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simultaneously build the colonial city around these industries. Because
Europeans viewed native bodies as degenerate and in need of taming, violence was necessary to create a submissive laborer. Colonisers viewed this violence as necessary and good because it shaped the African into a productive worker. They had the simultaneous goals of utilizing the raw labor and shaping the identity and character of the African. By beating into the African a docile nature, colonisers ultimately shaped and enforced the way Africans could move through colonial spaces. The African’s day-to-day life then became a show of submission done through exercises like
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541:, but also on some white leaders whose disproportionate voice under a racially weighted constitution was significant. He became the leader of an independent Tanganyika in 1961. In Kenya, whites had evicted African tenant farmers in the 1930s; since the 1940s there has been conflict, which intensified in 1952. By 1955, Britain had suppressed the revolt, and by 1960 Britain accepted the principle of African majority rule. Kenya became independent three years later.
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also noticed the unequal evidence of gratitude they received for their efforts to support
Imperialist countries during the world wars. While European-imposed borders did not correspond to traditional territories, such new territories provided entities to focus efforts by movements for increased political voice up to independence. Among local groups so concerned were professionals such as lawyers and doctors, the
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population. The colonial power was mainly in urban towns and cities and were served by elected governments. The indigenous power was found in rural villages and were ruled by tribal authority, which seemed to be more in keeping with their history and tradition. Mamdani mentions that in urban areas, native institutions were not recognised. The natives, who were portrayed as uncivilised by the
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administration called 'direct rule.'" The
British by contrast sought to rule by identifying local power holders and encouraging or forcing them to administer for the British Empire. This was indirect rule. France ruled from Paris, appointing chiefs individually without considering traditional criteria, but rather loyalty to France. France established two large colonial federations in Africa,
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lack of sanitation and proper sewage systems symbolize that
Africans are savages and uncivilised, playing a central role in how the west justified the case of the civilising process. Brown refers to this process of abjectification using discourses of dirt as a physical and material legacy of colonialism that is still very much present in Kampala and other African cities today.
693:. It is through this examination of the postcolony that Mbembe reveals the modes through which power was exerted in colonial Africa. He reminds the reader that colonial powers demanded use of African bodies in particularly violent ways for the purpose of labor as well as the shaping of subservient colonised identities.
455:, the Germans were almost driven out of the area in 1888. A decade later the colony seemed conquered, though, "It had been a long-drawn-out struggle and inland administration centres were in reality little more than a series of small military fortresses." In 1905, the Germans were astonished by the widely supported
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has faced criticism from academics such as
Meredith Terreta for focusing too much on specific African nations such as Cameroon. Echoes of this criticism can also be found when looking at the work of Mamdani with his theories questioned for generalising across an Africa that, in reality, was colonised
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Critical theory on the colonisation of Africa is largely unified in a condemnation of imperial activities. Postcolonial theory has been derived from this anti-colonial/anti-imperial concept and writers such as Mbembe, Mamdani and Brown, and many more, have used it as a narrative for their work on the
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as the process whereby one group others or dehumanizes another. Those who are deemed abject are often avoided by others and seen as inferior. Abjectivication is continually used as a mechanism to dominate a group of people and control them. In the case of colonialism, she argues that it is used
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in 1996. The main point of his argument is that the colonial state in Africa took the form of a bifurcated state, "two forms of power under a single hegemonic authority". The colonial state in Africa was divided into two. One state for the colonial
European population and one state for the indigenous
476:
Vincent
Khapoya notes the significant attention colonial powers paid to the economics of colonisation. This included: acquisition of land, often enforced labour, the introduction of cash crops, sometimes even to the neglect of food crops, changing inter-African trading patterns of pre-colonial times,
729:
Abjectivication through discourses of dirt and sanitation are used to draw distinctions between the
