Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)

2149:, killing 6 civilians. The gun battles at this time had a death toll of over 100 according to some sources. On 5 June 1992, further conflict between forces of Ittehad-e Islami and Hezb-i Wahdat in west Kabul was reported. Here, both sides used heavy artillery, destroying houses and other civilian structures. Three schools were reported destroyed by bombardment. The bombardment killed and injured an unknown number of civilians. Gunmen were reported killing people in shops near the Kabul Zoo. On 24 June 1992 the Jamhuriat hospital located near the Interior Ministry was bombed and closed. Jamiat-e Islami and Shura-e Nazar sometimes joined the conflict when their positions came under attack by Hezb-i Wahdat forces and in June/July bombarded Hezb-i Wahdat positions in return. Harakat forces also sometimes joined the fight. 1737:

State's defense minister Ahmad Shah Massoud tried to mediate between the factions with some success, but the ceasefire remained only temporary. As of June 1992, the Hezb-i Wahdat and the Ittehad-e Islami engaged in violent street battles against each other. With the support of Saudi Arabia, Sayyaf's forces repeatedly attacked western suburbs of Kabul resulting in heavy civilian casualties. Likewise, Mazari's forces were also accused of attacking civilian targets in the west. Mazari acknowledged taking Pashtun civilians as prisoners, but defended the action by saying that Sayyaf's forces took Hazaras first. Mazari's group started cooperating with Hekmatyar's group from January 1993.

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early morning on 10 August Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin forces attacked from three directions – Chelastoon, Darulaman and Maranjan mountain. A shell also struck a Red Cross hospital. On 10–11 April nearly a thousand rockets hit parts of Kabul including about 250 hits on the airport. Some estimate that as many as 1000 were killed, with the attacks attributed to Hekmatyar's forces. By 20 August it was reported that 500, 000 people had fled Kabul. On 13 August 1992, a rocket attack was launched on Deh Afghanan in which cluster bombs were used. 80 were killed and more than 150 injured according to press reports. In response to this,

52: 713: 702: 669: 658: 647: 263: 239: 227: 215: 192: 168: 917: 509: 372: 153: 92: 853: 751: 434: 288: 884: 776: 763: 494: 358: 301: 2141:. Hezb-i Wahdat was somewhat nervous about the presence of Ittehad-e Islami posts, which were deployed in Hazara areas such as Rahman Baba High school. According to the writings of Nabi Azimi, who at the time was a high ranking governor, the fighting began on 31 May 1992 when 4 members of Hezb-i Wahdat's leadership were assassinated near the Kabul Silo. Those killed were Karimi, Sayyid Isma'il Hosseini, Chaman Ali Abuzar and Vaseegh, the first 3 being members of the party's central committee. Following this the car of Haji 6695: 474: 636: 625: 614: 603: 203: 2604:

city. On 11 November alone, 36 civilians were killed when over 170 rockets as well as shells hit civilians areas. A salvo crashed into Foruzga Market, while another struck the Taimani district, where many people from other parts of Kabul have settled. Other residential areas hit by artillery and rocket attacks were the Bagh Bala district in the northwest of Kabul and Wazir Akbar Khan, where much of the city's small foreign community lived. In the north, Rabbani's forces fought for control of the

2769: 1986: 1809:, and formed relations with countries including Uzbekistan. While the rest of the country was in chaos, his region remained prosperous and functional, and it won him the support from people of all ethnic groups. Many people fled to his territory to escape the violence and fundamentalism imposed by the Taliban later on. In 1994, Dostum allied himself with Gulbuddin Hekmatyar against the government of Burhanuddin Rabbani and Ahmad Shah Massoud, but in 1995 sided with the government again. 592: 581: 570: 559: 180: 1873:) and preachers from the Persian Gulf advocating the Saudi's puritanical outlook on Islam which Massoud considered abhorrent to Afghans but also bringing and distributing money and supplies; Pakistani and Arab intelligence agencies; impoverished young students from Pakistani religious schools chartered as volunteer fighters notably for this group called Taliban; and exiled Central Asian Islamic radicals trying to establish bases in Afghanistan for their revolutionary movements. 1900:, the factions of Hezb-i Wahdat, Ittehad-e Islami, Jamiat-e Islami and Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, would regularly target civilians with attacks, intentionally fire rockets into occupied civilian homes, or random civilian areas. In January–June 1994, 25,000 people died in Kabul due to fighting, with targeted attacks on civilian areas, between an alliance of Dostum's (Junbish-i Milli) with Hekmatyar's (Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin) against Massoud's (Jamiat-e Islami) forces. 402: 318: 275: 2268:. One attack during this time from Hezb-i Wahdat killed at least 9 civilians. Further rockets bombardments took place on 26 February 1993 as Shura-e Nazar and Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin bombarded each other's positions. Civilians were the main victims in the fighting, which killed some 1,000 before yet another peace accord was signed on 8 March. However the following day rocketing by Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin and Hezb-i Wahdat in Kabul left another 10 dead. 841: 830: 821: 812: 741: 732: 723: 2082:

the plane of President Mujaddidi. Furthermore, as part of the peace talks Hekmatyar was demanding the departure of Dostum's forces, which would have tilted the scales in his favour. This led to fighting between Dostum and Hekmatyar. On 30 May 1992, during fighting between the forces of Dostum's Junbish-i Milli and Hekmatyar's Hizb-i Islami in the southeast of Kabul, both sides used artillery and rockets, killing and injuring an unknown number of civilians.

452: 330: 929: 870: 2297:-controlled Hezb-i Wahdat together with the Pakistani-backed Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin of Hekmatyar were shelling densely populated areas in Kabul from their positions in Afshar. To counter these attack Islamic State forces attacked Afshar in order to capture the positions of Wahdat, capture Wahdat's leader Abdul Ali Mazari and to consolidate parts of the city controlled by the government. The operation took place in a densely populated district of 538: 388: 906: 895: 1861:. The movement was founded in September 1994, promising to "rid Afghanistan of warlords and criminals". Several analysts state that at least since October 1994, Pakistan and especially the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence were heavily supporting the Taliban. Amin Saikal stated: "Hekmatyar's failure to achieve what was expected of him prompted the ISI leaders to come up with a new surrogate force ." Also a publication of the 521: 420: 343: 2318: 2145:, a top Ittehad-e Islami commander was stopped near Pol-e Sorkh, and although Alem escaped, one of the passengers was killed. On 3 June 1992, heavy fighting between forces of Ittehad-e Islami and Hezb-i Wahdat in west Kabul. Both sides used rockets, killing and injuring civilians. On 4 June, interviews with Hazara households state that Ittehad-e Islami forces looted their houses in 2305:. Afshar district is situated on the slopes of Mount Afshar in west Kabul. The district is predominantly home to the Hazara ethnic group. The Ittehad-e Islami troops of Abdul Rasul Sayyaf escalated the operation into a rampage against civilians. Both Ittehad and Wahdat forces have severely targeted civilians in their war. The Wahhabist Ittehad-e Islami supported by 1841:...Islamabad could not possibly expect the new Islamic government leaders ... to subordinate their own nationalist objectives in order to help Pakistan realize its regional ambitions. ... Had it not been for the ISI's logistic support and supply of a large number of rockets, Hekmatyar's forces would not have been able to target and destroy half of Kabul." 1829:(ISI) planned to conquer and rule Afghanistan which was delayed until 1992 as a result of US pressure to cancel it. In April 1992, according to self-made Afghan historian Nojumi, the Inter-Services Intelligence helped Hekmatyar by sending hundreds of trucks loaded with weapons and fighters to the southern part of Kabul. In June 1992, Hekmatyar with his 2920:, fleeing the fight in Badghis. On 20 November, the UNHCR halted all activities in Kabul. On 21–22 December, anti-Taliban demonstrations occurred in Herat as women demanded assistance from international organizations, but it was violently dispersed. On 28–29 December a major offensive was launched against 1239:

alone. Hekmatyar moved his troops to Kabul, and was allowed into the town soon after 17 April. The other mujahideen groups also entered Kabul, on 24 April, to prevent Hekmatyar from taking over the city and the country. This ignited a civil war between five or six rival armies, most of them backed by

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near Rabia Balkhi girls' school. Most notable during this period was the rocket bombardments that would start against the residential area of Afshar. Some of these areas, such as Wahdat's headquarters at the Social Science Institute, were considered military targets, a disproportionate number of the

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shells, rockets and fragmentation bombs killed over 2,000 people in Kabul, most of them civilians. On 1 August the airport was attacked by rockets. 150 rockets alone were launched the following day, and according to one author these missile attacks killed as many as 50 people and injured 150. In the

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Overall, the Afghan Civil War of 1992–1996 was a period of intense conflict and suffering for the people of Afghanistan. The collapse of the Soviet-backed government, ethnic and religious divisions, and external involvement all contributed to the conflict. The legacy of this period of Afghan history

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presented its proposals for peace on the same day. On 15 October, Bamiyan fell to the Taliban. Between 11–13 November 1995 at least 57 unarmed civilians were killed and over 150 injured when rockets and artillery barrages fired from Taliban positions south of Kabul pounded the civilian areas of the

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was signed between the government and the Taliban. On 15 June, Dostum bombed Kabul and Kunduz. Two 550-pound (250 kg) bombs are dropped in a residential area of Kabul, killing two and injuring one. Three land near the defence ministry. On 20 June, the government recaptured Bamiyan. On 23 July,

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to elect the next president. On 29 December 1992, Rabbani was elected as president and he agreed to establish a parliament with representatives from all of Afghanistan. Also notable during this month was the solidification of an alliance between Hezb-i Wahdat and Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin against the

