 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9754: 9747: 9746:Sandoval 1979 9743: 9738: 9732:, p. 37. 9731: 9726: 9720:, p. 38. 9719: 9715: 9710: 9704:, p. 68. 9703: 9698: 9696: 9689:, p. 36. 9688: 9684: 9679: 9673:, p. 36. 9672: 9667: 9661:, p. 36. 9660: 9656: 9655:Ayorinde 2007 9653:, p. 6; 9652: 9648: 9643: 9637:, p. 36. 9636: 9633:, p. 7; 9632: 9627: 9621:, p. 35. 9620: 9615: 9609:, p. 13. 9608: 9603: 9596: 9591: 9585:, p. 42. 9584: 9580: 9575: 9568: 9563: 9556: 9551: 9545:, p. 34. 9544: 9539: 9537: 9530:, p. 40. 9529: 9525: 9521: 9516: 9510:, p. 40. 9509: 9504: 9502: 9495:, p. 21. 9494: 9489: 9482: 9478: 9473: 9467:, p. 75. 9466: 9465:Hagedorn 2001 9462: 9461:Hagedorn 2000 9457: 9451:, p. 43. 9450: 9445: 9439:, p. 38. 9438: 9434: 9430: 9429:Hagedorn 2001 9425: 9419:, p. 75. 9418: 9417:Hagedorn 2001 9414: 9413:Hagedorn 2000 9410: 9405: 9398: 9397:Hagedorn 2001 9393: 9391: 9384:, p. 19. 9383: 9378: 9371: 9370:Hagedorn 2001 9367: 9362: 9355: 9354:Hagedorn 2001 9351: 9346: 9339: 9334: 9327: 9322: 9316:, p. 98. 9315: 9310: 9304:, p. 93. 9303: 9298: 9296: 9289:, p. 16. 9288: 9284: 9279: 9273:, p. 12. 9272: 9267: 9261:, p. 52. 9260: 9255: 9249:, p. 52. 9248: 9244: 9243:Hagedorn 2001 9239: 9233:, p. 69. 9232: 9227: 9221:, p. 85. 9220: 9216: 9211: 9205:, p. 85. 9204: 9199: 9193:, p. 90. 9192: 9188: 9183: 9176: 9171: 9165:, p. 70. 9164: 9160: 9155: 9149:, p. 70. 9148: 9144: 9139: 9137: 9129: 9125: 9120: 9114:, p. 90. 9113: 9112:Holbraad 2012 9109: 9108:Holbraad 2005 9104: 9097: 9096:Holbraad 2005 9092: 9086:, p. ix. 9085: 9081: 9080:Hagedorn 2001 9076: 9070:, p. 90. 9069: 9068:Holbraad 2012 9065: 9064:Hagedorn 2001 9060: 9053: 9052:Hagedorn 2001 9048: 9046: 9039:, p. 91. 9038: 9037:Holbraad 2012 9034: 9029: 9023:, p. 72. 9022: 9017: 9011:, p. 70. 9010: 9006: 9002: 8997: 8991:, p. 71. 8990: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8974:, p. 24. 8973: 8968: 8962:, p. 17. 8961: 8956: 8950:, p. 16. 8949: 8944: 8938:, p. 14. 8937: 8932: 8926:, p. 73. 8925: 8921: 8916: 8910:, p. 48. 8909: 8904: 8897: 8892: 8886:, p. 45. 8885: 8880: 8873: 8872:Hagedorn 2001 8869: 8864: 8858:, p. 60. 8857: 8853: 8849: 8848:Hagedorn 2001 8844: 8838:, p. 70. 8837: 8833: 8829: 8824: 8818:, p. 53. 8817: 8812: 8806:, p. 62. 8805: 8800: 8794:, p. 78. 8793: 8788: 8786: 8779:, p. 60. 8778: 8773: 8767:, p. 60. 8766: 8762: 8757: 8750: 8746: 8745:Sandoval 1979 8741: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8721: 8714: 8709: 8702: 8697: 8690: 8685: 8679:, p. 49. 8678: 8673: 8666: 8661: 8655:, p. 26. 8654: 8649: 8647: 8639: 8634: 8632: 8625:, p. 56. 8624: 8619: 8612: 8607: 8601:, p. 14. 8600: 8596: 8595:Sandoval 1979 8591: 8585:, p. 52. 8584: 8580: 8579:Sandoval 1979 8575: 8568: 8564: 8563:Sandoval 1979 8559: 8552: 8548: 8547:Sandoval 1979 8543: 8537:, p. 80. 8536: 8532: 8531:Sandoval 1979 8527: 8521:, p. 47. 8520: 8515: 8509:, p. 59. 8508: 8503: 8497:, p. 59. 8496: 8491: 8485:, p. 59. 8484: 8480: 8479:Sandoval 1979 8475: 8469:, p. 46. 8468: 8463: 8457:, p. 56. 8456: 8451: 8444: 8443:Hagedorn 2001 8439: 8432: 8431:Hagedorn 2001 8428: 8427:Hagedorn 2000 8423: 8417:, p. 82. 8416: 8412: 8408: 8407:Hagedorn 2001 8403: 8397:, p. 13. 8396: 8391: 8389: 8382:, p. 82. 8381: 8376: 8369: 8364: 8358:, p. 71. 8357: 8352: 8350: 8342: 8341:Hagedorn 2001 8337: 8335: 8328:, p. 77. 8327: 8322: 8316:, p. 26. 8315: 8311: 8306: 8300:, p. 82. 8299: 8298:Hagedorn 2001 8295: 8294:Hagedorn 2000 8290: 8283: 8282:Hagedorn 2001 8279: 8274: 8267: 8266:Hagedorn 2001 8262: 8260: 8253:, p. 77. 8252: 8251:Hagedorn 2001 8248: 8247:Hagedorn 2000 8244: 8239: 8232: 8227: 8220: 8219:Hagedorn 2001 8215: 8213: 8205: 8204:Hagedorn 2001 8200: 8194:, p. 96. 8193: 8192:Hagedorn 2001 8188: 8181: 8176: 8170:, p. 20. 8169: 8168:Hagedorn 2001 8164: 8158:, p. 97. 8157: 8156:Hagedorn 2001 8152: 8146:, p. 78. 8145: 8141: 8140:Hagedorn 2001 8137: 8132: 8125: 8124:Hagedorn 2001 8120: 8114:, p. 49. 8113: 8108: 8101: 8100:Hagedorn 2001 8096: 8089: 8088:Hagedorn 2001 8084: 8077: 8076:Hagedorn 2001 8073: 8068: 8062:, p. 77. 8061: 8057: 8056:Hagedorn 2001 8053: 8048: 8042:, p. 48. 8041: 8036: 8030:, p. 78. 8029: 8025: 8021: 8020:Hagedorn 2001 8017: 8012: 8006:, p. 78. 8005: 8000: 7994:, p. 77. 7993: 7989: 7988:Hagedorn 2001 7984: 7977: 7972: 7966:, p. 91. 7965: 7964:Hagedorn 2001 7960: 7958: 7956: 7948: 7947:Hagedorn 2001 7943: 7937:, p. 77. 7936: 7932: 7928: 7927:Hagedorn 2001 7924: 7919: 7913:, p. 86. 7912: 7911:Hagedorn 2001 7907: 7901:, p. 50. 7900: 7895: 7889:, p. 77. 7888: 7884: 7883:Hagedorn 2001 7879: 7873:, p. 82. 7872: 7871:Hagedorn 2001 7867: 7865: 7863: 7855: 7854:Hagedorn 2001 7850: 7848: 7841:, p. 76. 7840: 7839:Hagedorn 2001 7836: 7831: 7824: 7823:Hagedorn 2001 7819: 7812: 7811:Hagedorn 2001 7807: 7801:, p. 80. 