Western governing figures and the local population. Dirt being seen as something out of place, whilst cleanliness being attributed to the “in group”, the colonisers, and dirt being paralleled with the
513:
While the
British sought to follow a process of gradual transfer of power and thus independence, the French policy of assimilation faced some resentment, especially in North Africa. The granting of independence in March 1956 to Morocco and Tunisia allowed a concentration on Algeria where there was a
505:
Khapoya notes the significant resistance of powers faced to their domination in Africa. Technical superiority enabled conquest and control. Pro-independence
Africans recognised the value of European education in dealing with Europeans in Africa. Some Africans established their own churches. Africans
752:
Postcolonial geographers are consistent with the notion that colonialism, although maybe not in such clear-cut forms, is still concurrent today. Both Mbembe, Mamdani and Brown’s theories have a consistent theme of the indigenous Africans having been treated as uncivilised, second class citizens and
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in Africa began after World War II. Growing independence movements, indigenous political parties and trade unions coupled with pressure from within the imperialist powers and from the United States and the Soviet Union ensured the decolonisation of the majority of the continent by 1980. Some areas
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Brown discusses how the colonial authorities were only concerned with constructing a working sewage system to cater for the colonials and were not concerned with the Ugandan population. This rhetoric of sanitation is important because it is seen as a key part of modernity and being civilised. The
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that Africa was pillaged and plundered by the West through economic exploitation. Using a Marxist analysis, he analyses the modes of resource extraction and systematic underdevelopment of Africa by Europe. He concludes that the structure of present-day Africa and Europe can, through a comparative
402:
Established empires—notably Britain, France, Spain and Portugal—had already claimed coastal areas but had not penetrated deeply inland. By 1870, Europeans controlled one tenth of Africa, primarily along the Mediterranean and in the far south. A significant early proponent of colonising inland was
708:
Mbembe contrasts colonial violence with that of the postcolony. Mbembe demonstrates that violence in the postcolony is cruder and more generally for the purpose of demonstrating raw power. Expressions of excess and exaggeration characterize this violence. Mbembe's theorization of violence in the
435:
Imperialism generated self-esteem across Europe. The Allies of World War I and World War II made extensive use of African labour and soldiers during the wars. In terms of administrative styles, "he French, the Portuguese, the Germans and the Belgians exercised a highly centralised type of
696:
By comparing power in the colony and postcolony, Mbembe demonstrates that violence in the colony was exerted on African bodies largely for labor and submission. European colonial powers sought natural resources in African colonies and needed the requisite labor force to extract them and
459:. This resistance was at first successful. However, within a year, the insurrection was suppressed by reinforcing troops armed with machine guns. German attempts to seize control in Southwest Africa also produced ardent resistance, which was very forcefully repressed leading to the
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of 1898 between Britain and France; It was settled without significant military violence between the colonising countries. Between 1870 and 1914 Europe acquired almost 23,000,000 sq. km —one-fifth of the land area of the globe—to its overseas colonial possessions.
709:
colony illuminates the unequal relationship between the coloniser and colonised and reminds us of the violence inflicted on African bodies throughout the process of colonisation. It cannot be understood nor should be taught without the context of this violence.
477:
the introduction of labourers from India, etc. and the continuation of Africa as a source of raw materials for European industry. Colonial powers later focused on abolishing slavery, developing infrastructure, and improving health and education.
747:
Post colonialism can be described as a powerful interdisciplinary mood in the social sciences and humanities that is refocusing attention on the imperial/colonial past, and critically revising understanding of the place of the west in the
662:, were excluded from the rights of citizenship. The division of the colonial state created a racial segregation between the European 'citizen' and African 'subject', and a division between institutions of government.
730:
indigenous people. The reactions of disgust and displeasure to dirt and uncleanliness are often linked social norms and the wider cultural context, shaping the way in which Africa is still thought of today.
510:(clerks, teachers, small merchants), urban workers, cash crop farmers, peasant farmers, etc. Trade unions and other initially non-political associations evolved into political movements.
190:
during his conquest of Egypt. This became one of the major cities of Hellenistic and Roman times, a trading and cultural centre as well as a military headquarters and communications hub.