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The immediate objective of the interim government was to defeat the forces acting against the Peshawar Accord. A renewed attempt at peace talks on 25 May 1992 again agreed to give Hekmatyar the position of prime minister, however, this lasted less than a week after Hekmatyar attempted to shoot down

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The sovereignty of Afghanistan was vested formally in the Islamic State of Afghanistan, an entity created in April 1992, after the fall of the Soviet-backed Najibullah government. ... With the exception of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami, all of the parties... were ostensibly unified under this

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Starting on 12 March 1995 Massoud's forces launched an offensive against the Taliban and were able to drive them out from the area around Kabul, retaking Charasiab on 19 March and leading to a period of relative calm for a few months. The battle left hundreds of Taliban dead and the force suffered

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on 20 May under which Massoud agreed to relinquish the post of Defense Minister. Massoud had resigned in order to gain peace. Hekmatyar at first accepted the post of prime minister but after attending only one cabinet meeting he left Kabul again starting to bomb Kabul leaving more than 700 dead in

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particularly singled out. According to Afghanistan Justice Project, during this period until June 1994, 25,000 people were killed. Areas around Microraion were particularly bloody. By now the population of Kabul had dropped from 2,000,000 during Soviet times to 500,000 due to a large exodus from

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of Kabul, a fact that has been well-documented. Artillery exchanges quickly broke out escalating in late May–Early June. Shura-e Nazar was able to immediately benefit from heavy weapons left by fleeing or defecting government forces and launched rockets on Hekmatyar's positions near the Jalalabad

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and tried his best to stop the war between Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Burhanuddin Rabbani and Abdul Rasul Sayyaf. In 1996, the Taliban took control of Afghanistan. Most of the Taliban leaders were the students of Molvi Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi. Mohammadi, however, maintained a good relationship with the

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against the forces of Massoud and the interim government. During this, Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin was able make use of Junbish's air force in both bombing the positions of Jamiat-e Islami and in resupplying their men. This led to greater artillery bombardment on behalf of Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin.

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Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin was not however the only perpetrator of indiscriminate shelling of civilians. Particularly in West Kabul, Hezb-i Wahdat, Ittehad-e Islami and Jamiat-e Islami all have been accused of deliberately targeting civilian areas. All sides used non-precision rockets such as Sakre

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The Hezb-i Wahdat initially took part in the Islamic State of Afghanistan and held some posts in the government. Soon, however, conflict broke out between the Hazara Hezb-i Wahdat of Mazari, the Wahabbi Pashtun Ittehad-e Islami of warlord Abdul Rasul Sayyaf supported by Saudi Arabia. The Islamic

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in which they would resume bombardment if Rabbani and his forces did not leave the city. This ultimatum was eventually withdrawn. By the end of December, more than 150 people had died in Kabul due to the repeated rocketing, shelling, and high-altitude bombing of the city, reportedly by Taliban

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was attempting to maximize Wahdat's military power and influence in the new government". Saudi agents "were trying to strengthen the Wahhabi Abdul Rasul Sayyaf and his Ittehad-e Islami faction to the same end". "Outside forces saw instability in Afghanistan as an opportunity to press their own

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and Kabul Airport. Many government forces, including generals, joined Jamiat-e Islami, including the forces of General Baba Jan, who was at the time in charge of the garrison of Kabul. On 27 April, all other major parties such as Junbish-i Milli, Hezb-i Wahdat, Ittehad-e Islami and Harakat had

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Ahmad Shah Massoud, involved in the political and military turmoil of Afghanistan since 1973 and therefore not an impartial observer, in early September 1996 described the Taliban as the centre of a wider movement in Afghanistan of armed Islamic radicalism: a coalition of wealthy sheikhs (like

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and formed his own resistance group in 1979. After the fall of the Communist regime in 1992, Khalis participated in the Islamic Interim Government. He was a member of the Leadership Council (Shura-ye Qiyaadi), but held no other official post. Instead of moving to Kabul, he chose to remain in

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government in April 1992. ... Hekmatyar's Hezbe Islami, for its part, refused to recognize the government for most of the period discussed in this report and launched attacks against government forces but the shells and rockets fell everywhere in Kabul resulting in many civilian casualties.

2514:. While the Taliban retreated, large amounts of looting and pillaging was said to have taken place in south-western Kabul by the forces under Rabbani and Massoud against ethnic Hazaras. Estimates of civilian casualties from this period of fighting are 100 killed and 1000 wounded. 2490:, the provincial capital, on 10 February 1995. On 14 February 1995, Hekmatyar was forced to abandon his artillery positions at Charasiab due to the advance of the Taliban, who were, therefore, able to take control of this weaponry. During 25–27 February clashes broke out in 2192:

reported that the city's food and fuel depots were empty. The government was now under heavy pressure. At the end of 1992 Hezb-i Wahdat officially withdrew from the government and opened secret negotiations with Hizb-I Islami. In December 1992, Rabbani postponed convening a

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which saw in the Taliban a way to secure trade routes to Central Asia and establish a government in Kabul friendly to its interests. Pakistani politicians during that time repeatedly denied supporting the Taliban. But senior Pakistani officials such as Interior Minister

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district. On 4 May, the Iranian embassy in Kabul was shelled and two staff members were wounded. On 12 May, Hikmatyar's forces arrived in Kabul to help defend against the Taliban. On 24 May, another peace agreement was signed between Rabbani and Hikmatyar. On 24 June,

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Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin and Junbish-i Milli were able to hold parts of central Kabul during this time. Junbish forces were particularly singled out for committing looting, rape and murder, for the sole reason that they could get away with it. Some commanders such as

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In the rest of 1992, hundreds of rockets hit Kabul, thousands, mostly civilians, were killed, half a million people fled the city. In 1993, the rivalling militia factions continued their fights over Kabul, several cease-fires and peace accords failed. According to

1595:. His party controlled major parts of this politically and strategically important province. The Taliban brought Nangarhar under their control in September 1996 and Khalis was supportive of the Taliban movement and had a close relationship with its commanders. 2247:

The authority of Burhanuddin Rabbani, interim President since June 1992 and also the leader of the Jamiat-e Islami party, remained limited to only part of Kabul; the rest of the city remained divided among rival militia factions. On 19 January, a short-lived

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Commander Massoud's Struggle by Nagakura Hiromi (from 1992, one month after the collapse of the communist regime, after Hekmatyar was repelled to the southern outskirts of Kabul, before he started the heavy bombardment of Kabul with the support of Pakistan)

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its first defeat. However, while retreating, the Taliban shelled the capital, Kabul. On 16 March, Rabbani stated, once again, that he would not resign. On 30 March, a grave of 22 male corpses, 20 of which were shot in the head, was found in Charasiab.

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while still in the centre of Kabul, and had set free all the inmates, including many criminals, who were able to take arms and commit gruesome crimes against the population. With a government structure yet to be established, chaos broke out in Kabul.

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in the Mujahideen government. However, when the Mujahideen leaders opened their weapons at each other and the civil war in Afghanistan started, he resigned from his post and forbade the troops loyal to him from taking part in the war. He remained in

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who engaged in an extremely violent struggle for power and who were not affiliated with the interim government in Kabul. The bullet-riddled city came to be a centre of lawlessness, crime and atrocities fueled by complex Pashtun tribal rivalries.

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community, and together they captured the capital city. He and Massoud fought in a coalition against Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Massoud and Dostum's forces joined together to defend Kabul against Hekmatyar. Some 4000-5000 of his troops, units of his

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movement first emerged on the military scene in August 1994, with the stated goal of liberating Afghanistan from its present corrupt leadership of warlords and establish a pure Islamic society. It was reported in the December 2009 edition of

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refused to step down at the end of his term on 28 December 1994, and on 1 January UN peace envoy Mahmoud Mistiri returned to Kabul. On 10 January Rabbani offered to step down and turn over power to a 23-member UN interim administration if

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officials providing direct orders. After the fall of Kabul, the Afghan political parties agreed on a peace and power-sharing agreement, the Peshawar Accords. The Peshawar Accords created the Islamic State of Afghanistan and appointed an

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Najibullah and then tortured them to death. All key government installations appeared to be in Taliban's hands within hours, including the presidential palace and the ministries of defense, security and foreign affairs.

2333:, Rabbani and Hekmatyar agreed to share power until elections could be held in late 1994. Hekmatyar's condition had been the resignation of Massoud as minister of defense. The parties agreed to a new peace accord in 2600: 4333: 2470:

town and province, killing 100 people are and wounding over 120. The town fell to Dostum on 5 February. Rabbani further delayed his resignation on the 21st, stating he would resign on the 22nd. In late January,

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The Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin had been driven out of Kabul, but were still within artillery range. In May 1992 Hekmatyar started a bombardment campaign against the capital, firing thousands of rockets supplied by

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in two reports stated that nearly all armies participating in the 1992–95 period of war contributed to "destroying at least one-third of Kabul, killing thousands of civilians, driving a half million refugees to

4185:. Amazon.com. Retrieved 14 January 2018. N.B.: The relevance of this web page lies in the two 'Editorial Reviews' which suggest that mr. Nojumi is not held in great respect among acknowledged historians. 2351:

In January 1994, Dostum, for different reasons, joined with the forces of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, along with their new allies of Hezb-i Wahdat and Junbish-i Milli, launched the

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changed hands before being captured by Massoud and Dostum's forces. During 21–30 October, Massoud's forces stalled on the way to the capital. On 25 October, the Taliban claimed to have captured

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that the Taliban originated in the districts around Kandahar city. By October 1994 the Taliban movement had according to academic consensus and on-the-ground reports attracted the support of

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in 1992. In April 1992, the opposition forces began their march to Kabul against the government of Najibullah. Dostum had allied himself with the opposition commanders Ahmad Shah Massoud and

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rockets, tank shells and mortars fell in civilian areas. Numerous rockets were reportedly launched from Haider-controlled frontlines of Tap-I Salaam towards the men of Division 095 under

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Dostum and Wahdat managed to recapture Bamiyan. On 3 August, the Taliban hijacked a Russian cargo aircraft in Kandahar and captured weapons intended for Rabbani. The Government captured

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also committed mass rape and executions on civilians in this period. The Taliban retreated under the bombardment, taking Mazari with them and throwing him from a helicopter en route to

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In October 1994 a bomb struck a wedding ceremony in Qala Fathullah in Kabul, killing 70 civilians. No fighting had been witnessed in the area in several days according to reports.

