African studies - Knowledge

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continued use of the faulty present-day European Africanist paradigm. Darker skinned Maghrebians, particularly in Morocco, have grown weary of the lack of discretion foreign academics have shown toward them, bear resentment toward the way they have been depicted by foreign academics, and consequently, find the intended activities of foreign academics to be predictable. Rather than continuing to rely on the faulty present-day European Africanist paradigm, Mohamed (2012) recommends revising and improving the current Africanist paradigm (e.g., critical inspection of the origins and introduction of the present characterization of the Saharan caravan; reconsideration of what makes the trans-Saharan slave trade, within its own context in Africa, distinct from the trans-Atlantic slave trade; realistic consideration of the experiences of darker-skinned Maghrebians within their own regional context).

859:) of 19th century European abolitionists about Africa and Africans are silenced, but still preserved, in the secularist narratives of the present-day European Africanist paradigm. The Orientalist stereotyped hypersexuality of the Moors were viewed by 19th century European abolitionists as deriving from the Quran. The reference to times prior, often used in concert with biblical references, by 19th century European abolitionists, may indicate that realities described of Moors may have been literary fabrications. The purpose of these apparent literary fabrications may have been to affirm their view of the 430:

collaborations) became increasingly temporary, which subsequently stifled the ability for innovative studies to be undertaken. Additionally, research focuses became increasingly narrowed to what would be the most likely to attract grant money. With the transition of academic publications from print to Internet media, colonial and racial hierarchies were generally reinforced as online Anglophone media publications mediated international/non-African academic discourses and print-based media publications mediated African academic discourses. Further, African scholars continue to experience

42: 988:. Among studies in the Francophone world, ties between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa have been denied or downplayed, while the ties (e.g., religious, cultural) between the regions and peoples (e.g., Arab language and literature with Berber language and literature) of the Middle East and North Africa have been established by diminishing the differences between the two and selectively focusing on the similarities between the two. In the Francophone world, construction of racialized regions, such as 896:, whereas, the study of sub-Saharan Africa was viewed as conceptually distinct from North Africa, and as its own region, viewed as inherently the same. The common pattern of conceptual separation of continental Africa into two regions and the view of conceptual sameness within the region of sub-Saharan Africa has continued until present-day. Yet, with increasing exposure of this problem, discussion about the conceptual separation of Africa has begun to develop. 485:) in Africa, much of the funding sources for research originate from sources abroad. Non-African Africanists tend to operate in the role as perceived experts of the field, who shape the image and view of Africa to countries abroad, whereas African researchers tend to operate in the role of consultants/assistants. Consequently, the narrative in African studies tends to reflect non-African interests and views rather than African interests and views. 788:, and the amount of forcibly enslaved Africans transported across the Sahara are alleged to be numerically comparable to the considerably large amount of forcibly enslaved Africans transported across the Atlantic Ocean. The simulated narrative of comparable numbers is contradicted by the limited presence of darker skinned North Africans in the present-day Maghreb. As part of this simulated narrative, post-classical 388:). A considerable number of African studies organizations, which have been financed or financially influenced by foreign government aid provided from North America, Europe, and Asia, have undergone volatility as the pattern of foreign government aid has become volatile; consequently, trends in Africanist scholarship has tended to reflect general optimism or pessimism (e.g., 1039:. While Berber studies has largely sought to be establish ties between Berbers and North Africa with Arabs and the Middle East, Merolla (2017) indicated that efforts to establish ties between Berbers and North Africa with sub-Saharan Africans and sub-Saharan Africa have recently started to being undertaken. 408:

Given increasing indications that a post-Cold War world did not lead to increasing peace, Africa became a greater focal point of study for North America and Europe by the early 2000s. Reasons for increased study range from the restoration of civil and democratic institutions and government in Africa,

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has served as a trans-regional zone for peoples in Africa. Authors from various countries (e.g., Algeria, Cameroon, Sudan) in Africa have critiqued the conceptualization of the Sahara as a regional barrier, and provided counter-arguments supporting the interconnectedness of continental Africa; there

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Due to a lack of considerable development in field research regarding enslavement in Islamic societies, this has resulted in the present-day European Africanist paradigm relying on unreliable estimates for the trans-Saharan slave trade. However, insufficient data has also used as a justification for