473:. His barbaric treatment of the Africans sparked a strong international protest and the European powers forced him to relinquish control of the colony to the Belgian Parliament.
717:
Stephanie Terreni Brown is an academic in the field of colonialism. In her 2014 paper she examines how sanitation and dirt is used in colonial narratives through the example of
522:
held a referendum in 1958 on the issue, only Guinea voted for outright independence. Nevertheless, in 1959 France amended the constitution to allow other colonies this option.
232:
in the mid- and late 1st century BC to establish a new Roman colony near the same site. This was established and under Augustus served as the capital city of African continent
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The theory of colonialism addresses the problems and consequences of the colonisation of a country, and there has been much research conducted exploring these concepts.
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by the 4th century BC. The Carthaginians sent out expeditions to explore and establish colonies along Africa's Atlantic coast. A surviving account of such is that of
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is a Cameroonian historian, political theorist, and philosopher who has written and theorized extensively on life in the colony and postcolony. His 2000 book
427:. This allowed the imperialists to move inland, with relatively few disputes among themselves. The only serious threat of inter-Imperial violence came in the
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197:, for example, was founded c. 1100 BC. Carthage, which means New City, has a traditional foundation date of 814 BC. It was established in what is now
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Clayton, Daniel (2003). "Chapter 18: Critical Imperial and Colonial Geographies". In Anderson, Kay; Domosh, Mona; Pile, Steve; Thrift, Nigel (eds.).
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and colonialism. He includes an analysis of gender and states the rights of African women were further diminished during colonialism.
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and the suppression of communal autonomy disrupted local customary practices and caused the irreversible transformation of Africa's
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briefly established a kingdom there in the 5th century, which shortly thereafter fell to the Romans again, this time the
2013:
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Brown, Stephanie Terreni (2 January 2014). "Planning Kampala: histories of sanitary intervention and in/formal spaces".
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that in many former colonial cities this has continued into the present day with a switch from race to wealth divide.
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Phoenicians established several colonies along the coast of North Africa. Some of these were founded relatively early.
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control, the latter two of which were never part of any African polity and have overwhelmingly European populations.
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were upset by attempts to take their land and to impose agricultural methods against their wishes and experience. In
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444:. France appointed the state officials, passed laws and had to approve any measures passed by colonial assemblies.
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to establish international guidelines and avoiding violent disputes among European Powers, formalized the "
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893:"Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders"
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Shepperson, George (1985). "The Centennial of the West African Conference of Berlin, 1884-1885".
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critically examines postcolonial life in Africa and is an important work within the field of
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eventually fell to the Arabs in the 7th century. Arabs introduced the Arabic language and
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The Scramble for Africa: the White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912
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around the same time. There was an attempt in 513 BC to establish a Greek colony between
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Clay, Dean (2016). "Transatlantic Dimensions of the Congo Reform Movement, 1904–1908".
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as a base for trade, while also colonising previously uninhabited islands such as the
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220:(150–146 BC), Rome completely destroyed Carthage. Scullard mentions plans by such as
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Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa (Slave and Post-Slave Societies and Cultures)
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Citizen and subject : contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism
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in very different ways, by fundamentally different European imperial ideologies.
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Terretta, Meredith (2002). "Review Work: On the Postcolony by Achille Mbembe".
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by the west to dominate over and control the indigenous population of Africa.
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off the north African coast in the 15th century, causing the genocide of the
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in 1652, as a halfway stop for passing European ships sailing to the east.
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is the one used by a recent colonial power, though most people speak their
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The oldest modern city founded by Europeans on the African continent is
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The principal powers involved in the modern colonisation of Africa are
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549:(in particular South Africa and Namibia) retain a large population of
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518:) and bloody armed struggle to achieve independence. When President
38:. Some of these endured for centuries; however, popular parlance of
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Il était une fois le Maroc - Témoignages du passé judéo-marocain
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exerted influence not only among Africans, united by the common
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Early European expeditions concentrated on establishing coastal
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1483:
Mbembe, Achille (1992). "Provisional Notes on the Postcolony".