2036:, but they declined his offer and instead backed the Peshawar Accords. Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin entered the city from the south and west but were quickly expelled. The forces of 3419:

Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity (ch. III, Battle for Kabul 1992-93; see under § Violations of International Humanitarian Law)

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The ISI's undemocratic tendencies are not restricted to its interference in the electoral process. The organisation also played a major role in creating the Taliban movement.

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The Diplomat – The Diplomat is a current-affairs magazine for the Asia-Pacific, with news and analysis on politics, security, business, technology and life across the region

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bombing raids, street battles and rocket attacks in and around Kabul. Massoud returned to the position of minister of defense to defend the city against the rocket attacks.

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would later state, "we created the Taliban" and former Pakistani President Musharraf would write "we sided" with the Taliban to "spell the defeat" of anti-Taliban forces.

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entered the city as well. After suffering heavy casualties, Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin forces deserted their positions and fled to the outskirts of Kabul in the direction of

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was keen to see Dostum controlling as much of Afghanistan as possible, especially in the north along the Uzbek border. Dostum's men would become an important force in the

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controlled the strategic high areas, and were thus able to develop a vantage point within the city from which opposition forces could be targeted. Hekmatyar continued to

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rocket attacks killed between 20 and 24 people and wounded another 43–56. On 10 January, a peace proposal was presented to the Taliban and opposition. On 14, January

1508:'s Akbari faction. Such alliances did not stop the advance and victories of the Taliban. On 27 September 1996, the Taliban, took control of Kabul and established the 4457: 5808: 2725:

On 3 July, a 10-member cabinet is formed. Hikmatyar's party got the ministries of defense and finance; Rabbani got the ministries of interior and foreign affairs;

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regime in 1992, Sayyaf's organization's human rights record became noticeably worse, underlined by their involvement in the infamous massacres and rampages in the

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Islamic State of Afghanistan. While Hizb-i Islami joined in bombardments to support Hezb-i Wahdat, Wahdat conducted joint offensives, such as the one to secure

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province fell to anti-Taliban forces but was retaken in early November. Fighting also occurred in Baghdis province with no significant gains from either side.

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Also in October 1994, the Taliban revolted in Kandahar. On 12 October 1994, the Taliban scored their first victory when they captured the Kandahar district of

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Rabbani and Hekmatyar handshaking after signing a power-sharing deal on 7 March 1993. However Hekmatyar soon returned to fighting against Rabbani's government.

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fought in Pul-i Khumri, Baghlan Province. Hundreds were killed before a ceasefire was reached on 4 March and the Ismaili faction lost 11 important positions.

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followed by closing the border. On 6 September, a mob swarms the Pakistani embassy in Kabul, killing one and wounding 26, including the Pakistani ambassador.

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and Rabbani's forces recaptured Farah from the Taliban. Ismail Khan reportedly used cluster bombs, killing 220–250 unarmed civilians. Between 14 and 16 May,

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forces bombard Kart-I Naw, Shah Shaheed and Chiilsatoon with aerial and ground bombardment. In this counterattack more than 100 were killed and 120 wounded.

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Kabul with rockets. Although Hekmatyar insisted that only Islamic Jihad Council areas were targeted, the rockets mostly fell over the houses of the innocent

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or Burhanuddin Rabbani (the interim government), or officials from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), commonly collapsed within days."

2361: 2123: 1262: 1145: 1660:, did not deny the abductions of Hazara civilians, but merely accused the Hezb-i Wahdat militia of being an agent of the theocratic Iranian government. 5666: 5661: 5598: 5593: 3849: 2369: 2265: 2799:’s interim government's forces had been encircled, and decided to quickly evacuate or withdraw those forces to the north, to avoid destruction. Also 2479:. Hikmatyar lost hundreds of men and several tanks in the battle, which included a temporary alliance between the Taliban and the forces of Rabbani. 2189: 3481: 2916:. Between 9 and 12 November, Dostum's jets bombed the Kabul airport, and between 11 and 16 approximately 50,000 people, mostly Pashtuns, arrived in 1903:

In 1993–95, leaders of Jamiat-e Islami, Junbish-i Milli, Hezb-i Wahdat and Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, could not stop their commanders from committing

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agreed to withdraw. On 12 January a cease fire was agreed, but bombing began again on 19 January, killing at least 22. Between 22 and 31 January,

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Afghanistan – the Squandered Victory by the BBC (documentary film directly from the year 1989 explaining the beginning of the turmoil to follow)

4348: 3888: 3214: 2260: 2146: 1833:('Islamic party') troops started shelling Kabul. The Director of the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies at the Australian National University, 1148:

fighting broke out between three, and later five or six, mujahideen armies. Alliances between the combatants were transitory throughout the war.

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broke down when Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin forces renewed rocket attacks on Kabul from their base in the south of the city supervised by Commander

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Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence agency used the students from these madrassas, the Taliban, to create a favourable regime in Afghanistan

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got planning and labor and social welfare and the Hezb-i Wahdat Akbari faction got commerce. 12 other seats were left open for other factions.

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security and political agendas." Human Rights Watch writes that "rare ceasefires, usually negotiated by representatives of Ahmad Shah Massoud,

2253: 2202:. On 30 December 1992 at least one child was apparently killed in Pul-i Artan by a BM21 Rocket launched from Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin forces at 1102: 118: 4961:

Pakistan was the main supporter of the Taliban since its military intelligence, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) formed the group in 1994

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who captured it from interim government troops. 50 people were killed and the Taliban captured many arms from fleeing government soldiers.

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launched an offensive against Hezb-i Wahdat trapping Wahdat forces in Karte Seh and Kote Sangi. According to other reports, the forces of

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Particularly noticeable in this period was the escalation of the fight in West Kabul between the Shi'a Hezb-i Wahdat forces supported by

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again in southern Kabul. In May or early June, Hekmatyar started shelling all around Kabul, presumably with substantial support from the

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again infiltrated Kabul trying to take power. This forced other parties to advance on the capital as well. Already before 28 April, the

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Rubin, B. R. (2002). The fragmentation of Afghanistan: State formation and collapse in the international system. Yale University Press.

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group in west Kabul starting May 1992. Amnesty International reported that Sayyaf's forces rampaged through the mainly Shi'ite Tajik (

6978: 5656: 5588: 5154: 4502: 2203: 1957: 1610: 1497: 1465:(west of Kabul) and in February approached Kabul. The Taliban then continued shelling Kabul and attacking Massoud's forces in Kabul. 1347: 1285: 219: 3017: 6339: 2665:

began to airlift supplies into Kabul. On 6 February, the road is used to bring in more food. On 26 February, Hikmatyar and the pro-

1945: 1746: 1640:. Sayyaf's faction was responsible for, "repeated human butchery", when his faction of Mujahideen turned on civilians and the Shia 1446: 1383: 1545:. During the Soviet–Afghan War, his role as a powerful mujahideen insurgent leader earned him the nickname of "Lion of Panjshir" ( 6260: 5735: 3382: 1888:, between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan on the side of the Taliban. 1083: 4537:(With horrifying pictures of civilian war casualties.) By Journeyman Pictures/Journeyman.tv. Retrieved on YouTube, 27 June 2018. 3559: 1624:, to maximize Wahhabi influence. After the forced withdrawal of the demoralised Soviet forces in 1989, and the overthrow of the 6988: 6417: 6289: 5535: 5195: 7078: 7038: 6670: 5413: 5392: 5369: 5348: 5228: 5119: 5092: 5065: 5038: 5011: 4984: 4954: 4924: 4894: 4867: 4837: 4807: 4441: 4414: 4384: 4324: 4218: 4148: 3141: 2990: 2256:. Hundreds were killed and wounded while many houses were destroyed in this clash between Hizb-i Islami and Jamiat-e Islami. 963: 255: 4276: 3537: 3317: 2130:. On 10 June it was reported that Dostum's forces had also begun nightly bombardments of Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin positions. 6481: 6272: 6127: 6083: 5925: 1056: 36: 4946:

Falling Terrorism and Rising Conflicts: The Afghan "Contribution" to Polarization and Confrontation in West and South Asia

4495:

Afghanistan: Further Information on Fear for Safety and New Concern: Deliberate and Arbitrary Killings: Civilians in Kabul

4125:

The Last Warlord: The Life and Legend of Dostum, the Afghan Warrior Who Led US Special Forces to Topple the Taliban Regime

1178:

Kabul's population fell from two million to 500,000 during the 1992–1996 war; 500,000 fled during the first four months.

7048: 7043: 6756: 6591: 5964: 4530: 4464: 3362: 2587:. Some attribute this to the informal alliance between Dostum and the Taliban, along with Dostum's bombing of the city. 6834: 6829: 6078: 5990: 2684: 2535: 1865:

stated: when Hekmatyar in 1994 had failed to "deliver for Pakistan", Pakistan turned towards a new force: the Taliban.

