7283:
art." Fraser and Cole assert that, in
Igboland, some art objects "lack the vigor and careful craftsmanship of the earlier art objects that served traditional functions." Author Chika Okeke-Agulu states that "the racist infrastructure of British imperial enterprise forced upon the political and cultural guardians of empire a denial and suppression of an emergent sovereign Africa and modernist art." Editors F. Abiola Irele and Simon Gikandi comment that the current identity of African literature had its genesis in the "traumatic encounter between Africa and Europe." On the other hand, Mhoze Chikowero believes that Africans deployed music, dance, spirituality, and other performative cultures to (re)assert themselves as active agents and indigenous intellectuals, to unmake their colonial marginalization and reshape their own destinies.
4235:
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10432:
7656:
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9419:
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5233:
9128:
8852:
10440:
22263:
4604:
4219:
10578:
230:
9136:
4721:
22308:
22278:
10807:
59:
12115:
10570:
9965:
10302:
22233:
10294:
2619:
22361:
1815:
11682:
10394:
7991:
22391:
22376:
21701:
49:
22218:
12111:
10386:
22248:
243:
6335:
10478:
9828:
7000:
11478:
7330:
10914:
1291:
11198:
11098:
4266:
11470:
8670:
8662:
10486:
7357:
5654:
22873:
8898:
2918:
24447:
3925:
11332:
4939:
11144:
5710:
5412:
11190:
10960:
11563:
256:
11152:
9782:
11617:
6892:
11571:
10922:
10815:
22293:
9973:
11286:
10248:
9235:
5784:
5486:
3712:
2025:
11340:
10968:
9928:
9836:
11014:
9697:
9512:
3543:
9365:
11517:
9735:
9319:
11378:
9920:
9689:
22895:
21916:
9604:
9596:
10623:
10149:
10011:
2384:
9181:
7158:
4356:
11609:
9227:
8806:
10631:
10157:
9373:
10677:
10256:
10019:
9281:
6210:
population of Africa is estimated at 1.4 billion. Africa's total population surpassing other continents is fairly recent; African population surpassed Europe in the 1990s, while the
Americas was overtaken sometime around the year 2000. This increase in number of babies born in Africa compared to the rest of the world is expected to reach approximately 37% in the year 2050; while in 1990 sub-Saharan Africa accounted for only 16% of the world's births.
11424:
11240:
10761:
9874:
9082:
8176:
9504:
9036:
1800:
11006:
21928:
11432:
11248:
10669:
9327:
9189:
9090:
8906:
11525:
10769:
10723:
10715:
9882:
8998:
8953:
8945:
8624:
8616:
5832:
5534:
10103:
10057:
7572:
7255:
5928:
405:
349:
10524:
8714:
10340:
9273:
8990:
5760:
5438:
11106:
10210:
10111:
10065:
9790:
9558:
9550:
5856:
5808:
5558:
5510:
5150:
4663:
329:
10868:
10202:
9458:
9642:
15147:
10532:
9044:
5904:
5582:
218:
11386:
11060:
11052:
10876:
9466:
8860:
8814:
8769:
8761:
2938:
5952:
5880:
5736:
5630:
5606:
5462:
4688:). According to the University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center, 31% of Africa's pasture lands and 19% of its forests and woodlands are classified as degraded, and Africa is losing over four million hectares of forest per year, which is twice the average deforestation rate for the rest of the world. Some sources claim that approximately 90% of the original, virgin forests in West Africa have been destroyed. Over 90% of
425:
2608:
11294:
10348:
9743:
9650:
17261:
8722:
281:
305:
583:
369:
1672:
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3174:
4329:). North Africa experienced comparable growth rates. A significant part of this growth can also be attributed to the facilitated diffusion of information technologies and specifically the mobile telephone. While several individual countries have maintained high growth rates, since 2014 overall growth has considerably slowed, primarily as a result of falling commodity prices, continued lack of
7341:
1981:. This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and encouraged migrations of farming communities to the more tropical climate of West Africa. During the first millennium BC, a reduction in wild grain populations related to changing climate conditions facilitated the expansion of farming communities and the rapid adoption of rice cultivation around the Niger River.
4106:, many leaders deliberately promoted ethnic conflicts, some of which had originated during the colonial period, such as from the grouping of multiple unrelated ethnic groups into a single colony, the splitting of a distinct ethnic group between multiple colonies, or existing conflicts being exacerbated by colonial rule (for instance, the preferential treatment given to ethnic
7740:
6479:
culture predominate, it is mostly inhabited by groups that originally spoke Nilo-Saharan, such as the
Nubians, Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa, who, over the centuries, have variously intermixed with migrants from the Arabian peninsula. Small communities of Afro-Asiatic-speaking Beja nomads can also be found in Egypt and Sudan.
5976:
politics 10. Optimism and engagement 11. No welfare mentality, acceptancy of the
Calvinist work ethics. The spread in the performance of African countries with complete data, Tausch concluded "is really amazing". While one should be especially hopeful about the development of future democracy and the market economy in
16991:"Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty"
4435:
6900:
reasons for this, the main one being the colonial idea that
African religious beliefs and practices are not good enough. Religious beliefs and statistics on religious affiliation are difficult to come by since they are often a sensitive topic for governments with mixed religious populations. According to the
5120:
has enabled some countries to survive that might have been defeated and absorbed by others. Yet international conflicts have played out by support for proxy armies or rebel movements. Many states have experienced civil wars: including Rwanda, Sudan, Angola, Sierra Leone, Congo, Liberia, Ethiopia and
Somalia.
7282:
Obidoh
Freeborn posits that colonialism is one element that has created the character of modern African art. According to authors Douglas Fraser and Herbert M. Cole, "The precipitous alterations in the power structure wrought by colonialism were quickly followed by drastic iconographic changes in the
5321:
in 2005 was resolved with help from the heavily indebted poor countries scheme (HIPC). The HIPC resulted in some positive and negative effects on the economy in Africa. About ten years after the 2005 debt crisis in sub-Saharan Africa was resolved, Zambia fell back into debt. A small reason was due to
5313:
in 1981 (200 million people), a figure that rose to 58% in 1996 before dropping to 50% in 2005 (380 million people). The average poor person in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to live on only 70 cents per day, and was poorer in 2003 than in 1973, indicating increasing poverty in some areas.
5119:
in 2002, set the respect for the territorial integrity of each country as one of its principles in OAU Charter. Indeed, compared with the formation of
European countries, there have been fewer international conflicts in Africa for changing the borders, which has influenced country formation there and
4324:
Improved stability and economic reforms have led to a great increase in foreign investment into many
African nations, mainly from China, which further spurred economic growth. Between 2000 and 2014, annual GDP growth in sub-Saharan Africa averaged 5.02%, doubling its total GDP from $ 811 billion to $
6914:
are the two largest religions in Africa. Islam is most prevalent in
Northern Africa, and is the state religion of many North African countries, such as Algeria, where 99% of the population practices Islam. The majority of people in most governments in Southern, Southeast, and Central Africa, as well
6899:
While Africans profess a wide variety of religious beliefs, the majority of the people respect African religions or parts of them. However, in formal surveys or census, most people will identify with major religions that came from outside the continent, mainly through colonisation. There are several
6478:
peoples are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa. In Mauritania, there is a small but near-extinct Berber community in the north and Niger–Congo-speaking peoples in the south, though in both regions Arabic and Arab culture predominates. In Sudan, although Arabic and Arab
6209:
Africa's population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years, and is consequently relatively young. In some African states, more than half the population is under 25 years of age. The total number of people in Africa increased from 229 million in 1950 to 630 million in 1990. As of 2021, the
4652:
Over the coming decades, warming from climate change is expected across almost all the Earth's surface, and global mean rainfall will increase. Currently, Africa is warming faster than the rest of the world on average. Large portions of the continent may become uninhabitable as a result of the rapid
14332:
Cubry, Philippe; Tranchant-Dubreuil, Christine; Thuillet, Anne-Céline; Monat, Cécile; Ndjiondjop, Marie-Noelle; Labadie, Karine; Cruaud, Corinne; Engelen, Stefan; Scarcelli, Nora; Rhoné, Bénédicte; Burgarella, Concetta; Dupuy, Christian; Larmande, Pierre; Wincker, Patrick; François, Olivier; Sabot,
7497:
are important elements in the art of many people, along with human figures, and are often highly stylised. There is a vast variety of styles, often varying within the same context of origin and depending on the use of the object, but wide regional trends are apparent; sculpture is most common among
7488:
were historically made of wood and other natural materials that have not survived from earlier than a few centuries ago, although rare older pottery and metal figures can be found in some areas. Some of the earliest decorative objects, such as shell beads and evidence of paint, have been discovered
5975:
derived the following factor analytical scales: 1. The non-violent and law-abiding society 2. Democracy movement 3. Climate of personal non-violence 4. Trust in institutions 5. Happiness, good health 6. No redistributive religious fundamentalism 7. Accepting the market 8. Feminism 9. Involvement in
1988:
had been introduced in Northern Africa. Around that time it also became established in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, either through independent invention there or diffusion from the north and vanished under unknown circumstances around 500 AD, having lasted approximately 2,000 years, and by 500 BC,
7707:
culture. It dates back to the early 20th century, when film reels were the primary cinematic technology in use. As there are more than 50 countries with audiovisual traditions, there is no one single 'African cinema'. Both historically and culturally, there are major regional differences between
7622:
African architecture in some areas has been influenced by external cultures for centuries, according to available evidence. Western architecture has influenced coastal areas since the late 15th century and is now an important source of inspiration for many larger buildings, particularly in major
7227:
in an effort to promote The WHO African Region's adopted resolution for institutionalizing traditional medicine in health care systems across the continent. Public policy makers in the region are challenged with consideration of the importance of traditional/indigenous health systems and whether
17720:
4316:
in 2005. The Second Congo War, which involved 9 countries and several insurgent groups, ended in 2003. This decline in violence coincided with many countries abandoning communist-style command economies and opening up for market reforms, which over the course of the 1990s and 2000s promoted the
7278:
Some aspects of traditional African cultures have become less practised in recent years as a result of neglect and suppression by colonial and post-colonial regimes. For example, African customs were discouraged, and African languages were prohibited in mission schools. Leopold II of Belgium
7239:
alone accounted for an estimated 69 percent of all people living with HIV and 70 percent of all AIDS deaths in 2011. In the countries of sub-Saharan Africa most affected, AIDS has raised death rates and lowered life expectancy among adults between the ages of 20 and 49 by about twenty years.
1866:
The domestication of cattle in Africa preceded agriculture and seems to have existed alongside hunter-gatherer cultures. It is speculated that by 6000 BC, cattle were domesticated in North Africa. In the Sahara-Nile complex, people domesticated many animals, including the donkey and a small
6077:
showed that Africa could feed itself by making the transition from importer to self-sufficiency. "African agriculture is at the crossroads; we have come to the end of a century of policies that favoured Africa's export of raw materials and importation of food. Africa is starting to focus on
13800:
Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, André E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra;
4390:
The coastline is 26,000 km (16,000 mi) long, and the absence of deep indentations of the shore is illustrated by the fact that Europe, which covers only 10,400,000 km (4,000,000 sq mi) – about a third of the surface of Africa – has a coastline of 32,000 km
6437:
The peoples of North Africa consist of three main indigenous groups: Berbers in the northwest, Egyptians in the northeast, and Nilo-Saharan-speaking peoples in the east. The Arabs who arrived in the 7th century CE introduced the Arabic language and Islam to North Africa. The Semitic
16956:. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website.
16790:. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website.
12474:. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website.
14938:
Anquandah, James (1995) The Kintampo Complex: a case study of early sedentism and food production in sub-Sahelian west Africa, pp. 255–259 in Shaw, Thurstan, Andah, Bassey W and Sinclair, Paul (1995). The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns. London: Routledge.
4234:
4653:
effects of climate change, which would have disastrous effects on human health, food security, and poverty. Regional effects on rainfall in the tropics are expected to be much more spatially variable. The direction of change at any one location is often less certain.
4912:
and the Nile Basin Commission. However, additional efforts are required to further develop political will, as well as the financial capacities and institutional frameworks needed for win-win multilateral cooperative actions and optimal solutions for all riparians.
5060:
still occur in several parts of Africa, often under the oversight of the state. Most of such violations occur for political reasons, often as a side effect of civil war. Countries where major human rights violations have been reported in recent times include the
5284:). Its total nominal GDP remains behind that of the United States, China, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, India and France. According to the United Nations' Human Development Report in 2003, the bottom 24 ranked nations (151st to 175th) were all African.
4054:
Today, Africa contains 54 sovereign countries. Since independence, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism. The vast majority of African states are republics that operate under some form of the
4894:
catchments that traverse multiple borders. This particular constraint can also be converted into an opportunity if the potential for trans-boundary cooperation is harnessed in the development of the area's water resources. A multi-sectoral analysis of the
17716:
7545:, contributing a narrative element rare in African sculpture; and royal regalia included gold sculptured elements. Many West African figures are used in religious rituals and are often coated with materials placed on them for ceremonial offerings. The
7228:
their coexistence with the modern medical and health sub-sector would improve the equitability and accessibility of health care distribution, the health status of populations, and the social-economic development of nations within sub-Saharan Africa.
4090:
still experienced only very slow economic development. Only a handful of African countries succeeded in obtaining rapid economic growth prior to 1990. Exceptions include Libya and Equatorial Guinea, both of which possess large oil reserves.
17474:
4155:
also contributed to instability. Both the Soviet Union and the United States offered considerable incentives to African political and military leaders who aligned themselves with the superpowers' foreign policy. As an example, during the
7234:
is a prevalent issue. Although the continent is home to about 15.2 percent of the world's population, more than two-thirds of the total infected worldwide—some 35 million people—were Africans, of whom 15 million have already died.
16829:. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265.
7518:
art, which was inspired by their interest in abstract depiction. It was this appreciation of African sculpture that has been attributed to the very concept of "African art", as seen by European and American artists and art historians.
3661:(1493–1528) made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought to Gao Muslim scholars, including al-Maghili (d.1504), the founder of an important tradition of Sudanic African Muslim scholarship. By the eleventh century, some
2422:. The Ancient Egyptians initially traded via middle-men with Punt until in 2350 BC when they established direct relations. They would become close trading partners for over a millennium. Towards the end of the ancient period, northern
4117:
Faced with increasingly frequent and severe violence, military rule was widely accepted by the population of many countries as means to maintain order, and during the 1970s and 1980s a majority of African countries were controlled by
5052:
Secretariat (AU Commission) to the PAP. The government of the AU consists of all-union, regional, state, and municipal authorities, as well as hundreds of institutions, that together manage the day-to-day affairs of the institution.
11760:
The previous three references show that there a total of 130 million English speakers, 120 million French speakers, and over 30 million Portuguese speakers in Africa, making them about 20% of Africa's 2022 population of 1.4 billion
4168:
received the vast majority of their military and political support from these countries. Many African countries became highly dependent on foreign aid. The sudden loss of both Soviet and American aid at the end of the Cold War and
18070:"Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019"
17448:
4284:
primarily within Nigeria (with considerable fighting in Niger, Chad, and Cameroon as well) has killed around 350,000 people since 2009. Most African conflicts have been reduced to low-intensity conflicts as of 2022. However, the
12760:"Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor – on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans"
4903:
cooperation could lead to a 23% increase in firm energy production without any additional investments. A number of institutional and legal frameworks for transboundary cooperation exist, such as the Zambezi River Authority, the
3449:
Pre-colonial Africa possessed perhaps as many as 10,000 different states and polities characterized by many different sorts of political organization and rule. These included small family groups of hunter-gatherers such as the
16287:
4014:. Although South Africa was one of the first African countries to gain independence, the state remained under the control of the country's white minority, initially through qualified voting rights and from 1956 by a system of
17308:
5044:. A person becomes AU President by being elected to the PAP, and subsequently gaining majority support in the PAP. The powers and authority of the President of the African Parliament derive from the Constitutive Act and the
7972:
of the region. Music and dancing is an integral part of many traditional African societies. Songs and dances facilitate teaching and promoting social values, celebrating special events and major life milestones, performing
3722:
had long been practiced in Africa. Between the 15th and the 19th centuries, the Atlantic slave trade took an estimated 7–12 million slaves to the New World. In addition, more than 1 million Europeans were captured by
3126:
portrays early Ghana as warlike, with horse-mounted warriors key to increasing its territory and population, although details of their expansion are extremely scarce. Wagadu made its profits from maintaining a monopoly on
12664:
Schlebusch, Carina M; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017).
5314:
Some of it is attributed to unsuccessful economic liberalization programmes spearheaded by foreign companies and governments, but other studies have cited bad domestic government policies more than external factors.
19175:
15055:
7506:
rivers" in West Africa. Direct images of deities are relatively infrequent, but masks in particular are or were often made for ritual ceremonies. Since the late 19th century there has been an increasing amount of
12510:. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York, pp. 1199–1265.
3685:, and the manufacture of goods. Until the fifteenth century, these small states were on the periphery of the major Sudanic empires of the era, paying tribute to Songhai to the west and Kanem-Borno to the east.
7140:
and Spanish are examples of languages that trace their origin to outside of Africa, and that are used by millions of Africans today, both in the public and private spheres. Italian is spoken by some in former
1026:
is believed to have originated in Africa around 350,000–260,000 years ago. Africa is also considered by anthropologists to be the most genetically diverse continent as a result of being the longest inhabited.
4678:. Human encroachment, civil unrest and the introduction of non-native species threaten biodiversity in Africa. This has been exacerbated by administrative problems, inadequate personnel and funding problems.
18625:
4674:, with 198 marine protected areas, 50 biosphere reserves, and 80 wetlands reserves. Significant habitat destruction, increases in human population and poaching are reducing Africa's biological diversity and
649:. Despite this low concentration of wealth, recent economic expansion and a large and young population make Africa an important economic market in the broader global context. Africa has a large quantity of
18870:
13246:'cave'. Troglodytism was frequent in northern Africa and still occurs today in southern Tunisia. Herodote wrote that the Garamantes, a North African people, used to live in caves. The Ancient Greek called
3730:
In West Africa, the decline of the Atlantic slave trade in the 1820s caused dramatic economic shifts in local polities. The gradual decline of slave-trading, prompted by a lack of demand for slaves in the
6995:
continent in the world, and it is not rare for individuals to fluently speak not only multiple African languages, but one or more European ones as well. There are four major groups indigenous to Africa:
1846:
dating back perhaps 10 millennia. However, the warming and drying climate meant that by 5000 BC, the Sahara region was becoming increasingly dry and hostile. Around 3500 BC, due to a tilt in the Earth's
6601:, but those along the coast are generally mixed with Bantu, Arab, Indian and European origins. Malay and Indian ancestries are also important components in the group of people known in South Africa as
12730:
1781:
Other migrations of modern humans within the African continent have been dated to that time, with evidence of early human settlement found in Southern Africa, Southeast Africa, North Africa, and the
4208:
Congo Wars, which were the most devastating military conflicts in modern Africa, with up to 5.5 million deaths, making it by far the deadliest conflict in modern African history and one of the
3151:
scattered across West Africa dating to this period, it has been stipulated that relative to Wagadu, there were further simultaneous and preceding kingdoms that have unfortunately been lost to time.
19075:
3277:, with finds including bronze sculptures, terracotta statues of human and animal figures, coins, funerary urns, household utensils, jewellery, highly decorated pottery, and spears. Nearby, around
17478:
6529:
were represented in every part of Africa. Decolonization during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of white settlers—especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million
7240:
Furthermore, the life expectancy in many parts of Africa has declined, largely as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic with life-expectancy in some countries reaching as low as thirty-four years.
6276:") have long been present. The San are physically distinct from other Africans and are the indigenous people of southern Africa. Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of central Africa.
17991:
12172:
7408:
societies inspired by African traditions. Despite this diversity, there are unifying artistic themes present when considering the totality of the visual culture from the continent of Africa.
18114:
4611:
in Africa between 1901 and 2021, with red colour being warmer and blue being colder than average (The average temperature during 1971–2000 is taken as the reference point for these changes.)
3111:, a serpent deity who was guarding a well, to sacrifice one maiden a year in exchange for assurance regarding plenty of rainfall and gold supply. Wagadu's core traversed modern-day southern
8032:. Egypt has won the African Cup seven times, and a record-making three times in a row. Cameroon, Nigeria, Morocco, Senegal, Ghana, and Algeria have advanced to the knockout stage of recent
12914:
19807:
17579:
2988:, symbiotic trade relations developed in response to the opportunities afforded by north–south diversity in ecosystems. Various civilisations prospered in this period. From 4000 BC, the
19745:
18901:
6055:. As the growth in Africa has been driven mainly by services and not manufacturing or agriculture, it has been growth without jobs and without reduction in poverty levels. In fact, the
16279:
12004:
4218:
2349:
regained independence from Egypt, and they would persist as a major regional power until, having been weakened from internal rebellion amid worsening climatic conditions, invasions by
1830:
The size of the Sahara has historically been extremely variable, with its area rapidly fluctuating and at times disappearing depending on global climatic conditions. At the end of the
7981:
and total body articulation. African dances are a collective activity performed in large groups, with significant interaction between dancers and onlookers in the majority of styles.
3570:. Ife was noted as a major religious and cultural centre in West Africa, and for its unique naturalistic tradition of bronze sculpture. The Ife model of government was adapted at the
17312:
17157:
14114:
16481:
17911:
12236:
5384:
1977:
Around 4000 BC, the Saharan climate started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace. This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink significantly and caused increasing
1993:
was fully established by roughly 500 BC in many areas of East and West Africa, although other regions did not begin ironworking until the early centuries CE. Copper objects from
1915:
around 4000 BC, in one of the earliest instances of agriculture in human history. Its cultivation would gradually spread across Africa, before spreading to India around 2000 BC.
16523:
4582:
dominate. Africa is the hottest continent on Earth and 60% of the entire land surface consists of drylands and deserts. The record for the highest-ever recorded temperature, in
6066:
has built increasingly stronger ties with African nations and is Africa's largest trading partner. In 2007, Chinese companies invested a total of US$ 1 billion in Africa.
5048:, as well as the inheritance of presidential authority stipulated by African treaties and by international treaties, including those subordinating the Secretary General of the
1834:, estimated to have been around 10,500 BCE, the Sahara had again become a green fertile valley, and its African populations returned from the interior and coastal highlands in
6593:
in 1972, though many have since returned. The islands in the Indian Ocean are also populated primarily by people of Asian origin, often mixed with Africans and Europeans. The
19142:
18751:
3316:
from central Africa to eastern and southern Africa and was substantial in the settling of the continent. Commencing in the 2nd millennium BC, the Bantu began to migrate from
17452:
19167:
7219:
More than 85% of individuals in Africa use traditional medicine as an alternative to often expensive allopathic medical health care and costly pharmaceutical products. The
7072:
language family covers much of sub-Saharan Africa. In terms of number of languages, it is the largest language family in Africa and perhaps one of the largest in the world.
21404:
20724:
8168:
7430:
and fiber art are important visual art forms across Africa and may be included in the study of African art. The term "African Art" does not usually include the art of the
6268:
in Southern and Central Africa, respectively. Bantu-speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and are found in parts of southern Cameroon. In the
4122:. Territorial disputes between nations and rebellions by groups seeking independence were also common in independent African states. The most devastating of these was the
745:
741:
194:
16367:
15902:
5302:
announced revised global poverty estimates based on a new international poverty line of $ 1.25 per day (versus the previous measure of $ 1.00). Eighty-one percent of the
19412:
8002:
18932:
18729:
18021:
16313:
15283:
JournalInsert Hilton, John (1993-10). "Peoples of Azania". Electronic Antiquity: Communicating the Classics. 1 (5). ISSN 1320-3606. Check date values in: |date= (help)
13161:
7637:
for stone and mortar, West Africa for mud/adobe, Central Africa for thatch/wood and more perishable materials, Southeast and Southern Africa for stone and thatch/wood.
6004:. Tausch also maintains that the certain recent optimism, corresponding to economic and human rights data, emerging from Africa, is reflected in the development of a
19688:
15418:
1255:
18621:
12206:
2446:, with archaeological discoveries indicating the possibility of other unknown sophisticated civilisations at this time. After D'mt's fall in the 5th century BC the
19100:
14285:
12011:
11979:
8585:
3889:
and trade in Africa, and is seen as emblematic of the "scramble". In the last quarter of the 19th century, there were considerable political rivalries between the
18862:
15728:
18079:
17285:
14259:
136:
19925:
17680:
12446:
8155:, while South Africa is the most successful national team at the Rugby World Cup, having won the tournament on four occasions, in 1995, 2007, 2019, and 2023.
4759:, elephants, camels, and giraffes) ranging freely on primarily open non-private plains. It is also home to a variety of "jungle" animals including snakes and
4059:
of rule. However, few of them have been able to sustain democratic governments on a permanent basis—per the criteria laid out by Lührmann et al. (2018), only
3940:
gained momentum following World War II, which left the major European powers weakened. In 1951, Libya, a former Italian colony, gained independence. In 1956,
17133:
14598:
10851:
yaseNingizimu Afrika/yoMzantsi-Afrika/Suid-Afrika/Afrika-Borwa/Aforika Borwa/Afrika Borwa/Afrika Dzonga/yeNingizimu Afrika/Afurika Tshipembe/yeSewula Afrika
3388:
in the 2nd century AD. Further to the south, settlements of Bantu peoples who were iron-using agriculturists and herdsmen were well established south of the
3361:
19986:
15602:
13995:
Mercier, Norbert; et al. (2012). "OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)".
12718:
1479:
the boundary between Asia and Africa. As Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of "Africa" expanded with their knowledge.
20934:
20031:
13730:
12940:
12769:
6535:
in North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola. Between 1975 and 1977, over a million colonials returned to Portugal alone. Nevertheless,
3995:
19068:
18703:
13778:
5040:, consisting of legislative, judicial and executive organs. It is led by the African Union President and Head of State, who is also the President of the
1533:
is the energetic double of every person and the "opening of the Ka" refers to a womb or birthplace. Africa would be, for the Egyptians, "the birthplace."
15705:
4438:
Today, the African Plate is moving over Earth's surface at a speed of 0.292° ± 0.007° per million years, relative to the "average" Earth (NNR-MORVEL56).
2113:
power gradually decentralised to the nomarchs, culminating in the disintegration of the kingdom, exacerbated by drought and famine, thus commencing the
21979:
20847:
11907:. Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.
5018:
12514:
12089:
3750:
Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade, for example against "the usurping King of
1855:
where they made permanent or semi-permanent settlements. A major climatic recession occurred, lessening the heavy and persistent rains in Central and
22148:
18670:
17983:
17042:
14229:
12037:
6991:
has estimated around two thousand) are spoken in Africa. Most are of African origin, though some are of European or Asian origin. Africa is the most
5682:
5036:, a federated commonwealth, into a state under established international conventions. The African Union has a parliamentary government, known as the
4869:
4835:
4776:
3527:
was established around the ninth century and was one of the first. It is also one of the oldest kingdoms in present-day Nigeria and was ruled by the
18989:
Dunlop, David W. (November 1975). "Alternatives to 'modern' health delivery systems in Africa: Public policy issues of traditional health systems".
12162:
12063:
3952:
followed suit the next year (March 1957), becoming the first of the sub-Saharan colonies to be granted independence. Over the next decade, waves of
21326:
21321:
21316:
21311:
21301:
21296:
21291:
21286:
21281:
21276:
21271:
21266:
18105:
17794:
15020:
8577:
5325:
From 1995 to 2005, Africa's rate of economic growth increased, averaging 5% in 2005. Some countries experienced still higher growth rates, notably
5322:
the fall in copper prices in 2011, but the bigger reason was that a large amount of the money Zambia borrowed was wasted or pocketed by the elite.
4280:(Sudan), which peaked in intensity from 2003 to 2005 with notable spikes in violence in 2007 and 2013–15, killing around 300,000 people total. The
1934:, became a major activity in the numerous streams and lakes formed from the increased rains. In West Africa, the wet phase ushered in an expanding
16785:
12469:
4531:. Since the continent of Africa consists of crust from both the African and the Somali plates, some literature refers to the African Plate as the
21185:
15166:
14530:
12910:
6578:
19856:
18598:
17851:
22937:
19799:
18809:
18539:
18316:
18264:
17571:
17068:
16951:
13038:
8546:
used by the United Nations, and data included are per sources in cross-referenced articles. Where they differ, provisos are clearly indicated.
6581:
are found in South Africa, and smaller ones are present in Kenya, Tanzania, and some other southern and southeast African countries. The large
4922:
1279:
19737:
18893:
18047:
17698:
16842:
Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019).
7553:, however, the main distinguishing characteristics include heart-shaped faces that are curved inward and display patterns of circles and dots.
7085:
and number about fifty in total. They are mainly spoken in Southern Africa by approximately 400,000 people. Many of the Khoisan languages are
3766:) adopted different ways of adapting to the shift. Asante and Dahomey concentrated on the development of "legitimate commerce" in the form of
1851:, the Sahara experienced a period of rapid desertification. The population trekked out of the Sahara region towards the Nile Valley below the
22181:
22026:
21395:
16706:"World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)"
1639:
1075:
18954:
Kofi-Tsekpo, Mawuli (11 February 2005). "Editorial: Institutionalization of African Traditional Medicine in Health Care Systems in Africa".
18471:
17888:
17502:
16342:
14202:"Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group"
14158:
14032:
12337:
22143:
22036:
21774:
21207:
19956:
18420:
18170:
14682:
14413:
13892:
11484:
11477:
6470:
in the 21st century, while, to a lesser extent, Berber speakers are also present in some regions of Tunisia and Libya. The Berber-speaking
6133:
261:
19776:
17633:
17154:
14108:
7014:
languages are a language family of about 240 languages and 285 million people widespread throughout the Horn of Africa, North Africa, the
4086:
rule, along with political instability. With limited financial resources or access to global markets, relatively stable countries such as
21222:
20729:
20662:
18396:
16473:
16411:
16050:
13556:
13335:
12229:
4692:'s original forests have been destroyed since the arrival of humans 2000 years ago. About 65% of Africa's agricultural land suffers from
3774:, timber and gold, forming the bedrock of West Africa's modern export trade. The Oyo Empire, unable to adapt, collapsed into civil wars.
3071:
in the Sahel created areas for human habitation and exploitation that had not been habitable for the best part of a millennium, with the
20462:
19256:
19217:
19028:
18289:
17915:
16451:
13621:
13527:
13488:
12643:
2792:
against the Romans after he had usurped the Numidian throne from a Roman ally. Together they inflicted heavy casualties that quaked the
24211:
24070:
22101:
20924:
19328:
17396:
16089:
14111:
A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC
8570:
5134:
3599:
dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of northwestern Africa and the Iberian peninsula during the eleventh century. The
18339:
16677:
16527:
14910:"Background to the Ghana empire: Archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (mauritania)"
7438:
coast, as such areas had long been part of different traditions. For more than a millennium, the art of such areas had formed part of
19531:
McBrearty, Sally; Brooks, Allison (2000). "The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior".
18572:
18503:
17519:
13389:
12307:"Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development"
911:
6605:(people with origins in two or more races and continents). During the 20th century, small but economically important communities of
3496:
states, stretched across the sub-Saharan savannah from the western regions to central Sudan. The most powerful of these states were
24397:
22127:
20837:
20389:
19149:
15621:
15580:
13753:
12937:"New study confirms that Africans are the most genetically diverse people on Earth. And it claims to pinpoint our center of origin"
12415:
4067:
have been consistently democratic for the entirety of their post-colonial history. Most African countries have experienced several
2960:. Archaeology points to sizable urban populations in West Africa beginning in the 4th millennium BC, which had crucially developed
2867:
in the early 6th century AD. The Byzantines and the Berber kingdoms fought minor inconsequential conflicts, such as in the case of
605:'s land area and 6% of its total surface area. With nearly 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's
17869:
11853:
are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.
7109:
that originated outside the continent, although several countries also granted legal recognition to indigenous languages (such as
3743:
increasing presence off the West African coast, obliged African states to adopt new economies. Between 1808 and 1860, the British
21710:
21180:
20545:
20533:
20492:
18755:
7549:-speaking peoples of the same region make pieces from wood with broad, flat surfaces and arms and legs shaped like cylinders. In
6217:(children per woman) for Sub-Saharan Africa is 4.7 as of 2018, the highest in the world. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had
6141:
6129:
753:
17096:
7619:
scaling: small parts of the structure tend to look similar to larger parts, such as a circular village made of circular houses.
6978:
1871:. Between 10,000 and 9,000 BC, pottery was independently invented in the region of Mali in the savannah of West Africa. In the
270:
207:
24204:
24090:
22052:
21972:
21100:
20929:
20822:
19480:
Henshilwood, Christopher S.; et al. (2011). "A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa".
17965:
16363:
15893:
15444:
7271:
5216:
5138:
5094:
4905:
1666:
474:
18647:
14971:
13197:
7286:
There is now a resurgence in the attempts to rediscover and revalue African traditional cultures, under such movements as the
3147:, whose composites stood in varying relations to the core, from fully administered to nominal tribute-paying parity. Based on
24199:
24133:
22031:
21760:
20866:
20350:
20319:
20298:
20259:
20240:
20218:
20182:
20149:
20086:
19647:
19447:
19295:
19250:
19211:
18924:
18725:
18453:
18390:
18238:
17252:
17026:
16961:
16795:
16083:
16044:
15849:
15686:
15366:
15251:
15211:
15038:
14565:
14498:
She states, "To date, Kerma-culture has been found from the region of the First Cataract to upstream of the Fourth Cataract."
14152:
13967:
13928:
13615:
13153:
12621:
12567:
12479:
12230:"item, 4 of the provisional agenda – General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth"
8118:
7860:
and others. African music also uses a large variety of instruments from all across the continent. The music and dance of the
5029:
3445:
displayed a level of technical accomplishment that was notably more advanced than European bronze casting of the same period.
2807:
At the turn of the millennium, they both would face the same fate as Carthage and be conquered by the Romans who established
2682:
706:
18143:
18013:
17775:
17545:
13973:
13934:
12534:
5005:, Ethiopia, as its headquarters, on 26 June 2001. The union was officially established on 9 July 2002 as a successor to the
24194:
24158:
24097:
21153:
20886:
18199:
17819:
15647:
15408:
7969:
4334:
3854:
In 1870, 10% of the continent was formally under European control. By 1914, this figure had risen to almost 90%, with only
20008:
19680:
17178:
16758:
16163:
14030:"Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks"
13367:
7655:
3754:", deposed in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers. The largest powers of West Africa (the
1974:. Since most of the plants grew in the forest, the Niger–Congo speakers invented polished stone axes for clearing forest.
24187:
24182:
24128:
21133:
20445:
18839:
12198:
11771:
9418:
8543:
6056:
2984:
from north to south were crucial for the moulding of their respective societies and meant that prior to the accession of
235:
124:
20645:
16899:
12393:
5111:
African nations have made great efforts to respect international borders as inviolate for a long time. For example, the
2698:
891:
24056:
22930:
20385:
19322:
17941:
15725:
15494:
15474:
15391:
15332:
15000:
14662:
14635:
14320:
14281:
14060:
13521:
12996:
11836:
in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the
11748:
8094:
7998:
7580:
7508:
7453:
4998:
4807:
4296:
Overall though, violence across Africa has greatly declined in the 21st century, with the end of civil wars in Angola,
2726:
2014:
17:
18362:
18069:
16391:"The African Continental Free Trade Zone (AFCFTZ): Economic Tsunami Or Development Opportunities In Sub-Sahara Africa"
7149:, as it was a former German protectorate. In total, at least a fifth of Africans speak the former colonial languages.
24138:
22174:
21965:
21388:
21138:
20827:
20122:
18302:
18156:
17281:
16745:
16593:
16560:
16511:
16214:
16193:
15876:
15839:
15779:
14972:"The Evolution of Ogieship or Kingship Institution in Edo Society and the Rise of Ogiso Igodo (About 40.B.C -16 A.D)"
14944:
14879:
35 (1994) 1–36; Minze Stuiver and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa'
14716:
14491:
14251:
13715:
13695:
13671:
13651:
13347:
13122:
13097:
13069:
12148:
8029:
7776:
5105:
3136:
2981:
248:
19917:
16925:
12442:
3516:, which consolidated much of western Sudan in the thirteenth century. Kanem accepted Islam in the eleventh century.
24153:
24143:
24085:
24063:
24046:
24041:
23960:
21721:
21479:
21348:
20734:
20505:
19168:"The Crisis of Appropriating Identity for African Art and Artists: The Abayomi Barber School Responsorial Paradigm"
18336:
14509:
12966:
11884:
11695:
10446:
10439:
10431:
8215:
7318:
6319:, are found in more northerly parts of the region nearest to the Sahara, and Nilo-Saharan communities, such as the
6036:
5298:, and poor health affect a large proportion of the people who reside on the African continent. In August 2008, the
5062:
4850:. The scarcity of climate adaptation techniques in Africa makes it the least resilient continent to climate change.
4276:
Various conflicts between various insurgent groups and governments continue. Since 2003, there has been an ongoing
4145:
from 1983 to 2005, collectively killed around 3 million. Both were fought primarily on ethnic and religious lines.
3428:
1859:. Since this time, dry conditions have prevailed in Eastern Africa and, increasingly during the last 200 years, in
1231:
601:. At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of
87:
17141:
16309:
13803:"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe"
12005:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"
4265:
3103:
in North Africa. Soninke traditions likely contain content from prehistory, mentioning four previous foundings of
2717:, however momentum in these wars was not linear, with Carthage initially experiencing considerable success in the
1997:, North Africa, Nubia, and Ethiopia dating from around 500 BC have been excavated in West Africa, suggesting that
1278:
in 1963, the predecessor to the African Union. The nascent countries decided to keep their colonial borders, with
24163:
23992:
23858:
23772:
23722:
21197:
20974:
20919:
19978:
17115:
16256:
15749:
15599:
14133:"Evidence of Sorghum Cultivation and Possible Pearl Millet in the Second Millennium BC at Kassala, Eastern Sudan"
13801:
Rodríguez-Santos, Francisco J.; Mikdad, Abdeslam; Trujillo-Mederos, Aioze; Bustamante, Carlos D. (26 June 2018).
13484:
Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane
7132:) are used for communication in the public sphere such as government, commerce, education and the media. Arabic,
6586:
6272:
of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as the Bushmen (also "San", closely related to, but distinct from "
5309:
Sub-Saharan Africa is the least successful region of the world in reducing poverty ($ 1.25 per day); some 50% of
4799:
4608:
2828:
184:
16627:
Chu, D.; Gordon, R.G. (1999). "Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the Southwest Indian ridge".