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in North Africa and the Islamic world. Altogether, darker skinned North Africans (e.g., "black" and apparently "mixed" Maghrebians), darker skinned Africans in the Islamic world, the inherited status of servant associated with dark skin, and the trans-Saharan slave trade are conflated and modeled in

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in Africa, and their use of scholarship from African studies, this has resulted in funders of non-governmental organizations also influencing the focus and development of the scholarship of renowned Africanists; the scholarship then becomes used in future development policies of funders and renowned

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Despite being an inherited part of the 19th century religious polemical narratives, the use of race in the secularist narrative of the present-day European Africanist paradigm has given the paradigm an appearance of possessing scientific quality. The religious polemical narrative (e.g., holy cause,

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contribute to perceptions of European scholars being experts and bearers of universal truth and African scholars and other scholars of color as bearing only a limited expertise in their cultural heritage and identity. The imperialistic power dynamics between non-Africans and Africans in shaping the

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Africanists argue that there is a need to "deexoticize" Africa and banalise it, rather than understand Africa as exceptionalized and exoticized. African scholars, in recent times, have focused on decolonizing African studies, and reconfiguring it to reflect the African experience through an African

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and to affirm the viewpoints held by the readers of their composed works. The adoption of 19th century European abolitionists' religious polemical narrative into the present-day European Africanist paradigm may have been due to its correspondence with the established textual tradition. The use of

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have been used as an explanatory bridge between the allegation of comparable numbers of forcibly enslaved Africans and the limited amount of present-day darker skinned Maghrebians who have been characterized as their diasporic descendants. Eunuchs were characterized as sentinels who guarded these

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analyses and criticisms expanded, which sought to frame the condition of Africa in terms of pathology and power as it relates to principles of good governance and market efficiency. Under the guise of African development, African systems of higher education (e.g., university missions, visions,

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The marketization of African higher education has resulted in the funding of grants rather than posts, as well as a transition toward contract-based (e.g., fixed term, part-time) hiring of academic professionals. Due to these market forces, long-term academic relationships (e.g., networks,

2605:(Provides (1) a directory of more than 2,100 journals about Africa with their URLs, and where to find tables of contents, abstracts, and full text of articles online, and (2) a full-text archive of back issues of 11 African scholarly journals in the social sciences and humanities.) 259:

had ceased, African intellectuals constructed and organized the African higher education system in Africa, and in response to this development, during the 1950s and 1960s, Europeans in the United Kingdom created African studies institutions. The shortcomings of Western

724:. Consequently, reliable history, as opposed to an antiquated analogy-based history, for darker skinned North Africans and darker skinned Africans in the Islamic world are limited. Part of the textual tradition generally associates an inherited status of servant with 2336:

The African Heritage Studies Association (AHSA) was founded in 1969 as an association of scholars of African descent, dedicated to the exploration, preservation, and academic presentation of the heritage of African people on the ancestral soil of Africa and in the

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having become Africanized throughout the centuries it has been present in Africa has shown that the conceptual separation of Africa remains pervasive in the Francophone world; this denial may stem from historic development of the characterization of an

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of the Anglophone and Francophone world. While studies in the Anglophone world have more clearly followed the trend of the conceptual separation of Africa, the Francophone world has been more nuanced, which may stem from imperial policies relating to

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and its effects began to set in, question and criticism of the fundamental ideas of African studies began to occur as well as improvement of scientific theories and research methods, which developed an African studies that studied African affairs and

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of enslaved "Hartani" (a vague term, which, by merit of it needing further definition, is implicit evidence for its historicity being questionable). The narratives derived from Shurafa historians would later become analogically incorporated into the

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may not date much earlier than the 18th century CE and has been involuntarily assigned to darker skinned Maghrebians. Prior to the modern use of the term Haratin as an identifier, and utilized in contrast to bidan or bayd (white), sumr/asmar,

196:) refused to accept the presumptions of European imperialism and advocated for Africans to have a knowledge of themselves due to this being essential to the political and economic wellness of their citizenry. Consequently, the 488:

Since African independence, the long-term effects and persisting elements of enslavement and colonialism (e.g., racist fantasies and projections, silencing of the past) continue to affect Africans on the continent and in the

164:, which had increasing policy relevance in this emerging environment, this resulted in the mass development of African Studies organizations (e.g., centers, institutes) throughout continental Africa after 1945. Following 2630:

This African study focuses on the dearth of teaching and learning materials in African languages required to deliver effective bilingual education, and on the potential role of translation in offering solutions for this

350:, Tunde Zack-Williams) in the United Kingdom steered development of African studies in the newer direction of accountability of African leaders and in including the African diaspora in the scope of its research focus. 413:

in Africa and the next up-and-coming scholars inspired by the literature, to Africa being projected to have the largest youth demographic in the world by 2050, to increasing investment by Asian countries, including

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Following African independence and the end of World War II, colonial methods of producing knowledge underwent challenges and changes. Due to World War II occurring and Africa not being directly partaking in it, the

2569: 688:, this made way for changes in latter behaviors toward dark-skinned Africans. As a result of changing behaviors toward dark-skinned Africans, darker skinned Maghrebians were forcibly recruited into the army of 716:

darker skinned North Africans in North Africa and darker skinned Africans throughout the Islamic world at-large, is primarily rooted in an Americanized textual tradition inherited from 19th century European

696:, based on the claim of them having descended from enslaved peoples from the times of the Saadian invasion. Shurafa historians of the modern period would later utilize these events in narratives about the 357:, collapse of the culture of research, collapse of local/epistemic communities and professional associations, decline in the ability of scholars to travel locally, infrastructure decay). The nationalist 2621: 323:

of evidence, data, and truth interfered with the ability of researchers to engage with the ideas and conceptualizations that were held by and lived out by Africans in their daily lives.

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While research focus on Africa decreased in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, this was counterbalanced by an increasing research focus on Africa in the United States. After the

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As African countries experienced economic turmoil in the middle of the 1980s, the African higher education system and African studies also experienced turmoil (e.g., book famine,

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Despite having invoked and utilized identities in reference to the racialized conceptualizations of Africa (e.g., North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa) to oppose imposed identities,

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narratives (e.g., the trans-Saharan slave trade, imported enslaved Sub-Saharan West Africans, darker skinned Magrebian freedmen) of the present-day European Africanist paradigm.

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In African and Berber literary studies, scholarship has remained largely separate from one another. The conceptual separation of Africa in these studies may be due to how

740:). The European Africanist paradigm uses this as the primary reference point for its construction of origins narratives for darker skinned North Africans (e.g., imported 2608: 1549: 633:. "Haratin" is considered to be an offensive term by the darker skinned Maghrebians it is intended to identify; for example, people in the southern region (e.g., 924:

has been conceptually compartmentalized into meaning "Black Africa", "Africa South of the Sahara", and "sub-Saharan Africa." North Africa has been conceptually "

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serves as the precursor to later narratives that grouped darker skinned Maghrebians together and identified their origins as being Sub-Saharan West Africa. With

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Gershenhorn, Jerry. "'Not an Academic Affair': African American Scholars and the Development of African Studies Programs in the United States, 1942–1960."

2906: 2618: 2612: 1462: 1444: 1365: 423: 269: 60:, especially the continent's cultures and societies (as opposed to its geology, geography, zoology, etc.). The field includes the study of Africa's 2744: 1348: 868:

stereotyped hypersexuality for Moors are what 19th century European abolitionists and the present-day European Africanist paradigm have in common.

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curriculums, conceptual tools and theoretical foundations of social research) were subsequently revised to conform to the vision and principles of

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configuration of African studies. With some degree of interaction (e.g., collaboration, debate) with their African counterparts, by 1963, the

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As a result of these racialized constructions and the conceptual separation of Africa, darker skinned North Africans, such as the so-called

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became increasingly interconnected with African studies, as it had undergone growth as a discipline and was enriched by other fields (e.g.,

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is also considered to be a part of the same racialized construction as Sub-Saharan Africa. North Africa serves as a racialized region of "

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scholars. African scholars played a valuable role, via their research and direct cultural connections to/in Africa, in the development of

422:. The increasing interest in the study of Africa has contributed to the growth of African Studies Associations, including ASAUK and the 1255: 2203: 2871: 1343: 1094: 2669: 1693:, undergraduate major and minor in Afroamerican and African Studies. Also, a certificate in African Studies for graduate students. 1260:

Center for African and Development Studies (CEsA, ISEG-ULisboa), Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão da Universidade de Lisboa

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harems. The simulated narrative is also based on the major assumption that the indigenous peoples of the Maghreb were once purely

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with black concubines (existing within a geographic racial binary of pale-skinned Moors residing further north, closer to the

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in narratives that analogically explain the origins of darker skinned North Africans in North Africa and the Islamic world.