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are still governed by a European country. While the islands of
34:, similar to how they established settler-colonies in parts of
1776:
The enigma of colonialism : British policy in West Africa
558:
249:
159:
170:, some 50 miles from the later Alexandria. Greeks colonised
1688:
Michalopoulos, Stelios; Papaioannou, Elias (2020-03-01). "
1435:
Transformations of Slavery: a History of Slavery in Africa
166:(570–526 BC) a Greek mercantile colony was established at
143:
In the early historical period, colonies were founded in
1418:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
147:
by migrants from Europe and Western Asia, particularly
1485:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
1368:
Copans, Jean (1998). "Review of Citizen and Subject".
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resisted German enforced labour and taxation. In the
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216:. After the third and final war between them, the
1797:Germany Refuses to Apologize for Herero Holocaust
30:established colonies on the African continent in
3313:
120:
411:as his own private domain until 1908. The 1885
18:External colonies were first founded in Africa
2757:
1854:
1744:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism
575:Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan Da Cunha
276:European enclaves in North Africa before 1830
109:. In nearly all African countries today, the
212:Carthage encountered and struggled with the
1734:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire
1690:Historical Legacies and African Development
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1704:Miers, Suzanne; Klein, Martin A. (1998).
1386:Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World
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103:significant impacts on Africa's societies
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1667:Intervention and Colonization in Africa
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946:"The History of Colonialism in Africa"
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252:in the early Medieval period, while a
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1804:"Belgium exhumes its colonial demons"
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111:language used in government and media
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3185:— Predecessors of sovereign states
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1610:Canadian Journal of African Studies
469:called his vast private colony the
13:
1814:Blakemore, Erin (6 October 2023).
1621:
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1164:
635:
14:
3338:
2507:Confederation of African Football
1826:from the original on 8 April 2024
1785:
665:
480:
42:in Africa usually focuses on the
3206:Sovereign states formation dates
1655:Colonialism in Africa, 1870-1960
1523:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
1460:. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
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624:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
617:Guyanese historian and activist
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201:and became a major power in the
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3297:Decolonization of public space
1792:Economic Impact of Colonialism
1694:Journal of Economic Literature
1680:European imperialism in Africa
1664:Harris, Norman Dwight (1914).
1545:Scullard, H. H. (1976) .
1345:Handbook of Cultural Geography
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857:
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270:European exploration of Africa
58:(1884–1914) during the age of
1:
3112:Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian)
1412:Khapoya, Vincent B. (1998) .
1326:10.1080/00138398.2016.1173274
1240:
121:Ancient and medieval colonies
3292:Christianity and colonialism
1763:(13th ed.). London: Abacus.
1583:Shillington, Kevin (1995) .
1289:10.1080/21681392.2014.871841
425:Second Industrial Revolution
294:colonised the Canary Islands
260:to Madagascar even earlier.
224:in the late 2nd century BC,
131:Romans in Sub-Saharan Africa
7:
3260:Decolonization of knowledge
3183:Wars of national liberation
2235:International organisations
1628:Crowther, Michael (1978) .
1251:(2nd ed.). iUniverse.
765:
737:
461:Herero and Namaqua Genocide
307:, which was founded by the
256:-speaking group introduced
10:
3343:
2487:Africa Cricket Association
2293:Countries by GDP (nominal)
1724:Imperialism in East Africa
1589:(2nd ed.). New York:
1439:Cambridge University Press
1247:Bensoussan, David (2012).
788:Economic history of Africa
628:analysis be traced to the
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467:King Leopold II of Belgium
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2093:Countries and territories
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1759:Pakenham, Thomas (1992).
1641:Davidson, Basil (1966) .
1549:. London: Methuen and Co.
1456:Mamdani, Mahmood (1996).