13727:
12936:
12759:
6059:, which took place on the heels of the global financial crisis, pushed 100 million people into food insecurity.
5317:
Africa is now at risk of being in debt once again, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries. The last debt
2499:
24107:
22057:
20577:
20572:
19580:
19468:
19354:
18695:
14816:
14410:
14074:
13308:
8098:
4795:
4789:
4631:
4177:
3937:
895:
16784:
Schneider, S. H.; et al. (2007). "19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.).
15702:
13770:
4456:
3893:, which provided the impetus for the colonisation. The later years of the 19th century saw a transition from "
930:
24417:
24402:
22923:
22883:
22005:
20939:
16825:
Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In:
14438:
Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50.
12557:
12506:
Niang, I., O.C. Ruppel, M.A. Abdrabo, A. Essel, C. Lennard, J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, "2014: Africa". In:
8126:
7220:
6936:
5112:
5006:
3961:
3908:
3068:
2570:
1794:
1275:
21625:
20405:
12468:
Schneider, S.H.; et al. (2007). "19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities". In Parry, M.L.; et al. (eds.).
10584:
10577:
8302:
6047:
for electronic devices such as cell phones. The DRC also has more than 30% of the world's diamond reserves.
3519:
In the forested regions of the West African coast, independent kingdoms grew with little influence from the
24450:
24102:
23732:
23459:
23164:
22789:
22167:
22080:
21381:
16830:
14121:, SWI swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), 18 January 2007
12511:
12085:
7965:
7608:
7457:
7224:
7031:, spoken by 30 million people between 100 languages. Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken by ethnic groups in
6257:
5348:
data, the Austrian political scientist Arno Tausch maintained that several African countries, most notably
5257:
5144:
4942:
4729:
4619:
3899:
With the decline of the European colonial empires in the wake of the two world wars, most African colonies
3816:
2827:
were eventually defeated in war in the 1st century AD however weren't conquered. In the 5th century AD the
2666:
2256:
1235:
915:
162:
16687:
14201:
12033:
8040:
as the first African nation to reach the semi-finals of the FIFA Men's World Cup. South Africa hosted the
6606:
6106:. Hence, the continuous investment in the last decade, which has increased the amount of power generated.
4075:. Between 1990 and 2018, though, the continent as a whole has trended towards more democratic governance.
3558:, historically the first of these Yoruba city-states or kingdoms, established government under a priestly
2733:. Their defeat and subsequent collapse of their empire would produce two further polities in the Maghreb;
23589:
22749:
20959:
20655:
20485:
20409:
14909:
12059:
9425:
8106:
7750:
5098:
4338:
2463:
2326:
1649:
650:
17791:
17335:
17265:
7703:
or screening of films on the African continent, and also refers to the persons involved in this form of
4200:
and fueled the rise of militia groups in neighboring countries. This contributed to the outbreak of the
2749:
23767:
23752:
23050:
23035:
22122:
22010:
21118:
20969:
20693:
20650:
20635:
17309:"Launch of the African Union, 9 July 2002: Address by the chairperson of the AU, President Thabo Mbeki"
16801:
12485:
11788:
8694:
8114:
7933:
7865:
6560:
5988:, and especially for Africa's leading economy, South Africa. High human inequality, as measured by the
5154:
5033:
4209:
4197:
4045:
3433:
3302:
2985:
2514:
2459:
2244:
2146:
1722:
1680:
1635:
976:
75:
20399:
15630:
15173:
14540:
8044:, becoming the first African country to do so. The top clubs in each African football league play the
6932:
4603:
4403:, 17°33'22" W, the westernmost point, is a distance of approximately 7,400 km (4,600 mi) to
4173:
resulted in severe economic and political turmoil in the countries most dependent on foreign support.
3657:
in 1473, building his regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. His successor
24148:
24080:
24051:
24036:
23777:
23702:
22694:
22684:
22437:
21217:
21023:
20749:
20744:
20739:
20678:
20607:
20528:
18594:
17840:
17603:"Africa on the Maps of Global Values: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent World Values Survey Data"
17475:"The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty"
15865:
Association, Cheke Cultural Writers (1994). "Chapter 14: The Kolongongo War Against the Portuguese".
13685:
8164:
7990:
7793:
7633:, and stone. These material preferences vary by region: North Africa for stone and rammed earth, the
7494:
7259:
7067:
6928:
6280:
6119:
4875:
4623:
4309:
4305:
4142:
3694:
3415:
people who are thought to have descended from the first inhabitants of Southern Africa 100,000 years
3049:
2961:
2225:
2114:
1947:
1750:
approximately 350,000 to 260,000 years BP in Africa, the continent was mainly populated by groups of
1645:
1627:
18803:
18531:
18313:
18261:
16967:
15928:
15792:
15356:
13002:
6236:
family) are the majority in southern, central and southeast Africa. The Bantu-speaking peoples from
5232:
4684:
is affecting Africa at twice the world rate, according to the United Nations Environment Programme (
23737:
23654:
23237:
22950:
22903:
22669:
21464:
21243:
21013:
20949:
20852:
20781:
20619:
20602:
19710:
18043:
14131:
Beldados, Alemseged; Manzo, Andrea; Murphy, Charlene; Stevens, Chris J.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2018).
12667:"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago"
11833:
10308:
10301:
10293:
8205:
5993:
5037:
5025:
4865:
4831:
4819:
4615:
4596:
4290:
4225:
4138:
4037:
3900:
3702:
3438:
2812:
2235:
in Nubia, who manoeuvred into power in Upper Egypt and conquered Lower Egypt in 754 BC to form the
1267:
907:
22915:
18468:
17658:
17499:
17426:
9443:
7317:. Among these proprieties, 54 are cultural sites, 39 are natural sites and 5 are mixed sites. The
2494:, with freedom from Roman interference causing Indians to give the cities a lucrative monopoly on
2369:
in the 5th century AD. The Romans managed to hold on to Egypt for the rest of the ancient period.
24384:
24075:
23982:
23659:
23369:
23364:
22726:
22721:
21008:
21003:
20893:
20688:
18444:
18417:
17885:
17016:
16339:
14132:
14029:
12306:
11795:
are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to
11502:
7929:
7758:
7385:
7302:, as well as the increasing recognition of traditional spiritualism through decriminalization of
6902:
6343:
5361:
5261:
5249:
4803:
4647:
4635:
2773:
2142:
2126:
1675:
1619:
1062:
from 4000 BC until 1000 AD was substantial in laying the foundations for societies and states in
1047:
876:
844:
107:
31:
19948:
18369:, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993
18167:
15518:"Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa"
15146:
Posnansky, Merrick (1981). "The societies of Africa south of the Sahara in the Early Iron Age".
14761:
14200:
Winchell, Frank; Stevens, Chris J.; Murphy, Charlene; Champion, Louis; Fuller, Dorianq. (2017).
13861:
12601:
9767:
3139:. It is probable that Wagadu's dominance on trade allowed for the gradual consolidation of many
2848:
1359:) meaning "cave", in reference to cave dwellers. The same word may be found in the name of the
24361:
24168:
23762:
23565:
22664:
22096:
21212:
21192:
21172:
21055:
20871:
20832:
20698:
20683:
20582:
20478:
19768:
17972:. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013)
17602:
15678:
14535:
12988:
11792:
11740:
11700:
10569:
8699:
8122:
7669:
7592:
7564:
7481:
7423:
7022:
6911:
6115:
5237:
5180:
5057:
5045:
5041:
5010:
4839:
4297:
4119:
3984:
3863:
3320:
to central, eastern, and southern Africa, laying the foundations for future states such as the
2658:
2071:
1631:
1623:
1055:
1051:
926:
150:
103:
21881:
18380:
17629:
17523:
17207:
Environmental movements in sub-Saharan Africa : a political ecology of power and conflict
16034:
13862:"Getting "Out of Africa": Sea Crossings, Land Crossings and Culture in the Hominin Migrations"
13550:
13329:
11870:
is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.
11820:
is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.
5306:
population was living on less than $ 2.50 (PPP) per day in 2005, compared with 86% for India.
4184:
attribute primarily to the forced relocation of farmworkers and seizure of grain by communist
3578:, once controlled a large number of other Yoruba and non-Yoruba city-states and kingdoms; the
3107:, and holds that the final founding of Wagadu occurred after their first king did a deal with
3072:
1704:
on Earth, with the Human species originating from the continent. During the mid-20th century,
1463:
and lands to the east. A definite line was drawn between the two continents by the geographer
1327:. This name seems to have originally referred to a native Libyan tribe, an ancestor of modern
395:
24454:
24318:
24238:
23881:
23782:
23391:
22549:
22457:
22267:
22262:
21484:
20842:
19240:
19201:
19024:
18286:
16429:
15841:
Pyramids and Fleshpots: The Egyptian, Senussi and Eastern Mediterranean Campaigns (1914-1916)
15030:
14555:
13605:
13511:
13482:
13242:
was the name of a Tripolitan people in the 6th century. The name is from the Berber language
12800:
12796:"Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species"
12647:
10400:
10393:
10385:
8329:
8110:
8049:
8009:
7937:
7009:
4909:
4399:
in South Africa (34°51'15" S), is a distance of approximately 8,000 km (5,000 mi).
4281:
4072:
3976:
3886:
3369:
2977:
2900:
2318:
2264:
2252:
2091:
1726:
1459:
According to the Romans, Africa lies to the west of Egypt, while "Asia" was used to refer to
938:
19312:
16844:"Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"
16207:
Reluctant aid or aiding the reluctant?: U.S. food aid policy and the Ethiopian Famine Relief
16073:
15241:
15094:
5337:, all of which had recently begun extracting their petroleum reserves or had expanded their
4720:
4574:(rainforest) regions. In between, there is a convergence, where vegetation patterns such as
3911:
conference of 1964 due to fears of civil wars and regional instability, placing emphasis on
3454:
of southern Africa; larger, more structured groups such as the family clan groupings of the
2780:
assuming control of many of Carthage's African ports. Towards the end of the 2nd century BC
795:
to the southern temperate zones. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the
24328:
23304:
23022:
22888:
22643:
22534:
20592:
19489:
16855:
16717:
16674:
16636:
15441:"Igbo-Ukwu (c. 9th century) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
15296:
14859:
Mahjoubi, Ammar; Salama, Pierre (1981). "The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa".
14740:
14346:
14004:
13814:
13552:
Travels in the Arabian Desert: With Special Reference to the Arabian Horse and Its Pedigree
12866:
12809:
12678:
9859:
8045:
8025:
7897:
7576:
6960:
6931:
is the largest church in Ethiopia, with 36 million and 51 million adherents. According to
6218:
6214:
5691:
5393:
4739:
Africa boasts perhaps the world's largest combination of density and "range of freedom" of
4472:
4468:
4099:
4095:
4049:
3988:
3894:
3744:
3698:
2844:
2631:
2627:
2618:
2173:
2098:
2079:
1697:
1404:
1183:
21957:
18564:
18496:
17546:"The Number of the Poor Increasing Worldwide while Sub-Saharan Africa is the Worst of All"
16605:
13397:
12364:"The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states"
4082:. The continent suffered from the lack of infrastructural or industrial development under
8:
24490:
23977:
23642:
23579:
23555:
23386:
23247:
23193:
23134:
23105:
23045:
23040:
22898:
22845:
22635:
22594:
21742:
21725:
21028:
21018:
20944:
20817:
20812:
20712:
20614:
20597:
20540:
20427:
20418:
20356:
Wade, Lizzie (2015). "Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places".
20198:
18651:
18438:
17751:
16244:
15413:
15056:"The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. II. The Local Oral Sources"
14728:
14396:
13296:
12167:
8517:
8041:
8037:
7921:
7314:
7287:
7133:
7086:
6972:
6598:
6574:
5972:
5345:
4350:
4313:
4189:
4056:
4031:
3999:
3936:, when almost all remaining colonial territories gradually obtained formal independence.
3804:
3796:
3789:
3706:
3333:
3088:
2872:
2840:
2808:
2706:
2276:
1998:
1771:
1731:
1701:
1452:
1336:
1239:
1191:
934:
872:
800:
796:
772:
is its largest by population. African nations cooperate through the establishment of the
638:
626:
450:
58:
22554:
19493:
16859:
16721:
16640:
15618:
15577:
14744:
14350:
14008:
13818:
13750:
12870:
12813:
12682:
12419:
12333:
7625:
African architecture uses a wide range of materials, including thatch, stick/wood, mud,
7541:
are a form of small metal sculptures produced over the period 1400–1900; some represent
6620:
6221:(average number of children) above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27.1% of
24265:
23886:
23849:
23727:
23173:
23095:
23055:
23030:
22753:
22599:
22579:
22075:
21202:
21095:
21075:
21033:
20998:
20954:
20881:
20562:
20062:
20054:
19611:
19513:
19069:""Global Fact Sheet", Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, 20 November 2012"
18244:
17866:
17617:
17378:
17370:
16876:
16843:
16652:
16248:
16132:
16015:
15820:
15671:
15128:
15075:
14774:
14372:
14335:"The Rise and Fall of African Rice Cultivation Revealed by Analysis of 246 New Genomes"
14221:
14184:
14091:
13884:
13837:
13802:
13463:
13455:
13300:
13030:
12887:
12854:
12830:
12795:
12764:
12385:
12321:
11904:
8600:
7961:
7713:
7579:
are regarded as one of the greatest architectural feats of all time and are one of the
7303:
7236:
7231:
7223:(OAU) Heads of State and Government declared the 2000s decade as the African Decade on
6886:
6880:
6070:
6044:
5303:
5225:
4700:
4476:
4301:
4277:
4193:
4123:
4015:
4011:
3968:
3759:
3755:
3630:
culture absorbed elements of the local culture, under the unifying framework of Islam.
3505:
3249:
flourished for over a millennium beginning in the 6th century BC. The Sao lived by the
3104:
2518:
2284:
2280:
2154:
1843:
1835:
1660:
1565:
king called Afrikin ibn Kais ibn Saifi ("Afrikus son of Abraham") who subdued Ifriqiya.
1544:
1509:
1223:
339:
168:
21373:
20456:
18780:
Linguistic features and typologies in languages commonly referred to as 'Nilo-Saharan'
17043:"Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa"
15895:
Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600-1920
15542:
15517:
15167:"The Chronological Evidence for the Introduction of Domestic Stock in Southern Africa"
14956:
Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.).
14709:
Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa
12853:
Vidal, Celine M.; Lane, Christine S.; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (January 2022).
6770:
6123:
3618:
who migrated westwards via Egypt between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries. Their
1814:
1762:
migration dated to approximately 50,000 years BP, exiting the continent either across
613:
age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Despite a wide range of
24346:
23965:
23792:
23757:
23618:
23613:
23594:
23403:
23230:
22990:
22820:
22674:
22639:
21927:
21500:
21341:
21158:
21043:
20964:
20907:
20587:
20555:
20513:
20449:
20346:
20315:
20309:
20294:
20277:
20255:
20236:
20214:
20178:
20145:
20118:
20101:
20082:
20074:
20066:
19643:
19548:
19505:
19464:
19443:
19393:
19318:
19291:
19246:
19207:
19006:
19002:
18971:
18778:
18449:
18386:
18298:
18248:
18234:
18152:
18100:
17625:
17621:
17382:
17336:"OAU Charter, Addis Ababa, 25 May 1963-African Union – Peace and Security Department"
17248:
17211:
17093:
17022:
16957:
16881:
16791:
16589:
16556:
16507:
16390:
16210:
16189:
16079:
16040:
15872:
15845:
15824:
15812:
15775:
15682:
15547:
15470:
15387:
15362:
15328:
15247:
15034:
14996:
14940:
14925:
14875:
Duncan E. Miller and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa'
14860:
14840:
14812:
14766:
14712:
14658:
14631:
14582:
14561:
14487:
14483:
14458:
14391:
14364:
14316:
14225:
14148:
14056:
13963:
13924:
13842:
13711:
13691:
13667:
13647:
13611:
13517:
13467:
13343:
13103:
13093:
13065:
13034:
13022:
12892:
12835:
12696:
12617:
12584:
12563:
12475:
12389:
12329:
12325:
12287:
12144:
11730:
Also known as the Partition of Africa, the Conquest of Africa, or the Rape of Africa.
11705:
10492:
10485:
10477:
8524:
8234:
7977:
and other recitations, and spiritual experiences. African dance uses the concepts of
7789:
7596:
7588:
7485:
7389:
7249:
7106:
7076:
6956:
6920:
6582:
6499:
5356:. The following table is projection(s) as of 2024 in terms of the peak level of GDP (
5334:
5310:
5287:
5277:
5130:
4994:
4827:
4555:
4545:
4528:
4368:
4330:
4157:
3980:
3972:
3882:
3875:
3615:
3466:
3393:
3341:
3053:
2952:
the rise of settled communities occurred largely as a result of the domestication of
2852:
2674:
2639:
2623:
2586:
2447:
2392:
2314:
2294:
2287:
2268:
2260:
2106:
1951:
1613:
1215:
1107:
1043:
922:
713:
630:
19575:
19517:
17962:
16982:
15440:
14376:
13888:
12995:, was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the
11747:, was legally recognised by the British as independent until being annexed into the
8055:
In recent years, the continent has made major progress in terms of state-of-the-art
7329:
6891:
6098:
is a typical hydropower resource generating electricity for all the large cities in
6094:, which contributes significantly to the current installed capacity for energy. The
24427:
24422:
24412:
24341:
24018:
23972:
23915:
23844:
23707:
23601:
23550:
23528:
23381:
23328:
23267:
22835:
22809:
22499:
21128:
21065:
20857:
20361:
20228:
20046:
19830:
19603:
19540:
19497:
19283:
18998:
18963:
18655:
18226:
17609:
17362:
16871:
16863:
16725:
16656:
16644:
16441:
16240:
16124:
16007:
15940:
15804:
15537:
15529:
15067:
15026:
14975:
14921:
14778:
14756:
14748:
14479:
14354:
14213:
14140:
14083:
14012:
13876:
13832:
13822:
13447:
13292:
13205:
13014:
12882:
12874:
12825:
12817:
12686:
12609:
12375:
12277:
8134:
7861:
7692:
7648:
7538:
7511:, the finest pieces of which are displayed as part of the history of colonisation.
7490:
7397:
7393:
7142:
7110:
7082:
6999:
6610:
6240:
progressively expanded over most of sub-Saharan Africa. But there are also several
5272:, low self-esteem, lack of access to foreign capital, legacies of colonialism, the
5265:
5245:
4704:
4693:
4551:
4492:
4318:
4205:
4170:
3859:
3812:
3747:
seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard.
3658:
3474:
3329:
3321:
3246:
3060:, a small kingdom founded presumably in 40 BC, which would later go on to form the
3041:
3009:
2718:
2690:
2611:
2574:
2554:
2506:
2455:
2388:
2350:
2338:
2272:
2205:
2158:
2138:
2083:
1839:
1803:
1759:
1487:
1447:
1409:
1348:
1227:
1179:
1171:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1119:
1103:
840:
614:
606:
48:
20394:
19287:
18831:
18622:"World's population is projected to nearly stop growing by the end of the century"
17500:
Economic report on Africa 2004: unlocking Africa's potential in the global economy
15944:
15808:
15215:
14510:"Nubian identity in the Bronze Age. Patterns of cultural and biological variation"
13018:
12911:"The genetic diversity in Africa is greater than in any other region in the world"
12583:
Hama, Boubou; Ki-Zerbo, Joseph (1981). "The place of history in African society".
7960:(also Afro dance, Afrodance and Afro-dance) refers to the various dance styles of
7607:
traditions. In some cases, broader regional styles can be identified, such as the
7546:
6334:
4094:
Instability throughout the continent after decolonization resulted primarily from
3135:
heading south, despite not controlling the gold fields themselves, located in the
3033:
2074:, with the process of consolidation and assimilation completed by the time of the
1482:
Other etymological hypotheses have been postulated for the ancient name "Africa":
24485:
24313:
23814:
23802:
23787:
23742:
23692:
23632:
23574:
23535:
23523:
23516:
23425:
23242:
23225:
23200:
22825:
22795:
22736:
22559:
21920:
21829:
21416:
21357:
21229:
21110:
21090:
21085:
21080:
21070:
20769:
20640:
20567:
20550:
20423:
20172:
20128:
19656:
19437:
18475:
18424:
18366:
18343:
18320:
18293:
18268:
18174:
18147:
18140:
17969:
17892:
17873:
17855:
17798:
17779:
17772:
17752:"Peak GDP (PPP) by the World Bank for Egypt, Algeria, Angola, Tanzania and Ghana"
17549:
17506:
17161:
17119:
17100:
16691:
16681:
16415:
16346:
15866:
15732:
15709:
15625:
15606:
15584:
15322:
14990:
14652:
14625:
14417:
14144:
14118:
14036:
14016:
13957:
13918:
13757:
13734:
13708:
Delts-Man in Yebu: Occasional Volume of the Egyptologists' Electronic Forum No. 1
13438:
Stieglitz, Robert R. (1984). "Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East".
13339:
12530:
12518:
11850:
9304:
9258:
8728:
8152:
8005:
7881:
7837:
7813:
7727:
7696:
7674:
7469:
7114:
7028:
6907:
6594:
6312:
6308:
6288:
6269:
6233:
6229:
5276:
trade, and the Cold War, and frequent tribal and military conflict (ranging from
4878:
are complex in Africa due to the multiplicity of trans-boundary water resources (
4815:
4756:
4715:
4626:. Some sources even classify Africa as "the most vulnerable continent on Earth".
4500:
4496:
4384:
4201:
4103:
4079:
3890:
3820:
3783:
3724:
3619:
3563:
3412:
3345:
3309:
3286:
3178:
3168:
3080:
3001:
2989:
2765:
2678:
2582:
2530:
2346:
2310:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2213:
1978:
1852:
1775:
1751:
1716:, BP). Fossil remains of several species of early apelike humans thought to have
1503:
1413:
1312:
1243:
1159:
1071:
1059:
1015:
925:
is long, complex, and varied, and has often been under-appreciated by the global
319:
156:
22872:
20012:
18191:
17815:
15643:
7380:
describes modern and historical paintings, sculptures, installations, and other
4363:
Africa is the largest of the three great southward projections from the largest
3461:
of central, southern, and eastern Africa; heavily structured clan groups in the
1540:"south wind", which would be of Umbrian origin and mean originally "rainy wind".
1530:
24458:
24407:
24306:
24270:
24250:
24233:
24173:
23937:
23829:
23807:
23797:
23649:
23627:
23511:
23506:
23491:
23486:
23413:
23359:
23311:
23282:
23188:
23178:
22757:
22477:
22431:
21866:
21850:
21306:
21261:
21256:
21251:
20876:
20754:
20269:
20159:
18101:
16943:
16867:
16762:
16159:
13359:
12878:
12821:
11880:
11800:
11784:
11469:
9142:
9135:
9127:
8883:
8676:
8669:
8661:
8499:
8490:
8366:
8033:
7869:
7809:
7682:
7634:
7600:
7550:
7526:
7381:
7161:
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa, total (% of population ages 15–49), in 2011 (
7128:
7122:
6602:
6566:
represent the largest communities of European ancestry on the continent today.
6536:
6522:
6483:
6455:
6320:
6316:
6249:
6074:
6001:
5353:
5338:
4938:
4671:
4643:
4627:
4524:
4488:
4408:
4380:
4289:
from 2020 to 2022 killed an estimated 300,000–500,000 people, primarily due to
4041:
3957:
3953:
3912:
3871:
3836:
3662:
3646:
3638:
3604:
3555:
3547:
3524:
3493:
3486:
3462:
3455:
3416:
3290:
3164:
3160:
3123:
3120:
2856:
2789:
2714:
2562:
2546:
2517:
through conquering its unfortunately unknown neighbours, gaining a monopoly on
2403:
2378:
2236:
2010:
1959:
1856:
1713:
1472:
1428:
1290:
1263:
1151:
1115:
1099:
1091:
1063:
970:
950:
942:
899:
804:
788:
729:
646:
383:
379:
19711:"Definitions of Styles and Genres: Traditional and Contemporary African Music"
18230:
16892:
16730:
16705:
16340:
Malia Politzer, "China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration"
16128:
16011:
14429:
Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.
14359:
14334:
13880:
12613:
9164:الصحراء الغربية (aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah)/Taneẓroft Tutrimt/Sáhara Occidental
6952:
6462:
settled in North Africa as well. Significant Berber communities remain within
6078:
agricultural innovation as its new engine for regional trade and prosperity."
4317:
establishment of permanent, peaceful trade between neighboring countries (see
3380:, the Bantu continued southward, with eastern groups continuing to modern-day
1712:
and evidence of human occupation perhaps as early as seven million years ago (
24479:
24432:
24301:
24293:
24260:
23997:
23947:
23839:
23834:
23824:
23674:
23637:
23545:
23540:
23442:
23347:
22774:
22312:
22307:
22297:
22292:
22000:
21944:
21932:
21540:
21362:
21123:
20807:
20339:
20206:
20105:
19568:
19375:
18967:
17897:
17215:
15816:
14770:
13026:
12363:
12291:
12194:
11896:
11687:
11158:
11151:
11143:
10601:
8383:
7957:
7951:
7917:
7885:
7805:
7522:
7449:
7435:
7405:
7356:
7299:
7118:
6487:
6324:
6300:
6292:
6265:
6253:
6005:
5715:
5417:
5116:
4990:
4933:
4896:
4811:
4681:
4639:
4480:
4467:) and the adjacent oceanic crust to the west and south. It is bounded by the
4452:
4444:
4392:
3983:, and São Tomé and Príncipe) lasted from the 16th century to 1975, after the
3596:
3532:
3492:
By the ninth century AD, a string of dynastic states, including the earliest
3478:
3458:
3389:
3373:
3349:
3313:
3294:
3144:
2884:
2686:
2662:
2566:
2450:
came to be ruled by numerous smaller unknown kingdoms who experienced strong
2216:
into its golden age. Internal struggles, drought, famine, and invasions by a
2122:
2067:
2029:
1763:
1737:
1689:
1558:
1439:
1324:
1320:
1155:
1111:
1095:
1035:
1031:
968:
and their ancestors have been dated to around 7 million years ago, including
773:
721:
717:
516:
222:
20365:
20132:
19501:
17937:
16759:"World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive"
15486:
14087:
14072:
Jesse, Friederike (2010). "Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview".
13827:
13107:
12691:
12666:
7521:
West African cultures developed bronze casting for reliefs, like the famous
6225:
livebirths. In 2021, sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 29% of global births.
2917:
937:
one, with eyewitness accounts, hearsay, and reminiscences, and occasionally
195:
54 recognized states, 2 partially recognized states, 4 dependent territories
24336:
24275:
24255:
24245:
23955:
23927:
23682:
23420:
23354:
23323:
23272:
23144:
23073:
23010:
23000:
22877:
22830:
22564:
22539:
22350:
22345:
22067:
21650:
21640:
21444:
21148:
20764:
20281:
19552:
19544:
19509:
19242:
Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria
18975:
18359:
16950:
Boko, M. (2007). "Executive summary". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.).
16885:
16446:
15551:
14368:
13846:
13062:
Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism
12896:
12839:
12700:
11936:
11916:
11577:
11570:
11562:
11225:
10928:
10921:
10913:
10838:
10821:
10814:
10806:
10371:
9535:
8552:
8508:
8445:
8346:
8285:
8271:
8102:
8068:
7994:
Best results of African men's national football teams at the FIFA World Cup
7974:
7709:
7678:
7630:
7604:
7534:
7431:
7415:
7361:
7295:
6992:
6948:
6915:
as in a sizable portion of the Horn of Africa and West Africa, identify as
6556:
6552:
6507:
6503:
6328:
6307:
ethnic groups are the largest and most influential. In the central Sahara,
6304:
6284:
5789:
5491:
5291:
5066:
4764:
4520:
4484:
4396:
4152:
3933:
3924:
3736:
3497:
3409:
3278:
3076:
3061:
3005:
2942:
2864:
2843:
and its numerous successor polities in the Maghreb, namely the kingdoms of
2832:
2793:
2769:
2705:
network, all secured by one of the largest and most powerful navies in the
2558:
2510:
2475:
2407:
2342:
2330:
2322:
2165:
2130:
2118:
2043:
1884:
1746:
1705:
1395:
1368:
1332:
1271:
1219:
1211:
1167:
1083:
1039:
1022:, date to circa 233,000, 259,000, and 300,000 years ago, respectively, and
1019:
1006:
988:
982:
856:
725:
496:
20032:"Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent"
18894:"Africa and the French language are growing together in global importance"
16787:
Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change
16474:"Development prospects in Africa undermined by a severe economic downturn"
15793:"From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940"
15745:
13264:
is the arabized Latin name. (Most details from Decret & Fantar, 1981).
13130:
13003:"From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940"
12471:
Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change
7279:
attempted to "civilize" Africans by discouraging polygamy and witchcraft.
6331:, are found in the eastern parts of West Africa bordering Central Africa.
6287:
and Afro-Asiatic speaking groups are also found. The Niger–Congo-speaking
1422:
1347:
meaning "dust", but a 1981 hypothesis has asserted that it stems from the
24392:
24351:
24282:
23987:
23876:
23819:
23747:
23697:
23584:
23560:
23449:
23287:
23205:
23183:
23159:
23005:
22995:
22731:
22699:
22689:
21824:
21655:
21545:
21143:
21060:
20774:
20759:
19769:"Get to know the pioneers at the forefront of Nigeria's Afro Dance scene"
19010:
17613:
16737:
12992:
12755:
11940:
11744:
11204:
11197:
11189:
10945:
10417:
9979:
9972:
9964:
9396:
8356:
8278:
8140:
7913:
7905:
7829:
7704:
7686:
7612:
7503:
7477:
7473:
7443:
7427:
7377:
7370:
7333:
7291:
7102:
7052:
6614:
6555:. The country with the largest white African population is South Africa.
6245:
6087:
5659:
5357:
5082:
5002:
4891:
4847:
4802:
and affect humans and nearly all forms of life in Africa. Issues include
4740:
4675:
4646:. As a result, there will be negative consequences on people's lives and
4464:
4419:
4127:
4083:
3808:
3715:
Major slave trading regions of Africa between the 15th and 19th centuries
3682:
3666:
3559:
3542:
3513:
3482:
3470:
3337:
3325:
3250:
3057:
3017:
2922:
2912:
2578:
2550:
2538:
2521:
in the region. Aksum's rise had them rule over much of the regions from
2483:
2396:
2302:
2221:
2217:
2181:
2134:
2110:
2102:
2075:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
1990:
1985:
1955:
1904:
1819:
1514:
1175:
1087:
1067:
1011:
1000:
777:
737:
698:
566:
551:
315:
19800:"In the north-inner city, two dancers gear up for a new Afro dance camp"
17113:
Forests and deforestation in Africa – the wasting of an immense resource
17035:
16831:
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf
15132:
15116:
14599:"We have finally found the land of Punt, where pharaohs got their gifts"
14284:. The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 22 January 2010.
14095:
12962:
12562:. Internet Archive. Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press.
12512:
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf
9159:
7788:
Given the vastness of the African continent, its music is diverse, with
7464:
in the north) was dominant until the 20th century. African art includes
7411:
6935:, 45% of the population are Christians, 40% are Muslims, and 10% follow
4434:
3932:
Imperial rule by Europeans would continue until after the conclusion of
3727:
and sold as slaves in North Africa between the 16th and 19th centuries.
3148:
2573:, slowly followed. The end of the 5th century saw Aksum allied with the
803:. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of
23922:
23891:
23717:
23712:
23376:
23337:
23299:
23217:
23090:
22975:
22970:
22769:
22679:
22659:
22509:
22237:
22232:
21731:
21635:
21600:
21585:
21570:
21525:
21459:
20058:
19615:
19025:"World Population by continents and countries – Nations Online Project"
18671:"Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere"
18074:
17374:
16821:
16819:
16136:
16112:
16019:
15995:
15190:
15079:
13459:
12282:
12265:
11837:
11363:
11346:
11339:
11331:
11020:
11013:
11005:
10974:
10967:
10959:
10899:
10555:
9934:
9927:
9919:
9842:
9835:
9827:
9703:
9696:
9688:
9627:
9518:
9511:
9503:
8485:
8415:
8405:
8378:
8340:
8292:
8249:
8056:
8013:
7978:
7909:
7893:
7817:
7700:
7530:
7465:
7162:
7097:
peoples are considered the original inhabitants of this part of Africa.
6916:
6531:
6095:
6091:
5369:
5299:
5269:
5253:
4689:
4423:
4422:
off the east coast. The smallest nation on the continental mainland is
4415:
4376:
4372:
4355:
4286:
4181:
3771:
3763:
3740:
3711:
3622:
resulted in the fusion of the Arabs and Berbers, where the locals were
3600:
3592:
3579:
3571:
3501:
3451:
3405:
3381:
3112:
3092:
2993:
2824:
2820:
2781:
2753:
2738:
2710:
2702:
2443:
2419:
2383:
2189:
2024:
1935:
1900:
1823:
1468:
1360:
1187:
1127:
994:
946:
883:
868:
820:
733:
702:
634:
618:
561:
526:
22159:
21808:
19559:
18863:"A comprehensive list of all the English-speaking countries in Africa"
17311:. ABSA Stadium, Durban, South Africa: africa-union.org. Archived from
17245:
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs
17112:
16252:
16228:
15963:
13304:
12380:
10279:
9749:
9742:
9734:
8475:
7673:(1963, Arabic: الناصر صلاح الدين, Al Nasser Salah Ad-Din) directed by
6548:
1799:
1754:. These first modern humans left Africa and populated the rest of the
295:
24369:
24028:
24002:
23932:
23910:
23903:
23687:
23464:
23398:
23294:
23117:
23100:
22985:
22980:
22954:
22840:
22704:
22654:
22574:
22569:
22514:
22447:
22190:
21590:
19857:"Shadwell dancer Patience J on taking Afro-dance into the mainstream"
19278:
Gikandi, Simon (2000). "African literature and the colonial factor".
17205:
17179:"Types of Environmental Issues: Meaning, Pollution, Videos, Examples"
16835:
16071:
14752:
11920:
10842:
9905:
9674:
9610:
9603:
9595:
8746:
8470:
8017:
7571:
7515:
7419:
7401:
7345:
7254:
7157:
7137:
6621:
Alternative Estimates of African Population, 1–2018 AD (in thousands)
6526:
6491:
6439:
6237:
6028:
6024:
5352:, perform quite well on scales of mass support for democracy and the
4843:
4823:
4772:
4768:
4752:
4744:
4460:
4404:
4134:
4064:
4019:
4006:, but was not internationally recognized as an independent state (as
4003:
3867:
3732:
3634:
3539:. The bronzes have been dated from as far back as the ninth century.
3536:
3289:
rose circa 2nd century AD, and are most notable for constructing the
3254:
3100:
3084:
3029:
2816:
2797:
2757:
2694:
2522:
2306:
2298:
1963:
1562:
1295:
1259:
1207:
961:
954:
903:
887:
792:
694:
594:
546:
22037:
Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS / EEAC)
20098:
Steppin' on the Blues: the Visible Rhythms of African American Dance
19703:
19607:
19473:
19350:
17984:"India Will Be Most Populous Country Sooner Than Thought, U.N. Says"
17841:
China tightens grip on Africa with $ 4.4bn lifeline for Guinea junta
17366:
16816:
16408:
15071:
14331:
13481:
Hallikan, 'Abu-l-'Abbas Sams-al-din 'Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn (1842).
13451:
13280:
8137:, but the national team has never qualified for a major tournament.
4662:
4514:
4507:
4180:
between 1983 and 1985, killing up to 1.2 million people, which most
3654:
2161:
coordinated invasions deep into Egypt to reach its greatest extent.
1561:
and some other historians claim that the name of Africa came from a
906:. These entrenched environmental concerns are expected to worsen as
609:. Africa's population is the youngest among all the continents; the
23896:
23501:
23437:
23408:
23318:
23277:
23085:
23065:
22945:
22764:
22649:
22529:
22519:
22482:
22467:
22452:
22442:
22365:
22360:
21690:
21665:
21515:
21510:
21489:
21454:
21439:
20164:
A New Scramble For Africa?: Imperialism, Investment and Development
20050:
15533:
14217:
11924:
11594:
11271:
10846:
10792:
10683:
10676:
10668:
10654:
10637:
10630:
10622:
10463:
10262:
10255:
10247:
10163:
10156:
10148:
10025:
10018:
10010:
9951:
9581:
9379:
9372:
9364:
9287:
9280:
9272:
9067:
8595:
8465:
8455:
8435:
8244:
8224:
8200:
8195:
8175:
8148:
7864:, formed to varying degrees on African musical traditions, include
7845:
7825:
7801:
7626:
7615:. A common theme in traditional African architecture is the use of
7537:, as well as in terracotta or metal, from the 12th–14th centuries.
7060:
7036:
6984:
6944:
6771:
Shares of Africa and World Population, 1–2020 AD (% of world total)
6590:
6563:
6540:
6515:
6443:
6315:
groups are most significant. Chadic-speaking groups, including the
6273:
6020:
6016:
5933:
5837:
5539:
5281:
5078:
4900:
4733:
4400:
4387:
east of the Suez Canal is often considered part of Africa as well.
4364:
4148:
4060:
4007:
3992:
3904:
3844:
3767:
3650:
3623:
3401:
3317:
3282:
3258:
3173:
3140:
2965:
2937:
2860:
2801:
2785:
2745:
2722:
2654:
2635:
2598:
2569:
converted to Christianity and Aksum's population, who had followed
2495:
2451:
2439:
2423:
2201:
2197:
2117:
in 2200 BC. This shattered state would last until 2055 BC when the
1971:
1943:
1860:
1685:
1460:
1443:
1399:
1319:
river, and in its widest sense referring to all lands south of the
1247:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1079:
965:
864:
852:
642:
506:
491:
415:
410:
354:
20470:
19524:
17572:"Zambia's looming debt crisis is a warning for the rest of Africa"
17346:
17266:
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)
16744:, on 13 September 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the
16648:
6539:
remain an important minority in many African states, particularly
5149:
4890:). Around 75% of sub-Saharan Africa falls within 53 international
2607:
2090:, controlling territory as large as Egypt between the 1st and 4th
1888:
1234:. From the late 19th century to early 20th century, driven by the
23868:
23606:
23496:
23454:
23342:
23154:
23149:
23078:
22784:
22779:
22544:
22524:
22504:
22472:
22462:
22395:
22390:
22380:
22375:
21897:
21876:
21845:
21803:
21675:
21645:
21630:
21615:
21605:
21595:
21560:
21555:
21505:
21474:
21449:
21424:
19453:
18221:
Blench, Roger (2019). "The Linguistic Prehistory of the Sahara".