7800: 7796: 7795:Hagedorn 2001 7791: 7784: 7779: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7759: 7753:, p. 26. 7752: 7747: 7740: 7735: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7719:Hagedorn 2001 7716: 7711: 7705:, p. 78. 7704: 7700: 7695: 7688: 7683: 7676: 7675:Hagedorn 2001 7671: 7665:, p. 67. 7664: 7660: 7659:Hagedorn 2001 7655: 7649:, p. 67. 7648: 7644: 7639: 7633:, p. 67. 7632: 7628: 7623: 7617:, p. 66. 7616: 7612: 7607: 7605: 7597: 7592: 7586:, p. 65. 7585: 7581: 7576: 7570:, p. 62. 7569: 7565: 7560: 7554:, p. 81. 7553: 7548: 7542:, p. 67. 7541: 7537: 7532: 7526:, p. 67. 7525: 7521: 7517: 7516:Hagedorn 2001 7512: 7506:, p. 67. 7505: 7500: 7494:, p. 65. 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7480:Hagedorn 2001 7476: 7470:, p. 65. 7469: 7465: 7461: 7460:Hagedorn 2001 7457: 7452: 7446:, p. 63. 7445: 7440: 7434:, p. 65. 7433: 7429: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7406:, p. 61. 7405: 7401: 7396: 7389: 7388:Hagedorn 2001 7385: 7380: 7374:, p. 61. 7373: 7369: 7365: 7364:Hagedorn 2001 7361: 7356: 7349: 7346:, p. 6; 7345: 7340: 7334:, p. 13. 7333: 7328: 7326: 7319:, p. 65. 7318: 7313: 7307:, p. 65. 7306: 7302: 7297: 7291:, p. 64. 7290: 7286: 7281: 7275:, p. 64. 7274: 7270: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7249: 7243:, p. 64. 7242: 7238: 7233: 7227:, p. 60. 7226: 7221: 7215:, p. 63. 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7201:Hagedorn 2001 7197: 7191:, p. 64. 7190: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7173:Hagedorn 2001 7169: 7163:, p. 73. 7162: 7158: 7154: 7153:Hagedorn 2001 7149: 7143:, p. 16. 7142: 7137: 7130: 7125: 7118: 7117:Hagedorn 2001 7113: 7106: 7101: 7094: 7090: 7089:Hagedorn 2001 7085: 7079:, p. 51. 7078: 7074: 7073:Hagedorn 2001 7069: 7063:, p. 59. 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7049:Hagedorn 2001 7045: 7038: 7033: 7026: 7022: 7021:Hagedorn 2001 7017: 7010: 7005: 6998: 6997:Hagedorn 2001 6993: 6987:, p. 76. 6986: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6947:, p. 75. 6946: 6941: 6935:, p. 74. 6934: 6929: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6896:, p. 71. 6895: 6890: 6883: 6882:Hagedorn 2001 6878: 6871: 6866: 6860:, p. 27. 6859: 6854: 6848:, p. 66. 6847: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6829:, p. 24. 6828: 6823: 6817:, p. 99. 6816: 6811: 6804: 6799: 6792: 6787: 6781:, p. 30. 6780: 6775: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6753:, p. 42. 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6739:Hagedorn 2001 6735: 6728: 6723: 6717:, p. 41. 6716: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6687:Hagedorn 2001 6683: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6663:Hagedorn 2001 6659: 6652: 6651:Hagedorn 2001 6647: 6640: 6639:Hagedorn 2001 6635: 6629:, p. 70. 6628: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6606:, p. 70. 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6592:Hagedorn 2001 6588: 6582:, p. 69. 6581: 6577: 6576:Hagedorn 2001 6572: 6566:, p. 67. 6565: 6561: 6556: 6550:, p. 28. 6549: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6532: 6527: 6521:, p. 23. 6520: 6515: 6508: 6503: 6497:, p. 67. 6496: 6492: 6491:Hagedorn 2001 6487: 6481:, p. 67. 6480: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6464:, p. 71. 6463: 6458: 6451: 6446: 6440:, p. 72. 6439: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6423:, p. 65. 6422: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6392: 6386:, p. 45. 6385: 6381: 6380:Hagedorn 2001 6377: 6372: 6366:, p. 40. 6365: 6361: 6357: 6356:Hagedorn 2001 6352: 6350: 6343:, p. 60. 6342: 6338: 6333: 6327:, p. 15. 6326: 6321: 6319: 6311: 6306: 6300:, p. 29. 6299: 6294: 6288:, p. 39. 6287: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6270:Hagedorn 2001 6267: 6263: 6258: 6252:, p. 42. 6251: 6247: 6242: 6236:, p. 39. 6235: 6231: 6226: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6203:, p. 39. 6202: 6198: 6197:Hagedorn 2001 6193: 6186: 6182: 6181:Sandoval 1979 6177: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6155: 6150: 6144:, p. 69. 6143: 6139: 6134: 6128:, p. 64. 6127: 6123: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6106: 6105:Hagedorn 2001 6101: 6095:, p. 60. 6094: 6090: 6086: 6085:Sandoval 1979 6081: 6075:, p. 83. 6074: 6073:Hagedorn 2001 6069: 6063:, p. 24. 6062: 6057: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6040:, p. 6; 6039: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5994:Hagedorn 2001 5990: 5983: 5978: 5976: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5897: 5890: 5887:, p. 9; 5886: 5882: 5877: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5855:, p. 71. 5854: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5812:, p. 79. 5811: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5782:Sandoval 1979 5778: 5776: 5774: 5767:, p. 19. 