1197: 1117: 1051: 1041: 3251:

Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity (ch. III, Battle for Kabul 1992-93)

3178:

Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity (chapter II, Historical background)

6957: 6928: 6748: 6545: 6512: 6306: 6000: 5948: 5863: 5327: 5318:

Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001

4619:

Herbaugh, Sharon (5 June 1992). "Pro-Government militias intervene as fighting continues in Kabul". Associated Press.

4577: 3958: 3882: 3760: 3531: 5303: 4175: 6824: 6814: 6794: 6738: 6448: 6377: 6349: 6071: 6061: 5818: 5813: 5688: 2949: 2932: 2839: 1191: 1172: 1109: 1036: 1026: 130: 2687:; also less renowned sources suspect Taliban to have had support from Pakistan, considering their heavy weaponry. 1805:'), often referred as the Northern Autonomous Zone. He printed his own Afghan currency, ran a small airline named 6952: 6250: 5676: 5608: 2944: 2571:

and Helmand from the Taliban on 28 August, but were unable to hold Girishk. In September, Dostum forces captured

2531: 1766: 1551:) among his followers as he successfully resisted the Soviets from taking Panjshir Valley. In 1992 he signed the 1501: 2772:

Map showing political control in Afghanistan in the fall of 1996, following the capture of Kabul by the Taliban.

6998: 6731: 6394: 6284: 6206: 6101: 6006: 5719: 5620: 2642: 2588: 1652:

neighborhood of Kabul, slaughtering and raping inhabitants and burning homes. Sayyaf, who was allied with the

7003: 6804: 5615: 4103: 3840: 2888:. On 27–28 October, anti-Taliban forces attempted to recapture Kabul but were unable to do so. On 30 October 1837:, confirmed the Pakistani support in 1992 for Hekmatyar: "Pakistan was keen to gear up for a breakthrough in 1676: 1637: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 6698: 6566: 6267: 4272: 1862: 1556: 1241: 158: 97: 6662: 5511:

Starving to Death Afghanistan (documentary report) by Journeyman Pictures/ABC Australia (from March 1996)

3478: 2661:. On 1 February, Taliban jet-bombed a residential area in Kabul, killing 10 civilians. On 3 February, the 1989:

Map showing political control in Afghanistan in 1992, following the collapse of the Najibullah government.

6535: 6530: 6354: 6211: 5630: 5625: 3634: 3218: 1826: 1343: 1232: 1133: 2530:, but were later forced to retreat. In early May, Rabbani's forces attacked the Taliban in Maidan Shar. 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 6766: 6761: 6716: 6636: 6322: 6245: 6201: 5836: 5772: 5520: 5504: 5493: 5482: 5471: 5454: 5438: 4832:. Vol. 1: Afghanistan-Democracy and the Right to Participate. Oxford University Press. p. 2. 4630:

Bruno, Philip (20 August 1992). "La seconde bataille de Kaboul 'le gouvernment ne contrôle plus rien".

4039: 4013: 3987: 3222: 5340:

Doomed in Afghanistan: A UN Officer's Memoir of the Fall of Kabul and Najibullah's Failed Escape, 1992

4767:"The Master of Spin Boldak: Meet the mobsters who run the show in one of the world's deadliest cities" 4340: 3872: 6908: 6850: 6726: 6721: 6196: 5974: 5969: 5943: 5683: 5562: 2429:. They then captured Kandahar city on 5 November 1994 and soon went on to capture most of the south. 618: 7008: 6586: 6463: 6458: 6387: 4766: 4730: 4081: 2877: 2029: 1155:, a new militia formed with support from Pakistan and ISI, became dominant in 1995-96. It captured 1087: 51: 5383:

The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region

3777: 3715: 6561: 6327: 4527: 3390: 2804: 2290: 2013: 1953: 1928: 1908: 1830: 1668: 1489: 1481: 1398: 1336: 1305: 1273: 1220: 1121: 803: 662: 363: 305: 4244: 4140:

The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers

3913: 3502: 1727:

for a transitional period to be followed by general elections. According to Human Rights Watch:

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in early-September 1996, and Kabul by late-September 1996. The Taliban fought the newly-formed

844: 673: 5082: 5055: 5028: 5001: 4974: 4884: 4797: 4431: 4404: 4374: 4314: 4208: 4138: 6809: 6702: 6432: 6427: 6143: 5889: 5709: 5338: 5275: 5218: 5109: 4944: 4914: 4498: 3719: 2810:

By nightfall, or on the next day of 27 September, the Taliban had conquered Kabul. Taliban's

2021: 1931:

in "targeting and destroying half of Kabul" or in heavy bombardments especially in 1992. But

1858: 1791: 1583: 1021: 706: 5403: 5359: 5293:

Rashid, A. (2000). Taliban: Islam, oil, and the new great game in Central Asia. I.B. Tauris.

4857: 4827: 3839: 1967:

also engaged in bombing and shelling Kabul, causing many civilians to be killed or injured.

6887: 5714: 5299:

Marsden, P. (1998). The Taliban: war, religion and the new order in Afghanistan. Zed Books.

2865: 2849: 2127: 2074: 2049: 1579: 1420: 1016: 791: 607: 206: 5150: 4494: 2309:

was targeting Shias, while the Iran-controlled Hezb-i Wahdat was targeting Sunni Muslims.

66:, depicting the widespread destruction of city's infrastructure caused by the war, c.1993. 8: 6993: 5782: 5745: 5693: 3014: 2889: 2800: 2796: 2705:

from the Taliban, along with large stores of ammunition. Fighting continues, however, in

2691: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2286: 2095: 2009: 1822: 1754: 1657: 1625: 1564: 1477: 1473: 1442: 1426: 1394: 1379: 1355: 1301: 1224: 1219:

parties started negotiations to form a national coalition government. But one group, the

1205: 1125: 1090: 1006: 857: 824: 780: 767: 755: 735: 563: 1876:

Although Pakistan initially denied supporting the Taliban, Pakistan's Interior Minister

6913: 5995: 5884: 5740: 5361:

How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of Afghanistan

5271:"President of hell: Hamid Karzai's battle to govern post-war, post-Taliban Afghanistan" 3917: 3725: 3684: 3460: 3422: 3386: 3321: 3254: 3181: 2792: 2499: 2407: 2230: 1998: 1932: 1787: 1770: 1724: 1715: 1614: 1542: 1493: 1430: 1367: 1309: 1011: 695: 651: 640: 574: 124:

Thousands of civilians killed, millions driven from their homes, Kabul heavily damaged.

3975:

How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan

2526:

On 4 April, the Taliban killed about 800 government soldiers and captured 300 more in

2510:. The Taliban then continued to launch offenses against Kabul, using the equipment of 1857:) from the Pashtun areas of eastern and southern Afghanistan who had been educated in 1362:– a paralyzed 'interim government' though, right from its proclamation in April 1992. 6651: 6571: 5920: 5777: 5409: 5388: 5365: 5344: 5323: 5224: 5115: 5088: 5061: 5034: 5007: 4980: 4950: 4920: 4890: 4863: 4833: 4803: 4573: 4528:'Starving to Death', Massoud defending Kabul against the Taliban siege in March 1996. 4437: 4410: 4380: 4320: 4214: 4144: 3954: 3878: 3756: 3527: 2986: 2928: 2555: 2416: 2053: 1877: 1216: 1168: 910: 629: 231: 172: 4040:"Afghanistan: Blood-Stained Hands: III. The Battle for Kabul: April 1992-March 1993" 4014:"Afghanistan: Blood-Stained Hands: III. The Battle for Kabul: April 1992-March 1993" 3988:"Afghanistan: Blood-Stained Hands: III. The Battle for Kabul: April 1992-March 1993" 3914:"Blood-Stained Hands, Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity" 1749:('National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan') militia of former communist and ethnic 1472:. This induced some other warring factions to form new alliances, starting with the 6872: 6771: 6615: 6507: 6422: 6294: 6169: 6164: 6117: 6021: 5905: 5651: 5583: 5381: 3624: 2978: 2819: 2753: 2730: 2280: 2226: 1881: 1704: 1633: 1387: 863: 815: 726: 267: 5527: 3721:

Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity

3681:

Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity

6865: 6799: 6786: 6453: 6382: 6053: 5915: 5803: 5316: 4738: 4534: 4182: 3519: 3485: 3344: 3021: 2722:. This would later have significant impact on the balance of power in the North. 2698: 2576: 2503: 2483: 2102: 2091: 2037: 2002: 1941: 1870: 1649: 1552: 1530: 1485: 1484:

in early March. In July, a new government was formed by five factions: Rabbani's

1434: 1359: 1346:(ISI). Junbish-i Milli and Jamiat-e Islami in June shelled areas south of Kabul, 1332: 1328: 1313: 1293: 1277: 1079: 1001: 987: 921: 899: 439: 292: 184: 32: 6694: 4264: 2982: 2904:

to support the anti-Taliban alliance. On 4 November, Dostum's forces bombed the

2432:

By the end of 1994, Junbish-i Milli and Dostum were on the defensive in capital

1261:

For background on the start of the fighting, and on the interim government, see

6860: 6486: 6334: 6277: 5910: 5879: 5478:

Massoud is popular among the people who also trust him to rebuild their country

2921: 2917: 2913: 2791:

On 26 September, with the Taliban attacking Kabul, interim minister of defense

2757: 2719: 2715: 2605: 2527: 2437: 2218: 2062: 1915:. Even the various warlords in north Afghanistan descended to such horridness. 1798: 1468:

In 1996, the Taliban grew stronger, as analysts say with decisive support from

1425:

In 1995, the civil war in Afghanistan raged between at least four parties: the

1402: 717: 202: 63: 5514: 5498: 5487: 5476: 5465: 5448: 5432: 5030:

Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It

2970: 1248:

as acting President, but this never attained real authority over Afghanistan.