15929:"The ovamboland expedition of 1917: the deposing of King Mandume"
12644:"Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: 16 February 2005"
12112:"Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary, African Christianity, 2020"
11975:
11944:
11900:
11888:
11873:
11867:
11863:
11813:
11796:
11531:
11524:
11516:
11438:
11431:
11423:
11254:
11247:
11239:
11221:
11129:
10775:
10768:
10760:
10729:
10722:
10714:
10700:
10088:
9888:
9881:
9873:
9656:
9649:
9641:
9489:
9333:
9326:
9318:
9241:
9234:
9226:
9195:
9188:
9180:
9096:
9089:
9081:
9004:
8997:
8989:
8959:
8952:
8944:
8930:
8912:
8905:
8897:
8647:
8630:
8623:
8615:
8531:
8480:
8450:
8420:
8400:
8373:
8361:
8334:
8324:
8314:
8297:
8239:
8180:
8144:
8130:
8090:
7853:
7849:
7841:
7664:
7616:
7542:
7439:
7349:
7267:
7146:
7094:
7044:
6544:
6511:
6495:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6261:
6241:
6099:
6052:
6032:
5985:
5861:
5813:
5765:
5563:
5515:
5443:
5162:
5070:
5014:
4887:
4760:
4725:
4567:
4414:
Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is
4133:, which resulted in a famine that killed 1–2 million people. Two
3945:
3941:
3855:
3832:
3824:
3719:
3674:
3611:
3584:
3528:
3442:
3397:
3377:
3045:
3021:
2969:
2957:
2926:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2836:
2777:
2761:
2734:
2650:
2602:
2487:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2415:
2411:
2366:
2358:
2334:
2193:
2047:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1876:
1831:
1767:
1717:
1525:
Massey, in 1881, stated that Africa is derived from the Egyptian
1499:
1476:
1464:
1388:
1364:
1328:
1251:
1163:
953:, is widely accepted to be the place of origin of humans and the
860:
848:
836:
832:
824:
808:
784:
769:
765:
686:
678:
654:
622:
571:
541:
536:
521:
511:
435:
391:
359:
334:
291:
179:
18497:"Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820"
18469:
Naomi Schwarz, "Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce"
18223:
Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
17520:"Neo-Liberalism and the Economic and Political Future of Africa"
17260:
17061:
14960:. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51–59.
12663:
11640:
8083:. The number of African basketball players who drafted into the
4078:
Upon independence an overwhelming majority of Africans lived in
3897:" – military influence and economic dominance – to direct rule.
1311:
name used to refer to the inhabitants of what was then known as
582:
24374:
23478:
23432:
23139:
22815:
22584:
22282:
22277:
22217:
22117:
21700:
21685:
21680:
21620:
21575:
21535:
21429:
20414:
18044:"Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Sub-Saharan Africa"
17449:"World Bank Updates Poverty Estimates for the Developing World"
15951:
13642:
Kimbel, William H. and Yoel Rak and Donald C. Johanson. (2004)
12963:"Africa is most genetically diverse continent, DNA study shows"
11409:
11317:
11175:
11112:
11105:
11097:
11037:
10746:
10509:
10325:
10233:
10216:
10209:
10201:
10180:
10134:
10117:
10110:
10102:
10071:
10064:
10056:
10042:
9813:
9796:
9789:
9781:
9720:
9564:
9557:
9549:
9350:
9212:
8460:
8440:
8430:
8425:
8410:
8390:
8076:
8072:
7901:
7857:
7833:
7310:
7263:
7056:
6988:
6570:
6471:
6447:
6296:
6048:
6040:
6012:
5909:
5587:
5326:
5318:
5198:
5171:
4579:
4571:
4559:
4344:
4130:
3828:
3681:– had developed into walled towns engaging in trade, servicing
3670:
3520:
3469:; and autonomous city-states and kingdoms such as those of the
3385:
3357:
3353:
3298:
3270:
3266:
3096:
2953:
2930:
2896:
2868:
2643:
2362:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2150:
1911:
were also collected. Sorghum was first domesticated in Eastern
1908:
1892:
1872:
1842:
depicting a fertile Sahara and large populations discovered in
1807:
1782:
1709:
1671:
1434:
1384:
1372:
1203:
1195:
761:
690:
682:
674:
625:. Scholars have attributed this to different factors including
610:
531:
501:
464:
286:
20435:, digital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa
18613:
18168:
Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine
16684:
15409:"The Fate of Africa – A Survey of Fifty Years of Independence"
15297:"The Amazing Bantu Migration and the Fascinating Bantu People"
13799:
9401:ኢትዮጵያ (Ītyōṗṗyā)/Itiyoophiyaa/ኢትዮጵያ/Itoophiyaa/Itoobiya/ኢትዮጵያ
4618:
is an increasingly serious threat as Africa is among the most
3649:
and took control of the trans-Saharan trade. Sonni Ali seized
2677:. This caused its societies to develop contiguous to those of
2458:
in the 1st century BC. Along the Horn's coast there were many
799:, with a substantial portion and a number of countries in the
24225:
24120:
23664:
22962:
22946:
22589:
22194:
21871:
21660:
21610:
21565:
21550:
21530:
21520:
21494:
21434:
20455:
19594:
Mark, Peter (1999). "Is There Such a Thing as African Art?".
18141:
Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective
17264:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
16741:
14886:
14199:
13916:
11829:
11817:
11548:
11455:
11392:
11385:
11377:
11083:
11066:
11059:
11051:
10991:
10882:
10875:
10867:
10538:
10531:
10523:
9472:
9465:
9457:
9410:
9113:
9050:
9043:
9035:
9021:
8866:
8859:
8851:
8837:
8820:
8813:
8805:
8775:
8768:
8760:
8721:
8713:
8542:
The countries in this table are categorized according to the
8395:
8351:
8319:
8309:
8266:
8256:
8229:
8190:
8080:
8064:
8060:
7925:
7889:
7873:
7821:
7797:
7660:
7499:
7461:
7048:
7040:
7015:
6940:
6924:
6475:
6451:
6222:
6103:
6063:
5981:
5977:
5957:
5885:
5741:
5635:
5611:
5467:
5349:
5330:
5273:
5189:
5074:
4879:
4748:
4586:
in 1922 (58 °C (136 °F)), was discredited in 2013.
4583:
4575:
4165:
4111:
4087:
4068:
3949:
3848:
3840:
3751:
3678:
3642:
3509:
3392:
by the 4th century AD, displacing and absorbing the original
3360:
being its last stronghold by the 1st century AD, and forming
3219:
3025:
3013:
2973:
2949:
2871:, however largely coexisted. Further inland to the Byzantine
2742:
2730:
2685:
came to dominate the most lucrative trading locations in the
2491:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2209:
2087:
1994:
1912:
1896:
1883:
in Northern West Africa, people possibly ancestral to modern
1880:
1868:
1848:
1755:
1741:(c. 1.9 million–600,000 years BP) have been discovered.
1552:
1495:
1417:
1380:
1335:
for discussion. The name had usually been connected with the
1308:
1199:
957:
828:
816:
812:
757:
658:
602:
556:
486:
481:
460:
430:
387:
374:
310:
19662:
Hayward, Susan. "Third World Cinemas: African Continent" in
18805:
Beyond 'Khoisan': Historical relations in the Kalahari Basin
18728:. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project.
18619:
16990:
16072:
Aryeetey, Ernest; Harrigan, Jane; Machiko, Nissanke (2000).
15868:
The history and cultural life of the Mbunda speaking peoples
8169:
List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa
8129:
is the other African country to have played in a World Cup.
7340:
4407:, 51°27'52" E, the most easterly projection that neighbours
2796:, with the war only ending inconclusively when Mauretania's
23259:
22252:
22247:
21987:
21670:
21580:
21469:
20274:
The African Past: Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Times
20115:
Africa and the Victorians: The official mind of imperialism
19921:
19898:
19886:
18925:"How Many People Speak Portuguese, And Where Is It Spoken?"
16841:
16827:
Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability
16364:"GDP (Constant 2015 US$ ) – Sub-Saharan Africa | Data"
15975:
15619:
Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
13771:"15. Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean/Mediterranean Sea"
13579:
Unsere Ortsnamen im ABC erklärt nach Herkunft und Bedeutung
12508:
Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability
12368:
International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences
12163:"5 ways the world will look dramatically different in 2100"
11892:
11623:
11616:
11608:
11300:
11293:
11285:
10354:
10347:
10339:
9996:
8565:
8557:
8261:
8210:
8185:
7877:
7498:"groups of settled cultivators in the areas drained by the
7090:
7081:
languages form a group of three unrelated families and two
7032:
6979:
Writing systems of Africa § Indigenous writing systems
5989:
5295:
5207:
4883:
4685:
4563:
4185:
4161:
4107:
4010:) until 1980, when black nationalists gained power after a
3627:
3608:
3512:
declined in the eleventh century, but was succeeded by the
3365:
3274:
3262:
3132:
3128:
3116:
3037:
2997:
2899:; their composite tribes would later go onto shape much of
2670:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2354:
2341:; their brief rule ended when they were reconquered by the
1967:
1596:'to dry in the sun on hot sand' or 'to sprinkle with dust'.
1547:
in 1984 proposed: "The name Africa, derived from the Latin
1536:
Michèle Fruyt in 1976 proposed linking the Latin word with
1316:
1303:
670:
666:
662:
598:
17509:(Substantive session 28 June–23 July 2004), United Nations
15673:
Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa
14130:
13597:
13218:
Africa. From the name of an ancient tribe in Tunisia, the
12855:"Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa"
8059:
facilities, which have been built in cities as diverse as
7964:. These dances are closely connected with the traditional
7336:
figure, Nigeria (5th century BCE–5th century CE)
6283:, belonging mostly to its non-Bantu branches, though some
4743:
populations and diversity, with wild populations of large
2768:
would result in Carthage's total defeat in 146 BC and the
2015:
History of Africa § 4th millenium BC – 6th century AD
1416:
in 146 BC, which also included the coastal part of modern
1266:. Most present states in Africa emerged from a process of
22149:
Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC)
19280:
The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature
18565:"Five key findings from the 2022 UN Population Prospects"
16428:
Frankema, Ewout; Van Waijenburg, Marlous (October 2018).
15713:
14392:"Searching for the Origins of African Rice Domestication"
12443:"African Biodiversity Loss Raises Risk to Human Security"
8084:
7027:
languages consist of a group of several possibly related
5365:
5115:(OAU), which was established in 1963 and replaced by the
5049:
4371:, it is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the
4326:
3956:
took place across the continent, culminating in the 1960
3550:, which flourished in the eleventh to fifteenth centuries
2737:, which had assisted the Romans in the Second Punic War,
2086:
emerged around this time to become the dominant force in
1989:
metalworking began to become commonplace in West Africa.
20432:
20113:
Robinson, Ronald; Gallagher, John; Denny, Alice (1961).
19738:"Ghana Celebrates World Dance Day With Azonto Afrodance"
17522:. Globalpolitician.com. 19 December 2005. Archived from
17014:
13592:
Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de pays et de peuples
13234:
in Greater Kabylia (Algeria). A Berber tribe was called
12012:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
11980:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
7716:
cinemas, and between the cinemas of different countries.
6625:
Source: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).
3154:
896:
heavily affected by a wide range of environmental issues
791:. It is the only continent to stretch from the northern
764:, which are geologically part of the African continent.
21403:
19640:
African Fractals Modern Computing and Indigenous Design
19137:
19135:
17422:
17353:
Herbst, Jeffrey (1990). "War and the State in Africa".
16113:"The Organization of African Unity and African Borders"
15996:"The Organization of African Unity and African Borders"
13419:
Fruyt, M. (1976). "D'Africus ventus a Africa terrain".
7800:
traditions. African music includes the genres makwaya,
7514:
African art has had an important influence on European
7456:, is also different from that of most of Africa, where
7446:, although with many particular local characteristics.
7003:
A simplistic view of language families spoken in Africa
6959:. There is also a minority of people in Africa who are
6775:
Source: Maddison and others (University of Groningen).
3265:. Sao artifacts show that they were skilled workers in
1826:, Egypt, dating from around 1250 BC, seen in March 2008
1506:
25:4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya.
1262:
and caused the irreversible transformation of Africa's
593:
is the world's second-largest and second-most populous
74:
30,370,000 km (11,730,000 sq mi) (
22032:
Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN / SAD)
22027:
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
20466:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 320–358.
20112:
19674:
19672:
17773:
Africa: Developed Countries' Leverage On the Continent
17282:"Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA)"
16670:
16668:
16666:
16427:
16149:
tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2019.1613980
15969:
14252:"Earliest Evidence of Domesticated Sorghum Discovered"
13603:
12723:
bones ever found shake foundations of the human story"
11322:
Mali/Maali/مالي (Mālī)/𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Maali)/ߡߊߟߌ (Mali)
10514:
Guinea Ecuatorial/Guinée Équatoriale/Guiné Equatorial
7309:
As of March 2023, 98 African properties are listed by
5256:), the result of a variety of causes that may include
2247:
in 663 BC in reprisal for their expansion towards the
1529:, meaning "to turn toward the opening of the Ka." The
746:
cities and islands that are part of non-African states
17886:"Africa Can Feed Itself in a Generation, Experts Say"
16900:"More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says"
16075:
Economic Reforms in Ghana: The Miracle and the Mirage
14839:
Warmington, Brian (1981). "The Carthaginian Period".
14811:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 17.
6569:
European colonization also brought sizable groups of
6011:
The continent is believed to hold 90% of the world's
4558:
on its highest peaks. Its northern half is primarily
3588:
was one of the non-Yoruba domains under Oyo control.
1966:(African groundnuts), were domesticated, followed by
22144:
Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
19874:
19831:"Think Global; Act Local: The All-Star Afro Dancers"
19404:
19314:
African Music, Power, and Being in Colonial Zimbabwe
19195:
19193:
19132:
16310:"Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study"
15467:
Islamic And Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages
15348:
15191:"Botswana History Page 1: Brief History of Botswana"
14854:
14852:
14654:
The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World
14581:
Riad, Henry (1981). "Egypt in the Hellenistic era".
14389:
14186:
The civilizations of Africa : a history to 1800
12852:
12264:
Collier, Paul; Gunning, Jan Willem (1 August 1999).
12199:"African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society"
11677:
6613:
have also developed in the larger coastal cities of
4566:, while its central and southern areas contain both
4395:
in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point,
3907:, and decided to keep their colonial borders in the
3633:
Following the breakup of Mali, a local leader named
3083:, growing wealthy following the introduction of the
2972:
for tools and weapons. Extensive east-west belts of
2004:
19918:"Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas"
19669:
18107:
World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results
17300:
17131:
16663:
16526:. National Geographic Society. 2003. Archived from
15243:
Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges
14903:
14901:
14729:"The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes"
14053:
Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
13577:Modified from Wilhelm Sturmfels and Heinz Bischof:
3419:, making them one of the oldest cultures on Earth.
3257:in territory that later became part of present-day
1918:People around modern-day Mauritania started making
1258:and the suppression of communal autonomy disrupted
1074:. A complex historical patchwork of civilisations,
945:and preserved orally. Truth is generally viewed as
621:and second-least wealthy by total wealth, ahead of
22118:Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
18437:
16409:"Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa"
16395:Journal of Development and Administrative Studies.
15670:
14834:
14832:
14830:
14828:
14531:"Tomb Reveals Ancient Egypt's Humiliating Secrets"
13083:
13081:
9910:𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖 (Soomaaliya) /الصومال (aṣ-Ṣūmāl)
5980:, the article suggests pessimistic tendencies for
4842:and are connected to broader social struggles for
4246: Major Wars/Conflict (>100,000 casualties)
3008:social structure. Other civilisations include the
1867:screw-horned goat that was common from Algeria to
847:. In the other extreme of the continent, southern
22102:Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
19190:
19093:
16694:, University of Pennsylvania. Accessed June 2011.
16553:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Index)
16280:"Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?"
15014:
15012:
14849:
13604:Herrera, Rene J.; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph (2018).
13278:
13127:Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch
12659:
12657:
12531:"One of Africa's best kept secrets – its history"
12235:. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
10330:Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka/République centrafricaine
7392:. The definition may also include the art of the
6142:Proportion of total African population by country
4870:Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa
4391:(20,000 mi). From the most northerly point,
2529:, and they further conquered parts of the ailing
2391:in the 6th century AD, including the present-day
2263:in 525 BC. Egypt regained independence under the
2239:. The Kushites ruled for a century and oversaw a
2231:Egypt's collapse liberated the more Egyptianised
1426:can sometimes be used to denote a land (e.g., in
886:; it is the continent with the largest number of
24477:
22128:West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA)
20343:The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief
19439:Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context
19101:"UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012"
18526:
18524:
17548:. Turkish Weekly. 29 August 2008. Archived from
17210:. UN Research Institute for Social Development.
17069:"Global warming: severe consequences for Africa"
16783:
15797:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
15668:
14958:Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context
14898:
14809:Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity
14452:
14450:
14448:
14446:
14444:
14315:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 22–23.
13007:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
12227:
12010:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)").
8151:both have appeared on multiple occasions at the
8143:is popular in several southern African nations.
8109:is the leading non-test team and previously had
4771:. In addition, Africa has the largest number of
4535:to distinguish it from the continent as a whole.
3052:from the 3rd century BC. There is also detailed
2689:. Phoenician settlements subsequently grew into
1729:to approximately 3.9–3.0 million years BP,
1518:XIV.5.2. suggests "Africa" comes from the Latin
1341:
19530:
19378:: "Africa, Art, and History: An Introduction",
18620:ANTHONY CILLUFFO; NEIL G. RUIZ (17 June 2019).
18014:"What to do about Africa's dangerous baby boom"
16710:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
16502:Drysdale, Alasdair and Gerald H. Blake. (1985)
14825:
14696:The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India
13807:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
13078:
12789:
12787:
12750:
12748:
12467:
11919:is the judicial capital of South Africa, while
7753:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
6486:, some Ethiopian and Eritrean groups (like the
5024:The African Union, not to be confused with the
5019:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
4798:are problems caused by the direct and indirect
3928:European colonial presence in Africa as of 1939
2697:in the 6th century BC, and they would build an
1058:during the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, while the
586:The size of Africa compared to other continents
21949:
20334:The George School Readings on Developing Lands
20158:
19596:Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University
18783:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 326–381
18702:, Central Intelligence Agency, 11 April 2024,
17276:
17274:
17239:
17237:
17235:
17233:
17231:
17229:
17227:
17225:
17155:"Nature laid waste: The destruction of Africa"
16923:
16388:
16229:"The Consequences of Resettlement in Ethiopia"
15022:Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African history
15009:
14858:
14307:
14305:
14303:
13955:
13053:
12654:
12602:"Introduction: African Philosophy in Our Time"
12263:
12259:
12257:
7125:). In numerous countries, English and French (
6895:A map showing religious distribution in Africa
6167: Democratic Republic of the Congo (6.57%)
5971:Tausch's global value comparison based on the
4923:List of political parties in Africa by country
3531:. The Nri kingdom is famous for its elaborate
2313:in the 3rd century BC. In the 1st century BC,
1402:became the capital of the province then named
22931:
22175:
22053:Southern African Development Community (SADC)
21973:
21389:
20486:
19206:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 95.
18597:. United States Census Bureau. 11 July 2018.
18521:
18104:. Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
17876:. Ilmas Futehally. Strategic Foresight Group.
17140:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
16389:Onyishi, Augustine; Solomon, Ogbonna (2019).
15381:
15266:
14932:
14685:", January 17, 2003 (archive.org mirror copy)
14441:
14178:
14176:
12305:Alemazung, Joy Asongazoh (1 September 2010).
11999:
11997:
11507:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
2297:lost their holdings outside of Africa to the
2255:that later gained independence and once more
2176:. Using the advanced military technology the
1640:List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history
1282:often used in governance to varying degrees.
1254:were independent polities. European rule had
21775:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
20289:Gordon, April A.; Gordon, Donald L. (1996).
20288:
20170:
20073:
19904:
19892:
19854:
19666:(Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 426-442
18490:
18488:
18486:
18484:
17746:
17744:
17742:
17740:
17738:
17659:"World Economic Outlook Database April 2024"
17451:. World Bank. 26 August 2008. Archived from
17410:The Politics of Africa's Economic Stagnation
17340:African Union, Peace and Security Department
17306:
16736:(The 136 °F (57.8 °C), claimed by
16704:El Fadli, KI; et al. (September 2012).
16039:. Editions Jean-paul Gisserot. p. 118.
16032:
15375:
15355:Anton, Donald K.; Shelton, Dinah L. (2011).
15354:
15053:
14892:
13920:World History: Journeys from Past to Present
13607:Ancestral DNA, Human Origins, and Migrations
13120:
13064:(1st ed.). Princeton University Press.
12784:
12745:
12582:
11485:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
9448:Terres australes et antarctiques françaises
6134:List of African countries by life expectancy
4345:Geology, geography, ecology, and environment
4151:conflicts between the United States and the
3688:
3312:constituted a major series of migrations of
2001:networks had been established by this date.
1788:
914:has identified Africa as the continent most
898:, including desertification, deforestation,
262:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
20139:
20029:
19735:
19584:, April 2008. Retrieved on 31 January 2013.
19479:
19238:
19126:The Oxford Encyclopedia of The Modern World
19061:
19052:
18953:
18891:
18726:"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century"
18385:. Cambridge University Press. p. 394.
17271:
17222:
16226:
15981:
15957:
15864:
15746:"The West African Squadron and slave trade"
15361:. Cambridge University Press. p. 640.
14721:
14711:(New York University Press, 2013), pp. 44.
14657:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 131.
14457:Abu Bakr, Abdel (1981). "Pharoanic Egypt".
14300:
13688:, Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa
13509:
13152:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879).
12793:
12712:
12710:
12600:Wiredu, Kwasi (2005), Wiredu, Kwasi (ed.),
12254:
11803:; population and area figures are for 2001.
9263:Komori/Comores/جزر القمر (Juzur al-Qumur)
8087:has experienced major growth in the 2010s.
6279:The peoples of West Africa primarily speak
4834:(resulting in problems with access to safe
4657:
4367:of the Earth. Separated from Europe by the
4196:resulted in up to 800,000 deaths, added to
4114:in Rwanda during German and Belgian rule).
3998:from the United Kingdom in 1965, under the
3739:legislation in Europe and America, and the
3489:coastal trading towns of Southeast Africa.
2267:in 404 BC but they were reconquered by the
2157:, invaded and conquered Lower Egypt, while
1795:Cradle of civilization § Ancient Egypt
1592:'dried, dried up by the sun, withered' and
941:, dreams, and hallucinations, crafted into
22938:
22924:
22182:
22168:
21980:
21966:
21396:
21382:
20493:
20479:
19461:The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology
19200:Fraser, Douglas; Cole, Herbert M. (2004).
19199:
19048:
19046:
18922:
16697:
16335:
16333:
16331:
15019:Gestrich, Nikolas (2019). "Ghana Empire".
14838:
14173:
13859:
13274:
13272:
13151:
13129:(in German) (8th ed.). Archived from
13087:
12441:Studies, the Africa Center for Strategic.
11994:
11903:claims the entirety of the country as its
11895:is recognized as a sovereign state by the
9026:المغرب (al-maḡrib)/ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (lmeɣrib)/Maroc
8158:
8121:). The three countries jointly hosted the
5344:In a recently published analysis based on
5135:List of African countries by GDP (nominal)
5106:Military history of Africa § Post-colonial
4126:, fought between government forces and an
3422:
3087:to the western Sahel, revolutionising the
57:
47:
20415:African & Middle Eastern Reading Room
20388:web resources provided by GovPubs at the
20314:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
19797:
19310:
18801:
18640:
18481:
17981:
17735:
17651:
17395:The Economist, March 28th 2020, page 7, "
17094:Deforestation reaches worrying level – UN
16875:
16729:
16626:
16445:
16430:"Africa rising? A historical perspective"
15558:
15541:
15358:Environmental Protection and Human Rights
15314:
15235:
15233:
15145:
14806:
14760:
14358:
14102:
13836:
13826:
13437:
13418:
13390:"Nile Genesis: the opus of Gerald Massey"
12886:
12829:
12690:
12379:
12304:
12281:
9725:Moçambique/Mozambiki/Msumbiji/Muzambhiki
9309:Yibuuti/جيبوتي (Jībūtī)/Djibouti/Jabuuti
7777:Learn how and when to remove this message
7595:is exceptionally diverse. Throughout the
6081:
5248:, Africa remains the world's poorest and
5009:(OAU). In July 2004, the African Union's
4775:species, as it was least affected by the
3919:
3293:. Further east, the northern part of the
3067:Towards the end of the 3rd century AD, a
2883:, a broad grouping of three groupings of
1256:significant impacts on Africa's societies
1218:was historically widespread and internal
912:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
890:species, as it was least affected by the
768:is Africa's largest country by area, and
20390:University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
20328:Moore, Clark D., and Ann Dunbar (1968).
20268:
19165:
18724:Center, Pew Research (8 November 2017).
18494:
17425:. United Nations Development Programme.
17015:European Investment Bank (6 July 2022).
16949:
16703:
16675:"Africa: Environmental Atlas, 06/17/08."
15891:
15406:
15114:
15054:Conrad, David; Fisher, Humphrey (1983).
15018:
14473:
14456:
13917:Goucher, Candice; Walton, Linda (2013).
13581:, Bonn, 1961, Ferdinand Dümmlers Verlag.
13480:
13195:
12707:
11970:
11968:
7997:
7989:
7654:
7570:
7355:
7339:
7328:
7298:, led by a group of scholars, including
7253:
7156:
6998:
6983:By most estimates, well over a thousand
6890:
6525:movements of the post-World War II era,
6333:
5231:
5148:
4937:
4800:human impacts on the natural environment
4719:
4661:
4602:
4433:
4354:
3923:
3710:
3541:
3432:
3172:
2936:
2916:
2709:. Carthage would meet its demise in the
2617:
2606:
2577:, who viewed themselves as defenders of
2382:
2023:
1813:
1798:
1670:
1289:
617:, Africa is the least wealthy continent
581:
52:
22189:
21988:Regional economic communities in Africa
20311:The African experience: an introduction
20307:
20249:
19946:
19766:
19678:
19317:. Indiana University Press. p. 8.
19277:
19128:. Oxford University Press. p. 556.
19123:
19043:
18892:Stein-Smith, Kathleen (17 March 2022).
18860:
18287:Migration and development co-operation.
16328:
15926:
15837:
15791:Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019).
15386:(7th ed.). London: Laurence King.
14644:
14478:. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History.
14432:
14423:
14420:Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1995
14065:
13994:
13644:The Skull of Australopithecus Afarensis
13269:
13059:
13001:Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (4 May 2019).
12846:
12794:Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019).
12576:
12555:
12445:. Africa Center for Strategic Studies.
12160:
12135:
12133:
8133:in northern Africa has also hosted the
7105:, nearly all African countries adopted
6130:List of African countries by population
6102:as well as their neighbouring country,
4782:
4777:extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna
4455:, also known as the Nubian Plate, is a
4188:government, further exacerbated by the
4025:
3437:The intricate 9th century bronzes from
2224:'s collapse in 1069 BC, commencing the
1735:(c. 2.3–1.4 million years BP) and
1475:and making the isthmus of Suez and the
892:extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna
14:
24478:
20205:
20095:
20001:
19949:"Basketball's next frontier is Africa"
19880:
19637:
19459:Mitchell, Peter and Lane, Paul (2013)
18988:
18723:
18668:
18559:
18557:
18430:
18382:Pidgins and Creoles: References survey
18220:
18024:from the original on 25 September 2018
17600:
17582:from the original on 18 September 2018
17352:
16578:
16547:
16545:
16277:
16186:The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa
16110:
15993:
15677:. Cambridge University Press. p.
15516:Nebel, A; et al. (1 April 2010).
15267:Hudgens, Jim; Trillo, Richard (1999).
15230:
15031:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.396
14955:
14914:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
13559:from the original on 24 September 2019
13530:from the original on 24 September 2019
13491:from the original on 24 September 2019
13250:an African people who lived in caves.
12754:
12716:
12599:
12209:from the original on 20 September 2013
12175:from the original on 26 September 2017
8048:, while lower-ranked clubs compete in
6043:, a mineral used in the production of
5139:List of African countries by GDP (PPP)
5046:Protocol of the Pan-African Parliament
4906:Southern African Development Community
3574:, where its obas or kings, called the
2032:, showing its major cities and sites,
1667:Recent African origin of modern humans
933:, the historical process is largely a
839:, which in turn are located above the
22919:
22163:
22058:Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
21961:
21948:
21377:
20474:
20293:. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
20227:
20009:"IDB: Countries Ranked by Population"
19828:
19748:from the original on 25 February 2021
19736:Klah Mensah, Robert (24 April 2019).
19245:. Duke University Press. p. 63.
19178:from the original on 22 December 2015
19057:. Oxford University Press. p. 8.
18904:from the original on 2 September 2023
18873:from the original on 2 September 2023
18861:Oluwole, Victor (12 September 2021).
18595:"World Population Day: July 11, 2018"
18542:from the original on 2 September 2020
18509:from the original on 12 February 2021
18399:from the original on 5 September 2015
17944:from the original on 17 February 2015
17723:from the original on 12 December 2023
17639:from the original on 11 February 2020
17412:, Cambridge University Press. passim
15726:Jo Loosemore, Sailing against slavery
15703:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"
15515:
15239:
15092:
14988:
14650:
14623:
14617:
14553:
14507:
14411:Martin and O'Meara, "Africa, 3rd Ed."
14390:Shawn Sabrina Murray (January 2004).
14182:
14137:Plants and People in the African Past
14071:
13976:from the original on 28 February 2017
13898:from the original on 22 February 2012
13548:
13311:from the original on 30 December 2020
13226:). The name is still extant today as
12772:from the original on 31 December 2019
12396:from the original on 17 November 2021
12361:
12343:from the original on 27 November 2021
12242:from the original on 10 November 2013
12193:
12088:. International Monetary Fund. 2022.
12066:from the original on 25 February 2017
12062:. International Monetary Fund. 2022.
12036:. International Monetary Fund. 2022.
11965:
11927:is the country's administrative seat.
9956:Soomaaliland/صوماليلاند (Ṣūmālīlānd)
8584:
8576:
8569:
7525:, to decorate palaces and for highly
7369:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
5088:
5030:Constitutive Act of the African Union
3795:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
3368:. These migrations also prefaced the
3155:Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa
2549:to consider Aksum as one of the four
1603:in the sense of 'colony, separation'.
1456:, also preserved a form of the name.
1260:traditional local customary practices
1082:in their respective regions, such as
871:and Madagascar are located below the
754:states with limited or no recognition
22081:Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA)
20355:
20166:. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
19959:from the original on 16 January 2021
19855:Moss-McNeill, Greg (22 March 2022).
19779:from the original on 3 February 2023
19691:from the original on 28 October 2021
19593:
19410:
19391:
19353:. UNESCO World Heritage Convention.
18842:from the original on 25 January 2017
18812:from the original on 24 October 2023
18669:Onishi, Normitsu (1 November 2001).
18662:
18418:South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups.
18378:
18284:Raimondo Cagiano De Azevedo (1994).
18202:from the original on 12 January 2018
17994:from the original on 1 December 2020
17963:Past and future population of Africa
17822:from the original on 2 December 2010
17288:from the original on 19 January 2022
17018:EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021
16988:
16290:from the original on 18 October 2017
16278:Rayner, Gordon (27 September 2011).
16245:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098187
15970:Robinson, Gallagher & Denny 1961
15790:
15469:. Brill Academic Publishers, p. 37.
15447:from the original on 4 December 2008
15407:Meredith, Martin (20 January 2006).
15382:Honour, Hugh; Fleming, John (2005).
15320:
15095:"The Origins of the Empire of Ghana"
14907:
14580:
14547:
14262:from the original on 9 February 2023
13959:The Sahara: Past, Present and Future
13781:from the original on 26 January 2021
13706:Eyma, A.K. and C.J. Bennett. (2003)
13594:, Paris, 1971, Éditions Klincksieck.
13370:from the original on 29 January 2009
13342:, Peeters Publishers, 2004, p. 200.
13297:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093193
13285:Journal of the Royal African Society
13196:Desfayes, Michel (25 January 2011).
13164:from the original on 16 January 2016
13000:
12969:from the original on 24 October 2021
12943:from the original on 24 October 2021
12917:from the original on 24 October 2021
12733:from the original on 31 October 2019
12608:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–27,
12362:Bayeh, Endalcachew (February 2015).
12130:
12092:from the original on 11 January 2020
12040:from the original on 22 January 2021
8751:Pelagie/Isole Pelagie/Ìsuli Pilaggî
8093:is popular in some African nations.
7733:
6352:
4240:Africa's wars and conflicts, 1980–96
3948:won their independence from France.
2839:would regain self-governance in the
2815:as provinces of their empire, while
2454:, until the growth and expansion of
2245:driven out of Egypt by the Assyrians
2058:in northeast Africa. Around 3100 BC
2050:) coalesced to form the kingdoms of
1222:were used to fuel various exporting
742:54 fully recognised sovereign states
732:to the west. The continent includes
114:$ 8.05 trillion (2022 est; 4th)
22006:Organization of African Unity (OAU)
20500:
19928:from the original on 7 January 2021
19463:. Oxford University Press. p. 375.
19031:from the original on 5 January 2014
18706:from the original on 4 January 2021
18554:
17203:
16542:
15149:General History of Africa: Volume 2
15121:Canadian Journal of African Studies
14862:General History of Africa: Volume 2
14842:General History of Africa: Volume 2
14584:General History of Africa: Volume 2
14476:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
14460:General History of Africa: Volume 2
14288:from the original on 14 August 2020
12586:General History of Africa: Volume 1
12440:
6051:is the world's largest exporter of
4379:), 163 km (101 mi) wide.
4224:An animated map shows the order of
3004:in West Africa, with a four tiered
2592:
2434:beginning in 980 BC. In modern-day
2259:, until they were conquered by the
2125:, conquered the others to form the
2019:
1922:and built stone settlements (e.g.,
712:The continent is surrounded by the
24:
20192:
20081:. NY: Cambridge University Press.
20011:. 28 November 1999. Archived from
19979:"RWC 2023 Spotlight: South Africa"
19767:Kawalik, Tracy (23 January 2023).
19576:"African Influences in Modern Art"
19442:, Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag,
19394:"African Christianity in Ethiopia"
19392:Ross, Emma George (October 2002).
19357:from the original on 30 March 2023
19081:from the original on 27 March 2014
18956:African Journal of Health Sciences
18732:from the original on 17 April 2024
18648:"African Religion on the Internet"
18448:. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 1989.
17816:"DR Congo poll crucial for Africa"
17429:from the original on 16 March 2018
16588:, Kingfisher Publications. p. 11.
16316:from the original on 14 April 2011
16166:from the original on 19 April 2019
15578:Historical survey: Slave societies
15522:American Journal of Human Genetics
15443:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
15127:(2). Taylor and Francis: 347–373.
14400:(78) – via researchgate.net.
14333:François; Vigouroux, Yves (2018).
13690:, University of California Press.
13624:from the original on 30 March 2021
13610:. Elsevier Science. pp. 61–.
13360:"Africa African Africanus Africus"
12997:Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
12418:. Visual Geography. Archived from
12197:, Njideka U. (11 September 2013).
11749:Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
8024:Fifty-four African countries have
7581:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
7509:African art in Western collections
5260:that have often committed serious
5095:The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885
4859:
4550:The climate of Africa ranges from
3996:unilaterally declared independence
3862:retaining sovereignty, along with
2515:trade route between Rome and India
2333:freed the Levantine city state of
2279:in 332 BC marked the beginning of
2218:confederation of seafaring peoples
2145:fractured in two, ushering in the
1895:, around 8000 to 6000 BCE. Later,
1214:in Southern Africa. Within Africa
25:
24502:
22123:West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ)
21139:Confederation of African Football
20374:
20291:Understanding Contemporary Africa
19947:Nxumalo, Lee (20 December 2020).
19829:Cyusa, Alexandre (26 July 2023).
19331:from the original on 11 June 2020
19259:from the original on 11 June 2020
19220:from the original on 11 June 2020
18935:from the original on 11 July 2020
18802:Güldemann, Tom (29 August 2014).
18776:
18628:from the original on 22 July 2019
18601:from the original on 18 July 2019
18575:from the original on 16 June 2023
18120:from the original on 19 July 2022
18082:from the original on 11 June 2023
17914:. 14 October 2012. Archived from
17782:". AllAfrica.com. 7 February 2008
17333:
17132:World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001).
16746:World Meteorological Organization
16092:from the original on 11 June 2020
16078:. Africa World Press. p. 5.
16053:from the original on 11 June 2020
15908:from the original on 7 March 2024
15752:from the original on 10 June 2010
15650:from the original on 28 July 2011
15497:from the original on 23 June 2011
15301:south-africa-tours-and-travel.com
14791:
14474:Anderson, J. R. (2012). "Kerma".
13937:from the original on 11 June 2020
13396:. 29 October 1907. Archived from
13184:NEPAD and the African Renaissance
13121:Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918).
13092:(2nd ed.). London: Longman.
13041:from the original on 7 April 2022
12606:A Companion to African Philosophy
12537:from the original on 29 July 2021
12449:from the original on 12 July 2023
11976:"World Population Prospects 2022"
10468:République démocratique du Congo
8030:Confederation of African Football
7484:of these and other regions. Many
7306:and other forms of spirituality.
6939:. A small number of Africans are
6923:constitute a sizable minority in
4854:
4589:
4527:from the African Plate along the
4411:, the tip of the Horn of Africa.
2372:
2357:caused their disintegration into
2321:, leading to its conquest by the
2212:into the empire, and sending the
2005:4th millenium BC – 6th century AD
1891:cultures started to collect wild
1494:) asserted that it was named for
1486:The 1st-century Jewish historian
1371:, a Berber tribe originally from
1010:(modern human) remains, found in
249:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
98:46.1/km (119.4/sq mi) (2021)
24446:
24445:
23778:West South Central United States
22894:
22893:
22871:
22389:
22374:
22359:
22344:
22306:
22291:
22276:
22261:
22246:
22231:
22216:
22011:African Economic Community (AEC)
21926:
21915:
21914:
21722:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
21699:
21480:Democratic Republic of the Congo
20100:. University of Illinois Press.
19989:from the original on 2 June 2021
19971:
19940:
19910:
19848:
19822:
19810:from the original on 5 June 2023
19798:Malekmian, Shamim (3 May 2023).