5766: 5762: 5757: 5751:, p. 63. 5750: 5745: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5723:, p. 20. 5722: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5701: 5696: 5690:, p. 85. 5689: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5666:, p. 24. 5665: 5660: 5653: 5648: 5646: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5623: 5622:Sandoval 1979 5618: 5616: 5609:, p. 42. 5608: 5604: 5599: 5593:, p. 42. 5592: 5588: 5583: 5577:, p. 21. 5576: 5571: 5565:, p. 62. 5564: 5559: 5552: 5551:Hagedorn 2001 5547: 5545: 5538:, p. 39. 5537: 5533: 5532:Hagedorn 2001 5528: 5522:, p. 12. 5521: 5516: 5510:, p. 47. 5509: 5504: 5502: 5495:, p. 10. 5494: 5489: 5483:, p. 58. 5482: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5466:, p. 70. 5465: 5460: 5453: 5452:Hagedorn 2001 5448: 5442:, p. 12. 5441: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5425:, p. 39. 5424: 5420: 5415: 5409:, p. 65. 5408: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5389: 5384: 5378:, p. 11. 5377: 5372: 5365: 5364:Hagedorn 2001 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5347:, p. 53. 5346: 5341: 5334: 5333:Hagedorn 2001 5329: 5327: 5320:, p. 69. 5319: 5315: 5311: 5310:Hagedorn 2001 5306: 5299: 5298:Hagedorn 2001 5294: 5292: 5284: 5283:Hagedorn 2001 5279: 5272: 5271:Hagedorn 2001 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5238:Hagedorn 2001 5234: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5212:, p. 42. 5211: 5208:, p. 8; 5207: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5188:, p. 42. 5187: 5183: 5182:Sandoval 1979 5178: 5172:, p. 95. 5171: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5151:, p. 42. 5150: 5146: 5141: 5135:, p. 69. 5134: 5129: 5127: 5120:, p. 28. 5119: 5114: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5096: 5089:, p. 67. 5088: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5048:, p. 76. 5047: 5046:Hagedorn 2001 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5029:, p. 85. 5028: 5027:Hagedorn 2001 5023: 5016: 5011: 5005:, p. 57. 5004: 5000: 4995: 4989:, p. 26. 4988: 4985:, p. 7; 4984: 4980: 4975: 4968: 4964: 4963:Hagedorn 2001 4959: 4953:, p. 33. 4952: 4947: 4941:, p. 50. 4940: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4924:, p. 87. 4923: 4919: 4915: 4914:Hagedorn 2001 4911: 4910:Hagedorn 2000 4906: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4864:, p. 84. 4863: 4859: 4855: 4854:Hagedorn 2001 4851: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4830:Sandoval 1979 4826: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4795: 4794:Sandoval 1979 4790: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4770:Hagedorn 2001 4767: 4766:Sandoval 1979 4762: 4756:, p. 56. 4755: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4725:, p. 57. 4724: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4689:, p. 55. 4688: 4684: 4680: 4679:Hagedorn 2001 4675: 4669:, p. 54. 4668: 4664: 4660: 4659:Hagedorn 2001 4655: 4649:, p. 52. 4648: 4644: 4640: 4639:Hagedorn 2001 4636: 4631: 4625:, p. 51. 4624: 4620: 4619:Hagedorn 2001 4616: 4611: 4605:, p. 51. 4604: 4600: 4599:Sandoval 1979 4595: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4553:, p. 48. 4552: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4533:, p. 48. 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523:Hagedorn 2001 4520: 4515: 4509:, p. 47. 4508: 4504: 4499: 4493:, p. 48. 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483:Hagedorn 2001 4479: 4473:, p. 47. 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4453:, p. 47. 4452: 4449:, p. 4; 4448: 4444: 4443:Hagedorn 2001 4439: 4432: 4428: 4427:Hagedorn 2001 4423: 4417:, p. 92. 4416: 4415:Holbraad 2012 4412: 4408: 4404: 4403:Sandoval 1979 4399: 4397: 4390:, p. 46. 4389: 4385: 4384:Hagedorn 2001 4381: 4376: 4370:, p. 57. 4369: 4364: 4357: 4356:Hagedorn 2001 4352: 4350: 4348: 4341:, p. 46. 4340: 4336: 4335:Hagedorn 2001 4331: 4324: 4319: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4303:Hagedorn 2001 4299: 4293:, p. 99. 4292: 4288: 4287:Hagedorn 2001 4283: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4259:Hagedorn 2001 4255: 4248: 4247:Sandoval 1979 4243: 4237:, p. 87. 4236: 4231: 4225:, p. 54. 4224: 4219: 4213:, p. 25. 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4184:, p. 39. 4183: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4165:, p. ix. 4164: 4159: 4153:, p. 39. 4152: 4149:, p. 2; 4148: 4145:, p. 8; 4144: 4140: 4139:Hagedorn 2001 4136: 4135:Hagedorn 2000 4131: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4104:, p. 39. 4103: 4100:, p. 8; 4099: 4095: 4094:Hagedorn 2000 4090: 4084:, p. 75. 4083: 4082:Hagedorn 2001 4079: 4078:Hagedorn 2000 4074: 4068:, p. 46. 4067: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4045: 4039:, p. 39. 4038: 4034: 4033:Sandoval 1979 4029: 4022: 4018: 4015:, p. 8; 4014: 4010: 4005: 3999:, p. 39. 