1240:

foreign states. Several Mujahideen groups proclaimed the establishment of the

6972: 6918: 6631: 6581: 6013: 3616: 2777: 2768: 2745: 2702: 2646: 2511: 2495: 2386: 2182: 2163: 2106: 2041: 1985: 1949: 1762: 1700: 1697: 1641: 1629: 1587: 1505: 1450: 1390: 1351: 1289: 833: 744: 684: 407: 279: 196: 4547: 4545: 4543: 3977:, Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, 1st ed., Washington DC. 2694:

government signed an agreement to take military action against the Taliban.

2550:

fall to Rabbani and Khan's forces. On 20 May, Hezb-i Wahdat forces captured

6692: 3524:

Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia Roots of Modern Conflict

2680: 2330: 2306: 2138: 1885: 1838: 1818: 1621: 933: 874: 585: 323: 4712: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4248: 3506: 2538:

agree to reopen their diplomatic missions in Kabul on 3–4 May. On 11 May,

2259:

Heavy fighting was reported around a Hezb-i Wahdat post held by Commander

2073:. In addition to the bombardment campaign, Hekmatyar's forces had overrun 1853:('the students') have been described as a movement of religious students ( 1316:) on 25 May 1992, was offered the position of prime minister in President 6903: 6855: 6646: 6641: 5169: 4931:

Pakistan had all but invented the Taliban, the so-called Koranic students

4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4652: 4640: 4540: 3946: 3313: 2897: 2861: 2827: 2815: 2737: 2706: 2539: 2487: 2426: 2317: 2173:

In November, in a very effective move, Hekmatyar's forces, together with

2110: 2057: 1834: 1802: 1774: 1604: 1263:

Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) § Militias fight in Kabul (24–27 April)

888: 852: 750: 712: 701: 668: 657: 646: 596: 433: 287: 262: 238: 226: 214: 191: 167: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 2718:, an Uzbek military leader in Afghanistan, was killed in an ambush near 2683:

considers the Taliban at that time to have been decisively supported by

2641:'s western route, leaving the city surrounded. However, in mid-January, 1421:

War spreads throughout Afghanistan and the rise of the Taliban (1995–96)

6776: 5671: 5603: 5111:

Islam and Global Dialogue: Religious Pluralism and the Pursuit of Peace

4586: 3492:

Stanford University. Updated 15 July 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2017.

3383:"Afghanistan: The massacre in Mazar-i Sharif. (Chapter II: Background)" 3210: 2795:

in his headquarters in northern Kabul concluded that his and President

2657:

road. On 20 January, factional fighting broke out among the Taliban in

2249: 2174: 2045: 2017: 1927:

was heavily bombarded and damaged. Some analysts emphasize the role of

1779: 1758: 1541:

militias in Afghanistan since 1979. Its military wing was commanded by

1538: 1297: 1113: 840: 829: 820: 811: 740: 731: 722: 457: 335: 3629: 3457:

Havadess-e Tarikhi-e Afghanistan 1990–1997. Peshawar Markaz-e Nashrati

4569: 3617:"Kabul at War (1992–1996) : State, Ethnicity and Social Classes" 3441: 2893: 2853: 2749: 2741: 2662: 2634: 2612: 2491: 2334: 2199: 2158: 2142: 1912: 1806: 1645: 1592: 1321: 1164: 5445:

Massoud's Conversation with Hekmatyar (original document from 1992)

4458:"Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978–2001" 3953:(1st ed.). London New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. p. 352. 1358:

took over the interim Presidency from Mujaddidi, as provided in the

6877: 6344: 5559: 4632: 3782: 2869: 2658: 2507: 2411: 2326: 2214: 2114: 2070: 1937: 1681: 1607: 1469: 1414: 1406: 1340: 1228: 1156: 1129: 928: 905: 894: 869: 543: 526: 464: 393: 5304:

Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978-2001

3147:(Report). Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. February 1997. 955: 4814:

Pakistani involvement in creating the movement is seen as central

4232:

Pakistani involvement in creating the movement is seen as central

3567: 2881: 2845: 2785: 2710: 2669: 2654: 2630: 2584: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2551: 2543: 2476: 2402: 2137:

and those of the Wahhabist Ittehad-e Islami militia supported by

1964: 1850: 1817:

According to the U.S. Special Envoy to Afghanistan in 1989–1992,

1618: 1568: 1454: 1438: 1410: 1354:

were fighting each other in west Kabul. At the end of June 1992,

1152: 1136:(ISI), refused to form a coalition government and tried to seize 1094: 883: 499: 4844:

In 1994 the Taliban was created, funded and inspired by Pakistan

4258: 4256: 2860:

On 5 October 1996, the Taliban attacked Massoud's forces in the

2611:

On 20 November 1995, Taliban forces gave the government a 5-day

2558:. More than 20 are killed, and both forces continue to fight in 1567:

and other warlords who were bombing the city—and eventually the

4463:. Afghanistan Justice Project. 2005. p. 63. Archived from 2909: 2885: 2873: 2726: 2666: 2547: 2472: 2467: 2293:

and Hezb-i Wahdat forces that took place in February 1993. The

2170:

rockets and the UB-16 and UB-32 S-5 airborne rocket launchers.

1904: 1750: 1534: 1458: 1201: 4316:

Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan

4265:"The September 11th Sourcebooks, Volume VII: The Taliban File" 3142:

Afghanistan: Chronology of Events January 1995 - February 1997

1993:

As of 28 April, an interim government under interim President

1235:(ISI), did not join the negotiations and announced to conquer 4253: 2905: 2781: 2650: 2638: 2580: 2575:. The Taliban were able to capture Farah on 2 September, and 2563: 2433: 2298: 2194: 2033: 2025: 1924: 1897: 1880:(1993–96) would state in 1999, "we created the Taliban", and 1783: 1560: 1555:, a peace and power-sharing agreement, in the post-communist 1269: 1236: 1182:

continues to shape the country's politics and society today.

1160: 1141: 1137: 1098: 513: 376: 4102:

Anthony Davis, 'The Battlegrounds of Northern Afghanistan,'

2822:, as head of a national ruling council which was called the 2494:, Kote Sangi and Karte Chahar between government forces and 1401:. Fighting this year also broke out in the northern town of 1204:

halted its support to it. On 16 April 1992 Afghan President

127:

Grave mistreatment of civilians (murder, looting, extortion)

5302: 5175: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4597: 4551: 3874:

The Taliban: War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan

2901: 2390: 2294: 2178: 2134: 1812: 1711: 1708: 1694: 947: 425: 348: 80:(4 years, 4 months, 4 weeks and 2 days) 3755:(26 November 2002 ed.). Atlantic Books. p. 224. 3024:(page 3). Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 February 2018. 2554:. On 5 June, Dostum's forces attacked Rabbani's forces in 2482:

Meanwhile, the Taliban began to approach Kabul, capturing

2028:

and Afghanistan. Hekmatyar had asked other groups such as

3908: 3906: 3296: 2649:

signed a peace agreement that lead to the opening of the

1417:

and by January 1995 they controlled 12 Afghan provinces.

5084:

Religion and Violence in South Asia: Theory and Practice

4976:

US-Pakistan Relationship: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

4376:

Confronting Al-Qaeda: New Strategies to Combat Terrorism

4291: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 2864:

but suffered heavy losses. On 1 October, Massoud retook

2466:'s Junbish-i Milli party bombed government positions in 2001:, claimed to be governing Afghanistan, as agreed in the 1801:, where he ruled, in effect, an independent region (or ' 5489:

Massoud tries to prevent war between Ittehad and Wahdat

3674: 3672: 2729:'s party got education, information and culture, while 1825:

was hired in 1990 by the Pakistani intelligence agency

1794:, where they stopped Najibullah from entering to flee. 1613:('Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan') of 117:

Taliban take control of Kabul and most of Afghanistan;

5405:

Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival

5194:. U.S. Department of State. March 1996. Archived from 3951:

Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival

3903: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 2679:

In 1996, the Taliban returned to seize Kabul. Analyst

5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5186: 5184: 5131: 4188: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3273: 3140: 3015:

Country profile: Afghanistan (published August 2008)

1533:(‘Islamic Society’) was a political party of ethnic 1335:

mujahideen forces were fighting against Hekmatyar's

1272:

had started on 25 April 1992, involving six armies:

1256: 5557: 5220:

Fundamentalism Reborn?: Afghanistan and the Taliban

4859:

American Global Strategy and the 'War on Terrorism'