19791:
19760:
19729:
19679:Collins, Professor John (2002).
19664:Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts
19631:
19622:
19587:
19430:
19385:
19369:
19343:
19304:
19271:
19232:
19159:
19117:
19017:
18982:
18947:
18916:
18885:
18854:
18824:
18795:
18770:
18744:
18717:
18688:
18587:
18462:
18411:
18372:
18353:
18330:
18307:
18278:
18255:
18214:
18184:
18161:
18132:
18094:
18062:
18050:from the original on 13 May 2020
18036:
18006:
17982:Gladstone, Rick (29 July 2015).
17975:
17956:
17930:
17904:
17879:
17860:
17834:
17808:
17785:
17765:
17709:
17691:
17673:
17594:
17564:
17538:
17512:
17493:
17467:
17441:
17415:
17402:
17389:
17327:
17259:
17197:
17171:
17148:
17125:
17106:
17087:
17008:
16917:
16777:
16751:
16620:
16598:
16565:
16516:
16504:The Middle East and North Africa
16496:
16484:from the original on 21 May 2022
16466:
16454:from the original on 21 May 2022
16421:
16401:
16382:
16370:from the original on 21 May 2022
16356:
16302:
16271:
16259:from the original on 20 May 2022
16220:
16199:
16178:
16152:
16143:
16104:
16065:
16026:
15987:
15920:
15901:. National Archives of Namibia.
15885:
15858:
15831:
15784:
15774:, Blackwell Publishing. p. 175.
15764:
15738:
15719:
15695:
15662:
15636:
15612:
15593:
15571:
15509:
15479:
15459:
15433:
15400:
15289:
15275:
15260:
15204:
15183:
15159:
15139:
15108:
15086:
15047:
14982:
14964:
14624:Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013).
14484:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15224
14232:from the original on 20 May 2022
14161:from the original on 20 May 2022
13710:, Universal Publishers. p. 210.
12270:Journal of Economic Perspectives
11930:
11910:
11885:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
11856:
11843:
11823:
11806:
11777:
11764:
11754:
11733:
11724:
11696:Index of Africa-related articles
11680:
11615:
11607:
11569:
11561:
11523:
11515:
11476:
11468:
11430:
11422:
11384:
11376:
11338:
11330:
11292:
11284:
11246:
11238:
11196:
11188:
11150:
11142:
11104:
11096:
11058:
11050:
11012:
11004:
10966:
10958:
10920:
10912:
10874:
10866:
10813:
10805:
10767:
10759:
10721:
10713:
10675:
10667:
10629:
10621:
10576:
10568:
10530:
10522:
10484:
10476:
10447:Democratic Republic of the Congo
10438:
10430:
10392:
10384:
10346:
10338:
10300:
10292:
10254:
10246:
10208:
10200:
10155:
10147:
10109:
10101:
10063:
10055:
10017:
10009:
9971:
9963:
9926:
9918:
9880:
9872:
9834:
9826:
9788:
9780:
9741:
9733:
9695:
9687:
9648:
9640:
9602:
9594:
9556:
9548:
9510:
9502:
9464:
9456:
9417:
9409:
9371:
9363:
9325:
9317:
9279:
9271:
9233:
9225:
9187:
9179:
9134:
9126:
9088:
9080:
9042:
9034:
8996:
8988:
8951:
8943:
8904:
8896:
8858:
8850:
8812:
8804:
8767:
8759:
8720:
8712:
8668:
8660:
8622:
8614:
8544:scheme for geographic subregions
8174:
7950:This section is an excerpt from
7738:
7726:This section is an excerpt from
7647:This section is an excerpt from
7563:This section is an excerpt from
7319:List Of World Heritage in Danger
6037:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5950:
5926:
5902:
5878:
5854:
5830:
5806:
5782:
5758:
5734:
5708:
5652:
5628:
5604:
5580:
5556:
5532:
5508:
5484:
5460:
5436:
5410:
5311:the population living in poverty
5104:This section is an excerpt from
5063:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4927:
4788:This section is an excerpt from
4595:This section is an excerpt from
4443:This section is an excerpt from
4429:
4264:
4233:
4217:
4096:marginalization of ethnic groups
3967:Portugal's overseas presence in
3938:Independence movements in Africa
3429:Medieval and early modern Africa
2693:after gaining independence from
2673:and not coping well in the open
2571:syncretic mixes of local beliefs
2553:of the 3rd century AD alongside
2466:and transported their cargo via
1446:, following its conquest of the
1078:followed. Many empires achieved
823:, and the entire territories of
423:
403:
367:
347:
327:
303:
279:
254:
241:
228:
216:
123:$ 2.96 trillion (2022 est;
23993:Latin America and the Caribbean
23859:Latin America and the Caribbean
22717:Possible future supercontinents
20336:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
20079:A History of Sub-Saharan Africa
19411:Kino, Carol (26 October 2012).
18923:Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine.
18262:"We Want Our Country" (3 of 10)
16930:UNEP – UN Environment Programme
16586:The Kingfisher A–Z Encyclopedia
15421:from the original on 2 May 2019
15117:"Reconceptualizing Early Ghana"
14974:. Benin Kingdom. Archived from
14949:
14869:
14800:
14785:
14701:
14688:
14683:Let's Look Across the Red Sea I
14671:
14591:
14574:
14523:
14501:
14467:
14404:
14383:
14325:
14311:O'Brien, Patrick K. ed. (2005)
14274:
14244:
14193:
14124:
14045:
14023:
13988:
13949:
13910:
13853:
13793:
13763:
13743:
13726:Wells, Spencer (December 2002)
13720:
13700:
13676:
13656:
13636:
13584:
13571:
13542:
13503:
13474:
13431:
13412:
13382:
13352:
13323:
13279:Babington Michell, Geo (1903).
13189:
13176:
13145:
13114:
12981:
12955:
12929:
12903:
12636:
12593:
12549:
12523:
12500:
12461:
12434:
12408:
12355:
12298:
12228:Janneh, Abdoulie (April 2012).
12221:
12161:Swanson, Ana (17 August 2015).
12118:from the original on 3 May 2021
11718:
8596:Name(s) in official language(s)
7603:have developed their own local
7557:
7145:in Africa. German is spoken in
6617:and East Africa, respectively.
6109:
4271:Political map of Africa in 2021
4226:independence of African nations
4210:costliest wars in human history
4160:, the Soviet and Cuban aligned
2545:. This led the Persian prophet
2414:, likely located in modern-day
1240:rapidly conquered and colonised
20171:Welsh-Asante, Kariamu (2009).
19581:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
19398:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
18754:. UNESCO. 2005. Archived from
17912:"An inside look at Kainji Dam"
17818:. BBC News. 16 November 2006.
17717:"Peak GDP (Nominal) for Libya"
16926:"Responding to climate change"
16555:, Merriam-Webster, pp. 10–11.
16506:, Oxford University Press US.
16227:Woldemeskel, Getachew (1989).
16160:"BBC: 1984 famine in Ethiopia"
15892:Williams, Frieda-Nela (1991).
15646:. BBC News. 3 September 2001.
15566:A History of Islamic Societies
15321:Fage, John (23 October 2013).
15269:The Rough Guide to West Africa
14762:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b
14739:(2127): 133–134. August 1910.
14539:. 29 July 2003. Archived from
14075:Journal of African Archaeology
13646:, Oxford University Press US.
13125:. In Georges, Heinrich (ed.).
12314:Journal of Pan African Studies
12266:"Why Has Africa Grown Slowly?"
12187:
12154:
12143:, Twenty-First Century Books.
12104:
12078:
12052:
12026:
8036:. Morocco made history at the
7936:, and have in turn influenced
6019:, 50% of its gold, 98% of its
5032:, which aims to transform the
4796:African environmental problems
4790:Environmental issues in Africa
4475:to the west (separated by the
4141:lasting from 1955 to 1972 and
3878:, which were later conquered.
3777:
3091:that linked their capital and
2906:
2829:Vandals conquered north Africa
1946:. Between 9,000 and 5,000 BC,
1930:). Fishing, using bone-tipped
1442:). The later Muslim region of
1408:, following its defeat of the
756:. This count does not include
653:and food resources, including
13:
1:
20795:
20235:. London: Thames and Hudson.
20030:Brantlinger, Patrick (1985).
19628:Honour & Fleming, 556–561
19288:10.1017/CHOL9780521832755.021
18991:Social Science & Medicine
17134:"Madagascar subhumid forests"
16924:United Nations, UNEP (2017).
15945:10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468
15933:Small Wars & Insurgencies
15809:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833
15487:"Mauritania – Arab Invasions"
15327:. Routledge. pp. 25–26.
15271:(3rd ed.). Rough Guides.
14794:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C
14560:. SBL Press. pp. 66–67.
14313:Oxford Atlas of World History
13516:. University of Texas Press.
13513:Science in the Medieval World
13254:was coined by the Romans and
13019:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833
12060:"GDP Nominal, current prices"
11958:
11923:is its legislative seat, and
8796:Ceuta/Sebta/سَبْتَة (Sabtah)
8652:الجزائر (al-Jazāʾir)/Algérie
8111:One-Day International cricket
7932:were founded on the music of
7324:
7221:Organization of African Unity
6577:, to British colonies. Large
6338:
6039:(DRC) has 70% of the world's
6000:, impairs the development of
5113:Organization of African Unity
5007:Organisation of African Unity
5001:. The union was formed, with
4325:1.63 trillion (constant 2015
3962:Organisation of African Unity
3960:and the establishment of the
3909:Organisation of African Unity
3191:
2752:, and various tribes such as
2657:were mostly cut off from the
2153:, a militaristic people from
2033:
1696:Africa is considered by most
1654:
1276:Organisation of African Unity
1246:, reaching a point when only
908:climate change impacts Africa
23460:Middle East and North Africa
23165:Middle East and North Africa
22495:Other prehistoric continents
22097:East African Community (EAC)
20308:Khapoya, Vincent B. (1998).
19642:. Rutgers University Press.
19413:"When Artifact 'Became' Art"
19003:10.1016/0037-7856(75)90171-7
18297:. Council of Europe, p. 25.
18138:Luc-Normand Tellier (2009).
17938:"Africa Population Dynamics"
17792:Africa, China's new frontier
17477:. World Bank. Archived from
17307:Mbeki, Thabo (9 July 2002).
17021:. European Investment Bank.
16351:Migration Information Source
16312:. Reuters. 22 January 2008.
15240:Fanso, Verkijika G. (1989).
15212:"5.2 Historischer Überblick"
15093:Abbou, Tahar (August 2020).
14926:10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4
14630:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 29–31.
14557:Sennacherib, King of Assyria
14282:"Katanda Bone Harpoon Point"
14145:10.1007/978-3-319-89839-1_22
14055:. New York: Norton, p. 167.
14017:10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010
13923:. Routledge. pp. 2–20.
13088:Hargreaves, John D. (1996).
12139:Sayre, April Pulley (1999),
9118:تونس (Tūnis)/Tunest/Tunisie
7609:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
7529:royal heads from around the
7458:Traditional African religion
7232:AIDS in post-colonial Africa
7225:African traditional medicine
6966:
6057:food security crisis of 2008
5145:Economy of the African Union
4943:Regions of the African Union
4730:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
3817:Second Industrial Revolution
2772:established the province of
2533:, led campaigns against the
2283:and the installation of the
2251:. The Assyrians installed a
1984:By the first millennium BC,
1720:into modern humans, such as
1285:
1280:traditional power structures
1236:Second Industrial Revolution
916:vulnerable to climate change
859:, the entire territories of
776:, which is headquartered in
135:$ 2,180 (Nominal; 2022 est;
7:
20867:International organisations
20410:National Geographic Society
20140:Shillington, Kevin (2005).
19239:Okeke-Agulu, Chika (2015).
19053:Appiah A, Gates HL (2010).
18478:, VOANews.com, 10 July 2007
17423:"Human Development Reports"
17138:WildWorld Ecoregion Profile
14183:Ehret, Christopher (2002).
13869:Journal of World Prehistory
13666:, Oxford University Press.
13555:. C.K. Paul & Company.
13510:al-Andalusi, Sa'id (2010).
13160:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
12717:Sample, Ian (7 June 2017).
11939:is the official capital of
11770:Continental regions as per
11673:
9426:French Southern Territories
7659:Cinematic street poster in
7321:includes 15 African sites.
6874:
6506:language family, while the
6498:) speak languages from the
6248:and East Africa, the mixed
5296:water supply and sanitation
5099:List of conflicts in Africa
5017:, in South Africa, but the
4916:
4836:water supply and sanitation
3811:of most of Africa by seven
3020:from 1500 BC in modern-day
3012:from 2500 BC in modern-day
3002:complexly organised society
2925:sculpture from present-day
2784:fought alongside Numidia's
2622:Romanised-Berber kingdoms:
2327:Crisis of the Third Century
2271:in 343 BC. The conquest of
2241:revival in pyramid building
1650:Cambridge History of Africa
236:French Southern Territories
10:
24507:
23753:Northeastern United States
21950:Articles related to Africa
21119:Africa Cricket Association
20925:Countries by GDP (nominal)
20424:Africa South of the Sahara
20330:Africa Yesterday and Today
20276:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
20196:
20162:; Melber, Henning (2009).
20077:; Burns, James M. (2007).
20023:
19533:Journal of Human Evolution
19380:A History of Art in Africa
19203:African Art and Leadership
18532:"Africa Population (LIVE)"
17408:Sandbrook, Richard (1985)
17103:. AfricaNews. 11 June 2008
16868:10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9
16162:. BBC News. 6 April 2000.
16117:International Organization
16000:International Organization
15644:"Focus on the slave trade"
15246:. Vol. 1. Macmillan.
14992:Kings, Magic, and Medicine
14893:Collins & Burns (2007)
14877:Journal of African History
14807:Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991).
13860:Derricourt, Robin (2005).
13440:The Biblical Archaeologist
12879:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8
12822:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w
11832:is generally considered a
11789:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
10858:
10613:
10192:
9171:
8695:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
8606:
8162:
7949:
7725:
7646:
7587:Like other aspects of the
7562:
7384:from native or indigenous
7368:
7272:UNESCO World Heritage Site
7247:
7243:
6976:
6970:
6884:
6878:
6583:Indian community in Uganda
6179: South Africa (4.47%)
6127:
6113:
5155:African Economic Community
5142:
5128:
5124:
5103:
5092:
5034:African Economic Community
4931:
4920:
4899:, for example, shows that
4863:
4838:). These issues result in
4787:
4713:
4698:
4594:
4543:
4539:
4463:of Africa (except for its
4459:that includes much of the
4442:
4348:
4046:Status of forces agreement
4035:
4029:
3794:
3787:
3781:
3692:
3562:('king' or 'ruler' in the
3426:
3158:
3036:from 250 BC in modern-day
2986:trans-Saharan trade routes
2910:
2748:and home of the legendary
2596:
2543:expanded into South Arabia
2513:into a major power on the
2460:ancient Somali city-states
2376:
2147:Second Intermediate Period
2101:oversaw the height of the
2008:
1792:
1723:Australopithecus afarensis
1702:oldest inhabited territory
1681:Australopithecus afarensis
1664:
1658:
1643:
1636:History of Southern Africa
1617:
1611:
1607:
1580:(feminine) 'Africa', from
977:Australopithecus africanus
894:. However, Africa also is
451:1250–3000 native languages
29:
24441:
24383:
24360:
24327:
24291:
24224:
24118:
24026:
24017:
23946:
23867:
23673:
23477:
23258:
23216:
23125:
23116:
23064:
23021:
22961:
22863:
22621:
22617:
22416:
22412:
22333:
22329:
22205:
22201:
22136:
22110:
22089:
22066:
22045:
22019:
21993:
21955:
21910:
21890:
21859:
21838:
21817:
21796:
21785:
21769:
21753:
21740:
21708:
21697:
21415:
21405:Countries and territories
21335:
21242:
21171:
21134:Australian-rules football
21109:
21051:
21042:
20994:
20987:
20915:
20906:
20803:
20794:
20725:Countries and territories
20720:
20711:
20671:
20628:
20521:
20512:
20250:Crowder, Michael (1978).
20117:(2 ed.). Macmillan.
19565:Honour & Fleming, 557
19311:Chikowero, Mhoze (2015).
19166:Freeborn, Odiboh (2005).
18495:Maddison (27 July 2016).
18231:10.1017/9781108634311.014
18146:24 September 2015 at the
17968:24 September 2015 at the
16731:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1
16407:Jenny Aker, Isaac Mbiti,
16129:10.1017/S0020818300013151
16012:10.1017/S0020818300013151
15927:Fokkens, Andries (2023).
15669:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000).
14694:Eric Herbert Warmington,
14360:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.066
13881:10.1007/s10963-006-9002-z
13686:General History of Africa
13060:Mamdani, Mahmood (1996).
12614:10.1002/9780470997154.ch1
12559:Oral tradition as history
12533:. BBC News. 1 July 2017.
12034:"GDP PPP, current prices"
11667:
11652:
9217:Uburundi/Burundi/Burundi
9072:Sudan/السودان (as-Sūdān)
8173:
8165:List of regions of Africa
8042:2010 World Cup tournament
7985:
7641:
7489:in Africa, dating to the
7260:Senegambian stone circles
7152:
6929:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6514:speak languages from the
6342:Map of Africa indicating
6120:Genetic history of Africa
5998:Index of Human Inequality
5244:Although it has abundant
5021:remained in Addis Ababa.
4666:The main biomes in Africa
4624:effects of climate change
4252: Minor Wars/Conflict
4164:and the American aligned
4102:. In pursuit of personal
3989:a military coup in Lisbon
3987:regime was overthrown in
3695:Trans-Saharan slave trade
3689:Height of the slave trade
3050:Senegambian stone circles
2895:, along with the nomadic
2713:against the expansionary
2226:Third Intermediate Period
2115:First Intermediate Period
1810:, Libya, in December 2004
1789:Emergence of civilization
1646:General History of Africa
1628:History of Central Africa
1576:, now usually pronounced
1448:Byzantine (Eastern Roman)
1383:, as well as the city of
867:and the southern tips of
728:to the southeast and the
470:
456:
446:
200:
190:
178:
143:
131:
119:
102:
94:
82:
70:
44:
24234:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
23238:Transantarctic Mountains
22904:Chronology of continents
22076:Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
21465:Central African Republic
20233:The Prehistory of Africa
18968:10.4314/ajhs.v11i1.30772
18474:24 December 2011 at the
18292:6 September 2015 at the
18113:. New York. p. 14.
15838:Hadaway, Stuart (2014).
15770:Simon, Julian L. (1995)
15624:23 February 2007 at the
15583:30 December 2007 at the
15465:Glick, Thomas F. (2005)
15115:McIntosh, Susan (2008).
14908:Holl, Augustine (1985).
14677:Pankhurst, Richard K.P.
13997:Quaternary Geochronology
13760:. bradshawfoundation.com
13549:Upton, Roger D. (1881).
13198:"The Names of Countries"
13090:Decolonization in Africa
12086:"Nominal GDP per capita"
11834:transcontinental country
11711:
10309:Central African Republic
9632:Mauritius/Maurice/Moris
9540:Madagasikara/Madagascar
7944:
7720:
7472:art, the Islamic art of
6573:, particularly from the
6518:branch of Afro-Asiatic.
6494:, collectively known as
6124:Child marriage in Africa
5994:Human Development Report
5240:(PPP) per capita in 2020
5038:African Union Government
4866:Water scarcity in Africa
4709:
4658:Ecology and biodiversity
4616:Climate change in Africa
4597:Climate change in Africa
4178:major famine in Ethiopia
4038:Decolonisation of Africa
3703:Indian Ocean slave trade
3641:in the region of middle
3637:(1464–1492) founded the
3485:in West Africa; and the
3297:was home to the elusive
3236:= 500–1 BC Congo nucleus
3222:nucleus of Eastern Bantu
3208:
3200:
3075:, the local name of the
2565:. In the 4th century AD
2462:that thrived off of the
2345:. In the midst of this,
1938:and wooded savanna from
1467:(85–165 CE), indicating
23983:Caribbean South America
21181:Countries by population
20894:United States of Africa
20463:Encyclopædia Britannica
20417:from the United States
20406:Africa: Human Geography
20400:Encyclopædia Britannica
20366:10.1126/science.aaa7864
20177:. Infobase Publishing.
20096:Malone, Jacqui (1996).
19681:"African Popular Music"
19502:10.1126/science.1211535
19436:Breunig, Peter (2014),
18867:Business Insider Africa
18624:. Pew Research Center.
18445:World Book Encyclopedia
18423:10 January 2021 at the
17891:17 October 2017 at the
17849:(subscription required)
17778:20 October 2012 at the
17505:18 January 2017 at the
17247:. Paris: UNESCO. 2016.
17160:17 October 2017 at the
17099:6 December 2008 at the
16345:29 January 2014 at the
16111:Touval, Saadia (1967).
15994:Touval, Saadia (1967).
15731:3 November 2008 at the
15631:Encyclopædia Britannica
15605:6 December 2007 at the
15589:Encyclopædia Britannica
15564:Lapidus, Ira M. (1988)
14554:Elayi, Josette (2018).
14508:Buzon, Michele (2011).
14416:11 October 2007 at the
14088:10.3213/1612-1651-10171
14051:Diamond, Jared. (1999)
13956:Keenan, Jeremy (2013).
13828:10.1073/pnas.1800851115
13338:16 January 2016 at the
13238:in the Middle Ages and
12692:10.1126/science.aao6266
8159:Territories and regions
8038:2022 World Cup in Qatar
7476:, the Christian art of
6933:Encyclopædia Britannica
6903:World Book Encyclopedia
6344:Human Development Index
6073:study led by professor
5362:Purchasing Power Parity
5262:human rights violations
5013:(PAP) was relocated to
4974:Western Regions A and B
4767:such as crocodiles and
4648:sustainable development
4636:agricultural production
4517: million years ago
4510: million years ago
4198:a severe refugee crisis
3535:, found at the town of
3423:Ninth to 18th centuries
3396:. To their west in the
2891:grouping in modern-day
2581:, balanced against the
2452:south Arabian influence
2127:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
2105:, and constructed many
2037: 3150 BC to 30 BC
1744:After the evolution of
1684:skeleton discovered in
1620:History of North Africa
1551:, is cognate to Hebrew
1543:Robert R. Stieglitz of
1342:
1186:in Central Africa; and
1030:Civilisations, such as
949:. Africa, particularly
877:southern temperate zone
845:northern temperate zone
32:Africa (disambiguation)
23763:Southern United States
23566:Scandinavian Peninsula
22665:Great Australian Bight
20930:Countries by GDP (PPP)
20872:Pan-African Parliament
20663:Science and technology
20144:. Palgrave Macmillan.
19861:East London Advertiser
19835:Fargo Monthly Magazine
19545:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435
19055:Encyclopedia of Africa
18379:Holm, John A. (1989).
18192:"Q&A: The Berbers"
17940:. overpopulation.org.
17699:"World Bank Open Data"
17681:"World Bank Open Data"
17355:International Security
16685:African Studies Center
16680:5 January 2012 at the
15384:A world history of art
15155:. UNESCO. p. 729.
14651:Dalal, Roshen (2011).
14627:The History of Somalia
13749:Oppenheimer, Stephen.
13182:Venter & Neuland,
12991:, a government of the
12989:Egba United Government
12416:"Africa. General info"
11793:Santa Cruz de Tenerife
11772:UN categorizations/map
11743:, a government of the
11741:Egba United Government
11701:African historiography
11368:موريتانيا (Mūrītānyā)
10996:Cabo Verde/Kabu Verdi
8700:Santa Cruz de Tenerife
8123:2003 Cricket World Cup
8021:
7995:
7690:
7670:Saladin the Victorious
7667:for the Egyptian film
7593:architecture of Africa
7584:
7577:Great Pyramids of Giza
7565:Architecture of Africa
7480:, and the traditional
7365:
7353:
7337:
7275:
7216:
7004:
6896:
6434:
6256:, and a few remaining
6173: Tanzania (4.55%)
6155: Ethiopia (8.37%)
6149: Nigeria (15.38%)
6116:Demographics of Africa
6082:Electricity generation
5252:continent (other than
5241:
5229:
5042:Pan-African Parliament
5011:Pan-African Parliament
4986:
4874:Water development and
4840:environmental conflict
4736:
4670:Africa has over 3,000
4667:
4612:
4499:to the north; and the
4439:
4360:
4120:military dictatorships
3929:
3920:Independence struggles
3716:
3551:
3446:
3245:In Central Africa the
3242:
3241:= AD 1–1000 last phase
2945:
2934:
2887:, one of which is the
2683:Phoenician settlements
2669:being tailored to the
2659:cradle of civilisation
2646:
2615:
2399:
2317:became entangled in a
2172:, and established the
2039:
1827:
1811:
1693:
1632:History of East Africa
1624:History of West Africa
1315:, located west of the
1299:
1274:, and established the
819:, the northern tip of
724:to the northeast, the
587:
24239:Antarctic Convergence
23783:Western United States
21626:São Tomé and Príncipe
21485:Republic of the Congo
20583:European colonisation
20546:Pre-colonial kingdoms
20211:The History of Africa
19717:. Columbia University
19685:University of Alberta
19143:"Pearsonhighered.com"
18360:Portugal – Emigration
17854:29 April 2015 at the
17601:Tausch, Arno (2018).
16848:Nature Communications
16571:Lewin, Evans. (1924)
16414:30 March 2021 at the
16036:The History of France
16033:Bély, Lucien (2001).
15844:. The History Press.
15708:25 April 2011 at the
15609:, National Geographic
14989:Peavy, Daryl (2010).
14258:. 28 September 2017.
13733:27 April 2011 at the
13662:Tudge, Colin. (2002)
12801:Nature Communications
12758:(10 September 2019).
12556:Vansina, Jan (1985).
12014:, Population Division
11982:, Population Division
10585:São Tomé and Príncipe
10401:Republic of the Congo
9679:Mayotte/Maore/Maiôty
8980:Melilla/Mlilt/مليلية
8050:CAF Confederation Cup
8010:CAF Confederation Cup
8001:
7993:
7938:African popular music
7796:having many distinct
7658:
7574:
7535:Benin City, Edo State
7364:from the 18th century
7359:
7343:
7332:
7257:
7160:
7101:Following the end of
7018:, and Southwest Asia.
7002:
6937:traditional religions
6894:
6597:of Madagascar are an
6337:
6281:Niger–Congo languages
6197: Algeria (3.36%)
6062:In recent years, the
6031:and one-third of its
5236:African countries by
5235:
5152:
5093:Further information:
4941:
4910:Volta River Authority
4818:, garbage pollution,
4723:
4665:
4606:
4437:
4358:
4282:Boko Haram Insurgency
4258: Other Conflicts
4073:military dictatorship
3927:
3887:European colonisation
3815:powers driven by the
3807:was the conquest and
3788:Further information:
3714:
3607:were a collection of
3545:
3436:
3376:. After reaching the
3370:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
3185:= 2000–1500 BC origin
3176:
3000:was the oldest known
2940:
2920:
2901:North African history
2885:tribal confederations
2707:ancient Mediterranean
2621:
2610:
2525:to the valley of the
2386:
2092:cataracts of the Nile
2027:
1817:
1802:
1727:radiometrically dated
1674:
1644:Further information:
1293:
1264:socioeconomic systems
1076:kingdoms, and empires
783:Africa straddles the
585:
86:1,393,676,444 (2021;
63:Hide national borders
53:Show national borders
23305:Greater Central Asia
22889:Continental fragment
22884:Regions of the world
21154:Stadiums by capacity
21101:World Heritage Sites
20578:European exploration
20252:The Story of Nigeria
20015:on 28 November 1999.
19983:Rugby World Cup 2023
19924:. 2 September 2019.
19638:Eglash, Ron (1999).
19282:. pp. 379–397.
18658:on 2 September 2006.
18365:29 June 2011 at the
18342:23 July 2013 at the
18337:"Flight from Angola"
18319:22 July 2013 at the
18267:23 July 2013 at the
18225:. pp. 431–463.
17872:13 June 2010 at the
17797:29 June 2011 at the
17703:World Bank Open Data
17685:World Bank Open Data
17614:10.2139/ssrn.3214715
17552:on 24 September 2008
16690:31 July 2011 at the
16524:"Atlas – Xpeditions"
16447:10.1093/afraf/ady022
14881:Current Anthropology
14865:. UNESCO Publishing.
14845:. UNESCO Publishing.
14587:. UNESCO Publishing.
14463:. UNESCO Publishing.
14345:(14): 2274–2282.e6.
14206:Current Anthropology
14139:. pp. 503–528.
14117:6 March 2012 at the
14035:7 March 2014 at the
13664:The Variety of Life.
13394:Gerald-massey.org.uk
13332:Itineraria Phoenicia
12589:. UNESCO Publishing.
12517:19 June 2020 at the
10606:São Tomé e Príncipe
8046:CAF Champions League
7898:Latin American music
7315:World Heritage Sites
6454:, the Indo-European
6215:total fertility rate
6203: Other (42.39%)
6191: Uganda (3.38%)
5388:(nominal, Peak Year)
4783:Environmental issues
4751:, and cheetahs) and
4473:South American Plate
4469:North American Plate
4457:major tectonic plate
4359:Topography of Africa
4050:Non-Aligned Movement
4026:Post-colonial Africa
4012:bitter guerrilla war
3895:informal imperialism
3745:West Africa Squadron
3741:British Royal Navy's
3699:Atlantic slave trade
3366:Swahili civilisation
3079:, rising out of the
2964:by 1200 BC, in both
2929:, now housed in the
2865:Byzantine reconquest
2863:for a century until
2727:crossing of the alps
2430:bore the Kingdom of
2174:New Kingdom of Egypt
2080:Old Kingdom of Egypt
1948:Niger–Congo speakers
1818:Colossal statues of
1698:paleoanthropologists
1599:Possibly Phoenician
1572:(feminine noun) and
1405:Africa Proconsularis
960:, also known as the
927:historical community
30:For other uses, see
24451:Continents of Earth
23978:Brazilian Highlands
23387:Indian subcontinent
23248:Antarctic Peninsula
23046:Southern Hemisphere
23041:Northern Hemisphere
22846:Indian Subcontinent
22636:Submerged continent
21882:Plazas de soberanía
21786:African territories
21726:unclear sovereignty
21711:States with limited
20838:Freedom of religion
20823:Heads of government
20615:Scramble for Africa
20446:The Story of Africa
20428:Stanford University
20419:Library of Congress
20380:General information
20199:Africa Bibliography
19494:2011Sci...334..219H
19124:Stearns PN (2008).
18836:The Language Gulper
18832:"Khoisan Languages"
18652:Stanford University
18173:25 May 2010 at the
17867:The African Decade?
17204:Obi, Cyril (2005).
17118:20 May 2009 at the
16904:The Weather Channel
16860:2019NatCo..10.1794K
16722:2013BAMS...94..199E
16641:1999Natur.398...64C
16584:Hoare, Ben. (2002)
16480:. 25 January 2021.
16284:The Daily Telegraph
15960:, pp. 166–203.
15871:. The Association.
15414:The Washington Post
15324:A History of Africa
14745:1910Natur..84..133.
14543:on 5 November 2013.
14351:2018CBio...28E2274C
14009:2012QuGeo..10..367M
13819:2018PNAS..115.6774F
13756:30 May 2014 at the
13739:National Geographic
13682:Mokhtar, G. (1990)
13487:. Benjamin Duprat.
13421:Revue de Philologie
13202:michel-desfayes.org
12871:2022Natur.601..579V
12814:2019NatCo..10.3406M
12683:2017Sci...358..652S
12650:on 24 October 2007.
12203:The Huffington Post
12168:The Washington Post
8519:Strait of Gibraltar
8113:(ODI) status (from
7699:and present of the
7454:Christian tradition
7288:African Renaissance
7210: not available
6973:Languages of Africa
6599:Austronesian people
6575:Indian subcontinent
6450:, the Indo-Iranian
6185: Kenya (3.88%)
6161: Egypt (7.65%)
6086:The main source of
6045:tantalum capacitors
5973:World Values Survey
5346:World Values Survey
5304:sub-Saharan African
5258:corrupt governments
5058:human rights abuses
5028:, is formed by the
4814:, water pollution,
4634:will likely reduce
4632:climate variability
4375:(transected by the
4351:Geography of Africa
4333:, and epidemics of
4131:separatist republic
4057:presidential system
4032:Postcolonial Africa
3901:gained independence
3819:during the era of "
3805:Scramble for Africa
3797:Scramble for Africa
3790:Scramble for Africa
3707:Red Sea slave trade
3362:various city states
3334:African Great Lakes
3231:= southward advance
3089:trans-Saharan trade
2873:Exarchate of Africa
2841:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
2464:wider Red Sea trade
2410:, a kingdom on the
2277:Alexander the Great
2220:contributed to the
2204:, and extinguished
2141:. In 1700 BC, the
1999:Trans-Saharan trade
1774:in Morocco, or the
1772:Strait of Gibraltar
1732:Paranthropus boisei
1588:'dust, powder' and
1584:'to be dusty' from
1512:in his 7th-century
1420:. The Latin suffix
1294:Africa seen by the
1226:, creating various
873:tropic of Capricorn
801:Southern Hemisphere
797:Northern Hemisphere
475:Largest urban areas
396:Plazas de soberanía
41:
24266:Great Barrier Reef
23887:Mainland Australia
23595:Apennine Peninsula
23056:Western Hemisphere
23031:Eastern Hemisphere
22627:
22422:
22339:
22211:
21790:non-African states
20563:Indian Ocean trade
20075:Collins, Robert O.
19417:The New York Times
18997:(11–12): 581–586.
18700:The World Factbook
18675:The New York Times
18427:CIA World Factbook
18314:"Jungle Shipwreck"
18181:. 16 December 2004
18046:. The World Bank.
17988:The New York Times
17918:on 14 October 2012
17847:. 13 October 2009
17805:. 10 February 2008
17526:on 31 January 2010
17284:. The World Bank.
16970:on 8 November 2011
16184:Robert G. Patman,
15218:on 16 October 2007
14605:. 14 December 2022
13751:The Gates of Grief
13728:The Journey of Man
13400:on 30 January 2010
13158:A Latin Dictionary
13133:on 16 January 2016
12765:The New York Times
12283:10.1257/jep.13.3.3
11905:Southern Provinces
11883:is claimed by the
10705:eSwatini/Eswatini
10659:Botswana/Botswana
10422:Congo/Kôngo/Kongó
10376:تشاد (Tšād)/Tchad
10047:Tanzania/Tanzania
8562:Name of region and
8022:
7996:
7962:sub-Saharan Africa
7757:You can assist by
7691:
7585:
7486:African sculptures
7366:
7354:
7338:
7276:
7237:Sub-Saharan Africa
7217:
7107:official languages
7005:
6897:
6887:African divination
6881:Religion in Africa
6579:Indian communities
6435:
6264:or "Bushmen") and
6071:Harvard University
5242:
5230:
5089:Boundary conflicts
4987:
4737:
4701:Afrotropical realm
4668:
4622:continents to the
4613:
4609:temperature change
4477:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
4440:
4361:
4278:conflict in Darfur
4194:genocide in Rwanda
4124:Nigerian Civil War
4016:racial segregation
3969:sub-Saharan Africa
3930:
3760:Kingdom of Dahomey
3756:Asante Confederacy
3717:
3552:
3506:Kanem-Bornu Empire
3447:
3243:
3145:confederated state
3131:heading north and
3048:, which built the
3042:Serer civilisation
2946:
2935:
2837:indigenous peoples
2831:precipitating the
2647:
2616:
2519:Indian Ocean trade
2400:
2243:, until they were
2137:at the expense of
2040:
1879:of the Sahara and
1840:rock art paintings
1836:sub-Saharan Africa
1828:
1812:
1694:
1661:Prehistoric Africa
1545:Rutgers University
1522:, meaning "sunny".
1510:Isidore of Seville
1453:Exarchatus Africae
1379:) in northwestern
1300:
716:to the north, the
588:
340:Southern Provinces
163:Traditional faiths
95:Population density
39:
18:Politics of Africa
24473:
24472:
24467:
24466:
24347:Mediterranean Rim
24220:
24219:
24159:Mediterranean Sea
24013:
24012:
23966:Amazon Rainforest
23793:Canadian Prairies
23758:Pacific Northwest
23619:Iberian Peninsula
23404:Arabian Peninsula
23231:Antarctic Plateau
22991:Three/Four Worlds
22913:
22912:
22859:
22858:
22854:
22853:
22675:Kerguelen Plateau
22613:
22612:
22608:
22607:
22408:
22407:
22403:
22402:
22325:
22324:
22320:
22319:
22157:
22156:
21942:
21941:
21906:
21905:
21781:
21780:
21501:Equatorial Guinea
21371:
21370:
21238:
21237:
21167:
21166:
20983:
20982:
20960:Natural resources
20902:
20901:
20848:Linguistic rights
20790:
20789:
20707:
20706:
20450:BBC World Service
20351:978-0-330-47205-0
20345:. Picador, 2010.
20321:978-0-13-745852-3
20300:978-1-55587-547-3
20261:978-0-571-04947-9
20254:. London: Faber.
20242:978-0-500-02069-2
20229:Clark, J. Desmond
20220:978-0-415-77139-9
20213:. US: Routledge.
20184:978-1-4381-2427-8
20151:978-0-333-59957-0
20142:History of Africa
20088:978-0-521-68708-9
19905:Welsh-Asante 2009
19893:Welsh-Asante 2009
19649:978-0-8135-2613-3
19574:Murrell, Denise.
19488:(6053): 219–222.
19448:978-3-937248-46-2
19297:978-1-139-05463-8
19252:978-0-8223-7630-9
19213:978-0-299-05824-1
18808:. pp. 1–40.
18777:Wolff, Ekkehard.
18569:Our World in Data
18536:worldometers.info
18455:978-0-7166-1289-6
18392:978-0-521-35940-5
18275:, 5 November 1965
18240:978-1-108-63431-1
18198:. 12 March 2004.
17901:, 3 December 2010
17334:Kodjo, Tchioffo.
17254:978-92-3-100146-8
17075:. 7 December 2018
17049:. 18 October 2021
17028:978-92-861-5237-5
16963:978-0-521-88010-7
16953:Chapter 9: Africa
16797:978-0-521-88010-7
16765:on 4 January 2013
16608:. Ashten Sawitsky
16575:, Clarendon press
16085:978-0-86543-844-6
16046:978-2-87747-563-1
15851:978-0-7509-5808-0
15772:State of Humanity
15688:978-0-521-78430-6
15491:countrystudies.us
15368:978-0-521-76638-8
15253:978-0-333-47121-0
15179:on 25 March 2009.