3998: 3994: 3991:, p. 8; 3990: 3986: 3981: 3975:, p. 42. 3974: 3971:, p. 7; 3970: 3965: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3949:Hagedorn 2001 3945: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929:Hagedorn 2001 3926: 3921: 3914: 3910: 3909:Ayorinde 2007 3906: 3902: 3901:Hagedorn 2001 3898: 3893: 3887:, p. 62. 3886: 3881: 3879: 3871: 3868:, p. 5; 3867: 3864:, p. 7; 3863: 3859: 3858:Hagedorn 2001 3854: 3847: 3846:Hagedorn 2001 3843: 3842:Hagedorn 2000 3838: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3798:, p. 73. 3797: 3792: 3785: 3784:Hagedorn 2001 3780: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3759:, p. 23. 3758: 3754: 3749: 3743:, p. 39. 3742: 3737: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3703:, p. 30. 3702: 3697: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3624:, p. 69. 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614:Sandoval 1979 3610: 3604:, p. 82. 3603: 3598: 3592:, p. 16. 3591: 3587: 3586:Sandoval 1979 3582: 3576:, p. 10. 3575: 3570: 3563: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3540:, p. 86. 3539: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3514:Hagedorn 2001 3510: 3504:, p. 54. 3503: 3499: 3498:Hagedorn 2001 3495: 3490: 3484:, p. 88. 3483: 3479: 3478:Hagedorn 2001 3474: 3468:, p. 39. 3467: 3464:, p. 4; 3463: 3459: 3454: 3448:, p. 90. 3447: 3446:Holbraad 2012 3443: 3442:Holbraad 2005 3438: 3436: 3429:, p. 30. 3428: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3410:, p. 64. 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3385: 3380: 3374:, p. 39. 3373: 3369: 3365: 3364:Sandoval 1979 3360: 3354:, p. 29. 3353: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3336:Hagedorn 2001 3332: 3325: 3324:Ayorinde 2007 3320: 3313: 3309: 3306:, p. 1; 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296:Hagedorn 2001 3293: 3288: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3265: 3264:Sandoval 1979 3260: 3258: 3256: 3249:, p. 18. 3248: 3243: 3237:, p. 33. 3236: 3233:, p. 2; 3232: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3212: 3211:Ayorinde 2007 3208: 3207:Hagedorn 2001 3203: 3196: 3192: 3191:Ayorinde 2007 3189:, p. 8; 3188: 3184: 3183:Hagedorn 2001 3180: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3138:, p. 41. 3137: 3133: 3132:Hagedorn 2001 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3100:specifically. 3096: 3092: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2924:Ava Kay Jones 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2818:state atheism 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2764:Afrocubanismo 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2729: 2726:The earliest 2721: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2610: 2600: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2496:are known as 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2100:, a group of 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1719: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1425:, with older 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1168: 1164: 1155: 1153: 1152:Cuban Spanish 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1087: 1086:non-dualistic 1082: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1058: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 979: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 956:Plains Indian 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 895: 892:(destiny) or 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 850: 841: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 788: 782: 780: 776: 772: 771:Santa Barbara 768: 767:Saint Lazarus 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 626: 621: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 531: 526: 518: 513: 507: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 480: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 436:if male, and 435: 431: 427: 416: 414: 410: 406: 401: 397: 393: 389: 383: 377: 371: 369: 365: 364:Haitian Vodou 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 309: 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 289:Yoruba people 286: 282: 278: 277:Regla de Ocha 273: 265: 261: 256: 247: 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 228:Haitian Vodou 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 186: 184: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 112: 111: 106: 101: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58:Regla de Ocha 54: 46: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 12458:Christianity 12373:Jazz funeral 12278: 12259:María Lionza 12178:Black church 12084: 12043:Random House 12041:. New York: 12037: 12019: 12015: 11996: 11977: 11958: 11939: 11920: 11901: 11882: 11874: 11856: 11837: 11818: 11799: 11780: 11752: 11735: 11731: 11704: 11685: 11666: 11639: 11614: 11610: 11588:(1): 15–27. 