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being questionable, European colonialists and European Africanists have used the term Haratin as identifiers for groups of "

208:, to begin to contest colonial ideas and standards (e.g., requirements of documentary evidence like what was used for the 2756: 2431: 530:. African and African-American scholars also bear some responsibility in perpetuating this European Africanist preserved 493:. After roughly 40 years, Africanization of the curriculums (e.g., theory, method, evidence) in Africa remains ongoing. 2892: 1457: 157: 2144: 844:

has also been adapted to fit the simulated narrative of a comparable number of enslaved Africans being transported by

928:" and separated from sub-Saharan Africa. While its historic development has occurred within a longer time frame, the 570: 550: 2536: 1487:, Institute of African Studies - Combined Honours Undergraduate Degrees and Collaborative Masters in African Studies 2752: 1729: 1660: 401:

analysis of African policy economy and society, the international institutions informed by these analyzes, and the

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Gershenhorn, Jerry. "St. Clair Drake, Pan-Africanism, African Studies, and the Politics of Knowledge, 1945-1965."

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foundations for much of the knowledge about Africa in modern academic fields, including African studies, are the

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The current major problem in African studies that Mohamed (2010/2012) identified is the inherited religious,

393: 3338: 2642: 1595: 1467: 1229: 609: 168:, many colonial staff in Europe and Africa became the staff of the emergent African Studies organizations. 109: 2602: 1574: 1432: 1426: 1213: 46: 17: 2736: 1565:, Department of African Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences - MA African Studies and Phd African Studies 397:

Africanists may even serve as policy consultants to the European countries providing the funding (e.g.,

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in North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. As the study of North Africa has largely been initiated by the

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Africa", which is conceptually disconnected from Sub-Saharan Africa, and conceptually connected to the

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in the higher education system of the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the exclusivity and predominance of

217: 34:. For the multidisciplinary study of the peoples of African origin in Africa and across the world, see 1669:, undergraduate minor and major in African Studies, Masters in African Studies, PhD in African Studies 1888: 1510: 1401: 1285: 757: 737: 402: 225: 31: 748:). With darker skinned North Africans or darker skinned Africans in the Islamic world treated as an 658: 465:(CODESRIA) contributes considerable funding to African studies research to various countries (e.g., 3394: 3022: 2449: 2054: 1980: 1719: 1654: 1315: 1130: 1102: 712:

in the present-day European Africanist paradigm, which conceptually alienates, dehistoricizes, and

426:(AEGIS), as well as increased research focus on Africa by African studies organizations in Africa. 288:, and was undertaken and driven by Africans; the African intellectuals that drove this nationalist 149: 69: 3272: 3197: 1635: 1420: 1407: 1371: 1321: 1293: 1279: 496: 77: 1790: 3187: 3172: 2945: 1690: 1162: 1143: 1114: 960: 443: 105: 73: 65: 3399: 1183: 916:(e.g., North Africa with Niger and Mali, North Africa with Tanzania and Sudan, major hubs of 796:. Another part of this simulated narrative is an Orientalist construction of hypersexualized 339: 327: 2661: 2413: 2166: 3237: 1889:"The future of African Studies: what we can do to keep Africa at the heart of our research" 1609: 1568: 1238: 1220: 1061: 781: 654: 241: 133: 2879: 2798: 315:

in highlighting the patterns of domination and inequality between Europeans and Africans.

272:(ASAUK) was founded, and by 1964, its first yearly conference was organized and attended. 8: 3202: 3042: 2673: 1724: 1709: 1622: 1536: 1484: 1327: 1264: 1244: 1192: 1073: 1048: 1016: 941: 841: 616:

reality in North Africa. While the origin of the term "Haratin" remains speculative, the

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methods contributed to the increasing realization that European imperialistic ideas and

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Abbink, J.: African studies in the Netherlands: a brief survey, SCOLMA 87, 3-10, 2001

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caravans, from the south of Saharan Africa, into North Africa and the Islamic world.