15060:History in Africa
15040:978-0-19-027773-4
14978:on 16 March 2024.
14895:, pp. 79–80.
14792:Uhlig, Siegbert.
14567:978-0-88414-318-5
14154:978-3-319-89838-4
13969:978-1-317-97001-9
13930:978-1-134-72354-6
13813:(26): 6774–6779.
13617:978-0-12-804128-4
13330:Edward Lipinski,
12865:(7894): 579–583.
12677:(6363): 652–655.
12623:978-0-631-20751-1
12569:978-0-299-10214-2
12481:978-0-521-88010-7
12381:10.4000/poldev.78
12114:. 18 March 2020.
11879:The territory of
11706:Outline of Africa
11671:
11670:
11487:(United Kingdom)
10493:Equatorial Guinea
10284:Cameroun/Kamerun
9864:Seychelles/Sesel
8526:Mediterranean Sea
8446:Saint Helena (UK)
8343:
8235:Equatorial Guinea
7934:enslaved Africans
7787:
7786:
7779:
7597:history of Africa
7589:culture of Africa
7539:Akan gold weights
7394:African diasporas
7390:African continent
7352:, 3,500–2,500 BCE
7250:Culture of Africa
7215:
7214:
6921:Coptic Christians
6872:
6871:
6768:
6767:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6410: 0.400–0.449
6404: 0.450–0.499
6398: 0.500–0.549
6390: 0.550–0.599
6384: 0.600–0.649
6378: 0.650–0.699
6372: 0.700–0.749
6366: 0.750–0.799
6360: 0.800–0.849
5969:
5968:
5694:
5687:
5671:
5670:
5396:
5389:
5335:Equatorial Guinea
5278:guerrilla warfare
5268:, high levels of
5246:natural resources
5131:Economy of Africa
4997:consisting of 55
4995:continental union
4908:(SADC) Protocol,
4828:Biodiversity loss
4570:plains and dense
4546:Climate of Africa
4529:East African Rift
4487:to the east; the
4369:Mediterranean Sea
4331:industrialization
4158:Angolan Civil War
3971:(most notably in
3883:Berlin Conference
3665:states – such as
3616:Arabian Peninsula
3467:Sahelian kingdoms
3364:constituting the
3342:Upemba Depression
3303:Southern Cushitic
3287:Ekoi Civilisation
3073:Kingdom of Wagadu
2675:Mediterranean Sea
2665:, exacerbated by
2587:Himyarite Kingdom
2448:Ethiopian Plateau
2444:Macrobian Kingdom
2393:Arabian Peninsula
2288:Ptolemaic dynasty
2261:Achaemenid Empire
2180:had brought, the
1950:domesticated the
1614:History of Africa
1142:in North Africa;
1044:Tichitt Tradition
931:African societies
923:history of Africa
882:Africa is highly
855:, great parts of
714:Mediterranean Sea
651:natural resources
615:natural resources
580:
579:
16:(Redirected from
24498:
24449:
24448:
24428:Global Southwest
24423:Global Southeast
24413:Global Northwest
24408:Global Northeast
24398:Global Heartland
24342:Indian Ocean Rim
24024:
24023:
23916:Island Melanesia
23607:Balkan Peninsula
23382:Himalayan states
23329:Russian Far East
23123:
23122:
23051:Water Hemisphere
22940:
22933:
22926:
22917:
22916:
22897:
22896:
22878:World portal
22876:
22875:
22813:
22762:
22719:
22647:
22624:
22623:
22619:
22618:
22497:
22435:
22419:
22418:
22414:
22413:
22393:
22378:
22363:
22348:
22336:
22335:
22331:
22330:
22310:
22295:
22280:
22265:
22250:
22235:
22220:
22208:
22207:
22203:
22202:
22184:
22177:
22170:
22161:
22160:
21982:
21975:
21968:
21959:
21958:
21946:
21945:
21930:
21918:
21917:
21794:
21793:
21751:
21750:
21703:
21497:(partly in Asia)
21417:Sovereign states
21398:
21391:
21384:
21375:
21374:
21351:
21344:
21129:Afro-Asian Games
21049:
21048:
20992:
20991:
20970:Renewable energy
20935:Countries by HDI
20913:
20912:
20801:
20800:
20718:
20717:
20519:
20518:
20495:
20488:
20481:
20472:
20471:
20467:
20459:
20369:
20325:
20304:
20285:
20265:
20246:
20224:
20188:
20167:
20155:
20136:
20109:
20092:
20070:
20039:Critical Inquiry
20036:
20017:
20016:
20005:
19999:
19998:
19996:
19994:
19975:
19969:
19968:
19966:
19964:
19944:
19938:
19937:
19935:
19933:
19914:
19908:
19902:
19896:
19890:
19884:
19878:
19872:
19871:
19869:
19867:
19852:
19846:
19845:
19843:
19841:
19826:
19820:
19819:
19817:
19815:
19795:
19789:
19788:
19786:
19784:
19764:
19758:
19757:
19755:
19753:
19733:
19727:
19726:
19724:
19722:
19707:
19701:
19700:
19698:
19696:
19676:
19667:
19660:
19654:
19653:
19635:
19629:
19626:
19620:
19619:
19591:
19585:
19572:
19566:
19563:
19557:
19556:
19528:
19522:
19521:
19477:
19471:
19457:
19451:
19434:
19428:
19427:
19425:
19423:
19408:
19402:
19401:
19389:
19383:
19373:
19367:
19366:
19364:
19362:
19347:
19341:
19340:
19338:
19336:
19308:
19302:
19301:
19275:
19269:
19268:
19266:
19264:
19236:
19230:
19229:
19227:
19225:
19197:
19188:
19187:
19185:
19183:
19163:
19157:
19156:
19154:
19148:. Archived from
19147:
19139:
19130:
19129:
19121:
19115:
19114:
19112:
19110:
19105:
19097:
19091:
19090:
19088:
19086:
19080:
19073:
19065:
19059:
19058:
19050:
19041:
19040:
19038:
19036:
19021:
19015:
19014:
18986:
18980:
18979:
18951:
18945:
18944:
18942:
18940:
18920:
18914:
18913:
18911:
18909:
18898:The Conversation
18889:
18883:
18882:
18880:
18878:
18858:
18852:
18851:
18849:
18847:
18828:
18822:
18821:
18819:
18817:
18799:
18793:
18792:
18790:
18788:
18774:
18768:
18767:
18765:
18763:
18748:
18742:
18741:
18739:
18737:
18721:
18715:
18714:
18713:
18711:
18692:
18686:
18685:
18683:
18681:
18666:
18660:
18659:
18654:. Archived from
18644:
18638:
18637:
18635:
18633:
18617:
18611:
18610:
18608:
18606:
18591:
18585:
18584:
18582:
18580:
18561:
18552:
18551:
18549:
18547:
18528:
18519:
18518:
18516:
18514:
18508:
18501:
18492:
18479:
18466:
18460:
18459:
18441:
18434:
18428:
18415:
18409:
18408:
18406:
18404:
18376:
18370:
18357:
18351:
18350:, 16 August 1975
18334:
18328:
18311:
18305:
18282:
18276:
18259:
18253:
18252:
18218:
18212:
18211:
18209:
18207:
18188:
18182:
18165:
18159:
18136:
18130:
18129:
18127:
18125:
18119:
18112:
18098:
18092:
18091:
18089:
18087:
18066:
18060:
18059:
18057:
18055:
18040:
18034:
18033:
18031:
18029:
18010:
18004:
18003:
18001:
17999:
17979:
17973:
17960:
17954:
17953:
17951:
17949:
17934:
17928:
17927:
17925:
17923:
17908:
17902:
17883:
17877:
17864:
17858:
17850:
17838:
17832:
17831:
17829:
17827:
17812:
17806:
17789:
17783:
17769:
17763:
17762:
17760:
17758:
17748:
17733:
17732:
17730:
17728:
17713:
17707:
17706:
17695:
17689:
17688:
17677:
17671:
17670:
17668:
17666:
17655:
17649:
17648:
17646:
17644:
17638:
17607:
17598:
17592:
17591:
17589:
17587:
17568:
17562:
17561:
17559:
17557:
17542:
17536:
17535:
17533:
17531:
17516:
17510:
17497:
17491:
17490:
17488:
17486:
17481:on 23 March 2009
17471:
17465:
17464:
17462:
17460:
17445:
17439:
17438:
17436:
17434:
17419:
17413:
17406:
17400:
17397:The forever wars
17393:
17387:
17386:
17350:
17344:
17343:
17331:
17325:
17324:
17322:
17320:
17304:
17298:
17297:
17295:
17293:
17278:
17269:
17263:
17258:
17241:
17220:
17219:
17201:
17195:
17194:
17192:
17190:
17175:
17169:
17152:
17146:
17145:
17144:on 8 March 2010.
17129:
17123:
17110:
17104:
17091:
17085:
17084:
17082:
17080:
17065:
17059:
17058:
17056:
17054:
17039:
17033:
17032:
17012:
17006:
17005:
17003:
17001:
16986:
16980:
16979:
16977:
16975:
16966:. Archived from
16947:
16941:
16940:
16938:
16936:
16921:
16915:
16914:
16912:
16910:
16896:
16890:
16889:
16879:
16839:
16833:
16823:
16814:
16813:
16811:
16809:
16804:on 12 March 2013
16800:. Archived from
16781:
16775:
16774:
16772:
16770:
16761:. Archived from
16755:
16749:
16735:
16733:
16701:
16695:
16672:
16661:
16660:
16624:
16618:
16617:
16615:
16613:
16602:
16596:
16582:
16576:
16569:
16563:
16549:
16540:
16539:
16537:
16535:
16520:
16514:
16500:
16494:
16493:
16491:
16489:
16470:
16464:
16463:
16461:
16459:
16449:
16440:(469): 543–568.
16425:
16419:
16405:
16399:
16398:
16386:
16380:
16379:
16377:
16375:
16360:
16354:
16337:
16326:
16325:
16323:
16321:
16306:
16300:
16299:
16297:
16295:
16275:
16269:
16268:
16266:
16264:
16239:(352): 359–374.
16224:
16218:
16203:
16197:
16182:
16176:
16175:
16173:
16171:
16156:
16150:
16147:
16141:
16140:
16108:
16102:
16101:
16099:
16097:
16069:
16063:
16062:
16060:
16058:
16030:
16024:
16023:
15991:
15985:
15982:Shillington 2005
15979:
15973:
15967:
15961:
15958:Brantlinger 1985
15955:
15949:
15948:
15924:
15918:
15917:
15915:
15913:
15907:
15900:
15889:
15883:
15882:
15862:
15856:
15855:
15835:
15829:
15828:
15788:
15782:
15768:
15762:
15761:
15759:
15757:
15742:
15736:
15723:
15717:
15699:
15693:
15692:
15676:
15666:
15660:
15659:
15657:
15655:
15640:
15634:
15616:
15610:
15597:
15591:
15575:
15569:
15562:
15556:
15555:
15545:
15528:(6): 1594–1596.
15513:
15507:
15506:
15504:
15502:
15483:
15477:
15463:
15457:
15456:
15454:
15452:
15437:
15431:
15430:
15428:
15426:
15404:
15398:
15397:
15379:
15373:
15372:
15352:
15346:
15345:
15343:
15341:
15318:
15312:
15311:
15309:
15307:
15293:
15287:
15286:
15279:
15273:
15272:
15264:
15258:
15257:
15237:
15228:
15227:
15225:
15223:
15214:. Archived from
15208:
15202:
15201:
15199:
15197:
15187:
15181:
15180:
15178:
15172:. Archived from
15171:
15163:
15157:
15156:
15154:
15143:
15137:
15136:
15112:
15106:
15105:
15099:
15090:
15084:
15083:
15051:
15045:
15044:
15016:
15007:
15006:
14986:
14980:
14979:
14968:
14962:
14961:
14953:
14947:
14936:
14930:
14929:
14905:
14896:
14890:
14884:
14873:
14867:
14866:
14856:
14847:
14846:
14836:
14823:
14822:
14804:
14798:
14797:
14789:
14783:
14782:
14764:
14753:10.1038/084133a0
14725:
14719:
14705:
14699:
14692:
14686:
14675:
14669:
14668:
14648:
14642:
14641:
14621:
14615:
14614:
14612:
14610:
14595:
14589:
14588:
14578:
14572:
14571:
14551:
14545:
14544:
14527:
14521:
14520:
14518:
14516:
14505:
14499:
14497:
14471:
14465:
14464:
14454:
14439:
14436:
14430:
14427:
14421:
14408:
14402:
14401:
14387:
14381:
14380:
14362:
14329:
14323:
14309:
14298:
14297:
14295:
14293:
14278:
14272:
14271:
14269:
14267:
14248:
14242:
14241:
14239:
14237:
14197:
14191:
14190:
14180:
14171:
14170:
14168:
14166:
14128:
14122:
14106:
14100:
14099:
14069:
14063:
14049:
14043:
14027:
14021:
14020:
13992:
13986:
13985:
13983:
13981:
13953:
13947:
13946:
13944:
13942:
13914:
13908:
13907:
13905:
13903:
13897:
13866:
13857:
13851:
13850:
13840:
13830:
13797:
13791:
13790:
13788:
13786:
13767:
13761:
13747:
13741:
13724:
13718:
13704:
13698:
13680:
13674:
13660:
13654:
13640:
13634:
13633:
13631:
13629:
13601:
13595:
13588:
13582:
13575:
13569:
13568:
13566:
13564:
13546:
13540:
13539:
13537:
13535:
13507:
13501:
13500:
13498:
13496:
13478:
13472:
13471:
13435:
13429:
13428:
13416:
13410:
13409:
13407:
13405:
13386:
13380:
13379:
13377:
13375:
13356:
13350:
13327:
13321:
13320:
13318:
13316:
13276:
13267:
13266:
13263:
13257:
13215:
13213:
13204:. Archived from
13193:
13187:
13180:
13174:
13173:
13171:
13169:
13149:
13143:
13142:
13140:
13138:
13118:
13112:
13111:
13085:
13076:
13075:
13057:
13051:
13050:
13048:
13046:
12985:
12979:
12978:
12976:
12974:
12959:
12953:
12952:
12950:
12948:
12933:
12927:
12926:
12924:
12922:
12913:. 19 July 2018.
12907:
12901:
12900:
12890:
12850:
12844:
12843:
12833:
12791:
12782:
12781:
12779:
12777:
12752:
12743:
12742:
12740:
12738:
12714:
12705:
12704:
12694:
12661:
12652:
12651:
12646:. Archived from
12640:
12634:
12633:
12632:
12630:
12597:
12591:
12590:
12580:
12574:
12573:
12553:
12547:
12546:
12544:
12542:
12527:
12521:
12504:
12498:
12497:
12495:
12493:
12488:on 12 March 2013
12484:. Archived from
12465:
12459:
12458:
12456:
12454:
12438:
12432:
12431:
12429:
12427:
12422:on 24 April 2011
12412:
12406:
12405:
12403:
12401:
12383:
12359:
12353:
12352:
12350:
12348:
12342:
12311:
12302:
12296:
12295:
12285:
12261:
12252:
12251:
12249:
12247:
12241:
12234:
12225:
12219:
12218:
12216:
12214:
12191:
12185:
12184:
12182:
12180:
12158:
12152:
12137:
12128:
12127:
12125:
12123:
12108:
12102:
12101:
12099:
12097:
12082:
12076:
12075:
12073:
12071:
12056:
12050:
12049:
12047:
12045:
12030:
12024:
12023:
12021:
12019:
12009:
12001:
11992:
11991:
11989:
11987:
11972:
11952:
11934:
11928:
11914:
11908:
11877:
11871:
11860:
11854:
11847:
11841:
11827:
11821:
11810:
11804:
11781:
11775:
11768:
11762:
11758:
11752:
11737:
11731:
11728:
11722:
11690:
11685:
11684:
11683:
11620:
11619:
11611:
11574:
11573:
11565:
11528:
11527:
11519:
11481:
11480:
11472:
11435:
11434:
11426:
11389:
11388:
11380:
11343:
11342:
11334:
11297:
11296:
11288:
11251:
11250:
11242:
11201:
11200:
11192:
11155:
11154:
11146:
11109:
11108:
11100:
11063:
11062:
11054:
11017:
11016:
11008:
10971:
10970:
10962:
10925:
10924:
10916:
10879:
10878:
10870:
10818:
10817:
10809:
10772:
10771:
10763:
10751:Lesotho/Lesotho
10726:
10725:
10717:
10680:
10679:
10671:
10634:
10633:
10625:
10581:
10580:
10572:
10535:
10534:
10526:
10489:
10488:
10480:
10443:
10442:
10434:
10397:
10396:
10388:
10351:
10350:
10342:
10305:
10304:
10296:
10259:
10258:
10250:
10213:
10212:
10204:
10160:
10159:
10151:
10114:
10113:
10105:
10068:
10067:
10059:
10022:
10021:
10013:
9976:
9975:
9967:
9931:
9930:
9922:
9885:
9884:
9876:
9839:
9838:
9830:
9793:
9792:
9784:
9746:
9745:
9737:
9700:
9699:
9691:
9653:
9652:
9644:
9607:
9606:
9598:
9561:
9560:
9552:
9515:
9514:
9506:
9469:
9468:
9460:
9422:
9421:
9413:
9376:
9375:
9367:
9330:
9329:
9321:
9284:
9283:
9275:
9238:
9237:
9229:
9192:
9191:
9183:
9139:
9138:
9130:
9093:
9092:
9084:
9047:
9046:
9038:
9001:
9000:
8992:
8956:
8955:
8947:
8909:
8908:
8900:
8863:
8862:
8854:
8817:
8816:
8808:
8772:
8771:
8763:
8725:
8724:
8716:
8673:
8672:
8664:
8627:
8626:
8618:
8564:territory, with
8549:
8548:
8536:
8527:
8520:
8513:
8504:
8495:
8339:
8178:
8135:2002 Morocco Cup
7970:music traditions
7884:genres, such as
7862:African diaspora
7782:
7775:
7771:
7768:
7762:
7742:
7741:
7734:
7695:covers both the
7693:Cinema of Africa
7649:Cinema of Africa
7491:Middle Stone Age
7434:areas along the
7398:African-American
7344:Rock art at the
7209:
7203:
7197:
7191:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7143:Italian colonies
6778:
6777:
6628:
6627:
6589:by the dictator
6474:and other often-
6421:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6371:
6365:
6359:
6353:
6339:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6178:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6154:
6148:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5689:
5686:(PPP, Peak Year)
5685:
5673:
5672:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5420:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5391:
5387:
5375:
5374:
5266:central planning
5223:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5187:
5178:
5169:
5160:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4808:soil degradation
4747:(such as lions,
4705:Palearctic realm
4694:soil degradation
4518:
4511:
4493:Aegean Sea Plate
4465:easternmost part
4319:Capitalist peace
4268:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4237:
4221:
4171:fall of the USSR
3891:European empires
3813:Western European
3659:Askia Mohammad I
3645:and the western
3614:tribes from the
3352:by crowding out
3330:Empire of Kitara
3322:Kingdom of Kongo
3301:, most likely a
3247:Sao Civilisation
3209:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3010:Kintampo culture
2719:Second Punic War
2699:extensive empire
2691:Ancient Carthage
2661:in Egypt by the
2612:Ancient Carthage
2593:Northwest Africa
2575:Byzantine Empire
2507:Kingdom of Aksum
2406:, there was the
2389:Kingdom of Aksum
2305:, expanded into
2281:Hellenistic rule
2273:Achaemenid Egypt
2208:, incorporating
2164:In 1550 BC, the
2084:Kingdom of Kerma
2082:in 2686 BC. The
2038:
2035:
2020:Northeast Africa
1804:Saharan rock art
1760:Out of Africa II
1752:hunter-gatherers
1708:discovered many
1488:Flavius Josephus
1345:
1323:, also known as
1244:European nations
1166:in East Africa;
1110:in West Africa;
841:tropic of Cancer
607:human population
429:
427:
426:
409:
407:
406:
373:
371:
370:
353:
351:
350:
333:
331:
330:
309:
307:
306:
285:
283:
282:
260:
258:
257:
247:
245:
244:
234:
232:
231:
221:
220:
219:
115:
64:
61:
54:
51:
42:
38:
21:
24506:
24505:
24501:
24500:
24499:
24497:
24496:
24495:
24476:
24475:
24474:
24469:
24468:
24463:
24437:
24379:
24356:
24323:
24287:
24216:
24205:South China Sea
24114:
24057:Central America
24009:
23942:
23863:
23815:Northern Mexico
23803:Northern Canada
23788:Atlantic Canada
23743:Mountain states
23669:
23524:European Russia
23517:Southern Russia
23473:
23426:Iranian Plateau
23254:
23243:West Antarctica
23226:East Antarctica
23212:
23112:
23060:
23036:Land Hemisphere
23017:
22957:
22944:
22914:
22909:
22908:
22870:
22855:
22850:
22836:Eastern Siberia
22826:Central America
22814:
22807:
22801:
22796:Terra Australis
22763:
22747:
22741:
22737:Pangaea Proxima
22720:
22715:
22709:
22648:
22644:microcontinents
22633:
22609:
22604:
22550:East Antarctica
22498:
22493:
22487:
22436:
22432:supercontinents
22428:
22404:
22399:
22394:
22384:
22379:
22369:
22364:
22354:
22349:
22321:
22316:
22311:
22301:
22296:
22286:
22281:
22271:
22266:
22256:
22251:
22241:
22236:
22226:
22221:
22197:
22188:
22158:
22153:
22132:
22106:
22085:
22062:
22041:
22015:
21989:
21986:
21951:
21943:
21938:
21902:
21886:
21855:
21834:
21830:Pelagie Islands
21813:
21789:
21787:
21777:
21765:
21747:
21744:
21736:
21715:
21712:
21704:
21695:
21411:
21402:
21372:
21367:
21354:
21347:
21340:
21331:
21234:
21230:Youth in Africa
21208:Life expectancy
21163:
21105:
21081:Africanfuturism
21038:
20979:
20975:Stock exchanges
20898:
20786:
20745:Natural history
20703:
20667:
20624:
20573:Muslim conquest
20568:Bantu expansion
20508:
20499:
20454:
20377:
20372:
20322:
20301:
20270:Davidson, Basil
20262:
20243:
20221:
20201:
20195:
20193:Further reading
20185:
20160:Southall, Roger
20152:
20125:
20089:
20034:
20026:
20021:
20020:
20007:
20006:
20002:
19992:
19990:
19977:
19976:
19972:
19962:
19960:
19945:
19941:
19931:
19929:
19916:
19915:
19911:
19903:
19899:
19891:
19887:
19879:
19875:
19865:
19863:
19853:
19849:
19839:
19837:
19827:
19823:
19813:
19811:
19804:Dublin Inquirer
19796:
19792:
19782:
19780:
19765:
19761:
19751:
19749:
19734:
19730:
19720:
19718:
19709:
19708:
19704:
19694:
19692:
19677:
19670:
19661:
19657:
19650:
19636:
19632:
19627:
19623:
19608:10.2307/3774788
19592:
19588:
19573:
19569:
19564:
19560:
19529:
19525:
19478:
19474:
19458:
19454:
19435:
19431:
19421:
19419:
19409:
19405:
19390:
19386:
19374:
19370:
19360:
19358:
19349:
19348:
19344:
19334:
19332:
19325:
19309:
19305:
19298:
19276:
19272:
19262:
19260:
19253:
19237:
19233:
19223:
19221:
19214:
19198:
19191:
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18151:. PUQ. p. 204.
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17168:, 11 June 2008.
17166:The Independent
17162:Wayback Machine
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16682:Wayback Machine
16673:
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16635:(6722): 64–67.
16625:
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16530:on 3 March 2009
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16426:
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16233:African Affairs
16225:
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16205:Steven Varnis,
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14119:Wayback Machine
14109:Simon Bradley,
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13208:on 27 June 2019
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12965:. 9 June 2009.
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11851:Madeira Islands
11849:The Portuguese
11848:
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10615:Southern Africa
10575:
10529:
10483:
10437:
10391:
10345:
10299:
10253:
10207:
10154:
10108:
10093:Uganda/Yuganda
10062:
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9041:
8995:
8950:
8903:
8888:ليبيا (Lībiyā)
8857:
8811:
8766:
8729:Pelagie Islands
8719:
8698:
8667:
8621:
8588:
8573:
8563:
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8171:
8163:Main articles:
8161:
8153:Rugby World Cup
8119:30 January 2014
8115:10 October 1997
8034:FIFA World Cups
8006:Patrice Motsepe
7988:
7983:
7982:
7955:
7947:
7942:
7941:
7900:genres such as
7838:Congolese rumba
7783:
7772:
7766:
7763:
7756:
7743:
7739:
7731:
7728:Music of Africa
7723:
7718:
7717:
7675:Youssef Chahine
7652:
7644:
7639:
7638:
7568:
7560:
7555:
7554:
7374:
7327:
7262:, lying in The
7252:
7246:
7211:
7207:
7205:
7201:
7199:
7195:
7193:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7155:
7059:, and northern
6981:
6975:
6969:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6821:
6773:
6671:
6623:
6595:Malagasy people
6429:
6423:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6270:Kalahari Desert
6230:Bantu languages
6207:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6180:
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6174:
6170:
6168:
6164:
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6158:
6156:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6136:
6126:
6114:Main articles:
6112:
6084:
5951:
5949:
5927:
5925:
5903:
5901:
5879:
5877:
5855:
5853:
5831:
5829:
5807:
5805:
5783:
5781:
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5757:
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5709:
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5706:
5688:
5653:
5651:
5629:
5627:
5605:
5603:
5581:
5579:
5557:
5555:
5533:
5531:
5509:
5507:
5485:
5483:
5461:
5459:
5437:
5435:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5390:
5250:least-developed
5228:
5221:
5219:
5212:
5210:
5203:
5201:
5194:
5192:
5185:
5183:
5176:
5174:
5167:
5165:
5158:
5147:
5141:
5129:Main articles:
5127:
5122:
5121:
5109:
5101:
5091:
4979:
4971:
4963:
4958:Southern Region
4955:
4950:Northern Region
4947:
4946:
4936:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4872:
4862:
4860:Water resources
4857:
4852:
4851:
4816:coastal erosion
4793:
4785:
4718:
4716:Fauna of Africa
4712:
4707:
4672:protected areas
4660:
4655:
4654:
4600:
4592:
4548:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4513:
4506:
4501:Antarctic Plate
4497:Anatolian Plate
4448:
4432:
4385:Sinai Peninsula
4373:Isthmus of Suez
4353:
4347:
4272:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4229:
4222:
4080:extreme poverty
4052:
4034:
4028:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3876:Ovambo kingdoms
3823:" (1833–1914):
3821:New Imperialism
3800:
3792:
3786:
3784:Colonial Africa
3780:
3725:Barbary pirates
3709:
3691:
3576:Alaafins of Oyo
3564:Yoruba language
3431:
3425:
3413:hunter-gatherer
3404:there were the
3346:Kilwa Sultanate
3310:Bantu expansion
3237:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3213:= Western Bantu
3207:
3206:
3205:= Eastern Bantu
3199:
3198:
3197:first dispersal
3194:
3186:
3181:
3179:Bantu expansion
3171:
3169:Southern Africa
3159:Main articles:
3157:
3081:Tichitt culture
2990:Tichitt culture
2962:iron metallurgy
2948:In the western
2915:
2909:
2804:to the Romans.
2766:Third Punic War
2679:Southern Europe
2642:, Dorsale, and
2605:
2597:Main articles:
2595:
2583:Sassanid Empire
2531:Kingdom of Kush
2381:
2375:
2339:conquered Egypt
2319:Roman civil war
2315:Ptolemaic Egypt
2309:and subjugated
2249:Assyrian Empire
2233:Kingdom of Kush
2214:Egyptian empire
2133:expanding into
2078:who formed the
2036:
2022:
2017:
2007:
1979:desertification
1960:Black-eyed peas
1853:Second Cataract
1844:Tassili n'Ajjer
1797:
1791:
1776:Isthmus of Suez
1706:anthropologists
1669:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1616:
1610:
1414:Third Punic War
1375:(also known as
1313:northern Africa
1288:
1232:in the Americas
1072:Southern Africa
1060:Bantu expansion
1004:, the earliest
964:. The earliest
943:oral traditions
576:
442:
424:
422:
404:
402:
368:
366:
348:
346:
328:
326:
320:Pelagie Islands
304:
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11:
5:
24504:
24494:
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24471:
24470:
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24464:
24462:
24461:
24459:Physical Earth
24442:
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24377:
24372:
24366:
24364:
24358:
24357:
24355:
24354:
24349:
24344:
24339:
24333:
24331:
24325:
24324:
24322:
24321:
24316:
24311:
24310:
24309:
24298:
24296:
24289:
24288:
24286:
24285:
24280:
24279:
24278:
24273:
24271:Mariana Trench
24268:
24258:
24253:
24251:Atlantic Ocean
24248:
24243:
24242:
24241:
24230:
24228:
24222:
24221:
24218:
24217:
24215:
24214:
24212:Southern Ocean
24209:
24208:
24207:
24202:
24200:East China Sea
24192:
24191:
24190:
24180:
24179:
24178:
24177:
24176:
24171:
24166:
24156:
24151:
24146:
24141:
24134:Atlantic Ocean
24131:
24125:
24123:
24116:
24115:
24113:
24112:
24111:
24110:
24105:
24095:
24094:
24093:
24088:
24078:
24073:
24068:
24067:
24066:
24061:
24060:
24059:
24054:
24039:
24033:
24031:
24021:
24015:
24014:
24011:
24010:
24008:
24007:
24006:
24005:
23995:
23990:
23985:
23980:
23975:
23970:
23969:
23968:
23963:
23952:
23950:
23944:
23943:
23941:
23940:
23938:Remote Oceania
23935:
23930:
23925:
23920:
23919:
23918:
23908:
23907:
23906:
23901:
23900:
23899:
23894:
23889:
23873:
23871:
23865:
23864:
23862:
23861:
23856:
23855:
23854:
23853:
23852:
23847:
23832:
23827:
23822:
23817:
23812:
23811:
23810:
23808:Western Canada
23805:
23800:
23798:Eastern Canada
23795:
23790:
23785:
23780:
23775:
23770:
23765:
23760:
23755:
23750:
23745:
23740:
23735:
23730:
23725:
23720:
23715:
23705:
23700:
23695:
23690:
23685:
23679:
23677:
23671:
23670:
23668:
23667:
23662:
23657:
23652:
23647:
23646:
23645:
23640:
23635:
23625:
23624:
23623:
23622:
23621:
23611:
23610:
23609:
23599:
23598:
23597:
23587:
23582:
23572:
23571:
23570:
23569:
23568:
23558:
23553:
23548:
23543:
23533:
23532:
23531:
23526:
23521:
23520:
23519:
23514:
23512:South Caucasus
23509:
23507:North Caucasus
23499:
23489:
23483:
23481:
23475:
23474:
23472:
23471:
23470:
23469:
23468:
23467:
23462:
23457:
23447:
23446:
23445:
23440:
23430:
23429:
23428:
23418:
23417:
23416:
23414:South Caucasus
23406:
23396:
23395:
23394:
23389:
23384:
23374:
23373:
23372:
23367:
23357:
23352:
23351:
23350:
23345:
23335:
23334:
23333:
23332:
23331:
23316:
23315:
23314:
23309:
23308:
23307:
23292:
23291:
23290:
23285:
23283:Aralkum Desert
23280:
23270:
23264:
23262:
23256:
23255:
23253:
23252:
23251:
23250:
23240:
23235:
23234:
23233:
23222:
23220:
23214:
23213:
23211:
23210:
23209:
23208:
23203:
23198:
23197:
23196:
23191:
23181:
23171:
23170:
23169:
23168:
23167:
23162:
23157:
23152:
23137:
23131:
23129:
23120:
23114:
23113:
23111:
23110:
23109:
23108:
23098:
23093:
23088:
23083:
23082:
23081:
23074:Africa-Eurasia
23070:
23068:
23062:
23061:
23059:
23058:
23053:
23048:
23043:
23038:
23033:
23027:
23025:
23019:
23018:
23016:
23015:
23014:
23013:
23008:
23003:
22998:
22988:
22983:
22978:
22973:
22967:
22965:
22959:
22958:
22943:
22942:
22935:
22928:
22920:
22911:
22910:
22907:
22906:
22901:
22891:
22886:
22881:
22865:
22864:
22861:
22860:
22857:
22856:
22852:
22851:
22849:
22848:
22843:
22838:
22833:
22831:Eastern Africa
22828:
22823:
22818:
22804:
22802:
22800:
22799:
22792:
22787:
22782:
22777:
22772:
22767:
22744:
22742:
22740:
22739:
22734:
22729:
22724:
22712:
22710:
22708:
22707:
22702:
22697:
22692:
22687:
22682:
22677:
22672:
22667:
22662:
22657:
22652:
22630:
22628:
22622:
22615:
22614:
22611:
22610:
22606:
22605:
22603:
22602:
22597:
22592:
22587:
22582:
22577:
22572:
22567:
22562:
22557:
22552:
22547:
22542:
22537:
22532:
22527:
22522:
22517:
22512:
22507:
22502:
22490:
22488:
22486:
22485:
22480:
22475:
22470:
22465:
22460:
22455:
22450:
22445:
22440:
22425:
22423:
22417:
22410:
22409:
22406:
22405:
22401:
22400:
22387:
22385:
22372:
22370:
22357:
22355:
22342:
22340:
22334:
22327:
22326:
22323:
22322:
22318:
22317:
22304:
22302:
22289:
22287:
22274:
22272:
22259:
22257:
22244:
22242:
22229:
22227:
22214:
22212:
22206:
22199:
22198:
22187:
22186:
22179:
22172:
22164:
22155:
22154:
22152:
22151:
22146:
22140:
22138:
22134:
22133:
22131:
22130:
22125:
22120:
22114:
22112:
22108:
22107:
22105:
22104:
22099:
22093:
22091:
22087:
22086:
22084:
22083:
22078:
22072:
22070:
22064:
22063:
22061:
22060:
22055:
22049:
22047:
22043:
22042:
22040:
22039:
22034:
22029:
22023:
22021:
22020:Inter-regional
22017:
22016:
22014:
22013:
22008:
22003:
21997:
21995:
21991:
21990:
21985:
21984:
21977:
21970:
21962:
21956:
21953:
21952:
21940:
21939:
21937:
21936:
21924:
21911:
21908:
21907:
21904:
21903:
21901:
21900:
21894:
21892:
21888:
21887:
21885:
21884:
21879:
21874:
21869:
21867:Canary Islands
21863:
21861:
21857:
21856:
21854:
21853:
21851:Savage Islands
21848:
21842:
21840:
21836:
21835:
21833:
21832:
21827:
21821:
21819:
21815:
21814:
21812:
21811:
21806:
21800:
21798:
21791:
21783:
21782:
21779:
21778:
21773:
21771:
21770:United Kingdom
21767:
21766:
21764:
21763:
21757:
21755:
21748:
21741:
21738:
21737:
21735:
21734:
21729:
21718:
21716:
21709:
21706:
21705:
21698:
21696:
21694:
21693:
21688:
21683:
21678:
21673:
21668:
21663:
21658:
21653:
21648:
21643:
21638:
21633:
21628:
21623:
21618:
21613:
21608:
21603:
21598:
21593:
21588:
21583:
21578:
21573:
21568:
21563:
21558:
21553:
21548:
21543:
21538:
21533:
21528:
21523:
21518:
21513:
21508:
21503:
21498:
21492:
21487:
21482:
21477:
21472:
21467:
21462:
21457:
21452:
21447:
21442:
21437:
21432:
21427:
21421:
21419:
21413:
21412:
21401:
21400:
21393:
21386:
21378:
21369:
21368:
21366:
21365:
21360:
21353:
21352:
21345:
21337:
21336:
21333:
21332:
21330:
21329:
21324:
21319:
21314:
21309:
21304:
21299:
21294:
21289:
21284:
21279:
21274:
21269:
21264:
21259:
21254:
21248:
21246:
21240:
21239:
21236:
21235:
21233:
21232:
21227:
21226:
21225:
21220:
21210:
21205:
21200:
21195:
21190:
21189:
21188:
21177:
21175:
21169:
21168:
21165:
21164:
21162:
21161:
21159:Tour d'Afrique
21156:
21151:
21146:
21141:
21136:
21131:
21126:
21121:
21115:
21113:
21107:
21106:
21104:
21103:
21098:
21093:
21088:
21083:
21078:
21073:
21068:
21063:
21058:
21052:
21046:
21040:
21039:
21037:
21036:
21031:
21026:
21021:
21016:
21014:Climate change
21011:
21006:
21001:
20995:
20989:
20985:
20984:
20981:
20980:
20978:
20977:
20972:
20967:
20962:
20957:
20952:
20950:Infrastructure
20947:
20942:
20937:
20932:
20927:
20922:
20916:
20910:
20904:
20903:
20900:
20899:
20897:
20896:
20891:
20890:
20889:
20879:
20877:Pan-Africanism
20874:
20869:
20864:
20863:
20862:
20861:
20860:
20853:Women's rights
20850:
20845:
20840:
20830:
20828:Heads of state
20825:
20820:
20815:
20810:
20804:
20798:
20792:
20791:
20788:
20787:
20785:
20784:
20779:
20778:
20777:
20772:
20767:
20762:
20757:
20747:
20742:
20737:
20735:Impact craters
20732:
20730:Highest points
20727:
20721:
20715:
20709:
20708:
20705:
20704:
20702:
20701:
20696:
20691:
20686:
20681:
20675:
20673:
20669:
20668:
20666:
20665:
20660:
20659:
20658:
20648:
20646:Historiography
20643:
20638:
20632:
20630:
20626:
20625:
20623:
20622:
20620:Decolonisation
20617:
20612:
20611:
20610:
20605:
20600:
20595:
20585:
20580:
20575:
20570:
20565:
20560:
20559:
20558:
20553:
20543:
20538:
20537:
20536:
20525:
20523:
20516:
20510:
20509:
20498:
20497:
20490:
20483:
20475:
20469:
20468:
20457:"Africa"
20452:
20437:
20436:
20430:
20421:
20412:
20403:
20392:
20376:
20375:External links
20373:
20371:
20370:
20353:
20337:
20326:
20320:
20305:
20299:
20286:
20266:
20260:
20247:
20241:
20225:
20219:
20207:Asante, Molefi
20202:
20194:
20191:
20190:
20189:
20183:
20168:
20156:
20150:
20137:
20123:
20110:
20093:
20087:
20071:
20051:10.1086/448326
20045:(1): 166–203.