11585: 11581: 11562: 11558: 11535: 11531: 11508: 11489: 11470: 11445: 11441: 11416: 11412: 11387: 11383: 11352: 11325: 11300: 11296: 11271: 11267: 11248: 11228: 11224: 11202: 11198: 11175: 11156: 11129: 11110: 11077: 11073: 11054: 11037: 11033: 11014: 10992:(1): 21–41. 10989: 10985: 10958: 10939: 10909:(1): 55–76. 10906: 10902: 10880:(1): 64–68. 10877: 10873: 10848: 10844: 10817: 10813: 10791: 10779: 10763: 10751: 10739: 10727: 10715: 10699: 10687: 10675: 10663: 10656:Gregory 1989 10651: 10639: 10627: 10620:Gregory 1989 10615: 10603: 10598:, p. 2. 10592:Gregory 1989 10587: 10571: 10566:, p. 8. 10560:Brandon 1993 10555: 10543: 10531: 10515: 10486: 10474: 10462: 10450: 10434: 10419:Brandon 1993 10410: 10398: 10393:, p. 2. 10386: 10374: 10363:Gregory 1989 10358: 10342: 10320:Lefever 1996 10316:Brandon 1993 10311: 10299: 10294:, p. 8. 10288:Brandon 1993 10283: 10267: 10255: 10239: 10219: 10188: 10176: 10156: 10136: 10116: 10104: 10092: 10076: 10060: 10040: 10035:, p. 8. 10009: 9997: 9981: 9969: 9957: 9941: 9925: 9906:Brandon 1993 9901: 9889: 9884:, p. 7. 9873: 9857: 9852:, p. 6. 9837: 9825: 9813: 9801: 9794:Brandon 1993 9789: 9777: 9753: 9742:Brandon 1993 9737: 9725: 9714:Brandon 1993 9709: 9678: 9666: 9647:Gregory 1989 9642: 9626: 9614: 9602: 9597:, p. 7. 9590: 9579:Brandon 1993 9574: 9562: 9555:Brandon 1991 9550: 9520:Brandon 1993 9515: 9493:Brandon 1993 9488: 9483:, p. 8. 9477:Brandon 1993 9472: 9456: 9449:Brandon 1993 9444: 9424: 9409:Brandon 1993 9404: 9382:Brandon 1993 9377: 9366:Brandon 1993 9361: 9350:Brandon 1993 9345: 9333: 9321: 9309: 9278: 9266: 9254: 9238: 9226: 9215:Brandon 1993 9210: 9198: 9182: 9170: 9159:Brandon 1993 9154: 9119: 9103: 9091: 9075: 9059: 9028: 9016: 8996: 8967: 8955: 8943: 8931: 8915: 8903: 8891: 8879: 8863: 8843: 8823: 8811: 8799: 8772: 8756: 8740: 8720: 8708: 8696: 8684: 8672: 8665:Brandon 1991 8660: 8653:du Toit 2001 8618: 8606: 8590: 8574: 8558: 8542: 8526: 8514: 8507:Brandon 1991 8502: 8490: 8474: 8462: 8455:Brandon 1991 8450: 8438: 8422: 8402: 8375: 8363: 8321: 8305: 8289: 8273: 8238: 8226: 8199: 8187: 8175: 8163: 8151: 8131: 8119: 8107: 8095: 8083: 8072:Lefever 1996 8067: 8047: 8035: 8011: 7999: 7983: 7971: 7942: 7918: 7906: 7894: 7878: 7830: 7818: 7806: 7790: 7778: 7758: 7746: 7734: 7715:Brandon 1993 7710: 7694: 7682: 7670: 7654: 7638: 7622: 7591: 7575: 7559: 7547: 7531: 7511: 7499: 7475: 7451: 7439: 7423: 7411: 7395: 7379: 7355: 7339: 7312: 7296: 7280: 7260: 7248: 7232: 7220: 7196: 7180: 7168: 7148: 7136: 7124: 7112: 7105:Gregory 1989 7100: 7095:, p. 4. 7084: 7068: 7044: 7032: 7016: 7009:Gregory 1989 7004: 6992: 6980: 6968: 6952: 6940: 6901: 6889: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6822: 6810: 6798: 6786: 6774: 6758: 6734: 6722: 6702: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6646: 6634: 6587: 6571: 6555: 6526: 6514: 6507:Brandon 1993 6502: 6486: 6457: 6445: 6391: 6371: 6332: 6305: 6293: 6277: 6262:Brandon 1993 6257: 6246:Gregory 1989 6241: 6225: 6218:Gregory 1989 6192: 6176: 6154:Gregory 1989 6149: 6138:Gregory 1989 6133: 6100: 6089:Gregory 1989 6080: 6068: 6025: 6013: 6001: 5989: 5962: 5928:Brandon 1991 5923: 5918:, p. 9. 5896: 5876: 5860: 5840: 5833:Gregory 1989 5806:Gregory 1989 5801: 5789: 5756: 5744: 5728: 5700:Gregory 1989 5695: 5683: 5678:, p. 3. 5671: 5659: 5652:Gregory 1989 5637:Gregory 1989 5598: 5582: 5570: 5558: 5527: 5515: 5488: 5481:Brandon 1991 5459: 5447: 5414: 5390:, p. 7. 5383: 5371: 5340: 5305: 5278: 5233: 5228:, p. 8. 5217: 5198:Gregory 1989 5193: 5177: 5140: 5113: 5108:, p. 7. 5082: 5075:Gregory 1989 5070: 5063:Gregory 1989 5022: 5015:Gregory 1989 5010: 4994: 4979:Gregory 1989 4974: 4958: 4946: 4905: 4889: 4874:Brandon 1993 4869: 4850:Brandon 1993 4845: 4825: 4805: 4789: 4777: 4761: 4749: 4714: 4694: 4674: 4654: 4635:Gregory 1989 4630: 4615:Gregory 1989 4610: 4594: 4582: 4558: 4538: 4519:Gregory 1989 4514: 4498: 4478: 4458: 4438: 4422: 4375: 4363: 4330: 4318: 4298: 4282: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4201:, p. 8. 4158: 4130: 4123:Gregory 1989 4089: 4073: 4044: 4028: 4004: 3980: 3964: 3944: 3939:, p. 5. 3920: 3915:, p. 5. 3892: 3853: 3837: 3832:, p. 5. 3815:, p. 7. 3791: 3779: 3748: 3736: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3641: 3634:Brandon 1993 3629: 3609: 3597: 3581: 3569: 3564:, p. 9. 3562:Johnson 2002 3557: 3545: 3533: 3528:, p. 4. 3521: 3509: 3489: 3473: 3453: 3396:Lefever 1996 3391: 3379: 3359: 3343: 3331: 3319: 3287: 3271: 3242: 3227:Brandon 1993 3222: 3217:, p. 3. 3202: 3170: 3165:, p. 3. 