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Field of academic study of Africa, especially the continent's cultures and societies

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Department of African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian Languages and Literatures

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by Europeans developed with North Africa being conceptually subsumed within the

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This article is about the study of the African continent. For the journal, see

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Historiographic and conceptual problems of North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa

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collaborating with ASAUK to keep it viable, various African scholars (e.g.,

112:). A specialist in African studies is often referred to as an "Africanist". 3328: 3323: 3167: 3087: 2962: 2539: 2148: 1756:

Citizen and Subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism

1008: 993: 909: 885: 814: 622: 558: 482: 450: 293: 221: 161: 125: 2810: 2414:"Bachelor Area Studies Asia/Africa—Institute of Asian and African Studies" 1681:, undergraduate minor and major in African Studies, Dual Title PhD program 549:, European Africanists conceptually separated continental Africa into two 216:

being dismissed. The inherent dynamics of Africa and the value and use of

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Department of African Studies, Institute of Asian and African Countries,

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Centre for International Studies (formerly, Centre for African Studies),

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narrative involving the suffering of enslaved European Christians of the

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terms utilized as identifiers for darker skinned Maghrebians before the

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and colonialism that were still present during the middle of the 1970s,

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AFRICAN STUDY: African Language Publishing For Children In South Africa

2374:"Home - The African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific" 1089:

School of Asian and African Studies, Beijing Foreign Studies University

969: 952: 933: 893: 801: 666: 523: 515: 377: 285: 237: 233: 137: 2055:"Africanists and Africans of the Maghrib II: casualties of secularity" 996:

Africa (North Africans, e.g., Berbers and Arabs), has also developed.

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and their presence in these regions are treated as that of an African

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narrative in African studies about Africa remains an ongoing problem.

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region, and dark-skinned Moors residing further south, closer to the

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communities while partaking in the international academic community.

197: 2783: 2215: 1526:, Bachelor in Area Studies Asia/Africa and Master in African Studies 264:

approaches to the study of Africa resulted in the development of an

3257: 3127: 3107: 3037: 2240: 2185: 1118: 821: 761: 753: 749: 634: 613: 531: 490: 249: 153: 2475: 1441:

African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific (ASAAP)

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region of "Africa proper", "Africa noire," or "Black Africa." The

2540:"MPhil in African Studies Overview â€" Centre of African Studies" 2518: 2289: 1000: 978: 948: 917: 817: 805: 733: 709: 662: 642: 601: 597: 514:

paradigm that European Africanists have preserved in present-day

478: 474: 320: 300: 2865: 1981:"Africanists and Africans of the Maghrib: casualties of Analogy" 708:

As opposed to having been developed through field research, the

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Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa

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of African independence made way for European scholars, such as

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was viewed by many Africans as a distinct option apart from the

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Open Access Guide for researchers based in Africa (ilissAfrica)

2265: 2167:"Master African Studies—Institute of Asian and African Studies" 1571:, Centre for African Studies - Master's and PhD African Studies 1303: 1036: 981: 921: 904:

are historic and cultural connections as well as trade between

900: 845: 833: 809: 626: 617: 605: 578: 562: 538: 431: 419: 312: 57: 2672:. New York, USA: Columbia University Libraries. Archived from 1712:

for a categorised list of publications in the field since 1984

1598:- MA African Studies and MPhil Research Master African Studies 2127:"Beyond 'two Africas' in African and Berber literary studies" 1605:

University of Lagos, Masters in African and Diaspora Studies

1268: 864: 860: 797: 789: 729: 546: 470: 466: 415: 2638: 2373: 2301: 279:, once the African higher education system began to undergo 2350:"African Studies Association of Africa - ASAA - About ASAA" 2202:

For the history of African studies in the Netherlands, see

1657:, Africana Studies minor, undergraduate area studies degree 1386: 677: 638: 586: 435: 418:, to the United Kingdom seeking to reposition itself after 1201:

Department of African Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences

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employed to induce neo-liberal market reforms in Africa).