20025:
20022:
20019:
20018:
20000:
19970:
19939:
19909:
19897:
19885:
19873:
19847:
19821:
19790:
19759:
19728:
19702:
19668:
19655:
19648:
19630:
19621:
19586:
19567:
19558:
19539:(5): 453–563.
19523:
19472:
19452:
19429:
19403:
19384:
19368:
19342:
19324:978-0253018090
19323:
19303:
19296:
19270:
19251:
19231:
19212:
19189:
19158:
19155:on 1 May 2015.
19131:
19116:
19092:
19060:
19042:
19016:
18981:
18946:
18915:
18884:
18853:
18823:
18794:
18769:
18758:on 2 June 2008
18743:
18716:
18687:
18661:
18639:
18612:
18586:
18553:
18520:
18480:
18461:
18454:
18429:
18410:
18391:
18371:
18352:
18348:The Economist
18329:
18306:
18277:
18254:
18239:
18213:
18183:
18160:
18131:
18102:United Nations
18093:
18061:
18035:
18005:
17974:
17955:
17929:
17903:
17878:
17859:
17833:
17807:
17784:
17764:
17734:
17708:
17690:
17672:
17650:
17593:
17563:
17537:
17511:
17492:
17466:
17455:on 19 May 2010
17440:
17414:
17401:
17388:
17361:(4): 117–139.
17345:
17326:
17299:
17270:
17253:
17221:
17196:
17185:. 8 March 2018
17170:
17147:
17124:
17105:
17086:
17073:Africa Renewal
17060:
17047:public.wmo.int
17034:
17027:
17007:
16981:
16962:
16942:
16916:
16891:
16834:
16815:
16796:
16776:
16750:
16696:
16662:
16619:
16606:"Somali Plate"
16597:
16577:
16564:
16541:
16515:
16495:
16478:Africa Renewal
16465:
16420:
16400:
16381:
16355:
16327:
16301:
16270:
16219:
16198:
16177:
16151:
16142:
16123:(1): 102–127.
16103:
16084:
16064:
16045:
16025:
16006:(1): 102–127.
15986:
15984:, p. 301.
15974:
15972:, p. 175.
15962:
15950:
15939:(2): 382–421.
15919:
15884:
15877:
15857:
15850:
15830:
15803:(3): 474–489.
15783:
15763:
15737:
15718:
15694:
15687:
15661:
15635:
15611:
15592:
15570:
15557:
15534:10.1086/340669
15508:
15478:
15475:978-9004147713
15458:
15432:
15399:
15393:978-1856694513
15392:
15374:
15367:
15347:
15334:978-1317797272
15333:
15313:
15288:
15274:
15259:
15252:
15229:
15203:
15182:
15158:
15138:
15107:
15102:Vitaminedz.com
15085:
15046:
15039:
15008:
15002:978-0557183708
15001:
14981:
14963:
14948:
14931:
14897:
14885:
14868:
14848:
14824:
14817:
14799:
14796:. p. 175.
14784:
14720:
14707:George Hatke,
14700:
14687:
14670:
14664:978-1448847976
14663:
14643:
14637:978-0313378577
14636:
14616:
14590:
14573:
14566:
14546:
14522:
14500:
14492:
14466:
14440:
14431:
14422:
14403:
14382:
14324:
14321:978-0199746538
14299:
14273:
14243:
14218:10.1086/693898
14212:(5): 673–683.
14192:
14172:
14153:
14123:
14101:
14082:(2): 219–238.
14064:
14061:978-0813498027
14044:
14022:
13987:
13968:
13948:
13929:
13909:
13875:(2): 119–132.
13852:
13792:
13762:
13742:
13719:
13699:
13675:
13655:
13635:
13616:
13596:
13583:
13570:
13541:
13523:978-0292792319
13522:
13502:
13473:
13446:(3): 134–142.
13430:
13411:
13381:
13351:
13322:
13291:(6): 161–194.
13268:
13188:
13175:
13144:
13113:
13098:
13077:
13070:
13052:
13013:(3): 474–489.
12980:
12954:
12928:
12902:
12845:
12783:
12744:
12706:
12653:
12635:
12622:
12592:
12575:
12568:
12548:
12522:
12499:
12480:
12460:
12433:
12407:
12354:
12297:
12253:
12220:
12186:
12153:
12129:
12103:
12077:
12051:
12025:
11993:
11963:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11954:
11953:
11929:
11909:
11881:Western Sahara
11872:
11855:
11842:
11822:
11805:
11801:Western Sahara
11785:Canary Islands
11776:
11763:
11753:
11732:
11723:
11716:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11709:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11692:
11691:
11675:
11672:
11669:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11660:
11659:1,001,320,281
11657:
11654:
11650:
11649:
11646:
11643:
11638:
11635:
11632:
11629:
11626:
11621:
11612:
11604:
11603:
11600:
11597:
11592:
11589:
11586:
11583:
11580:
11575:
11566:
11558:
11557:
11554:
11551:
11546:
11543:
11540:
11537:
11534:
11529:
11520:
11512:
11511:
11508:
11505:
11500:
11497:
11494:
11491:
11488:
11482:
11473:
11465:
11464:
11461:
11458:
11453:
11450:
11447:
11444:
11441:
11436:
11427:
11419:
11418:
11415:
11412:
11407:
11404:
11401:
11398:
11395:
11390:
11381:
11373:
11372:
11369:
11366:
11361:
11358:
11355:
11352:
11349:
11344:
11335:
11327:
11326:
11323:
11320:
11315:
11312:
11309:
11306:
11303:
11298:
11289:
11281:
11280:
11277:
11274:
11269:
11266:
11263:
11260:
11257:
11252:
11243:
11235:
11234:
11231:
11230:Côte d'Ivoire
11228:
11219:
11216:
11213:
11210:
11207:
11202:
11193:
11185:
11184:
11181:
11178:
11173:
11170:
11167:
11164:
11161:
11156:
11147:
11139:
11138:
11135:
11132:
11127:
11124:
11121:
11118:
11115:
11110:
11101:
11093:
11092:
11089:
11086:
11081:
11078:
11075:
11072:
11069:
11064:
11055:
11047:
11046:
11043:
11040:
11035:
11032:
11029:
11026:
11023:
11018:
11009:
11001:
11000:
10997:
10994:
10989:
10986:
10983:
10980:
10977:
10972:
10963:
10955:
10954:
10951:
10948:
10943:
10940:
10937:
10934:
10931:
10926:
10917:
10909:
10908:
10905:
10902:
10897:
10894:
10891:
10888:
10885:
10880:
10871:
10863:
10862:
10856:
10855:
10852:
10849:
10836:
10833:
10830:
10827:
10824:
10819:
10810:
10802:
10801:
10798:
10795:
10790:
10787:
10784:
10781:
10778:
10773:
10764:
10756:
10755:
10752:
10749:
10744:
10741:
10738:
10735:
10732:
10727:
10718:
10710:
10709:
10706:
10703:
10698:
10695:
10692:
10689:
10686:
10681:
10672:
10664:
10663:
10660:
10657:
10652:
10649:
10646:
10643:
10640:
10635:
10626:
10618:
10617:
10611:
10610:
10607:
10604:
10599:
10596:
10593:
10590:
10587:
10582:
10573:
10565:
10564:
10561:
10558:
10553:
10550:
10547:
10544:
10541:
10536:
10527:
10519:
10518:
10515:
10512:
10507:
10504:
10501:
10498:
10495:
10490:
10481:
10473:
10472:
10469:
10466:
10461:
10458:
10455:
10452:
10449:
10444:
10435:
10427:
10426:
10423:
10420:
10415:
10412:
10409:
10406:
10403:
10398:
10389:
10381:
10380:
10377:
10374:
10369:
10366:
10363:
10360:
10357:
10352:
10343:
10335:
10334:
10331:
10328:
10323:
10320:
10317:
10314:
10311:
10306:
10297:
10289:
10288:
10285:
10282:
10277:
10274:
10271:
10268:
10265:
10260:
10251:
10243:
10242:
10239:
10236:
10231:
10228:
10225:
10222:
10219:
10214:
10205:
10197:
10196:
10194:Central Africa
10190:
10189:
10186:
10183:
10178:
10175:
10172:
10169:
10166:
10161:
10152:
10144:
10143:
10140:
10137:
10132:
10129:
10126:
10123:
10120:
10115:
10106:
10098:
10097:
10094:
10091:
10086:
10083:
10080:
10077:
10074:
10069:
10060:
10052:
10051:
10048:
10045:
10040:
10037:
10034:
10031:
10028:
10023:
10014:
10006:
10005:
10002:
9999:
9994:
9991:
9988:
9985:
9982:
9977:
9968:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9949:
9946:
9943:
9940:
9937:
9932:
9923:
9915:
9914:
9911:
9908:
9903:
9900:
9897:
9894:
9891:
9886:
9877:
9869:
9868:
9865:
9862:
9857:
9854:
9851:
9848:
9845:
9840:
9831:
9823:
9822:
9819:
9816:
9811:
9808:
9805:
9802:
9799:
9794:
9785:
9777:
9776:
9773:
9770:
9765:
9762:
9759:
9756:
9753:
9747:
9738:
9730:
9729:
9726:
9723:
9718:
9715:
9712:
9709:
9706:
9701:
9692:
9684:
9683:
9680:
9677:
9672:
9669:
9666:
9663:
9660:
9654:
9645:
9637:
9636:
9633:
9630:
9625:
9622:
9619:
9616:
9613:
9608:
9599:
9591:
9590:
9587:
9586:Malaŵi/Malaŵi
9584:
9579:
9576:
9573:
9570:
9567:
9562:
9553:
9545:
9544:
9541:
9538:
9533:
9530:
9527:
9524:
9521:
9516:
9507:
9499:
9498:
9495:
9492:
9487:
9484:
9481:
9478:
9475:
9470:
9461:
9453:
9452:
9449:
9446:
9441:
9438:
9435:
9432:
9429:
9423:
9414:
9406:
9405:
9402:
9399:
9394:
9391:
9388:
9385:
9382:
9377:
9368:
9360:
9359:
9356:
9353:
9348:
9345:
9342:
9339:
9336:
9331:
9322:
9314:
9313:
9310:
9307:
9302:
9299:
9296:
9293:
9290:
9285:
9276:
9268:
9267:
9264:
9261:
9256:
9253:
9250:
9247:
9244:
9239:
9230:
9222:
9221:
9218:
9215:
9210:
9207:
9204:
9201:
9198:
9193:
9184:
9176:
9175:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9162:
9157:
9154:
9151:
9148:
9145:
9143:Western Sahara
9140:
9131:
9123:
9122:
9119:
9116:
9111:
9108:
9105:
9102:
9099:
9094:
9085:
9077:
9076:
9073:
9070:
9065:
9062:
9059:
9056:
9053:
9048:
9039:
9031:
9030:
9027:
9024:
9019:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9002:
8993:
8985:
8984:
8981:
8978:
8975:
8972:
8969:
8966:
8963:
8957:
8948:
8940:
8939:
8936:
8933:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8919:
8916:
8910:
8901:
8893:
8892:
8889:
8886:
8881:
8878:
8875:
8872:
8869:
8864:
8855:
8847:
8846:
8843:
8840:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8826:
8823:
8818:
8809:
8801:
8800:
8797:
8794:
8791:
8788:
8785:
8782:
8779:
8773:
8764:
8756:
8755:
8752:
8749:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8726:
8717:
8709:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8692:
8689:
8686:
8683:
8680:
8677:Canary Islands
8674:
8665:
8657:
8656:
8653:
8650:
8645:
8642:
8639:
8636:
8633:
8628:
8619:
8611:
8610:
8604:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8590:
8583:
8580:
8575:
8568:
8560:
8555:
8530:
8523:
8516:
8507:
8498:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8284:
8277:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8172:
8160:
8157:
8105:status, while
7987:
7984:
7956:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7870:Dixieland jazz
7866:American music
7810:township music
7785:
7784:
7746:
7744:
7737:
7732:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7683:Salah Zulfikar
7653:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7635:Horn of Africa
7569:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7551:Central Africa
7452:, with a long
7406:South American
7382:visual culture
7375:
7367:
7326:
7323:
7248:Main article:
7245:
7242:
7213:
7212:
7206:
7204: 0.1–0.5%
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7174: over 15%
7170:
7154:
7151:
7129:African French
7099:
7098:
7073:
7064:
7019:
6971:Main article:
6968:
6965:
6879:Main article:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6782:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6622:
6619:
6603:Cape Coloureds
6537:white Africans
6523:decolonization
6502:branch of the
6484:Horn of Africa
6458:, Romans, and
6431:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6418:
6412:
6406:
6400:
6394:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6250:Swahili people
6199:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6111:
6108:
6083:
6080:
6075:Calestous Juma
6002:human security
5967:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5680:
5677:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5649:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5382:
5379:
5354:market economy
5339:oil extraction
5290:, illiteracy,
5220:
5211:
5202:
5193:
5184:
5175:
5166:
5157:
5126:
5123:
5110:
5102:
5090:
5087:
4982:Central Region
4966:Eastern Region
4932:Main article:
4929:
4926:
4918:
4915:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:Infrastructure
4853:
4832:water scarcity
4820:climate change
4794:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4714:Main article:
4711:
4708:
4659:
4656:
4644:water security
4628:Climate change
4607:Graph showing
4601:
4593:
4591:
4590:Climate change
4588:
4544:Main article:
4541:
4538:
4503:to the south.
4489:Eurasian Plate
4449:
4441:
4431:
4428:
4409:Cape Guardafui
4381:Geopolitically
4349:Main article:
4346:
4343:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4263:
4261:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4232:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4104:political gain
4071:or periods of
4042:Neocolonialism
4030:Main article:
4027:
4024:
4022:, until 1994.
4002:government of
4000:white minority
3975:, Cape Verde,
3958:Year of Africa
3954:decolonization
3921:
3918:
3913:pan-Africanism
3837:United Kingdom
3801:
3793:
3782:Main article:
3779:
3776:
3690:
3687:
3639:Songhai Empire
3566:), called the
3556:Kingdom of Ife
3548:Great Zimbabwe
3525:Kingdom of Nri
3463:Horn of Africa
3456:Bantu-speaking
3427:Main article:
3424:
3421:
3291:Ikom monoliths
3281:in south-west
3218:= 1000–500 BC
3195: 1500 BC
3165:Eastern Africa
3161:Central Africa
3156:
3153:
3137:forest regions
3044:in modern-day
2992:in modern-day
2911:Main article:
2908:
2905:
2879:in modern-day
2790:Jugurthine War
2746:tribal kingdom
2729:into northern
2715:Roman Republic
2667:Egyptian boats
2594:
2591:
2442:there was the
2404:Horn of Africa
2379:Horn of Africa
2377:Main article:
2374:
2373:Horn of Africa
2371:
2325:in 30 BC. The
2253:puppet dynasty
2237:Kushite Empire
2184:conquered the
2143:Middle Kingdom
2107:great pyramids
2042:From 3500 BC,
2021:
2018:
2011:Ancient Africa
2006:
2003:
1857:Eastern Africa
1790:
1787:
1714:Before present
1659:Main article:
1656:
1653:
1612:Main article:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1566:
1556:
1541:
1534:
1523:
1507:
1498:, grandson of
1473:Prime Meridian
1287:
1284:
1268:decolonisation
971:Sahelanthropus
951:Eastern Africa
900:water scarcity
805:Western Sahara
789:prime meridian
740:. It contains
730:Atlantic Ocean
707:tropical fruit
647:neocolonialism
578:
577:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
478:
472:
471:Largest cities
468:
467:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
443:
441:
440:
420:
400:
384:Canary Islands
380:Alboran Island
364:
344:
324:
300:
273:(6+1 disputed)
269:
268:
267:
265:
264:
251:
238:
225:
206:
205:
204:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
176:
175:
173:
172:
166:
160:
154:
147:
145:
141:
140:
133:
132:GDP per capita
129:
128:
121:
117:
116:
111:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
84:
80:
79:
72:
68:
67:
56:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
24503:
24492:
24489:
24487:
24484:
24483:
24481:
24460:
24456:
24452:
24444:
24443:
24440:
24434:
24431:
24429:
24426:
24424:
24421:
24419:
24416:
24414:
24411:
24409:
24406:
24404:
24401:
24399:
24396:
24394:
24391:
24390:
24388:
24386:
24382:
24376:
24373:
24371:
24368:
24367:
24365:
24363:
24359:
24353:
24350:
24348:
24345:
24343:
24340:
24338:
24335:
24334:
24332:
24330:
24326:
24320:
24317:
24315:
24312:
24308:
24305:
24304:
24303:
24300:
24299:
24297:
24295:
24290:
24284:
24281:
24277:
24274:
24272:
24269:
24267:
24264:
24263:
24262:
24261:Pacific Ocean
24259:
24257:
24254:
24252:
24249:
24247:
24244:
24240:
24237:
24236:
24235:
24232:
24231:
24229:
24227:
24223:
24213:
24210:
24206:
24203:
24201:
24198:
24197:
24196:
24195:Pacific Ocean
24193:
24189:
24186:
24185:
24184:
24181:
24175:
24172:
24170:
24167:
24165:
24162:
24161:
24160:
24157:
24155:
24152:
24150:
24149:Caribbean Sea
24147:
24145:
24142:
24140:
24137:
24136:
24135:
24132:
24130:
24127:
24126:
24124:
24122:
24117:
24109:
24106:
24104:
24101:
24100:
24099:
24096:
24092:
24091:by population
24089:
24087:
24084:
24083:
24082:
24079:
24077:
24074:
24072:
24069:
24065:
24064:South America
24062:
24058:
24055:
24053:
24050:
24049:
24048:
24047:North America
24045:
24044:
24043:
24040:
24038:
24035:
24034:
24032:
24030:
24025:
24022:
24020:
24016:
24004:
24001:
24000:
23999:
23998:Southern Cone
23996:
23994:
23991:
23989:
23986:
23984:
23981:
23979:
23976:
23974:
23973:Andean States
23971:
23967:
23964:
23962:
23959:
23958:
23957:
23954:
23953:
23951:
23949:
23948:South America
23945:
23939:
23936:
23934:
23931:
23929:
23926:
23924:
23921:
23917:
23914:
23913:
23912:
23909:
23905:
23902:
23898:
23895:
23893:
23890:
23888:
23885:
23884:
23883:
23880:
23879:
23878:
23875:
23874:
23872:
23870:
23866:
23860:
23857:
23851:
23848:
23846:
23843:
23842:
23841:
23838:
23837:
23836:
23833:
23831:
23828:
23826:
23823:
23821:
23818:
23816:
23813:
23809:
23806:
23804:
23801:
23799:
23796:
23794:
23791:
23789:
23786:
23784:
23781:
23779:
23776:
23774:
23771:
23769:
23766:
23764:
23761:
23759:
23756:
23754:
23751:
23749:
23746:
23744:
23741:
23739:
23736:
23734:
23731:
23729:
23726:
23724:
23721:
23719:
23716:
23714:
23711:
23710:
23709:
23706:
23704:
23701:
23699:
23696:
23694:
23691:
23689:
23686:
23684:
23681:
23680:
23678:
23676:
23675:North America
23672:
23666:
23663:
23661:
23658:
23656:
23653:
23651:
23648:
23644:
23641:
23639:
23638:Low Countries
23636:
23634:
23631:
23630:
23629:
23626:
23620:
23617:
23616:
23615:
23614:South-western
23612:
23608:
23605:
23604:
23603:
23602:South-eastern
23600:
23596:
23593:
23592:
23591:
23590:South-central
23588:
23586:
23583:
23581:
23580:Mediterranean
23578:
23577:
23576:
23573:
23567:
23564:
23563:
23562:
23559:
23557:
23554:
23552:
23549:
23547:
23546:British Isles
23544:
23542:
23539:
23538:
23537:
23534:
23530:
23527:
23525:
23522:
23518:
23515:
23513:
23510:
23508:
23505:
23504:
23503:
23500:
23498:
23495:
23494:
23493:
23490:
23488:
23485:
23484:
23482:
23480:
23476:
23466:
23463:
23461:
23458:
23456:
23453:
23452:
23451:
23448:
23444:
23443:Levantine Sea
23441:
23439:
23436:
23435:
23434:
23431:
23427:
23424:
23423:
23422:
23419:
23415:
23412:
23411:
23410:
23407:
23405:
23402:
23401:
23400:
23397:
23393:
23390:
23388:
23385:
23383:
23380:
23379:
23378:
23375:
23371:
23368:
23366:
23363:
23362:
23361:
23358:
23356:
23353:
23349:
23346:
23344:
23341:
23340:
23339:
23336:
23330:
23327:
23326:
23325:
23322:
23321:
23320:
23317:
23313:
23310:
23306:
23303:
23302:
23301:
23298:
23297:
23296:
23293:
23289:
23286:
23284:
23281:
23279:
23276:
23275:
23274:
23271:
23269:
23266:
23265:
23263:
23261:
23257:
23249:
23246:
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23244:
23241:
23239:
23236:
23232:
23229:
23228:
23227:
23224:
23223:
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23215:
23207:
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23199:
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23180:
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23163:
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23158:
23156:
23153:
23151:
23148:
23147:
23146:
23143:
23142:
23141:
23138:
23136:
23135:Mediterranean
23133:
23132:
23130:
23128:
23124:
23121:
23119:
23115:
23107:
23104:
23103:
23102:
23099:
23097:
23094:
23092:
23089:
23087:
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23080:
23077:
23076:
23075:
23072:
23071:
23069:
23067:
23063:
23057:
23054:
23052:
23049:
23047:
23044:
23042:
23039:
23037:
23034:
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23029:
23028:
23026:
23024:
23020:
23012:
23009:
23007:
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23002:
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22989:
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22966:
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22956:
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22948:
22941:
22936:
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22922:
22921:
22918:
22905:
22902:
22900:
22892:
22890:
22887:
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22880:
22879:
22874:
22867:
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22862:
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22842:
22839:
22837:
22834:
22832:
22829:
22827:
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22819:
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22812:
22811:
22810:Subcontinents
22806:
22805:
22803:
22798:
22797:
22793:
22791:
22788:
22786:
22783:
22781:
22778:
22776:
22775:Kumari Kandam
22773:
22771:
22768:
22766:
22761:
22759:
22755:
22751:
22746:
22745:
22743:
22738:
22735:
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22730:
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22723:
22718:
22714:
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22711:
22706:
22703:
22701:
22698:
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22688:
22686:
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22678:
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22626:
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22598:
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22464:
22461:
22459:
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22434:
22433:
22427:
22426:
22424:
22421:
22420:
22415:
22411:
22398:
22397:
22392:
22386:
22383:
22382:
22377:
22371:
22368:
22367:
22362:
22356:
22353:
22352:
22347:
22341:
22338:
22337:
22332:
22328:
22315:
22314:
22313:South America
22309:
22303:
22300:
22299:
22298:North America
22294:
22288:
22285:
22284:
22279:
22273:
22270:
22269:
22264:
22258:
22255:
22254:
22249:
22243:
22240:
22239:
22234:
22228:
22225:
22224:
22219:
22213:
22210:
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22200:
22196:
22192:
22185:
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22178:
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22150:
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22139:
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22124:
22121:
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22113:
22109:
22103:
22100:
22098:
22095:
22094:
22092:
22088:
22082:
22079:
22077:
22074:
22073:
22071:
22069:
22065:
22059:
22056:
22054:
22051:
22050:
22048:
22044:
22038:
22035:
22033:
22030:
22028:
22025:
22024:
22022:
22018:
22012:
22009:
22007:
22004:
22002:
22001:African Union
21999:
21998:
21996:
21992:
21983:
21978:
21976:
21971:
21969:
21964:
21963:
21960:
21954:
21947:
21935:
21934:
21933:Africa portal
21929:
21925:
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21820:
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21807:
21805:
21802:
21801:
21799:
21795:
21792:
21788:fully part of
21784:
21776:
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21768:
21762:
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21733:
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21544:
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21541:Guinea-Bissau
21539:
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21519:
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21201:
21199:
21198:Ethnic groups
21196:
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21191:
21187:
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21183:
21182:
21179:
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21170:
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21150:
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21140:
21137:
21135:
21132:
21130:
21127:
21125:
21124:African Games
21122:
21120:
21117:
21116:
21114:
21112:
21108:
21102:
21099:
21097:
21094:
21092:
21089:
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21064:
21062:
21059:
21057:
21054:
21053:
21050:
21047:
21045:
21041:
21035:
21032:
21030:
21027:
21025:
21022:
21020:
21017:
21015:
21012:
21010:
21009:Caste systems
21007:
21005:
21004:Birth control
21002:
21000:
20997:
20996:
20993:
20990:
20986:
20976:
20973:
20971:
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20966:
20963:
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20923:
20921:
20920:Central banks
20918:
20917:
20914:
20911:
20909:
20905:
20895:
20892:
20888:
20885:
20884:
20883:
20880:
20878:
20875:
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20834:
20831:
20829:
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20824:
20821:
20819:
20816:
20814:
20811:
20809:
20808:African Union
20806:
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20797:
20793:
20783:
20780:
20776:
20773:
20771:
20768:
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20642:
20639:
20637:
20634:
20633:
20631:
20627:
20621:
20618:
20616:
20613:
20609:
20608:Trans-Saharan
20606:
20604:
20601:
20599:
20596:
20594:
20591:
20590:
20589:
20586:
20584:
20581:
20579:
20576:
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20511:
20507:
20503:
20496:
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20489:
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20482:
20477:
20476:
20473:
20465:
20464:
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20453:
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20447:
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20443:
20442:
20441:
20434:
20431:
20429:
20425:
20422:
20420:
20416:
20413:
20411:
20407:
20404:
20402:
20401:
20396:
20393:
20391:
20387:
20384:
20383:
20382:
20381:
20367:
20363:
20359:
20354:
20352:
20348:
20344:
20341:
20340:Naipaul, V.S.
20338:
20335:
20332:, in series,
20331:
20327:
20323:
20317:
20313:
20312:
20306:
20302:
20296:
20292:
20287:
20283:
20279:
20275:
20271:
20267:
20263:
20257:
20253:
20248:
20244:
20238:
20234:
20230:
20226:
20222:
20216:
20212:
20208:
20204:
20203:
20200:
20186:
20180:
20176:
20175:
20174:African Dance
20169:
20165:
20161:
20157:
20153:
20147:
20143:
20138:
20134:
20130:
20126:
20124:9780333310069
20120:
20116:
20111:
20107:
20103:
20099:
20094:
20090:
20084:
20080:
20076:
20072:
20068:
20064:
20060:
20056:
20052:
20048:
20044:
20040:
20033:
20028:
20027:
20014:
20010:
20004:
19988:
19984:
19980:
19974:
19958:
19954:
19950:
19943:
19927:
19923:
19919:
19913:
19907:, p. 35.
19906:
19901:
19895:, p. 28.
19894:
19889:
19882:
19877:
19862:
19858:
19851:
19836:
19832:
19825:
19809:
19805:
19801:
19794:
19778:
19774:
19770:
19763:
19747:
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19732:
19716:
19712:
19706:
19690:
19686:
19682:
19675:
19673:
19665:
19659:
19651:
19645:
19641:
19634:
19625:
19617:
19613:
19609:
19605:
19602:(1/2): 7–15.
19601:
19597:
19590:
19583:
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19577:
19571:
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19554:
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19407:
19399:
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19388:
19381:
19377:
19376:Suzanne Blier
19372:
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18657:
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18643:
18627:
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18596:
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18574:
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18525:
18505:
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18414:
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18388:
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18383:
18375:
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18364:
18361:
18356:
18349:
18345:
18341:
18338:
18333:
18326:
18322:
18318:
18315:
18310:
18304:
18303:92-871-2611-9
18300:
18296:
18295:
18291:
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18281:
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18270:
18266:
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18258:
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18217:
18201:
18197:
18193:
18187:
18180:
18176:
18172:
18169:
18164:
18158:
18157:2-7605-1588-5
18154:
18150:
18149:
18145:
18142:
18135:
18116:
18109:
18108:
18103:
18097:
18081:
18077:
18076:
18071:
18065:
18049:
18045:
18039:
18023:
18019:
18018:The Economist
18015:
18009:
17993:
17989:
17985:
17978:
17971:
17967:
17964:
17959:
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17907:
17900:
17899:
17898:Science Daily
17894:
17890:
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17882:
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17871:
17868:
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17842:
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17623:
17619:
17615:
17611:
17604:
17597:
17581:
17577:
17576:The Economist
17573:
17567:
17551:
17547:
17541:
17525:
17521:
17515:
17508:
17504:
17501:
17496:
17480:
17476:
17470:
17454:
17450:
17444:
17428:
17424:
17418:
17411:
17405:
17398:
17392:
17384:
17380:
17376:
17372:
17368:
17364:
17360:
17356:
17349:
17341:
17337:
17330:
17315:on 3 May 2009
17314:
17310:
17303:
17287:
17283:
17277:
17275:
17267:
17262:
17256:
17250:
17246:
17240:
17238:
17236:
17234:
17232:
17230:
17228:
17226:
17217:
17213:
17209:
17208:
17200:
17184:
17180:
17174:
17167:
17163:
17159:
17156:
17151:
17143:
17139:
17135:
17128:
17121:
17117:
17114:
17109:
17102:
17098:
17095:
17090:
17074:
17070:
17064:
17048:
17044:
17038:
17030:
17024:
17020:
17019:
17011:
16996:
16992:
16989:IPCC (2018).
16985:
16969:
16965:
16959:
16955:
16954:
16946:
16931:
16927:
16920:
16905:
16901:
16895:
16887:
16883:
16878:
16873:
16869:
16865:
16861:
16857:
16853:
16849:
16845:
16838:
16832:
16828:
16822:
16820:
16803:
16799:
16793:
16789:
16788:
16780:
16764:
16760:
16754:
16747:
16743:
16739:
16732:
16727:
16723:
16719:
16715:
16711:
16707:
16700:
16693:
16689:
16686:
16683:
16679:
16676:
16671:
16669:
16667:
16658:
16654:
16650:
16649:10.1038/18014
16646:
16642:
16638:
16634:
16630:
16623:
16607:
16601:
16595:
16594:0-7534-5569-2
16591:
16587:
16581:
16574:
16568:
16562:
16561:0-87779-546-0
16558:
16554:
16548:
16546:
16529:
16525:
16519:
16513:
16512:0-19-503538-0
16509:
16505:
16499:
16483:
16479:
16475:
16469:
16453:
16448:
16443:
16439:
16435:
16431:
16424:
16417:
16413:
16410:
16404:
16397:(1): 133–149.
16396:
16392:
16385:
16369:
16365:
16359:
16353:. August 2008
16352:
16348:
16344:
16341:
16336:
16334:
16332:
16315:
16311:
16305:
16289:
16285:
16281:
16274:
16258:
16254:
16250:
16246:
16242:
16238:
16234:
16230:
16223:
16216:
16215:0-88738-348-3
16212:
16208:
16202:
16196:, pp. 295–296
16195:
16194:0-521-36022-6
16191:
16187:
16181:
16165:
16161:
16155:
16146:
16138:
16134:
16130:
16126:
16122:
16118:
16114:
16107:
16091:
16087:
16081:
16077:
16076:
16068:
16052:
16048:
16042:
16038:
16037:
16029:
16021:
16017:
16013:
16009:
16005:
16001:
15997:
15990:
15983:
15978:
15971:
15966:
15959:
15954:
15946:
15942:
15938:
15934:
15930:
15923:
15904:
15897:
15896:
15888:
15880:
15878:9789982030069
15874:
15870:
15869:
15861:
15853:
15847:
15843:
15842:
15834:
15826:
15822:
15818:
15814:
15810:
15806:
15802:
15798:
15794:
15787:
15781:
15780:1-55786-585-X
15777:
15773:
15767:
15751:
15748:. Pdavis.nl.
15747:
15741:
15734:
15730:
15727:
15722:
15716:, 1 July 2003
15715:
15711:
15707:
15704:
15701:Rees Davies,
15698:
15690:
15684:
15680:
15675:
15674:
15665:
15649:
15645:
15639:
15633:
15632:
15627:
15623:
15620:
15615:
15608:
15604:
15601:
15600:Swahili Coast
15596:
15590:
15586:
15582:
15579:
15574:
15567:
15561:
15553:
15549:
15544:
15539:
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15531:
15527:
15523:
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15512:
15496:
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15488:
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15476:
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15468:
15462:
15446:
15442:
15436:
15420:
15416:
15415:
15410:
15403:
15395:
15389:
15385:
15378:
15370:
15364:
15360:
15359:
15351:
15336:
15330:
15326:
15325:
15317:
15302:
15298:
15292:
15284:
15278:
15270:
15263:
15255:
15249:
15245:
15244:
15236:
15234:
15217:
15213:
15207:
15192:
15186:
15175:
15168:
15162:
15151:
15150:
15142:
15134:
15130:
15126:
15122:
15118:
15111:
15103:
15096:
15089:
15081:
15077:
15073:
15069:
15065:
15061:
15057:
15050:
15042:
15036:
15032:
15028:
15024:
15023:
15015:
15013:
15004:
14998:
14994:
14993:
14985:
14977:
14973:
14967:
14959:
14952:
14946:
14945:0-415-11585-X
14942:
14935:
14927:
14923:
14920:(2): 73–115.
14919:
14915:
14911:
14904:
14902:
14894:
14889:
14882:
14878:
14872:
14864:
14863:
14855:
14853:
14844:
14843:
14835:
14833:
14831:
14829:
14820:
14814:
14810:
14803:
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14788:
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14776:
14772:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14754:
14750:
14746:
14742:
14738:
14734:
14730:
14724:
14718:
14717:0-7486-0106-6
14714:
14710:
14704:
14697:
14691:
14684:
14680:
14679:Addis Tribune
14674:
14666:
14660:
14656:
14655:
14647:
14639:
14633:
14629:
14628:
14620:
14604:
14603:New Scientist
14600:
14594:
14586:
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14577:
14569:
14563:
14559:
14558:
14550:
14542:
14538:
14537:
14532:
14526:
14511:
14504:
14495:
14493:9781444338386
14489:
14485:
14481:
14477:
14470:
14462:
14461:
14453:
14451:
14449:
14447:
14445:
14435:
14426:
14419:
14415:
14412:
14407:
14399:
14398:
14393:
14386:
14378:
14374:
14370:
14366:
14361:
14356:
14352:
14348:
14344:
14340:
14336:
14328:
14322:
14318:
14314:
14308:
14306:
14304:
14287:
14283:
14277:
14261:
14257:
14253:
14247:
14231:
14227:
14223:
14219:
14215:
14211:
14207:
14203:
14196:
14188:
14187:
14179:
14177:
14160:
14156:
14150:
14146:
14142:
14138:
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14127:
14120:
14116:
14113:
14112:
14105:
14097:
14093:
14089:
14085:
14081:
14077:
14076:
14068:
14062:
14058:
14054:
14048:
14042:
14041:Science Daily
14038:
14034:
14031:
14026:
14018:
14014:
14010:
14006:
14002:
13998:
13991:
13975:
13971:
13965:
13962:. Routledge.
13961:
13960:
13952:
13936:
13932:
13926:
13922:
13921:
13913:
13894:
13890:
13886:
13882:
13878:
13874:
13870:
13863:
13856:
13848:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13820:
13816:
13812:
13808:
13804:
13796:
13780:
13776:
13772:
13766:
13759:
13755:
13752:
13746:
13740:
13736:
13732:
13729:
13723:
13717:
13716:1-58112-564-X
13713:
13709:
13703:
13697:
13696:0-85255-092-8
13693:
13689:
13687:
13679:
13673:
13672:0-19-860426-2
13669:
13665:
13659:
13653:
13652:0-19-515706-0
13649:
13645:
13639:
13623:
13619:
13613:
13609:
13608:
13600:
13593:
13587:
13580:
13574:
13558:
13554:
13553:
13545:
13529:
13525:
13519:
13515:
13514:
13506:
13490:
13486:
13485:
13477:
13469:
13465:
13461:
13457:
13453:
13449:
13445:
13441:
13434:
13426:
13422:
13415:
13399:
13395:
13391:
13385:
13369:
13365:
13364:Consultos.com
13361:
13355:
13349:
13348:90-429-1344-4
13345:
13341:
13337:
13334:
13333:
13326:
13310:
13306:
13302:
13298:
13294:
13290:
13286:
13282:
13281:"The Berbers"
13275:
13273:
13265:
13260:
13253:
13249:
13245:
13241:
13237:
13233:
13232:Ifri-n-Dellal
13229:
13225:
13221:
13207:
13203:
13199:
13192:
13186:(2005), p. 16
13185:
13179:
13163:
13159:
13155:
13148:
13132:
13128:
13124:
13117:
13109:
13105:
13101:
13099:0-582-24917-1
13095:
13091:
13084:
13082:
13073:
13071:9780691027937
13067:
13063:
13056:
13040:
13036:
13032:
13028:
13024:
13020:
13016:
13012:
13008:
13004:
12998:
12994:
12990:
12984:
12968:
12964:
12958:
12942:
12938:
12932:
12916:
12912:
12906:
12898:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12880:
12876:
12872:
12868:
12864:
12860:
12856:
12849:
12841:
12837:
12832:
12827:
12823:
12819:
12815:
12811:
12807:
12803:
12802:
12797:
12790:
12788:
12771:
12767:
12766:
12761:
12757:
12751:
12749:
12732:
12728:
12724:
12722:
12713:
12711:
12702:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12684:
12680:
12676:
12672:
12668:
12660:
12658:
12649:
12645:
12639:
12625:
12619:
12615:
12611:
12607:
12603:
12596:
12588:
12587:
12579:
12571:
12565:
12561:
12560:
12552:
12536:
12532:
12526:
12520:
12516:
12513:
12509:
12503:
12487:
12483:
12477:
12473:
12472:
12464:
12448:
12444:
12437:
12421:
12417:
12411:
12395:
12391:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12358:
12339:
12335:
12331:
12327:
12323:
12320:(10): 62–85.