1433:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012).
1407:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
1314:English Studies in Africa
1270:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
897:African Historical Review
1547:From the Gracchi to Nero
1437:(3rd ed.). London:
1403:Harden, Donald (1971) .
1349:. Sage London. pp.
1277:Critical African Studies
1266:Boardman, John (1973) .
1063:"Colonisation of Africa"
803:
743:colonisation of Africa.
585:all remain under either
495:Decolonisation of Africa
442:French Equatorial Africa
309:Dutch East India Company
298:native Berber population
234:Roman province of Africa
115:native African languages
3201:Independence referendum
2549:Countries by population
2262:United States of Africa
1753:21 October 2019 at the
1520:Rodney, Walter (1972).
878:, pp. 37, 150, 216
713:Stephanie Terreni Brown
405:King Leopold of Belgium
2298:Countries by GDP (PPP)
2240:Pan-African Parliament
2031:Science and technology
1816:"What is colonialism?"
1415:The African Experience
1388:. London: Allen Lane.
750:
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605:Theoretical frameworks
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246:Byzantine North Africa
140:
62:, followed by gradual
1951:European colonisation
1914:Pre-colonial kingdoms
1742:Olson, James S., ed.
1732:Olson, James S., ed.
1722:Nabudere, D. Wadada.
745:
703:military conscription
673:
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621:proposes in his book
499:Further information:
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274:Further information:
244:. The whole of Roman/
186:(356–323 BC) founded
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107:socioeconomic systems
101:. European rule had
3229:Internal colonialism
2522:Stadiums by capacity
2469:World Heritage Sites
1946:European exploration
1630:The Story of Nigeria
630:Atlantic slave trade
407:, who oppressed the
3287:Uncontacted peoples
3138:Mostly contiguous:
3012:settler colonialism
2977:Chartered companies
2206:Freedom of religion
2191:Heads of government
1983:Scramble for Africa
1820:National Geographic
1799:– from Africana.com
1268:The Greeks Overseas
655:Citizen and Subject
553:. Only the Spanish
544:The main period of
527:British East Africa
457:Maji Maji Rebellion
321:Scramble for Africa
315:Scramble for Africa
264:Early modern period
184:Alexander the Great
56:Scramble for Africa
3282:Indigenous peoples
3025:Non-self-governing
1931:Indian Ocean trade
1591:St. Martin's Press
1135:Shillington (1995)
1111:Shillington (1995)
1030:, pp. 141–143
1005:Shillington (1995)
994:Shillington (1995)
866:, pp. 163–168
721:. Brown describes
678:
648:
508:petite bourgeoisie
491:
449:German East Africa
438:French West Africa
400:
141:
44:European conquests
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3090:Overseas, minor:
3052:Overseas, major:
2917:
2916:
2854:European colonies
2739:
2738:
2606:
2605:
2535:
2534:
2351:
2350:
2328:Natural resources
2270:
2269:
2216:Linguistic rights
2158:
2157:
2075:
2074:
1769:978-0-349-10449-2
1645:. Harmondsworth:
1586:History of Africa
1537:978-0-9501546-4-0
1528:Bogle-L'Ouverture
1395:978-0-7139-9615-9
1258:978-1-4759-2609-5
971:Bensoussan (2012)
922:Shepperson (1985)
889:Adhikari, Mohamed
758:On the Postcolony
686:On the Postcolony
520:Charles de Gaulle
423:", driven by the
417:Otto von Bismarck
413:Berlin Conference
397: Independent
254:Malayo-Polynesian
209:, around 425 BC.
3334:
3253:Related concepts
3194:in South America
3102:Austro-Hungarian
3040:Colonial empires
2950:Age of Discovery
2940:Maritime history
2928:
2927:
2792:
2791:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2719:
2712:
2497:Afro-Asian Games
2417:
2416:
2360:
2359:
2338:Renewable energy
2303:Countries by HDI
2281:
2280:
2169:
2168:
2086:
2085:
1887:
1886:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1774:Phillips, Anne.