220:

as a form of evidence was underscored by African scholar,

2216:"CEI-IUL – Centro de Estudos Internacionais do ISCTE-IUL" 1663:, Masters in African Studies, African Studies Certificate 392:

in African studies during the 1990s). With the factor of

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With an increasing realization of the lasting impacts of

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Austria: Institut für Afrikawissenschaften (est. 2007),

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conceptual separation of Africa came as a result of the

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Merolla (2017) has indicated that the academic study of

330:, there was increased collaboration between African and 2817:. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford, Bodleian Libraries. 1625:, Center for African Studies Basel - MA African Studies 2494:"Centre for African Studies Basel: MA African Studies" 2319: 1638:, Centre of African Studies - MPhil in African Studies 608:

Africa, have become analogically alienated from their

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African e-Journals Project, Michigan State University

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development (e.g., form, content) of the present-day

2782:. USA: New York University Libraries. Archived from 2320:"Supporting exploration, education and preservation" 2290:

Centro de Estudos Africanos da Universidade do Porto

1191:Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah Institute of African Studies, 361:that had spread earlier began to contract, even as 2875:. Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala. 3rd ed., 2014 1463:Internet library sub-saharan Africa (ilissAfrica) 1445:African Studies Association of the United Kingdom 1366:African Studies Center, Michigan State University 776:The trans-Saharan slave trade has been used as a 645:consider it to be an offensive term. Despite its 424:Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies 270:African Studies Association of the United Kingdom 228:was developed by various African scholars (e.g., 3386: 2833: 2745:London School of Economics and Political Science 1754:Mamdani, M. (1996), Chapter 1 from Mamdani, M., 1349:University of Florida Center for African Studies 1292:South Africa: Centre for African Studies (CAS), 1107:Egypt: Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, 2695:. Washington DC: Georgetown University Library. 2535: 756:, another part of the textual tradition is the 1552:, Bachelor, Masters and PhD in African Studies 1550:Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale" 1003:have invoked North African identity to oppose 2914: 2900: 2266:"ISEG - School of Economics & Management" 2186:"The Institute for Asian and African Studies" 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2636: 2326:. African Heritage Studies Association. 2022 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1612:, Nigeria Masters and PhD in African Studies 1438:African Studies Association of Africa (ASAA) 1011:identities, and sub-Saharan Africans (e.g., 2556:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1784: 1500:, Institute of African Research and Studies 1381:Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey 1243:Institute of African and Diaspora Studies, 1053: 2907: 2893: 2570:ASA Distinguished Africanist Award Winners 2432:"African Studies (MA) - Leiden University" 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2011: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1737:for a list of articles relating to Africa 1344:African Studies Center, Boston University 1175:Institute for Asian and African Studies, 1095:Shanghai International Studies University 2131:Scholarly Publications Leiden University 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1788: 40: 2873:Studying Africa. A guide to the sources 2689:"African Studies & African History" 2052: 1978: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1761: 502:Historiographic and conceptual problems 14: 3387: 2160: 2158: 2085: 1919: 1791:"African scholars and African Studies" 1748: 1579:Indian School of International Studies 1333:School of Oriental and African Studies 1256:ISCTE – University Institute of Lisbon 1210:Indian School of International Studies 1152:University of Pau and the Adour Region 1113:Ethiopia: Center for African Studies, 1072:Canada: Institute of African Studies, 1042: 875: 792:has also been characterized as having 674:Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire 565:geographic construction, serves as an 2888: 1886: 1093:School of Asian and African Studies, 972:and Francophone world, denial of the 625:, or sudan/sudani (black/brown) were 2829:. USA: Princeton University Library. 2730:. USA: University of Iowa Libraries. 