12319:
12315:
12308:
12301:
12293:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12275:
12271:
12267:
12260:
12258:
12238:
12231:
12224:
12208:
12204:
12200:
12196:
12190:
12174:
12170:
12169:
12164:
12157:
12150:
12149:0-7613-1367-2
12146:
12142:
12136:
12134:
12117:
12113:
12107:
12091:
12087:
12081:
12065:
12061:
12055:
12039:
12035:
12029:
12013:
12006:
12000:
11998:
11981:
11977:
11971:
11969:
11964:
11950:
11946:
11942:
11938:
11933:
11926:
11922:
11918:
11913:
11906:
11902:
11898:
11897:African Union
11894:
11890:
11886:
11882:
11876:
11869:
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11859:
11852:
11846:
11839:
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11815:
11809:
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11794:
11790:
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11773:
11767:
11757:
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11727:
11721:
11717:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11693:
11689:
11688:Africa portal
11678:
11664:
11661:
11658:
11655:
11653:Africa Total
11651:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11636:
11633:
11630:
11627:
11625:
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11618:
11613:
11610:
11606:
11605:
11601:
11599:Sierra Leone
11598:
11596:
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11509:
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11501:
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11479:
11474:
11471:
11467:
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11462:
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11451:
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11442:
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11411:
11408:
11405:
11402:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11387:
11382:
11379:
11375:
11374:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11359:
11356:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11341:
11336:
11333:
11329:
11328:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11313:
11310:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11295:
11290:
11287:
11283:
11282:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11267:
11264:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11249:
11244:
11241:
11237:
11236:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11223:
11220:
11217:
11214:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11199:
11194:
11191:
11187:
11186:
11182:
11180:Guiné-Bissau
11179:
11177:
11174:
11171:
11168:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11159:Guinea-Bissau
11157:
11153:
11148:
11145:
11141:
11140:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11125:
11122:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11107:
11102:
11099:
11095:
11094:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11079:
11076:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11061:
11056:
11053:
11049:
11048:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11033:
11030:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11015:
11010:
11007:
11003:
11002:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10987:
10984:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10969:
10964:
10961:
10957:
10956:
10952:
10950:Burkina Faso
10949:
10947:
10944:
10941:
10938:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10923:
10918:
10915:
10911:
10910:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10895:
10892:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10877:
10872:
10869:
10865:
10864:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10837:
10834:
10831:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10816:
10811:
10808:
10804:
10803:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10788:
10785:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10770:
10765:
10762:
10758:
10757:
10753:
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10716:
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10711:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10696:
10693:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10678:
10673:
10670:
10666:
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10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10650:
10647:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
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10627:
10624:
10620:
10619:
10616:
10612:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10597:
10594:
10591:
10588:
10586:
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10579:
10574:
10571:
10567:
10566:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10551:
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10542:
10540:
10537:
10533:
10528:
10525:
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10520:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10505:
10502:
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10496:
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10487:
10482:
10479:
10475:
10474:
10470:
10467:
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10462:
10459:
10456:
10453:
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10448:
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10441:
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10413:
10410:
10407:
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10402:
10399:
10395:
10390:
10387:
10383:
10382:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10367:
10364:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10349:
10344:
10341:
10337:
10336:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10321:
10318:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10303:
10298:
10295:
10291:
10290:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10275:
10272:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10257:
10252:
10249:
10245:
10244:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10229:
10226:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10211:
10206:
10203:
10199:
10198:
10195:
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10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10176:
10173:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10158:
10153:
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10146:
10145:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
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10127:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10112:
10107:
10104:
10100:
10099:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10084:
10081:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10066:
10061:
10058:
10054:
10053:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10038:
10035:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10020:
10015:
10012:
10008:
10007:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9992:
9989:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9974:
9969:
9966:
9962:
9961:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9947:
9944:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9929:
9924:
9921:
9917:
9916:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9901:
9898:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9883:
9878:
9875:
9871:
9870:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9855:
9852:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9837:
9832:
9829:
9825:
9824:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9809:
9806:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9791:
9786:
9783:
9779:
9778:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9763:
9760:
9757:
9754:
9751:
9748:
9744:
9739:
9736:
9732:
9731:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9716:
9713:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9698:
9693:
9690:
9686:
9685:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9670:
9667:
9664:
9661:
9658:
9655:
9651:
9646:
9643:
9639:
9638:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9623:
9620:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9605:
9600:
9597:
9593:
9592:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9577:
9574:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9559:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9546:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9531:
9528:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9513:
9508:
9505:
9501:
9500:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9485:
9482:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9467:
9462:
9459:
9455:
9454:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9439:
9436:
9433:
9430:
9427:
9424:
9420:
9415:
9412:
9408:
9407:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9392:
9389:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9374:
9369:
9366:
9362:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9346:
9343:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9328:
9323:
9320:
9316:
9315:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9300:
9297:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9282:
9277:
9274:
9270:
9269:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9254:
9251:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9236:
9231:
9228:
9224:
9223:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9208:
9205:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9190:
9185:
9182:
9178:
9177:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9155:
9152:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9137:
9132:
9129:
9125:
9124:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9109:
9106:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9091:
9086:
9083:
9079:
9078:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9063:
9060:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9045:
9040:
9037:
9033:
9032:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9014:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
8999:
8994:
8991:
8987:
8986:
8982:
8979:
8976:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8954:
8949:
8946:
8942:
8941:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8907:
8902:
8899:
8895:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8879:
8876:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8861:
8856:
8853:
8849:
8848:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8833:
8830:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8815:
8810:
8807:
8803:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8786:
8783:
8780:
8777:
8774:
8770:
8765:
8762:
8758:
8757:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8742:
8739:
8736:
8733:
8730:
8727:
8723:
8718:
8715:
8711:
8710:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8696:
8693:
8690:
8687:
8684:
8681:
8678:
8675:
8671:
8666:
8663:
8659:
8658:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8643:
8640:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8625:
8620:
8617:
8613:
8612:
8609:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8591:
8587:
8581:
8579:
8572:
8567:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8537:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8505:
8496:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8342:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8305:and Príncipe*
8299:
8294:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8170:
8166:
8156:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8053:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8028:teams in the
8027:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8004:
8003:CAF President
8000:
7992:
7980:
7976:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7958:African dance
7953:
7952:African dance
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7781:
7778:
7770:
7760:
7754:
7752:
7747:This article
7745:
7736:
7735:
7729:
7715:
7711:
7710:North African
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7662:
7657:
7650:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7605:architectural
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7582:
7578:
7573:
7566:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7523:Benin Bronzes
7520:
7517:
7512:
7510:
7505:
7501:
7496:
7492:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7450:Ethiopian art
7447:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7436:Mediterranean
7433:
7432:North African
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7372:
7363:
7362:Benin bronzes
7358:
7351:
7347:
7342:
7335:
7331:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7300:Molefi Asante
7297:
7293:
7289:
7284:
7280:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7241:
7238:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7222:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7159:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7130:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7017:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6997:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6974:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6893:
6888:
6882:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6779:
6776:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6629:
6626:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6524:
6521:Prior to the
6519:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6442:(who founded
6441:
6422: No data
6416: ≤ 0.399
6393:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6266:Pygmy peoples
6263:
6259:
6255:
6254:Swahili Coast
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6232:(part of the
6231:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6144:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6079:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6065:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6027:, 64% of its
6026:
6023:, 70% of its
6022:
6018:
6015:, 90% of its
6014:
6009:
6007:
6006:civil society
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5716:African Union
5704:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5660:Côte d'Ivoire
5650:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5418:African Union
5406:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5320:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5294:, inadequate
5293:
5289:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5218:
5209:
5200:
5191:
5182:
5173:
5164:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5118:
5117:African Union
5114:
5107:
5100:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5026:AU Commission
5022:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4999:member states
4996:
4992:
4991:African Union
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4934:African Union
4928:African Union
4924:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4897:Zambezi River
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4867:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4812:air pollution
4809:
4805:
4804:deforestation
4801:
4797:
4791:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4682:Deforestation
4679:
4677:
4673:
4664:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4640:food security
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4605:
4598:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4481:Arabian Plate
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4453:African Plate
4446:
4445:African Plate
4436:
4430:African plate
4427:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4393:Ras ben Sakka
4388:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4308:in 2003, and
4307:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4267:
4262:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3981:Guinea-Bissau
3978:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3926:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3791:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3735:, increasing
3734:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:Tsodilo hills
3395:
3391:
3390:Limpopo River
3387:
3384:and reaching
3383:
3379:
3375:
3374:Zambezi basin
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:Swahili coast
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3314:Bantu peoples
3311:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3295:Swahili coast
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:Djenné-Djenno
3032:from 550 BC,
3031:
3027:
3026:Daima culture
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:. Swathes of
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:and a strict
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:Gulf of Tunis
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:Libyan desert
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:peoples, and
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2500:ancient India
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:unified Egypt
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:expelled the
2167:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2031:
2030:Ancient Egypt
2026:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:Bab-el-Mandeb
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1738:Homo ergaster
1734:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1690:Afar Triangle
1687:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:Ibn Khallikan
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:according to
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:Julius Caesar
1438:, as used by
1437:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:Carthaginians
1407:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:Ancient Libya
1322:
1321:Mediterranean
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:, Africa was
1237:
1233:
1230:, especially
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:slave markets
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:Ancient Egypt
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Ancient Egypt
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
991:
990:
985:
984:
979:
978:
973:
972:
967:
963:
959:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
774:African Union
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Gulf of Aqaba
719:
718:Arabian Plate
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
517:Dar es Salaam
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
459:
455:
452:
449:
445:
439:
437:
432:
421:
419:
417:
412:
401:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
365:
363:
361:
356:
345:
343:
341:
336:
325:
323:
321:
317:
312:
301:
299:
297:
293:
288:
277:
276:
272:
263:
252:
250:
239:
237:
226:
224:
223:Bouvet Island
214:
213:
209:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
186:
183:
181:
177:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
120:GDP (nominal)
118:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
60:
50:
43:
37:
33:
19:
24457: /
24455:List of seas
24453: /
24418:Global South
24403:Global North
24337:Atlantic Rim
24276:Ring of Fire
24256:Indian Ocean
24246:Arctic Ocean
24188:Persian Gulf
24183:Indian Ocean
24164:Adriatic Sea
24129:Arctic Ocean
23961:Amazon Basin
23956:Amazon Plain
23928:Near Oceania
23733:Mid-Atlantic
23683:Aridoamerica
23643:Northwestern
23556:Northwestern
23529:Southeastern
23421:Greater Iran
23360:Southeastern
23355:Pacific Asia
23324:Pacific Asia
23312:Northeastern
23268:Asia–Pacific
23126:
23011:Fourth World
23001:Second World
22869:
22808:
22794:
22758:hypothesised
22748:
22716:
22634:
22565:Kazakhstania
22540:Congo Craton
22494:
22430:Prehistoric
22429:
22388:
22373:
22358:
22351:Afro-Eurasia
22343:
22305:
22290:
22275:
22260:
22245:
22230:
22222:
22215:
21931:
21919:
21761:Îles Éparses
21651:South Africa
21641:Sierra Leone
21445:Burkina Faso
21408:
21213:Urbanization
21173:Demographics
21149:Rugby Africa
21056:Architecture
20940:Billionaires
20833:Human rights
20603:Indian Ocean
20534:North Africa
20501:
20461:
20439:
20438:
20398:
20379:
20378:
20357:
20342:
20333:
20329:
20310:
20290:
20273:
20251:
20232:
20210:
20173:
20163:
20141:
20114:
20097:
20078:
20042:
20038:
20013:the original
20003:
19991:. Retrieved
19982:
19973:
19961:. Retrieved
19952:
19942:
19930:. Retrieved
19912:
19900:
19888:
19883:, p. 9.
19876:
19864:. Retrieved
19860:
19850:
19838:. Retrieved
19834:
19824:
19812:. Retrieved
19803:
19793:
19781:. Retrieved
19772:
19762:
19750:. Retrieved
19742:Modern Ghana
19741:
19731:
19719:. Retrieved
19714:
19705:
19693:. Retrieved
19684:
19663:
19658:
19639:
19633:
19624:
19599:
19595:
19589:
19579:
19570:
19561:
19536:
19532:
19526:
19485:
19481:
19475:
19460:
19455:
19438:
19432:
19420:. Retrieved
19416:
19406:
19397:
19387:
19379:
19371:
19359:. Retrieved
19345:
19333:. Retrieved
19313:
19306:
19279:
19273:
19261:. Retrieved
19241:
19234:
19222:. Retrieved
19202:
19180:. Retrieved
19171:
19161:
19150:the original
19125:
19119:
19107:. Retrieved
19095:
19083:. Retrieved
19063:
19054:
19033:. Retrieved
19019:
18994:
18990:
18984:
18959:
18955:
18949:
18937:. Retrieved
18928:
18918:
18906:. Retrieved
18897:
18887:
18875:. Retrieved
18866:
18856:
18844:. Retrieved
18835:
18826:
18814:. Retrieved
18804:
18797:
18785:. Retrieved
18779:
18772:
18760:. Retrieved
18756:the original
18746:
18734:. Retrieved
18719:
18708:, retrieved
18699:
18690:
18678:. Retrieved
18674:
18664:
18656:the original
18642:
18630:. Retrieved
18615:
18603:. Retrieved
18589:
18577:. Retrieved
18568:
18544:. Retrieved
18535:
18511:. Retrieved
18464:
18443:
18432:
18413:
18401:. Retrieved
18381:
18374:
18355:
18347:
18332:
18327:25 July 1960
18324:
18309:
18285:
18280:
18272:
18257:
18222:
18216:
18204:. Retrieved
18195:
18186:
18179:Times Online
18178:
18163:
18139:
18134:
18122:. Retrieved
18106:
18096:
18084:. Retrieved
18073:
18064:
18052:. Retrieved
18038:
18028:26 September
18026:. Retrieved
18017:
18008:
17996:. Retrieved
17987:
17977:
17958:
17946:. Retrieved
17932:
17920:. Retrieved
17916:the original
17906:
17896:
17881:
17862:
17844:
17836:
17824:. Retrieved
17810:
17803:Times Online
17802:
17787:
17767:
17755:. Retrieved
17725:. Retrieved
17711:
17702:
17693:
17684:
17675:
17663:. Retrieved
17653:
17643:26 September
17641:. Retrieved
17596:
17586:19 September
17584:. Retrieved
17575:
17566:
17554:. Retrieved
17550:the original
17540:
17528:. Retrieved
17524:the original
17514:
17495:
17483:. Retrieved
17479:the original
17469:
17457:. Retrieved
17453:the original
17443:
17433:11 September
17431:. Retrieved
17417:
17409:
17404:
17391:
17358:
17354:
17348:
17339:
17329:
17317:. Retrieved
17313:the original
17302:
17290:. Retrieved
17244:
17206:
17199:
17187:. Retrieved
17183:Toppr-guides
17182:
17173:
17165:
17150:
17142:the original
17137:
17127:
17122:. afrol News
17108:
17089:
17077:. Retrieved
17072:
17063:
17051:. Retrieved
17046:
17037:
17017:
17010:
16998:. Retrieved
16994:
16984:
16974:15 September
16972:. Retrieved
16968:the original
16952:
16945:
16933:. Retrieved
16929:
16919:
16907:. Retrieved
16903:
16894:
16851:
16847:
16837:
16826:
16808:15 September
16806:. Retrieved
16802:the original
16786:
16779:
16767:. Retrieved
16763:the original
16753:
16713:
16709:
16699:
16632:
16628:
16622:
16610:. Retrieved
16600:
16585:
16580:
16572:
16567:
16552:
16532:. Retrieved
16528:the original
16518:
16503:
16498:
16486:. Retrieved
16477:
16468:
16456:. Retrieved
16437:
16433:
16423:
16403:
16394:
16384:
16372:. Retrieved
16358:
16350:
16318:. Retrieved
16304:
16292:. Retrieved
16283:
16273:
16261:. Retrieved
16236:
16232:
16222:
16206:
16201:
16185:
16180:
16168:. Retrieved
16154:
16145:
16120:
16116:
16106:
16094:. Retrieved
16074:
16067:
16055:. Retrieved
16035:
16028:
16003:
15999:
15989:
15977:
15965:
15953:
15936:
15932:
15922:
15910:. Retrieved
15894:
15887:
15867:
15860:
15840:
15833:
15800:
15796:
15786:
15771:
15766:
15754:. Retrieved
15740:
15721:
15697:
15672:
15664:
15652:. Retrieved
15638:
15629:
15614:
15595:
15588:
15573:
15568:, Cambridge.
15565:
15560:
15525:
15521:
15511:
15499:. Retrieved
15490:
15481:
15466:
15461:
15449:. Retrieved
15435:
15423:. Retrieved
15412:
15402:
15383:
15377:
15357:
15350:
15338:. Retrieved
15323:
15316:
15304:. Retrieved
15300:
15291:
15282:
15277:
15268:
15262:
15242:
15220:. Retrieved
15216:the original
15206:
15194:. Retrieved
15185:
15174:the original
15161:
15148:
15141:
15124:
15120:
15110:
15101:
15088:
15063:
15059:
15049:
15021:
14995:. Lulu.com.
14991:
14984:
14976:the original
14966:
14957:
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14934:
14917:
14913:
14888:
14880:
14876:
14871:
14861:
14841:
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14736:
14732:
14723:
14708:
14703:
14695:
14690:
14678:
14673:
14653:
14646:
14626:
14619:
14607:. Retrieved
14602:
14593:
14583:
14576:
14556:
14549:
14541:the original
14534:
14525:
14513:. Retrieved
14503:
14475:
14469:
14459:
14434:
14425:
14406:
14395:
14385:
14342:
14338:
14327:
14312:
14290:. Retrieved
14276:
14264:. Retrieved
14255:
14246:
14234:. Retrieved
14209:
14205:
14195:
14185:
14163:. Retrieved
14136:
14126:
14110:
14104:
14079:
14073:
14067:
14052:
14047:
14040:
14025:
14000:
13996:
13990:
13978:. Retrieved
13958:
13951:
13939:. Retrieved
13919:
13912:
13900:. Retrieved
13872:
13868:
13855:
13810:
13806:
13795:
13783:. Retrieved
13775:lpi.usra.edu
13774:
13765:
13745:
13738:
13722:
13707:
13702:
13683:
13678:
13663:
13658:
13643:
13638:
13626:. Retrieved
13606:
13599:
13591:
13586:
13578:
13573:
13561:. Retrieved
13551:
13544:
13532:. Retrieved
13512:
13505:
13493:. Retrieved
13483:
13476:
13443:
13439:
13433:
13424:
13420:
13414:
13402:. Retrieved
13398:the original
13393:
13384:
13372:. Retrieved
13363:
13354:
13331:
13325:
13313:. Retrieved
13288:
13284:
13258:
13251:
13247:
13243:
13239:
13235:
13231:
13227:
13223:
13222:(adjective:
13219:
13217:
13210:. Retrieved
13206:the original
13201:
13191:
13183:
13178:
13168:20 September
13166:. Retrieved
13157:
13147:
13137:20 September
13135:. Retrieved
13131:the original
13126:
13116:
13089:
13061:
13055:
13043:. Retrieved
13010:
13006:
12983:
12971:. Retrieved
12957:
12945:. Retrieved
12931:
12919:. Retrieved
12905:
12862:
12858:
12848:
12805:
12799:
12776:10 September
12774:. Retrieved
12763:
12756:Zimmer, Carl
12735:. Retrieved
12727:The Guardian
12726:
12721:Homo sapiens
12720:
12674:
12670:
12648:the original
12638:
12629:14 September
12627:, retrieved
12605:
12595:
12585:
12578:
12558:
12551:
12539:. Retrieved
12525:
12507:
12502:
12492:15 September
12490:. Retrieved
12486:the original
12470:
12463:
12451:. Retrieved
12436:
12424:. Retrieved
12420:the original
12410:
12398:. Retrieved
12374:(2): 89–93.
12371:
12367:
12357:
12345:. Retrieved
12317:
12313:
12300:
12273:
12269:
12244:. Retrieved
12223:
12213:27 September
12211:. Retrieved
12202:
12189:
12179:26 September
12177:. Retrieved
12166:
12156:
12140:
12120:. Retrieved
12106:
12094:. Retrieved
12080:
12068:. Retrieved
12054:
12042:. Retrieved
12028:
12016:. Retrieved
11984:. Retrieved
11948:
11937:Yamoussoukro
11932:
11917:Bloemfontein
11912:
11875:
11862:The Spanish
11858:
11845:
11825:
11812:The Spanish
11808:
11783:The Spanish
11779:
11766:
11756:
11735:
11726:
11720:
11578:Sierra Leone
11446:166,629,000
11226:Yamoussoukro
10929:Burkina Faso
10859:
10839:Bloemfontein
10822:South Africa
10614:
10193:
10001:South Sudan
9536:Antananarivo
9444:Saint Pierre
9172:
8842:مِصر (Miṣr)
8608:North Africa
8607:
8541:
8347:South Africa
8206:Cent Afr Rep
8139:
8095:South Africa
8089:
8069:Johannesburg
8054:
8023:
8008:handing the
7975:oral history
7773:
7764:
7751:copy editing
7749:may require
7748:
7681:as Saladin,
7679:Ahmed Mazhar
7668:
7631:rammed earth
7621:
7586:
7558:Architecture
7527:naturalistic
7513:
7448:
7424:architecture
7410:
7376:
7308:
7296:Afrocentrism
7285:
7281:
7277:
7230:
7218:
7198: 0.5–1%
7126:
7100:
7077:
7068:
7024:Nilo-Saharan
7023:
7010:
6993:multilingual
6982:
6949:Confucianist
6912:Christianity
6901:
6898:
6827:
6822:(projected)
6774:
6723:
6677:
6672:(projected)
6624:
6568:
6553:South Africa
6530:
6520:
6504:Afro-Asiatic
6481:
6436:
6285:Nilo-Saharan
6278:
6228:Speakers of
6227:
6212:
6208:
6140:
6110:Demographics
6085:
6068:
6061:
6010:
5997:
5970:
5790:South Africa
5705:
5690:millions of
5492:South Africa
5407:
5392:millions of
5343:
5324:
5316:
5308:
5292:malnutrition
5286:
5243:
5067:Sierra Leone
5055:
5023:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4949:
4873:
4765:aquatic life
4738:
4680:
4669:
4650:in Africa.
4614:
4549:
4533:Nubian Plate
4532:
4521:Somali Plate
4485:Somali Plate
4450:
4413:
4397:Cape Agulhas
4389:
4362:
4323:
4298:Sierra Leone
4295:
4275:
4192:. In 1994 a
4176:There was a
4175:
4153:Soviet Union
4147:
4116:
4093:
4077:
4053:
3966:
3934:World War II
3931:
3880:
3853:
3809:colonisation
3802:
3749:
3737:anti-slavery
3729:
3718:
3653:in 1468 and
3632:
3590:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3553:
3518:
3491:
3465:; the large
3448:
3410:semi-nomadic
3307:
3279:Lake Ejagham
3244:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3187:
3182:
3149:large tumuli
3115:and western
3108:
3077:Ghana Empire
3066:
3062:Benin Empire
3006:hierarchical
2947:
2943:Ghana Empire
2833:fall of Rome
2806:
2794:Roman Senate
2725:'s infamous
2648:
2567:Aksum's king
2551:great powers
2511:principality
2509:grew from a
2504:
2476:frankincense
2470:, exporting
2418:or northern
2408:Land of Punt
2401:
2331:Roman Empire
2292:
2265:28th dynasty
2230:
2166:18th dynasty
2163:
2131:12th dynasty
2119:11th dynasty
2109:. Under the
2096:
2041:
1983:
1976:
1917:
1905:castor beans
1885:Nilo-Saharan
1865:
1829:
1780:
1747:Homo sapiens
1745:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1721:
1695:
1679:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1548:
1537:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1491:
1481:
1458:
1451:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1403:
1393:
1376:
1369:Tripolitania
1356:
1352:
1340:
1302:
1301:
1298:crew in 1972
1272:World War II
1224:slave trades
1096:Bamana/Ségou
1029:
1024:Homo sapiens
1023:
1016:South Africa
1007:Homo sapiens
1005:
999:
993:
989:Homo erectus
987:
983:A. afarensis
981:
975:
969:
920:
881:
857:South Africa
782:
752:independent
749:
738:archipelagos
736:and various
726:Indian Ocean
711:
590:
589:
497:Johannesburg
433:
413:
377:
357:
337:
313:
289:
201:Dependencies
151:Christianity
36:
24433:Global West
24393:Global East
24352:Pacific Rim
24294:waterbodies
24283:World Ocean
24108:New Zealand
23988:The Guianas
23877:Australasia
23820:West Indies
23748:New England
23728:Great Lakes
23698:Mesoamerica
23585:Middle East
23561:Scandinavia
23450:Middle East
23288:Caspian Sea
23194:Great Lakes
23174:Sub-Saharan
23160:Middle East
23023:Hemispheres
23006:Third World
22996:First World
22949:'s primary
22732:Novopangaea
22600:South China
22580:North China
21994:Continental
21825:Pantelleria
21745:territories
21713:recognition
21656:South Sudan
21546:Ivory Coast
21223:urban areas
21144:FIBA Africa
20843:LGBT rights
20541:Archaeology
19932:10 December
19881:Malone 1996
19695:13 December
19422:12 December
19382:, pp. 15–19
19335:18 December
19263:18 December
19224:18 December
19182:18 December
18962:(1): i–ii.
18939:2 September
18908:2 September
18877:2 September
18206:30 December
17998:14 February
17922:28 November
17292:13 November
17000:16 February
16854:(1): 1794.
15654:28 February
14536:Daily Times
14292:19 February
14003:: 367–373.
13902:26 December
13374:14 November
13248:troglodytēs
12993:Egba people
12808:(1): 3406.
12426:24 November
12276:(3): 3–22.
12246:15 December
11941:Ivory Coast
11787:, of which
11745:Egba people
11656:30,368,609
11539:13,711,597
11400:15,306,252
11308:12,666,987
11212:20,617,068
11205:Ivory Coast
11120:10,057,975
11074:23,832,495
11042:The Gambia
10946:Ouagadougou
10936:15,746,232
10860:West Africa
10829:51,770,560
10454:69,575,000
10418:Brazzaville
10362:10,329,208
10270:18,879,301
10224:12,799,293
10171:11,392,629
10125:11,862,740
10079:32,369,558
10033:44,929,002
9980:South Sudan
9804:10,473,282
9772:La Réunion
9768:Saint Denis
9711:21,669,278
9572:14,268,711
9526:20,653,556
9480:39,002,772
9397:Addis Ababa
9387:84,320,987
9173:East Africa
9104:10,486,339
9058:30,894,000
9012:35,740,000
8915:(Portugal)
8828:82,868,000
8638:46,731,000
8357:South Sudan
8218:Republic of
7906:salsa music
7880:, and many
7714:sub-Saharan
7705:audiovisual
7687:Nadia Lutfi
7613:West Africa
7478:East Africa
7474:West Africa
7466:prehistoric
7444:Islamic art
7428:textile art
7378:African art
7371:African art
7348:complex in
7292:Thabo Mbeki
7180: 5–15%
7103:colonialism
7069:Niger-Congo
7053:South Sudan
7011:Afroasiatic
6961:irreligious
6764:10 349 323
6532:pieds-noirs
6440:Phoenicians
6246:South Sudan
6234:Niger–Congo
6088:electricity
5153:Map of the
5083:Ivory Coast
5003:Addis Ababa
4892:river basin
4848:sovereignty
4741:wild animal
4676:arable land
4420:archipelago
4228:, 1950–2011
3985:Estado Novo
3903:during the
3778:Colonialism
3605:Banu Ma'qil
3583:Kingdom of
3568:Ooni of Ife
3523:north. The
3514:Mali Empire
3483:Igbo people
3338:Luba Empire
3326:Congo Basin
3251:Chari River
3058:Igodomigodo
3018:Nok culture
2913:West Africa
2907:West Africa
2589:in Arabia.
2579:Christendom
2397:East Africa
2303:Syrian Wars
2269:Achaemenids
2222:New Kingdom
2182:New Kingdom
2135:Lower Nubia
2129:, with the
2121:, based in
2111:6th dynasty
2103:Old Kingdom
2099:4th dynasty
2076:3rd dynasty
2072:1st dynasty
2064:Lower Egypt
2060:Upper Egypt
2056:Upper Egypt
2052:Lower Egypt
1991:Ironworking
1986:ironworking
1956:raffia palm
1901:watermelons
1820:Ramesses II
1758:during the
1549:*Aphir-ic-a
1515:Etymologiae
1168:Kanem-Bornu
1056:West Africa
1046:emerged in
1001:H. ergaster
851:, southern
778:Addis Ababa
703:cocoa beans
699:natural gas
639:colonialism
567:Addis Ababa
316:Pantelleria
24491:Continents
24480:Categories
24174:Ionian Sea
24169:Aegean Sea
24139:Baltic Sea
24071:Antarctica
23923:Micronesia
23892:New Guinea
23850:Portuguese
23773:West Coast
23723:East Coast
23718:Bible Belt
23713:Appalachia
23392:Subregions
23300:Inner Asia
23218:Antarctica
23118:Continents
23091:Antarctica
23066:Landmasses
22976:Down Under
22971:Arab World
22955:subregions
22868:See also:
22770:Hyperborea
22760:continents
22695:Seychelles
22680:Madagascar
22660:Doggerland
22555:Euramerica
22510:Asiamerica
22238:Antarctica
22191:Continents
21732:Somaliland
21636:Seychelles
21601:Mozambique
21586:Mauritania
21571:Madagascar
21526:The Gambia
21460:Cape Verde
21193:Emigration
21096:Philosophy
21076:Literature
20522:Chronology
20197:See also:
19963:11 January
19866:6 November
19840:6 November
19814:6 December
19783:6 November
19752:8 December
19469:0191626147
19085:18 October
18816:22 October
18787:22 October
18403:14 October
18075:The Lancet
17826:10 October
17556:7 November
17319:8 February
16769:10 January
16716:(2): 199.
16286:. London.
16096:5 February
16057:5 February
15340:20 January
14818:0748601066
14609:28 October
13980:5 February
13941:5 February
13628:18 October
13427:: 221–238.
13236:Beni-Ifren
12973:24 October
12947:24 October
12921:24 October
12400:24 October
12347:24 October
12334:A306596751
12096:16 January
12070:16 January
12044:16 January
11959:References
11838:Suez Canal
11631:6,019,877
11585:6,440,053
11397:1,267,000
11364:Nouakchott
11354:3,129,486
11351:1,030,700
11347:Mauritania
11305:1,240,000
11262:3,441,790
11166:1,533,964
11028:1,782,893
11021:The Gambia
10975:Cape Verde
10900:Porto-Novo
10890:8,791,832
10826:1,219,912
10783:2,108,665
10737:2,130,819
10691:1,123,913
10645:1,990,876
10556:Libreville
10546:1,514,993
10451:2,345,410
10408:4,012,809
10359:1,284,000
10316:4,511,488
10221:1,246,700
9987:8,260,490
9942:5,708,180
9935:Somaliland
9896:9,832,017
9843:Seychelles
9704:Mozambique
9628:Port Louis
9618:1,284,264
9519:Madagascar
9384:1,127,127
9341:5,647,168
9203:8,988,091
9055:1,861,484
8874:6,310,434
8871:1,759,540
8825:1,001,450
8685:2,154,905
8635:2,381,740
8601:ISO 3166-1
8578:Population
8535: Sea
8486:Seychelles
8471:Mauritius*
8416:Mozambique
8406:Madagascar
8379:The Gambia
8341:Somaliland
8293:Mauritania
8216:Democratic
8057:basketball
8012:trophy to
7979:polyrhythm
7910:son cubano
7830:afrofusion
7767:April 2024
7759:editing it
7689:and others
7404:or art in
7396:, such as
7325:Visual art
7192: 1–2%
7186: 2–5%
7163:World Bank
7134:Portuguese
7087:endangered
6977:See also:
6927:, and the
6917:Christians
6885:See also:
6761:7 500 000
6758:5 907 680
6755:3 913 482
6752:2 524 531
6749:1 791 020
6746:1 270 014
6743:1 041 092
6718:3 924 421
6715:1 321 000
6274:Hottentots
6260:Khoisan ("
6258:indigenous
6244:groups in
6128:See also:
6096:Kainji Dam
6092:hydropower
5697:Peak Year
5399:Peak Year
5370:World Bank
5341:capacity.
5300:World Bank
5270:illiteracy
5254:Antarctica
5143:See also:
5056:Extensive
4993:(AU) is a
4921:See also:
4876:management
4864:See also:
4824:Oil spills
4769:amphibians
4753:herbivores
4745:carnivores
4699:See also:
4690:Madagascar
4620:vulnerable
4424:The Gambia
4416:Seychelles
4401:Cape Verde
4383:, Egypt's
4377:Suez Canal
4287:Tigray War
4182:historians
4143:the second
4137:in Sudan,
4135:civil wars
4100:corruption
4036:See also:
3977:Mozambique
3885:regulated
3874:, and the
3764:Oyo Empire
3762:, and the
3693:See also:
3601:Banu Hilal
3593:Almoravids
3572:Oyo Empire
3504:, and the
3452:San people
3382:Mozambique
3113:Mauritania
3093:Aoudaghost
3069:wet period
3040:, and the
2994:Mauritania
2978:grasslands
2825:Garamantes
2821:Tacfarinas
2809:Mauretania
2782:Mauretania
2754:Garamantes
2750:King Atlas
2739:Mauretania
2721:following
2711:Punic Wars
2703:mercantile
2420:Somaliland
2295:Ptolemaics
2290:in Egypt.
2285:Macedonian
2190:Canaanites
2070:under the
2062:conquered
2046:(ruled by
2009:See also:
1936:rainforest
1824:Abu Simbel
1793:See also:
1778:in Egypt.
1700:to be the
1665:See also:
1655:Prehistory
1618:See also:
1471:along the
1469:Alexandria
1361:Banu Ifran
1337:Phoenician
1270:following
1188:Mapungubwe
1128:Almoravids
1108:Toucouleur
1106:, and the
1042:, and the
995:H. habilis
962:great apes
947:relativist
884:biodiverse
869:Mozambique
821:Mauritania
748:, and two
734:Madagascar
635:corruption
619:per capita
562:Casablanca
527:Alexandria
457:Time zones
83:Population
24370:Antarctic
24154:Irish Sea
24144:Black Sea
24103:Australia
24052:Caribbean
24029:continent
24003:Patagonia
23933:Polynesia
23911:Melanesia
23904:Zealandia
23882:Australia
23768:Southwest
23688:Caribbean
23465:Near East
23106:submerged
23101:Zealandia
23096:Australia
22986:Old World
22981:New World
22841:Greenland
22705:Zealandia
22670:Jan Mayen
22655:Cathaysia
22575:Laurentia
22570:Laramidia
22560:Kalaharia
22515:Atlantica
22448:Kenorland
22268:Australia
21743:Dependent
21591:Mauritius
21029:Languages
21019:Etiquette
20945:Education
20818:Democracy
20813:Elections
20713:Geography
20672:By region
20656:conflicts
20529:Antiquity
20133:17989466M
20106:891842452
20067:161311164
19953:New Frame
18846:2 January
18696:"Algeria"
18249:197854997
17845:The Times
17757:21 August
17622:158596579
17383:153804691
17216:153316952
16170:1 January
15825:159124664
15817:0308-6534
15066:: 53–78.
14771:0028-0836
14698:, p. 187.
14397:Antiquity
14226:149402650
13468:130072563
13315:30 August
13259:Ifriqiyeh
13035:159124664
13027:0308-6534
12999:in 1914:
12390:198939744
12326:140806396
12292:0895-3309
11921:Cape Town
11503:Jamestown
10843:Cape Town
10372:N'Djamena
10185:Zimbabwe
9906:Mogadishu
9752:(France)
9675:Mamoudzou
9659:(France)
9611:Mauritius
9428:(France)
8747:Lampedusa
8704:Canarias
8589:(per km)
8220:the Congo
8018:Shikabala
8014:Zamalek's
7882:Caribbean
7677:starring
7516:Modernist
7482:artifacts
7420:sculpture
7416:metalwork
7402:Caribbean
7346:Laas Geel
7290:, led by
7138:Afrikaans
6985:languages
6967:Languages
6564:diasporas
6527:Europeans
6492:Tigrayans
6238:the Sahel
6029:manganese
6025:tantalite
5794:1,025,930
5770:1,443,708
5746:2,120,933
5722:9,490,335
5424:2,980,015
5364:) by the
5264:, failed
4844:democracy
4773:megafauna
4755:(such as
4556:subarctic
4461:continent
4405:Ras Hafun
4304:in 2002,
4190:civil war
4139:the first
4065:Mauritius
4020:apartheid
4018:known as
4004:Ian Smith
3964:in 1963.
3881:The 1884
3868:Senusiyya
3733:New World
3635:Sonni Ali
3620:migration
3546:Ruins of
3537:Igbo-Ukwu
3439:Igbo-Ukwu
3255:Lake Chad
3253:south of
3124:tradition
3101:Sijilmasa
3030:Lake Chad
2875:were the
2845:Ouarsenis
2819:, led by
2817:Musulamii
2800:sold out
2798:Bocchus I
2758:Musulamii
2695:Phoenicia
2630:, Hodna,
2628:Ouarsenis
2614:in 323 BC
2523:Lake Tana
2307:Cyrenaica
2299:Seleucids
2188:from the
2155:Palestine
2066:to unify
1972:kola nuts
1964:voandzeia
1877:savannahs
1766:over the
1563:Himyarite
1527:af-rui-ka
1492:Ant. 1.15
1450:Empire's
1296:Apollo 17
1286:Etymology
1228:diasporas
1208:Mthwakazi
955:Hominidae
910:. The UN
904:pollution
888:megafauna
875:, in the
843:, in the
793:temperate
695:petroleum
627:geography
595:continent
547:Cape Town
447:Languages
191:Countries
144:Religions
27:Continent
23897:Tasmania
23845:Hispanic
23708:Northern
23655:Germanic
23633:Atlantic
23575:Southern
23536:Northern
23502:Caucasus
23438:Dead Sea
23409:Caucasus
23377:Southern
23370:Maritime
23365:Mainland
23338:Northern
23319:Far East
23278:Aral Sea
23201:Southern
23145:Northern
22899:Category
22765:Atlantis
22750:Mythical
22685:Mauritia
22650:Beringia
22535:Cimmeria
22530:Chilenia
22520:Avalonia
22500:Amazonia
22483:Vaalbara
22468:Pannotia
22453:Laurasia
22443:Gondwana
22438:Columbia
22366:Americas
22068:Northern
22046:Southern
21921:Category
21839:Portugal
21691:Zimbabwe
21666:Tanzania
21516:Ethiopia
21511:Eswatini
21490:Djibouti
21455:Cameroon
21440:Botswana
21358:Category
21203:HIV/AIDS
21034:Religion
20999:Abortion
20955:Internet
20882:Politics
20858:feminism
20796:Politics
20651:Military
20629:By topic
20593:Atlantic
20556:Sahelian
20506:articles
20272:(1966).