1719:
1675:
1672:Houghton Mifflin
1650:
1643:The African Past
1637:
1617:
1604:
1579:
1550:
1541:
1516:
1479:
1452:
1429:
1408:
1399:
1377:
1364:
1348:
1337:
1308:
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996:
991:
985:
979:
973:
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962:
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942:
936:
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924:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
782:
777:
776:
775:
551:European descent
539:Swahili language
471:Congo Free State
447:Local groups in
429:Fashoda Incident
396:
387:
378:
369:
360:
351:
342:
333:
48:African kingdoms
20:during antiquity
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3327:Western culture
3312:
3311:
3310:
3301:
3248:
3234:Nation-building
3216:Postcolonialism
3210:
3169:
3042:
3034:
3007:detribalization
2982:Interventionism
2954:
2923:
2913:
2882:
2830:
2783:
2770:
2740:
2735:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2602:
2598:Youth in Africa
2576:Life expectancy
2531:
2473:
2449:Africanfuturism
2406:
2347:
2343:Stock exchanges
2266:
2154:
2113:Natural history
2071:
2035:
1992:
1941:Muslim conquest
1936:Bantu expansion
1876:
1867:
1829:
1827:
1788:
1755:Wayback Machine
1716:
1653:Gann, Lewis H.
1634:Faber and Faber
1624:
1622:Further reading
1601:
1538:
1497:10.2307/1160062
1468:
1449:
1426:
1405:The Phoenicians
1396:
1382:Ferguson, Niall
1361:
1259:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1222:Terretta (2002)
1220:
1216:
1209:
1205:
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1097:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1051:Ferguson (2003)
1049:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
992:
988:
980:
976:
969:
965:
944:
943:
939:
931:
927:
920:
916:
906:
904:
886:
882:
876:Scullard (1976)
874:
870:
862:
858:
852:Boardman (1973)
850:
846:
840:Boardman (1973)
838:
834:
828:Boardman (1973)
826:
822:
814:
810:
806:
778:
773:
771:
768:
740:
715:
691:postcolonialism
668:
653:wrote his book
651:Mahmood Mamdani
645:Mahmood Mamdani
638:
636:Mahmood Mamdani
615:
607:
503:
497:
483:
453:Abushiri revolt
421:New Imperialism
415:, initiated by
398:
394:
392:
385:
383:
376:
374:
367:
365:
358:
356:
349:
347:
340:
338:
331:
323:
317:
290:São Tomé Island
278:
272:
266:
218:Third Punic War
133:
125:Main articles:
123:
60:New Imperialism
12:
11:
5:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3239:Neocolonialism
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3179:
3177:
3175:Decolonization
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3129:
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2994:
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2925:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2887:Decolonization
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2866:Southeast Asia
2858:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2781:neocolonialism
2777:decolonization
2769:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2527:Tour d'Afrique
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Climate change
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Infrastructure
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2245:Pan-Africanism
2242:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2221:Women's rights
2218:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2196:Heads of state
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Impact craters
2100:
2098:Highest points
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2014:Historiography
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1988:Decolonisation
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1811:
1810:, 12 July 2002
1802:Andre Osborn,
1800:
1794:
1787:
1786:External links
1784:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1757:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1714:
1701:
1686:
1678:Hoskins, H.L.