2611:(Excerpt of the website database of 2590:Journal of African American History, 2583:Journal of African American History, 2450:"Research Master in African Studies" 2312: 2302:"Centre for African Studies (LUCAS)" 2183: 2164: 2059:The Journal of North African Studies 1985:The Journal of North African Studies 1821: 1539:, Masters and PhD in African Studies 1427:African Heritage Studies Association 1298:Sweden: Center for African Studies, 1135:Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University 1101:Denmark: Centre of African Studies, 2757:Michigan State University Libraries 2734: 2155: 2145:"Institut für Afrikawissenschaften" 2124: 1893:Journal of African Cultural Studies 1789:Olukoshi, Adebayo (November 2006). 680:serving as a motivation behind the 24: 2655:Library Guides for African Studies 2575: 2476:"Home - Zentrum für Afrikastudien" 2411: 2147:. 27 February 2013. Archived from 1581:- Master's and PhD African Studies 1473: 1458:Bamum Scripts and Archives Project 1396:National and transnational centers 984:existing as a diametric binary to 25: 3411: 2701:"African Studies Internet Portal" 2670:"African Studies Research Guides" 2609:African Studies Centres worldwide 2596: 1353:Department of African Studies at 311:. African scholars added to this 158:international development agendas 2705:University of Illinois LibGuides 2133:. African Studies Centre Leiden. 2053:Mohamed, Mohamed Hassan (2012). 1979:Mohamed, Mohamed Hassan (2010). 1730:List of African studies journals 1661:Florida International University 537:Following conceptualizations of 309:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 2529: 2511: 2486: 2468: 2442: 2424: 2405: 2387: 2366: 2342: 2294: 2283: 2258: 2233: 2208: 2196: 1414: 1284:Department of African Studies, 1168:Department of African Studies, 600:, who have long resided in the 2662:"Help for Researchers: Africa" 2647:Africana social science titles 2177: 2137: 1370:Program of African Studies at 1312:Centre of West African Studies 1263:African Studies Centre of the 1237:Institute of African Studies, 1230:African Studies Centre, Leiden 1182:Institute of African Studies, 1161:Institute of African Studies, 1082:Institute of African Studies, 394:non-governmental organizations 307:theorized about and authored, 130:European exploration of Africa 13: 1: 2693:Research & Subject Guides 2454:African Studies Centre Leiden 1905:10.1080/13696815.2019.1584552 1741: 1148:Bordeaux Montaigne University 1127:Institut des mondes africains 920:learning in Niger and Mali). 604:, and do not reside south of 184:, and African leaders (e.g., 2868:, University of Cambridge UK 2753:"Africana (African Studies)" 2643:Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden 2071:10.1080/13629387.2011.635450 1997:10.1080/13629387.2010.486573 1675:, Masters in African Studies 1513:, Center for African Studies 1468:Timbuktu Manuscripts Project 1326:Centre for African Studies, 1219:Centre for African Studies, 1208:Centre for African Studies; 1027:) have invoked and utilized 7: 2823:"African Studies Resources" 2519:"Centre of African Studies" 2376:. Afsaap.org.au. 2020-03-01 1703: 1575:Jawaharlal Nehru University 1451: 1433:African Studies Association 1359:African Studies Program at 1335:, SOAS University of London 1320:Centre of African Studies, 1214:Jawaharlal Nehru University 992:(sub-Saharan Africans) and 951:policies of studies in the 561:. Sub-Saharan Africa, as a 10: 3416: 2592:98 (Summer 2013), 422–433. 1140:Les Afriques dans le monde 1084:Zhejiang Normal University 1046: 959:world are affected by the 863:as being greater than the 771:trans-Atlantic slave trade 732:labor, Negro cultivators, 442:as well as continue to be 119: 29: 3316: 2923: 2866:Centre of African Studies 2436:www.universiteitleiden.nl 1807:10.1080/09614520600958116 1511:University of Addis Ababa 1402:Africa Research Institute 1286:St. Petersburg University 758:trans-Saharan slave trade 226:General History of Africa 32:African Studies (journal) 2755:. Research Guides. USA: 2637:Davis Bullwinkle (ed.). 2585:94 (Winter 2009), 44–68. 1720:Ethiopian historiography 1655:Brigham Young University 1643:United States of America 1385:African Studies Center, 1316:University of Birmingham 1131:Aix-Marseille University 1103:University of Copenhagen 1054:University-based centers 150:decolonization of Africa 140:as well as the colonial 2862:African Studies Library 2270:cesa.rc.iseg.ulisboa.pt 2245:cesa.rc.iseg.ulisboa.pt 1795:Development in Practice 1636:University of Cambridge 1408:Nordic Africa Institute 1372:Northwestern University 1322:University of Cambridge 1294:University of Cape Town 1280:Moscow State University 784:have been equated with 212:) that resulted in the 47:orthographic projection 2834:University Libraries. 1691:University of Michigan 1596:African Studies Centre 1163:University of Bayreuth 1144:University of Bordeaux 1115:Addis Ababa University 961:international politics 50: 2544:www.african.cam.ac.uk 2523:www.african.cam.ac.uk 2418:www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de 2190:www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de 2171:www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de 1679:Penn State University 1429:(AHSA, North America) 1184:University of Leipzig 409:to the third wave of 340:Royal African Society 338:. In addition to the 328:Civil Rights movement 257:period of colonialism 110:traditional religions 44: 2151:on 27 February 2013. 