3649: 3560:"A Decade Ago, Massoud's Killing Preceded Sept. 11" 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3333: 3331: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 2852:and his brother from a tower, after they had first 1797:Dostum then left Kabul for his northern stronghold 5380: 5315: 5274: 5237: 5181: 4743: 3703: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 2884:province and started to attack Dostum's forces in 2287:Burhanuddin Rabbani's Islamic State of Afghanistan 2032:and the Khalis faction to join him while entering 1598: 1078:, took place between 28 April 1992—the date a new 5033:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 140–141. 4080:. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Archived from 3412: 3410: 3408: 2599:On 11 October, the Taliban retook Charasiab. The 2498:, resulting in 10 dead and 12 wounded. In March, 2285:The Afshar Operation was a military operation by 2048:and the Commander of the Kabul Garrison, General 1251: 6970: 6307:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) 5890:East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) 5151:Women in Afghanistan: A Human Rights Catastrophe 3368: 3328: 2908:airport and anti-Taliban forces took control of 924:(alleged by northern alliance, denied by Tanai) 6482:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present) 6273:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present) 5689:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) 4799:The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy 4609:Mohammaed Nabi Azimi, "Ordu va Siyasat." p 606. 4210:The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy 3810:"Pakistan Pleads for Cease-Fire in Afghanistan" 3071: 2977:, London: Macmillan Education UK, p. 193, 2876:was taken back a week later. On 15–19 October, 2157:In the month of August alone, a bombardment of 2052:that they would enter the city through Bagram, 1740: 1520: 5262: 5153:(Report). Amnesty International. 17 May 1994. 4557: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4072: 4070: 3941: 3939: 3405: 3361:For details and reference sources see section 1720:Ministry of Intelligence and National Security 6678: 5543: 3744: 3454: 3318:"Warnings About al Qaeda Ignored By The West" 2969:Maley, William (2002), Maley, William (ed.), 1663: 1611:Ittehad-e Islami bara-ye Azadi-ye Afghanistan 1546: 1052:Islamic State–Taliban conflict (2015–present) 971: 5667:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) 5662:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) 5616:Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) 5309:(Report). Afghanistan Justice Project. 2005. 5080: 5060:. University Press of America. p. 122. 5054:Harf, James E.; Lombardi, Mark Owen (2005). 5053: 4849: 4398: 4396: 1675:('Islamic Revolution Movement'), became the 5677:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 5609:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 5027:Pape, Robert A.; Feldman, James K. (2010). 5026: 4563: 4522: 4520: 4482: 4067: 3945: 3936: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3306: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3171: 3169: 3010: 3008: 2276:See the main article for more information: 2118:Custom's Post, and in the districts around 2024:with help from the US had taken command of 1586:, who separated from Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's 6685: 6671: 6149:Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) 5599:2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 5594:2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 5550: 5536: 5192:"Afghanistan Human Rights Practices, 1995" 4949:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. 4760: 4758: 4368: 4366: 4308: 4306: 4130: 3967: 3614: 3357: 3355: 3353: 2971:"The Interregnum of Najibullah, 1989–1992" 2381:According to Human Rights Watch, numerous 1703:('Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan') of 978: 964: 5949:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) 5864:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) 5621:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) 5223:. New York University Press. p. 87. 4819: 4423: 4402: 4393: 3775: 3628: 2826:. By now, the Taliban controlled most of 2744:fell to the Taliban, who then marched on 2608:, reclaiming many districts from Dostum. 2098:became interim president of Afghanistan. 379:(pro Gulbuddin factions, until late 1994) 6739:Taliban insurgency in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa 6268:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 6001:Philippine civil conflict (1969–present) 5944:South Thailand insurgency (2004–present) 5684:Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) 5343:. Rutgers University Press. p. 70. 5074: 4825: 4618: 4517: 4263:Gandhi, Sajit, ed. (11 September 2003). 3769: 3750: 3517: 3467: 3237: 3166: 3005: 2844:In its first action while in power, the 2767: 2748:. On 12 September, the Taliban captured 2316: 1984: 1813:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin / Pakistan's ISI 1210:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 5467:Hekmatyar attacks Kabul but is repelled 5322:. Penguin Group, London, New York etc. 4942: 4855: 4795: 4789: 4755: 4372: 4363: 4312: 4303: 4206: 3870: 3350: 3205: 3203: 2776:On 25 September, the strategic town of 2736:On 8 August government forces captured 1918: 1859:traditional Islamic schools in Pakistan 1688: 1582:was an Afghan political movement under 1574: 1373: 1227:, presumably supported and directed by 6971: 6049:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 5647:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 5401: 5378: 5357: 5336: 5137: 5081:Hinnells, John; King, Richard (2007). 4972: 4966: 4936: 4912: 4906: 4889:. Yale University Press. p. 240. 4764: 4749: 4379:. Naval Institute Press. p. 138. 4262: 4245:Taliban#Role of the Pakistani military 4194: 4136: 3691:from the original on 23 September 2019 3678: 3615:Dorronsoro, Gilles (14 October 2007). 3503:Taliban#Role of the Pakistani military 3429:from the original on 23 September 2019 3416: 3300: 3261:from the original on 23 September 2019 3248: 3188:from the original on 23 September 2019 3175: 2740:, but lost it again. On 11 September, 2645:intervened and the Khalili faction of 2181:groups, barricaded a power station in 2044:entered the city, with agreement from 1308:), after talks with mujahideen leader 1047:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 516:(pro Taliban factions, from late 1994) 6835:War with Islamic State (2022–Present) 6666: 6197:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) 5736:Maldives political crisis (2011–2013) 5657:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 5589:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 5531: 5216: 5157:from the original on 25 February 2021 5107: 5101: 5006:. Taylor & Francis. p. 103. 4999: 4993: 4882: 4876: 4629: 4505:from the original on 14 February 2020 4429: 4341:"The ISI's Great Game in Afghanistan" 3820:from the original on 18 December 2019 3790:from the original on 21 December 2008 3574:from the original on 14 February 2022 3338:"The Peshawar Accord, April 25, 1992" 3209: 2968: 2697:On 11 April, the government captured 1844: 959: 6340:Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) 6128:2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes 5313: 5268: 5256: 5047: 5020: 4733:Library of Congress Country Studies 4433:The Afghanistan Wars: Second Edition 4297: 4279:from the original on 31 October 2013 4157:from the original on 7 February 2023 3924:from the original on 13 January 2015 3891:from the original on 7 February 2023 3871:Marsden, Peter (15 September 1998). 3852:from the original on 3 November 2012 3637:from the original on 26 October 2014 3594:"Mujahedin Victory Event Falls Flat" 3540:from the original on 7 February 2023 3312: 3200: 3154:from the original on 12 October 2017 2763: 2624: 2325:Under the March accord, brokered by 1786:-based Guards Division, garrisoning 1537:, and included one of the strongest 1515: 1200:quickly collapsed in 1992 after the 1057:Republican insurgency in Afghanistan 6984:Afghanistan conflict (1978–present) 6428:Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007) 6261:Western Iran clashes (2016–present) 5500:Massoud talks about his convictions 4436:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 288. 4409:. Simon and Schuster. p. 209. 4351:from the original on 8 October 2019 4143:. PublicAffairs. pp. 405–408. 4046:from the original on 19 August 2021 4020:from the original on 19 August 2021 3994:from the original on 19 August 2021 2594: 2242: 1997:, with interim minister of defense 1547: 985: 13: 6449:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) 6418:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) 6378:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) 6328:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 6323:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003) 5694:Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present) 5273:. The Sunday Times. Archived from 5176:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4765:Aikins, Matthieu (December 2009). 4719:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4707:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4695:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4683:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4671:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4659:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4647:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4598:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 4552:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005) 2601:National Reconciliation Commission 2583:fell, with Ismail Khan fleeing to 2521: 2360:, commander of the 51st regiment, 2217:was host to three different local 2152: 2090:In June 1992, as scheduled in the 1747:Junbish-i-Milli Islami Afghanistan 1701:Hizb-e Wahdat-e Islami Afghanistan 1525: 62:A picture of Kabul's city center, 16:1992–1996 civil war in Afghanistan 14: 7090: 6727:Civil unrest in Southern Pakistan 6144:Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) 5965:Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) 5778:Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present) 5423: 4777:from the original on 11 June 2021 3732:from the original on 7 March 2016 3050: 3034: 2962: 2312: 2188:On 23 November, Minister of Food 1257:War over Kabul (28 April 1992–93) 1108:The war immediately followed the 480:Afghan Army and Airforce Remnants 338:(until Jan. 1994; from Aug. 1994) 295:(until Jan. 1994; from Aug. 1994) 78:28 April 1992 – 27 September 1996 6722:Civil unrest in Eastern Pakistan 6693: 6464:Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) 5814:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 5715:Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) 5631:Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) 5516:Taliban attack Kabul and Massoud 5387:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 5269:Lamb, Christina (29 June 2003). 