20231:(1970).
20209:(2007).
19987:Archived
19957:Archived
19926:Archived
19808:Archived
19777:Archived
19746:Archived
19689:Archived
19553:11102266
19518:40455940
19510:21998386
19361:30 March
19355:Archived
19351:"Africa"
19329:Archived
19257:Archived
19218:Archived
19176:Archived
19076:Archived
19035:18 March
19029:Archived
18976:17298111
18933:Archived
18902:Archived
18871:Archived
18840:Archived
18810:Archived
18752:"Africa"
18736:16 April
18730:Archived
18710:16 April
18704:archived
18626:Archived
18599:Archived
18573:Archived
18540:Archived
18504:Archived
18472:Archived
18439:"Africa"
18421:Archived
18397:Archived
18363:Archived
18340:Archived
18317:Archived
18290:Archived
18265:Archived
18200:Archived
18196:BBC News
18171:Archived
18144:Archived
18115:Archived
18080:Archived
18048:Archived
18022:Archived
17992:Archived
17966:Archived
17942:Archived
17889:Archived
17870:Archived
17852:Archived
17820:Archived
17795:Archived
17776:Archived
17721:Archived
17634:Archived
17580:Archived
17503:Archived
17485:16 April
17427:Archived
17286:Archived
17268:license.
17158:Archived
17116:Archived
17097:Archived
16886:31015416
16738:'Aziziya
16688:Archived
16678:Archived
16482:Archived
16452:Archived
16412:Archived
16368:Archived
16343:Archived
16314:Archived
16288:Archived
16257:Archived
16164:Archived
16090:Archived
16051:Archived
15903:Archived
15750:Archived
15729:Archived
15706:Archived
15648:Archived
15622:Archived
15603:Archived
15581:Archived
15552:11992266
15501:25 April
15495:Archived
15445:Archived
15419:Archived
15133:40380172
14515:30 March
14414:Archived
14377:51600014
14369:29983312
14286:Archived
14260:Archived
14256:Sci.News
14230:Archived
14159:Archived
14115:Archived
14096:43135518
14033:Archived
13974:Archived
13935:Archived
13893:Archived
13889:28059849
13847:29895688
13779:Archived
13754:Archived
13731:Archived
13622:Archived
13557:Archived
13528:Archived
13489:Archived
13368:Archived
13336:Archived
13309:Archived
13162:Archived
13108:33131573
13039:Archived
12967:Archived
12941:Archived
12915:Archived
12897:35022610
12840:31506422
12770:Archived
12731:Archived
12719:"Oldest
12701:28971970
12535:Archived
12515:Archived
12447:Archived
12394:Archived
12338:Archived
12237:Archived
12207:Archived
12173:Archived
12116:Archived
12090:Archived
12064:Archived
12038:Archived
11949:de facto
11943:, while
11925:Pretoria
11751:in 1914.
11674:See also
11595:Freetown
11553:Sénégal
11536:196,190
11460:Nigeria
11443:923,768
11276:Liberia
11272:Monrovia
11259:111,370
11209:322,460
11117:245,857
11071:239,460
10982:429,474
10933:274,200
10887:112,620
10847:Pretoria
10797:Namibia
10793:Windhoek
10780:825,418
10684:Eswatini
10655:Gaborone
10642:600,370
10638:Botswana
10602:São Tomé
10592:212,679
10543:267,667
10500:633,441
10464:Kinshasa
10405:342,000
10313:622,984
10267:475,440
10263:Cameroon
10168:390,580
10164:Zimbabwe
10122:752,614
10076:236,040
10030:945,087
10026:Tanzania
9984:619,745
9952:Hargeisa
9939:176,120
9893:637,657
9860:Victoria
9758:743,981
9708:801,590
9665:223,765
9582:Lilongwe
9569:118,480
9523:587,040
9477:582,650
9431:439,781
9380:Ethiopia
9355:Eritrea
9338:121,320
9305:Djibouti
9295:828,324
9288:Djibouti
9249:752,438
9160:El Aaiún
9150:405,210
9147:266,000
9101:163,610
9068:Khartoum
9009:446,550
8962:(Spain)
8935:Madeira
8921:245,000
8778:(Spain)
8731:(Italy)
8679:(Spain)
8592:Capital
8501:Atlantic
8492:Atlantic
8481:*Comoros
8476:Réunion*
8466:Zimbabwe
8456:Eswatini
8436:Tanzania
8303:São Tomé
8245:Ethiopia
8225:Djibouti
8201:Cameroon
8196:Botswana
8149:Zimbabwe
8117:, until
8099:Zimbabwe
8026:football
8016:captain
7846:ndombolo
7826:afrobeat
7802:highlife
7627:mudbrick
7623:cities.
7601:Africans
7543:proverbs
7533:town of
7388:and the
7386:Africans
7270:, are a
7083:isolates
7061:Tanzania
7037:Ethiopia
7029:families
6945:Buddhist
6875:Religion
6740:603 410
6737:555 828
6734:437 818
6731:268 273
6728:230 820
6712:759 954
6709:387 645
6706:228 342
6703:124 697
6607:Lebanese
6591:Idi Amin
6587:expelled
6541:Zimbabwe
6516:Cushitic
6444:Carthage
6346:(2018).
6309:Mandinka
6021:chromium
6017:platinum
5934:Tanzania
5838:Ethiopia
5679:Country
5540:Ethiopia
5381:Country
5368:and the
5282:genocide
5079:Zimbabwe
4917:Politics
4901:riparian
4888:aquifers
4761:primates
4734:Tanzania
4552:tropical
4505:Between
4365:landmass
4339:COVID-19
4149:Cold War
4084:colonial
4061:Botswana
4008:Zimbabwe
3993:Rhodesia
3905:Cold War
3860:Ethiopia
3845:Portugal
3768:palm oil
3683:caravans
3651:Timbuktu
3624:Arabized
3402:Botswana
3318:Cameroon
3305:polity.
3283:Cameroon
3259:Cameroon
3141:polities
2966:smelting
2933:in Paris
2861:Ifriqiya
2802:Jugurtha
2786:Jugurtha
2723:Hannibal
2681:, until
2655:Ifriqiya
2636:Nemencha
2599:Ifriqiya
2585:and the
2496:cinnamon
2440:Djibouti
2424:Ethiopia
2353:and the
2337:, which
2202:Hittites
2198:Amorites
2048:nomarchs
1952:oil palm
1944:Cameroon
1932:harpoons
1861:Ethiopia
1832:Ice ages
1686:Ethiopia
1578:afrīqiyā
1574:ifrīqiyā
1461:Anatolia
1444:Ifriqiya
1400:Carthage
1355:(plural
1248:Ethiopia
1192:Zimbabwe
1148:Ethiopia
1136:Ayyubids
1132:Almohads
1124:Fatimids
1120:Carthage
1080:hegemony
1012:Ethiopia
966:hominids
935:communal
865:Eswatini
853:Botswana
787:and the
750:de facto
744:, eight
720:and the
655:diamonds
643:Cold War
507:Khartoum
492:Kinshasa
416:Zanzibar
411:Tanzania
355:Portugal
271:Internal
208:External
24098:Oceania
24086:by area
24042:America
24019:Islands
23869:Oceania
23738:Midwest
23693:Central
23660:Romance
23628:Western
23497:Balkans
23492:Eastern
23487:Central
23455:Mashriq
23399:Western
23343:Siberia
23295:Eastern
23273:Central
23206:Western
23179:Central
23155:Mashriq
23150:Maghreb
23140:Saharan
23086:America
23079:Eurasia
22951:regions
22785:Meropis
22780:Lemuria
22595:Siberia
22545:Cuyania
22525:Baltica
22505:Arctica
22473:Rodinia
22463:Pangaea
22396:Oceania
22381:Eurasia
22137:Central
22111:Western
22090:Eastern
21898:Socotra
21877:Melilla
21846:Madeira
21809:Réunion
21804:Mayotte
21676:Tunisia
21646:Somalia
21631:Senegal
21616:Nigeria
21606:Namibia
21596:Morocco
21561:Liberia
21556:Lesotho
21506:Eritrea
21475:Comoros
21450:Burundi
21425:Algeria
21342:Outline
21244:By year
21186:density
21071:Cuisine
21044:Culture
20988:Society
20965:Poverty
20908:Economy
20887:parties
20755:Central
20750:Regions
20740:Islands
20679:Central
20641:Empires
20636:Economy
20598:Barbary
20588:Slavery
20551:Empires
20514:History
20440:History
20408:at the
20397:at the
20358:Science
20282:2016817
20059:1343467
20024:Sources
19773:Redbull
19721:3 March
19616:3774788
19490:Bibcode
19482:Science
18762:1 March
18680:1 March
18605:18 July
18579:23 July
18546:17 July
18513:17 July
17948:26 July
17630:3214715
17375:2538753
17079:26 July
17053:26 July
16877:6478940
16856:Bibcode
16718:Bibcode
16657:4403043
16637:Bibcode
16612:30 June
16551:(1998)
16534:1 March
16294:3 April
16217:, p. 38
16137:2705705
16020:2705705
15912:7 March
15425:23 July
15080:3171690
14779:3942233
14741:Bibcode
14347:Bibcode
14005:Bibcode
13838:6042094
13815:Bibcode
13684:UNESCO
13563:30 July
13534:30 July
13495:30 July
13460:3209914
13240:Ifurace
13212:9 April
12888:8791829
12867:Bibcode
12831:6736881
12810:Bibcode
12679:Bibcode
12671:Science
12541:29 July
12453:12 July
12018:17 July
11986:17 July
11947:is the
11945:Abidjan
11901:Morocco
11889:Morocco
11868:Melilla
11864:exclave
11814:exclave
11797:Morocco
11761:people.
11628:56,785
11582:71,740
11532:Senegal
11439:Nigeria
11255:Liberia
11222:Abidjan
11163:36,120
11134:Guinée
11130:Conakry
11025:11,300
10776:Namibia
10734:30,355
10730:Lesotho
10701:Mbabane
10688:17,363
10497:28,051
10280:Yaoundé
10238:Angola
10139:Zambia
10089:Kampala
9889:Somalia
9850:87,476
9818:Rwanda
9801:26,338
9775:FRA-RE
9750:Réunion
9657:Mayotte
9490:Nairobi
9451:FRA-TF
9334:Eritrea
9292:23,000
9242:Comoros
9200:27,830
9196:Burundi
9097:Tunisia
9005:Morocco
8968:85,116
8960:Melilla
8938:PRT-30
8931:Funchal
8913:Madeira
8884:Tripoli
8784:85,107
8648:Algiers
8631:Algeria
8586:Density
8451:Lesotho
8421:Burundi
8401:Liberia
8384:Guinea-
8374:Senegal
8367:Western
8362:Tunisia
8335:Somalia
8325:Nigeria
8315:Namibia
8298:Morocco
8286:Burkina
8240:Eritrea
8181:Algeria
8145:Namibia
8131:Morocco
8127:Namibia
8091:Cricket
8020:in 2024
7966:rhythms
7886:calypso
7854:kizomba
7850:makossa
7842:soukous
7798:musical
7794:nations
7790:regions
7697:history
7665:Tunisia
7617:fractal
7470:ancient
7412:Pottery
7350:Somalia
7268:Senegal
7244:Culture
7147:Namibia
7111:Swahili
7078:Khoisan
7045:Nigeria
6700:90 466
6697:74 208
6694:61 000
6691:55 000
6688:46 000
6685:33 000
6682:16 500
6611:Chinese
6561:British
6549:Réunion
6545:Namibia
6500:Semitic
6496:Habesha
6482:In the
6476:nomadic
6468:Algeria
6464:Morocco
6460:Vandals
6321:Songhai
6252:on the
6242:Nilotic
6100:Nigeria
6053:bauxite
6033:uranium
5986:Algeria
5962:254,767
5938:259,661
5914:294,961
5890:365,854
5866:409,073
5862:Morocco
5842:431,688
5818:776,540
5814:Algeria
5766:Nigeria
5616:113,701
5592:145,712
5568:152,377
5564:Morocco
5544:205,130
5520:266,780
5516:Algeria
5496:458,708
5472:476,748
5448:574,184
5444:Nigeria
5360:) and (
5358:nominal
5288:Poverty
5163:CEN-SAD
5125:Economy
5071:Liberia
5015:Midrand
4757:buffalo
4726:savanna
4568:savanna
4540:Climate
4525:rifting
4479:); the
4314:Burundi
4306:Liberia
4302:Algeria
3946:Morocco
3942:Tunisia
3856:Liberia
3833:Germany
3825:Belgium
3720:Slavery
3675:Katsina
3612:Bedouin
3595:were a
3585:Dahomey
3533:bronzes
3529:Eze Nri
3487:Swahili
3459:peoples
3443:Nigeria
3394:Khoisan
3378:Zambezi
3372:in the
3356:, with
3348:in the
3340:in the
3332:in the
3324:in the
3143:into a
3121:Soninke
3046:Senegal
3028:around
3022:Nigeria
2982:forests
2974:deserts
2970:forging
2958:sorghum
2956:and of
2927:Nigeria
2893:Morocco
2889:Masmuda
2881:Algeria
2877:Sanhaja
2857:Vandals
2813:Numidia
2788:in the
2778:Numidia
2776:, with
2762:Bavares
2735:Numidia
2651:Maghreb
2603:Maghreb
2488:incense
2436:Somalia
2428:Eritrea
2416:Eritrea
2412:Red Sea
2402:In the
2367:Nobatia
2359:Makuria
2335:Palmyra
2329:in the
2301:in the
2194:Mittani
2028:Map of
1940:Senegal
1928:Oualata
1924:Tichitt
1920:pottery
1873:steppes
1838:, with
1768:Red Sea
1718:evolved
1710:fossils
1692:in 1974
1608:History
1594:‘affara
1568:Arabic
1538:africus
1500:Abraham
1477:Red Sea
1465:Ptolemy
1429:Celtica
1412:in the
1389:Morocco
1365:Algeria
1333:Terence
1329:Berbers
1252:Liberia
1216:slavery
1184:Utetera
1164:Imerina
1140:Mamluks
1100:Massina
1092:Songhai
1064:Central
1020:Morocco
939:visions
861:Lesotho
849:Namibia
837:Tunisia
833:Melilla
825:Morocco
809:Algeria
785:equator
770:Nigeria
766:Algeria
687:bauxite
679:uranium
631:climate
623:Oceania
572:Kampala
542:Algiers
537:Nairobi
522:Abidjan
512:Onitsha
436:Socotra
392:Melilla
360:Madeira
335:Morocco
296:Réunion
292:Mayotte
185:African
180:Demonym
24486:Africa
24385:Global
24375:Arctic
24314:Rivers
24292:Other
24226:Oceans
24081:Europe
24037:Africa
23830:French
23703:Middle
23665:Slavic
23650:Celtic
23551:Nordic
23541:Baltic
23479:Europe
23433:Levant
23127:Africa
22963:Worlds
22821:Arabia
22816:Alaska
22756:, and
22727:Aurica
22722:Amasia
22585:Pampia
22283:Europe
22223:Africa
21797:France
21754:France
21686:Zambia
21681:Uganda
21621:Rwanda
21576:Malawi
21536:Guinea
21430:Angola
21409:Africa
21363:Portal
21218:cities
21066:Cinema
21024:Health
20782:Rivers
20504:
20502:Africa
20395:Africa
20386:Africa
20349:
20318:
20297:
20280:
20258:
20239:
20217:
20181:
20148:
20131:
20121:
20104:
20085:
20065:
20057:
19993:29 May
19646:
19614:
19551:
19516:
19508:
19467:
19446:
19321:
19294:
19249:
19210:
19172:Gefame
19109:13 May
19011:817397
19009:
18974:
18632:2 June
18452:
18389:
18301:
18247:
18237:
18155:
18124:6 July
18086:14 May
18054:29 May
17628:
17620:
17530:18 May
17459:18 May
17381:
17373:
17251:
17214:
17189:3 June
17025:
16960:
16935:1 July
16909:1 July
16884:
16874:
16794:
16655:
16629:Nature
16592:
16573:Africa
16559:
16510:
16488:21 May
16458:21 May
16374:21 May
16320:20 May
16263:20 May
16253:722691
16251:
16213:
16209:1990,
16192:
16188:1990,
16135:
16082:
16043:
16018:
15875:
15848:
15823:
15815:
15778:
15756:18 May
15685:
15550:
15543:379148
15540:
15473:
15451:18 May
15390:
15365:
15331:
15306:24 May
15250:
15222:13 May
15196:13 May
15131:
15078:
15037:
14999:
14943:
14815:
14777:
14769:
14733:Nature
14715:
14661:
14634:
14564:
14490:
14375:
14367:
14319:
14266:16 May
14236:20 May
14224:
14165:20 May
14151:
14094:
14059:
13966:
13927:
13887:
13845:
13835:
13785:13 May
13714:
13694:
13670:
13650:
13614:
13520:
13466:
13458:
13404:18 May
13346:
13305:714549
13303:
13252:Africa
13154:"Afer"
13123:"Afri"
13106:
13096:
13068:
13045:5 July
13033:
13025:
12895:
12885:
12859:Nature
12838:
12828:
12737:7 June
12699:
12620:
12566:
12478:
12388:
12332:
12324:
12290:
12147:
12141:Africa
12122:1 July
12008:(XSLX)
11891:. The
11493:7,728
11414:Niger
11410:Niamey
11318:Bamako
11176:Bissau
11113:Guinea
11088:Ghana
11038:Banjul
10979:4,033
10904:Bénin
10747:Maseru
10589:1,001
10560:Gabon
10510:Malabo
10326:Bangui
10234:Luanda
10217:Angola
10181:Harare
10135:Lusaka
10118:Zambia
10072:Uganda
10043:Dodoma
9814:Kigali
9797:Rwanda
9755:2,512
9721:Maputo
9615:2,040
9565:Malawi
9494:Kenya
9351:Asmara
9259:Moroni
9246:2,170
9213:Gitega
8974:5,534
8790:3,575
8737:6,556
8682:7,492
8510:Indian
8461:Zambia
8441:Angola
8431:Uganda
8426:Rwanda
8411:Malawi
8391:Guinea
8386:Bissau
8369:Sahara
8272:Sierra
8077:Luanda
8073:Kigali
7986:Sports
7902:cumbia
7892:) and
7858:taarab
7834:mbalax
7701:making
7642:Cinema
7591:, the
7460:(with
7440:Berber
7311:UNESCO
7264:Gambia
7208:
7202:
7196:
7190:
7184:
7178:
7172:
7153:Health
7115:Yoruba
7089:. The
7057:Uganda
6989:UNESCO
6957:Jewish
6953:Baháʼí
6919:. The
6828:Africa
6678:Africa
6571:Asians
6551:, and
6512:Somali
6488:Amhara
6472:Tuareg
6456:Greeks
6448:Hyksos
6446:) and
6424:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6325:Kanuri
6303:, and
6297:Fulani
6289:Yoruba
6223:global
6201:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6122:, and
6049:Guinea
6041:coltan
6035:. The
6013:cobalt
5955:
5931:
5910:Angola
5907:
5883:
5859:
5835:
5811:
5787:
5763:
5739:
5713:
5664:86,911
5657:
5640:92,542
5633:
5609:
5588:Angola
5585:
5561:
5537:
5513:
5489:
5465:
5441:
5415:
5327:Angola
5319:crisis
5224:
5222:
5215:
5213:
5206:
5204:
5199:ECOWAS
5197:
5195:
5188:
5186:
5179:
5177:
5172:COMESA
5170:
5168:
5161:
5159:
5137:, and
5081:, and
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4880:rivers
4830:, and
4749:hyenas
4580:steppe
4572:jungle
4560:desert
4523:began
4519:, the
4300:, and
4291:famine
4256:
4250:
4244:
4206:second
4112:Tutsis
4098:, and
4048:, and
3973:Angola
3872:Mbunda
3829:France
3758:, the
3705:, and
3677:, and
3671:Jigawa
3626:, and
3597:Berber
3521:Muslim
3481:, and
3479:Yoruba
3386:Maputo
3358:Rhapta
3354:Azania
3344:, the
3336:, the
3328:, the
3299:Azania
3285:, the
3273:, and
3271:copper
3267:bronze
3167:, and
3119:, and
3105:Wagadu
3097:Tahert
3054:record
3024:, the
3016:, the
2980:, and
2954:millet
2931:Louvre
2897:Zenata
2869:Garmul
2859:ruled
2855:. The
2853:Altava
2851:, and
2823:, and
2774:Africa
2770:Romans
2764:. The
2760:, and
2644:Cabaon
2640:Capsus
2624:Altava
2561:, and
2555:Persia
2490:, and
2480:spices
2365:, and
2363:Alodia
2343:Romans
2323:Romans
2200:, and
2186:Levant
2178:Hyksos
2170:Hyksos
2151:Hyksos
2149:. The
2123:Thebes
1909:cotton
1907:, and
1897:gourds
1893:millet
1808:Fezzan
1783:Sahara
1770:, the
1638:, and
1601:faraqa
1582:‘afara
1570:afrīqā
1520:aprica
1435:Celtae
1398:rule,
1394:Under
1385:Ifrane
1377:Ifrane
1373:Yafran
1349:Berber
1331:; see
1307:was a
1210:, and
1204:Maravi
1196:Mutapa
1182:, and
1162:, and
1156:Kitara
1138:, and
1122:, the
1104:Sokoto
1070:, and
1018:, and
902:, and
835:, and
762:Sicily
705:, and
691:silver
683:copper
675:cobalt
645:, and
641:, the
611:median
597:after
591:Africa
532:Kigali
502:Luanda
428:
408:
394:, and
372:
352:
332:
308:
287:France
284:
259:
246:
233:
169:Others
40:Africa
24362:Polar
24307:lists
24302:Lakes
24121:ocean
23840:Ibero
23835:Latin
23825:Anglo
22947:Earth
22700:Sunda
22690:Sahul
22640:lands
22590:Sahul
22195:Earth
21891:Yemen
21872:Ceuta
21860:Spain
21818:Italy
21661:Sudan
21611:Niger
21566:Libya
21551:Kenya
21531:Ghana
21521:Gabon
21495:Egypt
21435:Benin
21349:Index
21111:Sport
21091:Music
21086:Media
20770:South
20765:North
20694:South
20689:North
20448:from
20433:Aluka
20426:from
20063:S2CID
20055:JSTOR
20035:(PDF)
19612:JSTOR
19514:S2CID
19153:(PDF)
19146:(PDF)
19104:(PDF)
19079:(PDF)
19072:(PDF)
18507:(PDF)
18500:(PDF)
18245:S2CID
18118:(PDF)
18111:(PDF)
17727:4 May
17665:4 May
17661:. IMF
17637:(PDF)
17618:S2CID
17606:(PDF)
17379:S2CID
17371:JSTOR
16742:Libya
16653:S2CID
16249:JSTOR
16133:JSTOR
16016:JSTOR
15906:(PDF)
15899:(PDF)
15821:S2CID
15735:. BBC
15177:(PDF)
15170:(PDF)
15153:(PDF)
15129:JSTOR
15098:(PDF)
15076:JSTOR
14883:1968.
14775:S2CID
14373:S2CID
14222:S2CID
14092:JSTOR
13896:(PDF)
13885:S2CID
13865:(PDF)
13464:S2CID
13456:JSTOR
13301:JSTOR
13262:'
13256:'
13228:Ifira
13031:S2CID
12386:S2CID
12341:(PDF)
12322:S2CID
12310:(PDF)
12240:(PDF)
12233:(PDF)
12195:Harry
11951:seat.
11830:Egypt
11818:Ceuta
11712:Notes
11662:2009
11645:Togo
11634:2009
11588:2009
11549:Dakar
11542:2009
11496:2012
11456:Abuja
11449:2012
11403:2009
11393:Niger
11357:2009
11311:2009
11265:2009
11215:2009
11169:2009
11123:2009
11084:Accra
11077:2009
11067:Ghana
11031:2009
10992:Praia
10985:2009
10939:2009
10893:2009
10883:Benin
10832:2011
10786:2009
10740:2009
10694:2009
10648:2009
10595:2009
10549:2009
10539:Gabon
10503:2009
10457:2012
10411:2009
10365:2009
10319:2009
10273:2009
10227:2009
10174:2009
10128:2009
10082:2009
10036:2009
9990:2008
9945:2021
9899:2009
9853:2009
9807:2009
9761:2002
9714:2009
9668:2009
9621:2009
9575:2009
9529:2009
9483:2009
9473:Kenya
9437:2019
9390:2012
9344:2009
9298:2015
9252:2009
9206:2009
9153:2009
9114:Tunis
9107:2009
9061:2008
9051:Sudan
9022:Rabat
9015:2017
8971:2017
8924:2001
8877:2009
8867:Libya
8838:Cairo
8831:2012
8821:Egypt
8787:2017
8776:Ceuta
8740:2019
8734:25.5
8688:2017
8644:17.7
8641:2022
8582:Year
8574:(km)
8512:Ocean
8503:Ocean
8494:Ocean
8396:Kenya
8352:Sudan
8330:Congo
8320:Niger
8310:Gabon
8281:Coast
8279:Ivory
8274:Leone
8267:Ghana
8257:Libya
8252:Verde
8250:Cape*
8230:Egypt
8191:Benin
8141:Rugby
8107:Kenya
8101:have
8081:Rades
8065:Dakar
8061:Cairo
7945:Dance
7926:samba
7922:bomba
7918:conga
7914:rumba
7890:kaiso
7888:(see
7874:blues
7868:like
7822:jaiva
7806:mbube
7721:Music
7661:Tunis
7547:Mande
7504:Congo
7500:Niger
7495:Masks
7462:Islam
7304:Vodou
7123:Hausa
7049:Sudan
7041:Kenya
7016:Sahel
6955:, or
6941:Hindu
6925:Egypt
6908:Islam
6868:39.4
6865:18.2
6862:12.9
6844:10.1
6838:10.5
6835:12.3
6817:2020
6814:1998
6811:1973
6808:1950
6805:1913
6802:1870
6799:1820
6796:1700
6793:1600
6790:1500
6787:1000
6781:Year
6724:World
6667:2018
6664:1998
6661:1973
6658:1950
6655:1913
6652:1870
6649:1820
6646:1700
6643:1600
6640:1500
6637:1000
6631:Year
6557:Dutch
6508:Oromo
6452:Alans
6329:Zarma
6317:Hausa
6313:Mande
6305:Wolof
6104:Niger
6064:China
5982:Egypt
5978:Ghana
5965:2023
5958:Ghana
5941:2023
5917:2023
5893:2024
5886:Kenya
5869:2024
5845:2024
5821:2023
5797:2024
5773:2024
5749:2023
5742:Egypt
5725:2024
5676:Rank
5667:2024
5643:2012
5636:Libya
5619:2022
5612:Kenya
5595:2014
5571:2024
5547:2024
5523:2024
5499:2011
5475:2022
5468:Egypt
5451:2014
5427:2022
5378:Rank
5350:Ghana
5331:Sudan
5274:slave
5190:ECCAS
5075:Sudan
4884:lakes
4710:Fauna
4584:Libya
4576:sahel
4562:, or
4418:, an
4335:Ebola
4310:Sudan
4202:first
4166:UNITA
4110:over
4108:Hutus
4088:Kenya
4069:coups
3950:Ghana
3849:Spain
3841:Italy
3772:cocoa
3752:Lagos
3679:Gobir
3663:Hausa
3655:Jenne
3647:Sudan
3643:Niger
3510:Ghana
3498:Ghana
3494:Hausa
3441:, in
3220:Urewe
3095:with
3085:camel
3014:Ghana
2950:Sahel
2849:Aurès
2743:Mauri
2731:Italy
2632:Aures
2563:China
2498:from
2492:ivory
2472:myrrh
2468:beden
2456:Aksum
2351:Aksum
2210:Nubia
2206:Kerma
2159:Kerma
2139:Kerma
2088:Nubia
2068:Egypt
2044:nomes
1995:Egypt
1913:Sudan
1889:Mandé
1881:Sahel
1869:Nubia
1849:orbit
1756:globe
1678:, an
1590:‘afir
1586:‘afar
1553:Ophir
1496:Epher
1432:from
1418:Libya
1396:Roman
1381:Libya
1363:from
1357:ifran
1351:word
1343:ʿafar
1339:word
1309:Latin
1200:Rozvi
1180:Lunda
1172:Kongo
1160:Kilwa
1144:Aksum
1084:Ghana
1048:North
1036:Kerma
958:clade
929:. In
829:Ceuta
817:Egypt
813:Libya
758:Malta
659:sugar
603:Earth
557:Dakar
487:Lagos
482:Cairo
465:UTC+4
461:UTC-1
431:Yemen
388:Ceuta
375:Spain
311:Italy
159:(42%)
157:Islam
153:(49%)
24319:Seas
24076:Asia
23348:Ural
23260:Asia
23189:Horn
23184:East
22953:and
22754:lost
22642:and
22458:Nena
22253:Asia
21671:Togo
21581:Mali
21470:Chad
21327:2020
21322:2019
21317:2018
21312:2017
21307:2016
21302:2015
21297:2014
21292:2013
21287:2012
21282:2011
21277:2010
21272:2009
21267:2008
21262:2007
21257:2006
21252:2005
20775:West
20760:East
20699:West
20684:East
20347:ISBN
20316:ISBN
20295:ISBN
20278:OCLC
20256:ISBN
20237:ISBN
20215:ISBN
20179:ISBN
20146:ISBN
20119:ISBN
20102:OCLC
20083:ISBN
19995:2021
19965:2021
19934:2020
19922:FIBA
19868:2023
19842:2023
19816:2023
19785:2023
19754:2023
19723:2016
19715:CBMR
19697:2023
19644:ISBN
19549:PMID
19506:PMID
19465:ISBN
19444:ISBN
19424:2014
19363:2023
19337:2015
19319:ISBN
19292:ISBN
19265:2015
19247:ISBN
19226:2015
19208:ISBN
19184:2015
19111:2013
19087:2020
19037:2015
19007:PMID
18972:PMID
18941:2023
18910:2023
18879:2023
18848:2017
18818:2023
18789:2023
18764:2009
18738:2024
18712:2024
18682:2009
18634:2023
18607:2019
18581:2022
18548:2019
18515:2019
18450:ISBN
18405:2015
18387:ISBN
18325:Time
18299:ISBN
18273:Time
18235:ISBN
18208:2013
18153:ISBN
18126:2023
18088:2023
18056:2020
18030:2018
18000:2017
17950:2007
17924:2020
17828:2009
17759:2024
17729:2024
17667:2024
17645:2019
17626:SSRN
17588:2018
17558:2011
17532:2010
17487:2009
17461:2010
17435:2005
17321:2009
17294:2016
17249:ISBN
17212:OCLC
17191:2022
17081:2022
17055:2022
17023:ISBN
17002:2020
16995:IPCC
16976:2011
16958:ISBN
16937:2022
16911:2022
16882:PMID
16810:2011
16792:ISBN
16771:2013
16614:2015
16590:ISBN
16557:ISBN
16536:2009
16508:ISBN
16490:2022
16460:2022
16418:SSRN
16376:2022
16322:2022
16296:2018
16265:2022
16211:ISBN
16190:ISBN
16172:2010
16098:2018
16080:ISBN
16059:2018
16041:ISBN
15914:2024
15873:ISBN
15846:ISBN
15813:ISSN
15776:ISBN
15758:2010
15683:ISBN
15656:2008
15548:PMID
15503:2010
15471:ISBN
15453:2010
15427:2007
15388:ISBN
15363:ISBN
15342:2015
15329:ISBN
15308:2020
15248:ISBN
15224:2015
15198:2015
15035:ISBN
14997:ISBN
14941:ISBN
14813:ISBN
14767:ISSN
14713:ISBN
14659:ISBN
14632:ISBN
14611:2023
14562:ISBN
14517:2017
14488:ISBN
14365:PMID
14317:ISBN
14294:2019
14268:2023
14238:2022
14167:2022
14149:ISBN
14057:ISBN
13982:2018
13964:ISBN
13943:2018
13925:ISBN
13904:2013
13843:PMID
13787:2020
13712:ISBN
13692:ISBN
13668:ISBN
13648:ISBN
13630:2020
13612:ISBN
13565:2018
13536:2018
13518:ISBN
13497:2018
13406:2010
13376:2006
13344:ISBN
13317:2020
13244:ifri
13230:and
13224:Afer
13220:Afri
13214:2019
13170:2015
13139:2015
13104:OCLC
13094:ISBN
13066:ISBN
13047:2022
13023:ISSN
12987:The
12975:2021
12949:2021
12923:2021
12893:PMID
12836:PMID
12778:2019
12739:2017
12697:PMID
12631:2024
12618:ISBN
12564:ISBN
12543:2021
12494:2011
12476:ISBN
12455:2023
12428:2007
12402:2021
12349:2021
12330:Gale
12288:ISSN
12248:2015
12215:2013
12181:2017
12145:ISBN
12124:2021
12098:2022
12072:2022
12046:2022
12020:2022
11988:2022
11893:SADR
11887:and
11799:and
11791:are
11739:The
11648:TGO
11641:Lomé
11637:106
11624:Togo
11602:SLE
11556:SEN
11510:SHN
11490:420
11463:NGA
11452:180
11417:NER
11371:MRT
11325:MLI
11301:Mali
11279:LBR
11233:CIV
11183:GNB
11137:GIN
11091:GHA
11080:100
11045:GMB
11034:158
10999:CPV
10988:107
10953:BFA
10907:BEN
10854:ZAF
10800:NAM
10754:LSO
10708:SWZ
10662:BWA
10609:STP
10598:212
10563:GAB
10517:GNQ
10471:COD
10425:COG
10379:TCD
10355:Chad
10333:CAF
10287:CMR
10241:AGO
10188:ZWE
10142:ZMB
10096:UGA
10085:137
10050:TZA
10004:SSD
9997:Juba
9913:SOM
9867:SYC
9856:192
9847:455
9821:RWA
9810:398
9764:296
9728:MOZ
9682:MYT
9671:490
9662:374
9635:MUS
9624:630
9589:MWI
9578:120
9543:MDG
9497:KEN
9434:100
9404:ETH
9358:ERI
9312:DJI
9266:COM
9255:347
9220:BDI
9209:323
9167:ESH
9121:TUN
9075:SDN
9029:MAR
8927:307
8918:797
8891:LBY
8845:EGY
8754:ITA
8743:247
8691:226
8655:DZA
8571:Area
8566:flag
8558:Flag
8553:Arms
8288:Faso
8262:Mali
8211:Chad
8186:Togo
8167:and
8147:and
8103:Test
8097:and
8079:and
7968:and
7930:zouk
7928:and
7894:soca
7878:jazz
7818:fuji
7814:jùjú
7792:and
7712:and
7575:The
7531:Bini
7502:and
7468:and
7360:Two
7266:and
7258:The
7127:see
7121:and
7119:Igbo
7093:and
7091:Khoi
7075:The
7066:The
7033:Chad
7021:The
7008:The
6910:and
6859:9.9
6856:9.0
6853:7.0
6850:7.1
6847:7.1
6841:9.9
6832:7.1
6820:2100
6670:2100
6615:West
6609:and
6585:was
6559:and
6510:and
6490:and
6466:and
6327:and
6301:Akan
6293:Igbo
6262:San"
6219:TFRs
6213:The
6132:and
5990:UNDP
5984:and
5333:and
5217:SADC
5208:IGAD
5097:and
4989:The
4886:and
4868:and
4846:and
4763:and
4724:The
4703:and
4686:UNEP
4642:and
4630:and
4578:and
4564:arid
4512:and
4495:and
4483:and
4471:and
4451:The
4337:and
4312:and
4204:and
4186:Derg
4162:MPLA
4128:Igbo
4063:and
3944:and
3864:Egba
3858:and
3847:and
3803:The
3667:Kano
3628:Arab
3609:Arab
3603:and
3591:The
3554:The
3471:Akan
3408:, a
3308:The
3275:iron
3263:Chad
3261:and
3177:The
3133:salt
3129:gold
3117:Mali
3109:Bida
3099:and
3038:Mali
2998:Mali
2996:and
2968:and
2941:The
2811:and
2741:, a
2671:Nile
2653:and
2649:The
2601:and
2559:Rome
2547:Mani
2539:Beja
2537:and
2535:Noba
2527:Nile
2505:The
2438:and
2432:D'mt
2426:and
2395:and
2387:The
2355:Noba
2347:Kush
2311:Kush
2293:The
2097:The
2054:and
2013:and
1970:and
1968:okra
1962:and
1954:and
1887:and
1875:and
1676:Lucy
1648:and
1504:Gen.
1423:-ica
1367:and
1353:ifri
1317:Nile
1304:Afri
1250:and
1212:Zulu
1176:Luba
1152:Adal
1116:Kush
1088:Mali
1068:East
1054:and
1052:East
1040:Punt
998:and
921:The
863:and
815:and
760:and
671:iron
667:gold
663:salt
599:Asia
552:Kano
318:and
294:and
171:(1%)
165:(8%)
71:Area
24329:Rim
24119:By
24027:By
22193:of
21407:of
21061:Art
20362:doi
20047:doi
19604:doi
19541:doi
19498:doi
19486:334
19284:doi
18999:doi
18964:doi
18227:doi
17610:doi
17363:doi
16872:PMC
16864:doi
16726:doi
16645:doi
16633:398
16442:doi
16438:117
16241:doi
16125:doi
16008:doi
15941:doi
15805:doi
15714:BBC
15538:PMC
15530:doi
15068:doi
15027:doi
14922:doi
14757:hdl
14749:doi
14681:, "
14480:doi
14355:doi
14214:doi
14141:doi
14084:doi
14013:doi
13877:doi
13833:PMC
13823:doi
13811:115
13448:doi
13293:doi
13015:doi
12883:PMC
12875:doi
12863:601
12826:PMC
12818:doi
12687:doi
12675:358
12610:doi
12376:doi
12278:doi
11866:of
11816:of
11665:33
11591:90
11545:70
11499:13
11406:12
11314:10
11268:31
11218:64
11172:43
11126:41
10942:57
10896:78
10835:42
10743:70
10697:65
10506:23
10460:30
10414:12
10276:40
10230:10
10177:29
10131:16
10039:43
9993:13
9948:25
9902:15
9717:27
9532:35
9486:66
9393:75
9347:47
9301:22
9110:64
9064:17
9018:78
8983:EA
8965:12
8834:83
8799:EA
8781:20
8707:IC
8533:Red
8085:NBA
7611:of
7442:or
7334:Nok
7313:as
7095:San
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