3143: 3120:Lefever 1996 3115: 3095: 3070: 3066: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3033: 3029: 3018: 2994: 2989: 2975: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2930:Demographics 2911: 2907: 2880: 2876:yorubización 2875: 2860: 2858: 2844: 2840: 2833:Soviet Union 2830: 2810:Fidel Castro 2799: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2704:Allan Kardec 2698: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2645: 2643: 2634: 2630: 2615: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2541: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2416: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2368: 2365:gálan de día 2364: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2250: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2061: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1983: 1977: 1973: 1962: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1488: 1484: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1429:having more 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285:(godson) or 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1147: 1143: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1083: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1061: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1024:is motion". 1021: 1017: 1013: 1002: 982: 976: 975: 970: 963: 959: 950: 946: 942: 938: 936: 931: 927: 923: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 893: 889: 882:protecciones 881: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 855: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 818: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 791: 786: 775:patron saint 758: 754: 750: 748: 743: 739: 735: 723: 711: 703: 691: 679: 671: 669: 664: 660: 656: 636: 632: 630: 624: 613: 605: 601: 597: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 563: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 528: 525:polytheistic 523:Santeria is 522: 516: 505: 483: 478: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 422: 400:modern Pagan 385: 379: 374: 333: 329:Spiritualism 321:sacramentals 301: 297:Regla Lucumí 296: 292: 284: 280: 276: 271: 269: 263: 259: 236: 217: 201: 187: 178: 172: 164: 160: 152: 144: 140: 139:(priest) or 136: 132: 128: 122: 118: 114: 108: 102: 97: 90:Christianity 65: 62:Regla Lucumí 61: 57: 44: 43: 36:ceremony in 33: 25: 12512:Fon and Ewe 12463:Catholicism 12423:Voodoo doll 12403:Nine nights 12183:Catholicism 10772:Wirtz 2007b 10708:Wirtz 2007b 10680:Palmié 2005 10491:Wirtz 2007b 10479:Wirtz 2007a 10439:Bascom 1950 10403:Bascom 1950 10367:Wirtz 2007b 10351:Wirtz 2007b 10347:Wirtz 2007a 10197:Wirtz 2007b 10129:Wirtz 2007b 10069:Wirtz 2007b 10053:Wirtz 2007b 9990:Wirtz 2007b 9950:Wirtz 2007b 9918:Wirtz 2007b 9806:Wirtz 2007b 9766:Wirtz 2007a 9338:Wexler 2001 9326:Wexler 2001 9314:Wexler 2001 9302:Wexler 2001 9283:Wexler 2001 9191:Wexler 2001 9084:Wirtz 2007b 8761:Bascom 1950 8368:Wirtz 2007b 7783:Wirtz 2007a 7771:Wirtz 2007a 6906:Bascom 1950 6894:Wirtz 2007b 6846:Bascom 1950 6421:Bascom 1950 6396:Bascom 1950 6018:Wirtz 2007a 6006:Wirtz 2007a 5982:Wirtz 2007a 5967:Wirtz 2007a 5955:Wirtz 2007a 5940:Wirtz 2007a 5901:Wirtz 2007a 5889:Wirtz 2007a 4380:Bascom 1950 4267:Wirtz 2007a 3925:Bascom 1950 3897:Bascom 1950 3741:Wirtz 2007b 3725:Bascom 1950 3701:Wirtz 2007b 3427:Wirtz 2007b 3404:Wirtz 2007a 3352:Wirtz 2007b 3312:Wirtz 2007a 3195:Wirtz 2007a 3148:Wirtz 2007b 3042:Los Orichas 2982:Mexico City 2892:Walter King 2884:Black Power 2865:Ooni of Ife 2826:anti-racism 2555:Espiritismo 1940:ebó del año 1899:of several 1857:día del itá 1798:rompimiento 1638:guinea fowl 1578:aguardiente 1407:fundamentos 1395:fundamentos 1373:containing 1187:casa templo 1101:, and some 1079:progressive 947:protectores 568:are called 446:babaloricha 388:sacred text 348:Efik-Ibibio 340:Congo Basin 250:Definitions 12604:Categories 12413:Spirituals 12081:"Santería" 11565:: 375–94. 10796:Wedel 2004 10784:Wedel 2004 10768:Wedel 2004 10744:Wedel 2004 10720:Wedel 2004 10596:Clark 2007 10576:Mason 2002 10564:Mason 2002 10548:Bahia 2016 10508:Wedel 2004 10467:Wedel 2004 10455:Wedel 2004 10443:Wedel 2004 10427:Wedel 2004 10391:Wedel 2004 10292:Mason 2002 10272:Vélez 2000 10260:Mason 2002 10244:Wedel 2004 10228:Wedel 2004 10224:Vélez 2000 10193:Wedel 2004 10165:Wedel 2004 10161:Vélez 2000 10085:Wedel 2004 10049:Wedel 2004 9986:Clark 2007 9914:Clark 2007 9882:Clark 2007 9862:Clark 2005 9850:Clark 2007 9782:Clark 2006 9762:Wedel 2004 9758:Mason 2002 9702:Clark 2005 9683:Wedel 2004 9651:Clark 2005 9631:Clark 2005 9607:Clark 2005 9595:Clark 2005 9524:Wedel 2004 9481:Mason 2002 9433:Wedel 2004 9287:Mason 2002 9271:Wedel 2004 9259:Wedel 2004 9247:Wedel 2004 9175:Wedel 2004 9143:Vélez 2000 9124:Clark 2005 9033:Wedel 2004 9005:Clark 2005 9001:Mason 2002 8972:Mason 2002 8960:Mason 2002 8948:Mason 2002 8936:Mason 2002 8920:Mason 2002 8908:Wedel 2004 8896:Mason 2002 8884:Mason 2002 8852:Clark 2005 8832:Wedel 2004 8828:Mason 2002 8816:Mason 2002 8804:Wedel 