5003:Central Asia: A Gathering Storm? 4916:Osama: The Making of a Terrorist 4564:De Ponfilly, Christophe (2001). 4176:'The Rise of the Taliban' (etc.) 2448: 2376: 927: 915: 904: 893: 882: 868: 851: 839: 828: 819: 810: 797: 785: 774: 761: 749: 739: 730: 721: 711: 700: 689: 678: 667: 656: 645: 634: 623: 612: 601: 590: 579: 568: 557: 536: 519: 507: 492: 472: 450: 432: 418: 400: 386: 370: 356: 341: 328: 316: 299: 286: 273: 261: 249: 237: 225: 213: 201: 190: 178: 166: 151: 90: 50: 37:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 6616:Sinai insurgency (2011–present) 6508:Syrian Civil War (2011–present) 6491:Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021) 5906:Myanmar conflict (1948–present) 5652:Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 5584:Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 5364:. US Institute of Peace Press. 5287: 5210: 5143: 4724: 4623: 4612: 4603: 4450: 4237: 4200: 4169: 4118: 4109: 4096: 4058: 4032: 4006: 3980: 3864: 3832: 3802: 3608: 3586: 3552: 3511: 3495: 3490:Mapping Militant Organizations. 3389:. November 1998. Archived from 3062: 2346: 1599:Ittehad-e Islami / Saudi Arabia 1116:victory and dissolution of the 483:(allegedly, until October 1992) 131:Civil war continues (1996–2001) 6360:ISIL insurgency (2017–present) 6256:Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) 5996:Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 5991:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 5885:Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) 5741:Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) 3600:. 5 April 2003. Archived from 3455:Jamilurrahman, Kamgar (2000). 3320:. SKY Reporter. Archived from 3055: 3043: 3027: 2824:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 2690:On 7 March, Hikmatyar and the 2101:From the onset of the battle, 1510:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1252:Outline of civil war (1992–96) 1103:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1042:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 119:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1: 6989:Battles involving Afghanistan 5880:Papua conflict (1969–present) 4406:In the Line of Fire: A Memoir 3776:Phil Rees (2 December 2001). 3215:"Afghanistan: power struggle" 3066: 2955: 2924:and the base was surrounded. 2900:'s forces were flown in from 2818:appointed his deputy, Mullah 2022:fought against Russian troops 1891: 1677:Vice President of Afghanistan 1185: 7079:Battles involving the Tajiks 7039:Government of Benazir Bhutto 6979:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) 6582:Yemeni crisis (2011–present) 6350:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 6022:FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) 5720:JVP insurrection (1987–1989) 5379:Nojumi, Neamatollah (2002). 5057:The Unfolding Legacy of 9/11 4913:Randal, Jonathan C. (2012). 4883:Jones, Owen Bennett (2003). 4829:Encyclopedia of Human Rights 4273:George Washington University 4127:by Brian Glyn Williams, 2013 3679:Sifton, John (6 July 2005). 3417:Sifton, John (6 July 2005). 3249:Sifton, John (6 July 2005). 3176:Sifton, John (6 July 2005). 2950:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 2933:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 2840:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 2833: 2579:on the 3rd. On 5 September, 2085: 1980: 1863:George Washington University 1741:Junbish-i Milli / Uzbekistan 1557:Islamic State of Afghanistan 1521:Islamic State of Afghanistan 1405:. In November 1994, the new 1242:Islamic State of Afghanistan 1192:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) 1082:was supposed to replace the 1037:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) 1032:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) 1027:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) 159:Islamic State of Afghanistan 7: 6587:Houthi takeover (2014–2015) 6454:Second Intifada (2000–2005) 6400:Syrian arena (2012–present) 6383:Second Intifada (2000–2005) 6300:Syrian arena (2012–present) 6251:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 5837:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) 5773:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) 5626:Religious violence in India 4773:. Vol. December 2009. 3751:Anderson, John Lee (2002). 3039:Timeline 1994, Januari-June 2983:10.1007/978-1-4039-1840-6_9 2938: 2709:, and the Taliban captured 2209: 1970: 1827:Inter-Services Intelligence 1344:Inter-Services Intelligence 1233:Inter-Services Intelligence 1134:Inter-Services Intelligence 1022:Soviet–Afghan War (1979–89) 1017:Bala Hissar uprising (1979) 10: 7095: 7049:Wars involving the Taliban 7044:Wars involving Afghanistan 6637:Operation Inherent Resolve 6459:Gaza–Israel (2006–present) 6395:Iran–Israel (1985–present) 6388:Gaza–Israel (2006–present) 6285:Iran–Israel (1985–present) 6246:Kurdish separatism in Iran 5087:. Routledge. p. 154. 4919:. I.B.Tauris. p. 26. 4886:Pakistan: Eye of the Storm 4826:Forsythe, David P (2009). 4802:. MIT Press. p. 267. 4403:Musharraf, Pervez (2006). 4243:See further references in 4213:. MIT Press. p. 267. 4104:Jane's Intelligence Review 3848:. London. 26 August 1992. 3463:. Meyvand. pp. 66–68. 2837: 2289:government forces against 2278: 1707:was strongly supported by 1673:Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami 1664:Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami 1429:'interim government' with 1409:jihadist militia known as 1282:Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami 1268:Fighting and rivalry over 1260: 1189: 1072:1992–1996 Afghan Civil War 6945: 6927: 6896: 6843: 6785: 6747: 6709: 6624: 6606: 6554: 6523: 6500: 6474: 6441: 6410: 6370: 6315: 6290:South Lebanon (1985–2000) 6238: 6222: 6189: 6182: 6157: 6136: 6110: 6094: 6041: 6034: 5983: 5957: 5936: 5898: 5872: 5856: 5849: 5829: 5809:Maritime border incidents 5791: 5765: 5758: 5728: 5702: 5639: 5576: 5569: 5114:. Routledge. p. 85. 4269:National Security Archive 4115:Vogelsang (2002), p. 232. 4064:Vogelsang (2002), p. 324. 3501:See reference sources in 3038: 2353:Shura Hamaghangi campaign 2271: 1963:As of November 1995, the 1790:fort, Maranjan Hill, and 1782:-based 53rd Division and 1476:'interim government' and 1447:Junbish-e Melli-ye Islami 1080:interim Afghan government 1012:Chindawol uprising (1979) 997: 945: 940: 549: 142: 70: 43: 30: 25: 6937:UN peacekeeping missions 6592:Civil War (2014–present) 6541:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 6230:Bahraini uprising (2011) 5926:Civil war (2021–present) 5337:Corwin, Phillip (2003). 5000:Rumer, Boris Z. (2015). 4979:. Ashgate. p. 248. 4943:Peimani, Hooman (2003). 4796:Shaffer, Brenda (2006). 4731:"The Struggle for Kabul" 4319:. Ashgate. p. 208. 4313:Hussain, Rizwan (2005). 4207:Shaffer, Brenda (2006). 4181:27 November 2018 at the 3526:. ABC-CLIO. p. 49. 3518:Clements, Frank (2003). 2780:, an eastern outpost of 2030:Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami 1636:in 1992–1993 during the 1563:against militias led by 6873:Dhofar Rebellion (Oman) 6577:South Yemen (2009–2015) 6433:Lebanon conflict (2008) 6355:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 6170:Andijan massacre (2005) 6165:Fergana massacre (1989) 5710:JVP insurrection (1971) 5217:Maley, William (1998). 4862:. Ashgate. p. 59. 4430:Maley, William (2009). 4373:McGrath, Kevin (2011). 2807:, withdrew from Kabul. 2805:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 2619: 2443: 2341: 2291:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 2237: 2014:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1975: 1954:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1929:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1831:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1669:Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi 1632:Kabul neighbourhood of 1617:was supported by Sunni 1490:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1482:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1399:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1337:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1306:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1274:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1221:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1198:Republic of Afghanistan 1122:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 1118:Republic of Afghanistan 1084:Republic of Afghanistan 1076:Second Afghan Civil War 804:Mohammad Aslam Watanjar 364:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 306:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 26:Second Afghan Civil War 6123:2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 4973:Hilali, A. Z. (2005). 4856:Gardner, Hall (2007). 4737:9 January 2017 at the 4533:13 August 2021 at the 4137:Tomsen, Peter (2011). 3877:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3841:"Afghan Peace Mission" 2773: 2562:. On 9 June, a 10-day 2486:in early February and 2396:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi 2322: 1995:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi 1990: 1734: 1463:Maidan Wardak Province 1246:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi 1244:on 28 April 1992 with 1105:on 27 September 1996. 1002:Saur Revolution (1978) 674:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi 550:Commanders and leaders 6999:20th century in Kabul 6851:Arab–Israeli conflict 6703:Pakistan Armed Forces 6084:Republican insurgency 5783:Tibetan unrest (2008) 5402:Saikal, Amin (2004). 5108:Boase, Roger (2016). 4499:Amnesty International 4078:"Abdul Rashid Dostum" 3020:11 April 2019 at the 2771: 2760:fell to the Taliban. 2320: 1988: 1792:Khwaja Rawash Airport 1729: 1584:Mohammad Yunus Khalis 1461:(south of Kabul) and 1208:stepped down and the 1007:Herat uprising (1979) 941:Casualties and losses 707:Muhammad Asif Muhsini 443:(Jan. 1994-Aug. 1994) 7004:1990s in Afghanistan 6888:Grand Mosque seizure 6567:al-Qaeda (1998–2015) 6546:Turkey–ISIL conflict 6345:Iraq War (2003–2011) 5358:Gutman, Roy (2008). 