1676:
1661:
1651:
1638:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1599:
1580:
1568:10.2307/274944
1551:
1542:
1536:
1517:
1480:
1466:
1453:
1447:
1430:
1425:978-0137458523
1424:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1378:
1370:Transformation
1365:
1359:
1338:
1309:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1225:
1214:
1211:Clayton (2003)
1203:
1185:
1163:
1159:Mamdani (1996)
1151:
1147:Mamdani (1996)
1139:
1137:, p. 385f
1127:
1123:Khapoya (1998)
1115:
1113:, p. 380f
1103:
1101:, p. 177f
1099:Khapoya (1998)
1091:
1088:Khapoya (1998)
1080:
1078:, p. 148f
1076:Khapoya (1998)
1068:
1054:
1043:
1040:Lovejoy (2012)
1032:
1028:Khapoya (1998)
1020:
1009:
1007:, p. 340f
997:
986:
984:, p. 126f
982:Khapoya (1998)
974:
963:
937:
935:, p. 115f
933:Khapoya (1998)
925:
914:
880:
868:
856:
844:
842:, p. 151f
832:
820:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
795:
793:Neocolonialism
790:
784:
783:
767:
764:
739:
736:
714:
711:
681:Achille Mbembe
675:Achille Mbembe
667:
666:Achille Mbembe
664:
637:
634:
614:
611:
606:
603:
579:Canary Islands
546:decolonisation
535:Julius Nyerere
501:Neocolonialism
493:Main article:
489:Africa in 1939
482:
481:Decolonization
479:
393:
384:
375:
366:
357:
348:
339:
330:
319:Main article:
316:
313:
292:. The Spanish
268:Main article:
265:
262:
222:Gaius Gracchus
139:Africa in 1910
127:Roman Africans
122:
119:
64:decolonisation
24:Ancient Greeks
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3339:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3266:Terra nullius
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
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3165:South African
3163:
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3151:
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3141:
3137:
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3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
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3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
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3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
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2969:
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2638:
2636:
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2609:
2599:
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2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Ethnic groups
2564:
2562:
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2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
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2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
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2492:African Games
2490:
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2377:Caste systems
2375:
2373:
2372:Birth control
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2368:
2365:
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2199:
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2187:
2184:
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2176:African Union
2174:
2173:
2170:
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2165:
2161:
2151:
2148:
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2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
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2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
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1976:Trans-Saharan
1974:
1972:
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1958:
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1708:. Routledge.
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2836:Colonization
2826:World oceans
2773:Colonization
2581:Urbanization
2541:Demographics
2517:Rugby Africa
2424:Architecture
2308:Billionaires
2201:Human rights
1971:Indian Ocean
1950:
1902:North Africa
1828:. Retrieved
1819:
1808:The Guardian
1807:
1775:
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1700:(1): 53–128.
1697:
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1200:Brown (2014)
1161:, p. 16
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900:
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816:Mamdani 1996
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288:Islands and
279:
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145:North Africa
142:
72:
68:World War II
32:North Africa
17:
15:
3122:New Zealand
2987:Colonialism
2972:Imperialism
2932:Exploration
2795:Exploration
2591:urban areas
2512:FIBA Africa
2211:LGBT rights
1909:Archaeology
1491:(1): 3–37.
1017:Clay (2016)
818:, p. .
798:Third world
525:Farmers in
409:Congo Basin
162:'s Pharaoh
153:Phoenecians
40:colonialism
3316:Categories
3272:Plantation
3097:Australian
3079:Portuguese
3045:modern era
2992:chronology
2878:Antarctica
2822:Antarctica
2561:Emigration
2464:Philosophy
2444:Literature
1890:Chronology
1632:. London:
1526:. London:
1376:: 102–105.
1241:References
599:Portuguese
531:Tanganyika
381:Portuguese
286:Cape Verde
242:Byzantines
188:Alexandria
3189:in Europe
3127:Norwegian
3030:Dependent
3023:Current:
2968:Antiquity
2788:By region
2397:Languages
2387:Etiquette
2313:Education
2186:Democracy
2181:Elections
2081:Geography
2040:By region
2024:conflicts
1897:Antiquity
1513:145451482
1334:148204694
1305:220331354
1297:2168-1392
723:abjection
660:Europeans
305:Cape Town
236:. Gothic
172:Cyrenaica
168:Naucratis
52:societies
3150:Japanese
3140:American
3092:American
2944:European
2894:Americas
2844:Americas
2802:Americas
2726:Category
2571:HIV/AIDS
2402:Religion
2367:Abortion
2323:Internet
2250:Politics
2226:feminism
2164:Politics
2019:Military
1997:By topic
1961:Atlantic
1924:Sahelian
1874:articles
1824:Archived
1751:Archived
1476:35445018
1384:(2003).