2004 8792:Wedel 2004 8777:Wedel 2004 8765:Wedel 2004 8749:Wedel 2004 8733:Wedel 2004 8729:Mason 2002 8725:Mason 1994 8713:Wedel 2004 8701:Wedel 2004 8689:Wedel 2004 8677:Wedel 2004 8638:Wedel 2004 8623:Wedel 2004 8611:Wedel 2004 8599:Wedel 2004 8583:Wedel 2004 8567:Wedel 2004 8551:Wedel 2004 8535:Wedel 2004 8519:Wedel 2004 8467:Wedel 2004 8411:Wedel 2004 8395:Wedel 2004 8356:Wedel 2004 8314:Clark 2005 8310:Mason 2002 8278:Vélez 2000 8243:Vélez 2000 8231:Vélez 2000 8180:Vélez 2000 8136:Vélez 2000 8112:Vélez 2000 8052:Vélez 2000 8040:Vélez 2000 8024:Wedel 2004 8016:Vélez 2000 7976:Vélez 2000 7931:Wedel 2004 7923:Vélez 2000 7899:Vélez 2000 7835:Vélez 2000 7763:Wedel 2004 7751:Mason 1994 7727:Wedel 2004 7723:Mason 2002 7703:Clark 2005 7699:Mason 2002 7687:Mason 2002 7643:Wedel 2004 7627:Mason 2002 7611:Mason 2002 7596:Mason 2002 7580:Mason 2002 7564:Mason 2002 7552:Mason 2002 7536:Mason 2002 7520:Mason 2002 7504:Mason 2002 7488:Clark 2005 7484:Mason 2002 7464:Mason 2002 7456:Mason 1994 7444:Mason 2002 7428:Mason 2002 7400:Vélez 2000 7384:Mason 1994 7360:Mason 1994 7344:Mason 2002 7332:Mason 2002 7301:Wedel 2004 7285:Clark 2005 7269:Clark 2005 7265:Mason 2002 7253:Mason 2002 7237:Mason 2002 7225:Mason 2002 7209:Wedel 2004 7205:Mason 2002 7185:Mason 2002 7161:Clark 2005 7157:Mason 2002 7141:Wedel 2004 7129:Mason 2002 7093:Mason 2002 7057:Wedel 2004 7053:Mason 2002 7037:Wedel 2004 7025:Clark 2006 6985:Wedel 2004 6973:Clark 2006 6961:Clark 2006 6957:Mason 2002 6945:Mason 2002 6933:Mason 2002 6918:Clark 2006 6914:Wedel 2004 6910:Mason 1994 6870:Mason 1994 6858:Clark 2005 6827:Mason 1994 6815:Mason 2002 6803:Clark 2006 6791:Clark 2006 6779:Mason 1994 6767:Clark 2006 6763:Mason 1994 6747:Clark 2006 6743:Wedel 2004 6727:Clark 2006 6711:Clark 2006 6707:Mason 2002 6691:Wedel 2004 6675:Ochoa 2010 6600:Wedel 2004 6596:Mason 2002 6564:Wedel 2004 6560:Mason 2002 6548:Clark 2001 6519:Clark 2001 6495:Wedel 2004 6479:Wedel 2004 6462:Mason 2002 6450:Mason 2002 6438:Mason 2002 6404:Wedel 2004 6400:Mason 2002 6376:Clark 2001 6360:Mason 2002 6341:Mason 2002 6337:Clark 2001 6325:Mason 2002 6298:Clark 2001 6286:Mason 2002 6282:Mason 1994 6266:Mason 1994 6234:Mason 2002 6230:Mason 1994 6201:Mason 2002 6122:Vélez 2000 6061:Vélez 2000 6042:Wedel 2004 6038:Mason 2002 6030:Mason 1994 5936:Mason 2002 5932:Mason 1994 5916:Mason 2002 5885:Mason 2002 5881:Vélez 2000 5865:Mason 2002 5853:Clark 2005 5849:Mason 2002 5845:Mason 1994 5810:Clark 2005 5794:Mason 2002 5765:Clark 2005 5761:Clark 2001 5749:Clark 2005 5737:Mason 2002 5688:Clark 2005 5676:Clark 2005 5664:Clark 2005 5587:Clark 2005 5563:Clark 2005 5536:Mason 2002 5520:Mason 2002 5493:Mason 2002 5464:Mason 2002 5440:Clark 2005 5419:Wedel 2004 5407:Wedel 2004 5388:Wedel 2004 5376:Clark 2005 5345:Wedel 2004 5314:Mason 2002 5242:Mason 2002 5226:Mason 2002 5222:Mason 1994 5206:Mason 2002 5202:Mason 1994 5170:Mason 2002 5145:Mason 2002 5118:Mason 1994 5106:Mason 2002 5102:Mason 1994 5003:Clark 2005 4999:Mason 2002 4987:Clark 2005 4983:Mason 2002 4967:Wedel 2004 4951:Mason 2002 4939:Mason 2002 4922:Wedel 2004 4918:Mason 2002 4862:Wedel 2004 4858:Mason 2002 4810:Wedel 2004 4782:Clark 2001 4699:Clark 2005 4683:Wedel 2004 4663:Wedel 2004 4643:Wedel 2004 4587:Mason 2002 4567:Wedel 2004 4563:Mason 2002 4547:Clark 2005 4543:Wedel 2004 4527:Clark 2005 4503:Wedel 2004 4487:Wedel 2004 4467:Clark 2005 4463:Wedel 2004 4447:Wedel 2004 4431:Mason 2002 4411:Wedel 2004 4407:Clark 2001 4368:Mason 2002 4323:Mason 2002 4291:Mason 2002 4263:Wedel 2004 4235:Wedel 2004 4223:Mason 2002 4211:Clark 2005 4199:Mason 2002 4163:Mason 2002 4147:Wedel 2004 4143:Mason 2002 4098:Mason 2002 4017:Wedel 2004 4013:Mason 2002 4009:Mason 1994 3989:Mason 2002 3985:Mason 1994 3969:Mason 2002 3953:Mason 2002 3937:Clark 2007 3913:Clark 2007 3866:Clark 2007 3862:Mason 2002 3830:Clark 2007 3813:Mason 2002 3772:Mason 2002 3757:Wedel 2004 3753:Vélez 2000 3729:Wedel 2004 3650:Wedel 2004 3646:Vélez 2000 3618:Vélez 2000 3602:Wedel 2004 3590:Vélez 2000 3574:Vélez 2000 3550:Clark 2006 3526:Clark 2007 3502:Wedel 2004 3494:Vélez 2000 3482:Mason 2002 3462:Mason 2002 3458:Vélez 2000 3423:Clark 2001 3400:Mason 2002 3304:Mason 2002 3292:Mason 1994 3276:Clark 2001 3231:Clark 2007 3215:Clark 2007 3187:Mason 2002 3175:Mason 1994 3163:Clark 2007 3128:Clark 2001 3082:References 3038:Celia Cruz 2868:Olubuse II 2841:santurismo 2639:Oyo Empire 2604:Background 2563:New Jersey 2380:Divination 2375:Divination 2360:Resguardos 2352:resguardos 2271:mal de ojo 2251:osainistas 2246:curanderos 2179:Possession 2129:a cappella 1885:coronación 1830:prendición 1729:, "making 1707:Initiation 1583:rinconcito 1468:undergo a 1351:moforibale 1347:moforibale 1219:eyá aránla 1179:ilé-oricha 1120:ceremonias 1012:described 708:Babalú Ayé 631:Among the 627:Babalú Ayé 454:iyaloricha 308:Afro-Cuban 212:enshrined 190:Afro-Cuban 169:divination 149:initiation 78:syncretism 12531:Rastafari 12274:Quimbanda 12190:Candomblé 12156:Religions 12016:Anthropos 11317:143785826 11102:193638958 10931:142157222 10894:163464977 10865:152159342 10851:: 15–38. 