1887:Nolte, Insa (2019). 1610:University of Ibadan 1569:University of Mumbai 1435:(ASA, North America) 1239:University of Ibadan 1221:University of Mumbai 1062:University of Vienna 403:conditional policies 242:Djibril Tamsir Niane 166:African independence 148:. With the start of 134:Atlantic slave trade 3339:Culture by location 2842:. New Jersey, USA: 2827:Princeton LibGuides 1725:List of africanists 1710:Africa Bibliography 1623:University of Basel 1537:University of Ghana 1524:Humboldt University 1485:Carleton University 1328:University of Leeds 1265:University of Porto 1245:University of Lagos 1223:Mumbai, Maharashtra 1193:University of Ghana 1177:Humboldt University 1170:Humboldt University 1074:Carleton University 1049:List of Africanists 1043:Notable Africanists 1031:identity to oppose 1017:Black Consciousness 942:Scramble for Africa 876:Conceptual problems 842:Barbary slave trade 374:Development studies 344:Reginald Cline-Cole 275:With the spread of 246:Bethwell Allan Ogot 142:Scramble for Africa 3374:Vernacular culture 3098:Germanic languages 2844:Rutgers University 2776:"Africana Studies" 2664:. British Library. 2624:2012-05-07 at the 2125:Merolla, Daniela. 1697:Indiana University 1685:Rutgers University 1361:Indiana University 1300:Dalarna University 1025:Black is Beautiful 966:French colonialism 882:sub-Saharan Africa 820:, who then became 661:" people found in 657:" and apparently " 555:sub-Saharan Africa 411:African literature 346:, Raufu Mustapha, 321:conceptualizations 51: 3382: 3381: 3364:Political culture 2836:"African Studies" 2811:"African Studies" 2737:"African Studies" 2724:"African Studies" 2306:lucas.leeds.ac.uk 1735:Outline of Africa 1716:Ethiopian studies 1667:Howard University 1592:Leiden University 1355:Howard University 938:Berlin Conference 836:). The religious 767:African-Americans 744:from Sub-Saharan 690:Ismail Ibn Sharif 571:compartmentalized 448:European-American 399:neopatrimonialist 317:Deconstructionist 266:interdisciplinary 214:history of Africa 210:history of Europe 136:by explorers and 16:(Redirected from 3407: 3354:Official culture 3334:Cultural studies 3023:Central European 2917:cultural studies 2909: 2902: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2846:. Archived from 2830: 2818: 2815:Oxford LibGuides 2806: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2759:. Archived from 2748: 2731: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2696: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2665: 2649: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2547: 2538:(23 July 2013). 2533: 2527: 2526: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2496:. 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Concubines in 684:invasion of the 575:African diaspora 444:underrepresented 386:natural sciences 336:Africana studies 332:African American 292:drew from local 56:is the study of 36:Africana studies 21: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3395:African studies 3385: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3312: 3273:Southeast Asian 3198:Native American 2919: 2913: 2853: 2851: 2840:Research Guides 2821: 2809: 2797: 2789: 2787: 2780:Research Guides 2774: 2766: 2764: 2751: 2722: 2714: 2712: 2699: 2687: 2679: 2677: 2668: 2660: 2657: 2639:"AfricaBib.org" 2626:Wayback Machine 2599: 2578: 2576:Further reading 2566: 2565: 2549: 2548: 2534: 2530: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2503: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2410: 2406: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2379: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2329: 2327: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2182: 2178: 2163: 2156: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2123: 2086: 2051: 2012: 1977: 1920: 1885: 1822: 1787: 1762: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1706: 1673:Ohio University 1476: 1474:Degree programs 1454: 1417: 1398: 1393: 1056: 1051: 1045: 974:Arabic language 878: 778:literary device 669:, and Morocco. 504: 499: 382:social sciences 224:. In 1964, the 218:African orature 194:Leopold Senghor 126:anthropological 122: 64:(pre-colonial, 54:African studies 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3413: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3344:Ethnic studies 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3188:Middle Eastern 3185: 3180: 3175: 3173:Latin American 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2946:Asian American 2938: 2933: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2912: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2869: 2859: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2772: 2749: 2732: 2720: 2697: 2685: 2666: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2650:(Bibliography) 2634: 2616: 2606: 2598: 2597:External links 2595: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2564: 2563: 2528: 2510: 2485: 2480:zasb.unibas.ch 2467: 2456:. 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