958:25610078
891:(2017).
766:See also
738:Critique
555:enclaves
258:Malagasy
230:Augustus
180:Carthage
87:Portugal
3277:Settler
3160:Russian
3155:Ottoman
3145:Chinese
3132:Swedish
3107:Belgian
3084:Spanish
3074:Italian
3054:British
3043:in the
3002:empires
2997:history
2922:General
2909:Oceania
2873:Oceania
2817:Oceania
2710:Outline
2612:By year
2554:density
2439:Cuisine
2412:Culture
2356:Society
2333:Poverty
2276:Economy
2255:parties
2123:Central
2118:Regions
2108:Islands
2047:Central
2009:Empires
2004:Economy
1966:Barbary
1956:Slavery
1919:Empires
1882:History
1778:(1989)
1746:(1991)
1736:(1996)
1682:(1967)
1657:(1969)
1505:1160062
719:Kampala
595:Spanish
591:British
583:Madeira
571:Mayotte
567:RĂ©union
563:Melilla
516:1954–62
390:Spanish
372:Italian
345:British
336:Belgian
238:Vandals
199:Tunisia
95:Belgium
83:Germany
75:Britain
54:in the
36:Eurasia
3117:Danish
3069:German
3064:French
2924:topics
2899:Africa
2849:Africa
2807:Africa
2779:, and
2731:Portal
2586:cities
2434:Cinema
2392:Health
2150:Rivers
1872:
1870:Africa
1830:4 June
1780:Online
1767:
1748:online
1738:Online
1728:online
1712:
1684:online
1659:Online
1597:
1576:274944
1574:
1556:Phylon
1534:
1511:
1503:
1474:
1464:
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1422:
1392:
1357:
1353:–368.
1332:
1303:
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1255:
956:
907:8 June
748:world.
587:French
577:, the
514:long (
395:
388:
386:
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377:
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368:
363:German
361:
359:
354:French
352:
350:
343:
341:
334:
332:
214:Romans
176:Cyrene
164:Amasis
158:Under
149:Greeks
79:France
66:after
28:Romans
3059:Dutch
2717:Index
2479:Sport
2459:Music
2454:Media
2138:South
2133:North
2062:South
2057:North
1572:JSTOR
1509:S2CID
1501:JSTOR
1330:S2CID
1301:S2CID
954:JSTOR
804:Notes
597:, or
559:Ceuta
250:Islam
207:Hanno
195:Utica
160:Egypt
99:Italy
91:Spain
3017:wars
2904:Asia
2861:Asia
2812:Asia
2695:2020
2690:2019
2685:2018
2680:2017
2675:2016
2670:2015
2665:2014
2660:2013
2655:2012
2650:2011
2645:2010
2640:2009
2635:2008
2630:2007
2625:2006
2620:2005
2143:West
2128:East
2067:West
2052:East
1832:2024
1765:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1472:OCLC
1462:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1293:ISSN
1253:ISBN
909:2024
581:and
569:and
561:and
440:and
228:and
178:and
151:and
129:and
97:and
50:and
26:and
2429:Art
1692:."
1564:doi
1493:doi
1351:354
1322:doi
1285:doi
903:(1)
557:of
46:of
3318::
2970:—
2824:—
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1806:,
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1696:.
1670:.
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1612:.
1593:.
1570:.
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1487:.
1470:.
1441:.
1374:36
1372:.
1328:.
1318:59
1316:.
1299:.
1291:.
1279:.
1188:^
1166:^
952:.
948:.
901:49
899:.
895:.
705:.
593:,
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300:.
155:.
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1566::
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1324::
1307:.
1287::
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1065:.
960:.
911:.
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