10335:Long 2002 3108:Citations 3007:Reception 2967:La Habana 2890:activist 2524:babalawos 2520:babalawos 2512:babalawos 2508:babalawos 2506:are also 2499:babalawos 2350:known as 2348:talismans 2202:arullarse 2110:batáleros 1936:iyaworaje 1924:iyaworaje 1838:lavatorio 1780:, and an 1401:, called 1227:iban balo 1110:Practices 908:espíritus 829:Creyentes 486:Olodumare 442:babalocha 426:creyentes 368:Candomblé 325:Spiritism 311:with the 270:The term 239:La Habana 232:Candomblé 147:requires 105:Olodumare 98:creyentes 94:Spiritism 12610:Santería 12594:Religion 12393:Mojo bag 12279:Santería 12217:Convince 12094:Santería 12028:40467187 11247:(2001). 11237:41699335 11094:20167667 3071:santeras 3067:Santeros 3054:santeras 3050:santeros 2978:Veracruz 2971:Matanzas 2959:santeras 2955:santeros 2912:santeras 2908:santeros 2904:Oyotunji 2782:brujería 2778:Santería 2744:brujería 2720:Carnival 2646:naciones 2579:mortevas 2571:santeras 2567:santeros 2559:New York 2516:santeros 2504:santeros 2425:consulta 2415:A Cuban 2321:collares 2279:brujería 2275:evil eye 2255:abortion 2027:okónkolo 1956:libretas 1952:santeras 1948:santeros 1818:collares 1767:oyugbona 1727:kariocha 1572:cafecito 1525:collares 1470:bautismo 1311:santeras 1307:santeros 1254:santeras 1250:santeros 1103:santeras 1099:santeros 932:creyente 888:, their 637:guerrors 570:patakíes 466:oloricha 462:aboricha 458:omoricha 450:iyalocha 405:baptised 272:Santería 243:Matanzas 219:brujería 88:form of 68:, is an 45:Santería 12568:Portals 12388:Michari 12383:Macumba 12344:Houngan 12299:Umbanda 12244:Judaism 12232:in Cuba 12173:Atheism 11602:1388026 11404:1386562 11288:3804208 11006:1466068 10923:2784497 10805:Sources 3058:Satanic 2986:Toronto 2622:Ciboney 2593:History 2471:dilogún 2459:patakie 2455:Dilogún 2429:derecho 2417:santero 2406:italera 2402:italero 2388:dilogún 2313:santera 2309:santero 2241:santera 2237:santero 2068:in 2013 2032:chaworo 2023:itótele 1881:asiento 1855:On the 1802:oyubona 1788:or the 1763:oyubona 1759:santera 1755:santero 1677:acheses 1634:matador 1630:matanza 1552:wizards 1513:pañuelo 1413:(sing. 1399:tureens 1361:Shrines 1335:santera 1331:santero 1319:santero 1315:santera 1303:madrina 1299:padrino 1295:santera 1291:santero 1287:ahijada 1283:ahijado 1279:santera 1275:santero 1211:santera 1207:santero 1001:called 912:muertos 890:destino 886:destiny 722:is the 710:is the 702:is the 700:Obatalá 690:is the 598:caminos 594:avatars 590:caminos 572:. Each 498:Trinity 472:Beliefs 438:santera 434:santero 396:New Age 141:santera 137:santero 40:in 2011 12524:Yoruba 12519:Orisha 12428:Zombie 12356:Hoodoo 12264:Maroon 12249:Kumina 12163:Abakuá 12049: 12026: 12003: 11984: 11965: 11946: 11927: 11908: 11889: 11863: 11844: 11825: 11806: 11787: 11759: 11719: 11692: 11673: 11654: 11631:505056 11629: 11600: 11515: 11496: 11477: 11462:541071 11460: 11431: 11402: 11359: 11340: 11315: 11286: 11255: 11235: 11182: 11163: 11144: 11117: 11100: 11092: 11061: 11021: 11004: 10973: 10946: 10929: 10921: 10892: 10863: 10832: 3060:, and 3034:oricha 2916:racism 2896:Harlem 2861:orisha 2699:orisha 2687:oricha 2683:orisha 2679:oricha 2675:oricha 2671:Orisha 2667:orisha 2663:orisha 2635:orisha 2631:orisha 2618:Arawak 2486:oricha 2463:omiero 2451:biagué 2441:oricha 2437:oricha 2433:oricha 2398:oríate 2390:, and 2356:otanes 2333:oricha 2329:oricha 2325:oricha 2317:omiero 2266:oricha 2262:oricha 2217:oricha 2213:oricha 2209:oricha 2197:oricha 2193:oricha 2189:oricha 2173:oricha 2161:oricha 2149:oricha 2145:akpwón 2141:akpwón 2137:akpwón 2133:akpwón 2125:oricha 2106:oricha 2102:oricha 2098:oricha 2062:oricha 2044:afoubo 2040:omiero 2002:oricha 1998:oricha 1994:oricha 1990:tambor 1980:ritual 1932:oricha 1920:otanes 1905:oricha 1901:oricha 1897:otanes 1893:oricha 1869:oricha 1865:oricha 1842:omiero 1826:ilekes 1822:elekes 1814:oricha 1810:otanes 1806:igbodu 1786:oricha 1751:oricha 1747:oricha 1686:omiero 1681:oricha 1673:oricha 1669:sopera 1662:oricha 1654:oricha 1646:oricha 1611:oricha 1567:Bóveda 1563:bóveda 1559:oricha 1548:Taoist 1544:oricha 1537:oricha 1533:sopera 1529:oricha 1521:sopera 1517:oricha 1509:sopera 1505:sopera 1501:oricha 1497:sopera 1485:bóveda 1466:otanes 1462:sopera 1458:otanes 1454:oricha 1450:oricha 1446:otanes 1442:oricha 1438:oricha 1427:otanes 1419:oricha 1411:otanes 1403:sopera 1391:igbodu 1387:oricha 1379:oricha 1375:otanes 1371:sopera 1355:oricha 1343:oricha 1339:oricha 1215:igbodu 1183:oricha 1148:oricha 1124:oricha 1074:oricha 1070:oricha 1042:oricha 960:gitano 958:. 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