5314:Coll, Steve (2004). 4501:. 16 November 1995. 4106:, July 1994, p.323-4 3973:Gutman, Roy (2008): 3778:"A personal account" 3604:on 25 December 2014. 3484:17 July 2019 at the 3343:4 March 2021 at the 3316:(9 September 2007). 2975:The Afghanistan Wars 2850:President Najibullah 2128:Pul-e-Charkhi prison 2075:Pul-e-Charkhi prison 2050:Abdul Wahid Baba Jan 1919:Bombardment of Kabul 1689:Hezb-i Wahdat / Iran 1656:Kabul government of 1580:Hezb-e Islami Khalis 1575:Hezb-e Islami Khalis 1374:War expanding (1994) 1074:, also known as the 792:Abdul Jabar Qahraman 608:Mulavi Younas Khalis 244:Jebh-e Nejat-e Melli 207:Hezb-e Islami Khalis 7074:1996 in Afghanistan 7069:1995 in Afghanistan 7064:1994 in Afghanistan 7059:1993 in Afghanistan 7054:1992 in Afghanistan 6929:Foreign deployments 5746:Operation All Clear 4300:, p. 5 and 13. 3324:on 2 February 2013. 2890:Dara-I-Nur District 2756:. On 22 September, 2692:Burhanuddin Rabbani 2096:Burhanuddin Rabbani 2010:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1823:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1755:Abdul Rashid Dostum 1658:Burhanuddin Rabbani 1626:Mohammad Najibullah 1565:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1474:Burhanuddin Rabbani 1443:Abdul Rashid Dostum 1427:Burhanuddin Rabbani 1356:Burhanuddin Rabbani 1302:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1225:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1206:Mohammad Najibullah 1173:1996-2001 civil war 1126:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 1120:in April 1992. The 1110:1989–1992 civil war 1091:Mohammad Najibullah 946:26,759 killed (per 858:Abdul Rashid Dostum 825:Sayyid Ali Beheshti 781:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 768:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 756:Abdul Rashid Dostum 736:Sayyid Ali Beheshti 564:Burhanuddin Rabbani 6914:Somalian civil war 6909:Sudanese civil war 6749:India and Pakistan 6652:Colour revolutions 6572:Houthi (2004–2015) 6513:Regional spillover 6423:Lebanon War (2006) 6295:Lebanon War (2006) 3918:Human Rights Watch 3846:The Independent UK 3816:. 27 August 1992. 3814:The New York Times 3726:Human Rights Watch 3685:Human Rights Watch 3461:Human Rights Watch 3423:Human Rights Watch 3393:on 2 November 2008 3387:Human Rights Watch 3255:Human Rights Watch 3182:Human Rights Watch 2793:Ahmad Shah Massoud 2774: 2674:Sayed Jafar Nadiri 2453:Interim President 2323: 2231:Mullah Naqib Ullah 1999:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1991: 1933:Human Rights Watch 1845:Taliban / Pakistan 1773:, the head of the 1771:Sayed Jafar Naderi 1761:. Uzbek President 1725:interim government 1716:Human Rights Watch 1615:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf 1543:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1494:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf 1431:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1393:joined sides with 1368:Human Rights Watch 1310:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1202:Russian Federation 1171:in the subsequent 696:Abdul Rahim Wardak 652:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf 641:Jalaluddin Haqqani 575:Ahmad Shah Massoud 367:(until late 1994) 7034:Conflicts in 1996 7029:Conflicts in 1995 7024:Conflicts in 1994 7019:Conflicts in 1993 7014:Conflicts in 1992 6966: 6965: 6805:Panjshir Uprising 6660: 6659: 6607:Inter-continental 6602: 6601: 6536:DHKP/C insurgency 6531:Maoist insurgency 6178: 6177: 6030: 6029: 5921:Rohingya conflict 5845: 5844: 5754: 5753: 5672:Kargil War (1999) 5604:Kargil War (1999) 5563:conflicts in Asia 5415:978-0-85771-478-7 5394:978-0-312-29584-4 5371:978-1-60127-024-5 5350:978-0-8135-3171-7 5230:978-0-8147-5586-0 5121:978-1-317-11262-4 5094:978-1-134-19219-9 5067:978-0-7618-3009-2 5040:978-0-226-64564-3 5013:978-1-317-47521-7 4986:978-0-7546-4220-6 4956:978-0-275-97857-0 4926:978-1-78076-055-1 4896:978-0-300-10147-8 4869:978-1-4094-9589-5 4839:978-0-19-533402-9 4809:978-0-262-19529-4 4771:Harper's Magazine 4470:on 4 October 2013 4443:978-1-137-23295-3 4416:978-0-7432-9843-8 4386:978-1-61251-033-0 4326:978-0-7546-4434-7 4220:978-0-262-19529-4 4150:978-1-58648-763-8 3630:10.4000/samaj.212 3621:Gilles Dorronsoro 3459:. translation by 3213:(28 April 1992). 2992:978-1-4039-1840-6 2764:Taliban take-over 2625:January–September 2417:Naseerullah Babar 2362:Kasim Jangal Bagh 2177:from some of the 2124:Qala-e Zaman Khan 1878:Naseerullah Babar 1516:Main participants 1378:In January 1994, 1169:Northern Alliance 1140:with the help of 1128:and supported by 1101:establishing the 1097:'s occupation of 1065: 1064: 954: 953: 911:Ayman al-Zawahiri 630:Haji Abdul Qadeer 529:(from early 1996) 411:(after Dec. 1992) 351:(until Dec. 1992) 282:(until Dec. 1992) 232:Harakat-i-Inqilab 173:Northern Alliance 138: 137: 39:(after Dec. 1992) 7086: 6772:Siachen conflict 6697: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6562:Civil war (1994) 6187: 6186: 6118:1990 Osh clashes 6102:Ethnic conflicts 6039: 6038: 6016: 6009: 5854: 5853: 5819:2017–2018 crisis 5797: 5763: 5762: 5574: 5573: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5529: 5528: 5517: 5501: 5490: 5479: 5468: 5451: 5450:The Conversation 5435: 5434:Afghanistan 1989 5419: 5398: 5386: 5375: 5354: 5333: 5321: 5310: 5308: 5281: 5280: 5279:on 24 July 2015. 5278: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5235: 5234: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5188: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5024: 5018: 5017: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4762: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4584: 4583: 4566:Massoud l'Afghan 4561: 4555: 4549: 4538: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4491: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4469: 4462: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4310: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4260: 4251: 4249:Taliban#Pakistan 4241: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4084:on 10 March 2009 4074: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3943: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3843: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3753:The Lion's Grave 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3712: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3676: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3632: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3515: 3509: 3507:Taliban#Pakistan 3499: 3493: 3476: 3465: 3464: 3452: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3414: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3379: 3366: 3359: 3348: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3246: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3221:. Archived from 3207: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3069: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3031: 3025: 3012: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2966: 2820:Mohammad Rabbani 2754:Laghman province 2731:Harakat-i-Islami 2629:On 2–3 January, 2595:October–December 2370:Abdul Cherikwere 2281:Afshar Operation 2266:Ali Akbar Qasemi 2243:January–February 2227:Gul Agha Sherzai 2092:Peshawar Accords 2020:forces that had 2003:Peshawar Accords 1958:Ittehad-e Islami 1882:Pervez Musharraf 1705:Abdul Ali Mazari 1671:, leader of the 1550: 1549: 1502:Harakat-i-Islami 1498:Ittehad-e Islami 1449:forces; and the 1360:Peshawar Accords 1348:Ittehad-e Islami 1327:By 30 May 1992, 1286:Ittehad-e Islami 1146:On 25 April 1992 992: 990: 980: 973: 966: 957: 956: 932: 931: 920: 919: 918: 909: 908: 898: 897: 887: 886: 873: 872: 864:Gul Agha Sherzai 856: 855: 843: 832: 823: 816:Abdul Ali Mazari 814: 802: 801: 800: 790: 789: 788: 779: 778: 777: 766: 765: 764: 754: 753: 743: 734: 727:Abdul Ali Mazari 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1329:Jamiat-e Islami 1314:Jamiat-e Islami 1294:Junbish-i Milli 1278:Jamiat-e Islami 1266: 1259: 1254: 1212:was dissolved. 1194: 1188: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1061: 993: 989:Afghan conflict 988: 986: 984: 936: 926: 922:Shahnawaz Tanai 916: 914: 913: 903: 902: 900:Osama bin Laden 892: 891: 881: 877: 867: 861: 850: 848: 836: 827: 818: 808: 798: 796: 795: 786: 784: 783: 775: 773: 762: 760: 758: 748: 747: 738: 729: 720: 710: 709: 699: 698: 690: 688: 687: 679: 677: 676: 666: 665: 655: 654: 644: 643: 635: 633: 632: 624: 622: 621: 613: 611: 610: 602: 600: 599: 591: 589: 588: 580: 578: 577: 569: 567: 566: 558: 556: 537: 535: 534: 530: 520: 518: 517: 508: 506: 504: 493: 491: 486: 484: 473: 471: 469: 461: 451: 449: 448: 444: 440:Junbish-i Milli 431: 429: 419: 417: 416: 412: 401: 399: 397: 387: 385: 384: 380: 371: 369: 368: 357: 355: 342: 340: 339: 329: 327: 326: 317: 315: 314: 300: 298: 293:Junbish-i Milli 285: 274: 272: 260: 250: 248: 236: 224: 212: 189: 185:Jamiat-e Islami 179: 177: 165: 152: 150: 114: 111:Taliban victory 100: 91: 89: 79: 61: 60: 59: 58: 57: 56: 55: 33:Afghan conflict 17: 12: 11: 5: 7092: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6933: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6701:involving the 6699:Armed conflict 6690: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6628: 6626: 6625:Related topics 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6612: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 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I.B.Tauris. 5399: 5393: 5376: 5370: 5355: 5349: 5334: 5328: 5311: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5261: 5236: 5229: 5209: 5180: 5168: 5142: 5140:, p. 342. 5130: 5120: 5100: 5093: 5073: 5066: 5046: 5039: 5019: 5012: 4992: 4985: 4965: 4955: 4935: 4925: 4905: 4895: 4875: 4868: 4848: 4838: 4818: 4808: 4788: 4754: 4742: 4723: 4721:, p. 105. 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4651: 4639: 4622: 4611: 4602: 4585: 4578: 4556: 4539: 4516: 4481: 4449: 4442: 4422: 4415: 4392: 4385: 4362: 4332: 4325: 4302: 4290: 4252: 4236: 4219: 4199: 4197:, p. 260. 4187: 4168: 4149: 4129: 4117: 4108: 4095: 4066: 4057: 4031: 4005: 3979: 3966: 3959: 3935: 3902: 3883: 3863: 3831: 3801: 3768: 3761: 3743: 3702: 3648: 3607: 3585: 3551: 3532: 3510: 3494: 3466: 3440: 3404: 3367: 3349: 3327: 3305: 3303:, p. 352. 3272: 3236: 3225:on 9 July 2007 3199: 3165: 3070: 3054: 3042: 3026: 3004: 2991: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2940: 2937: 2922:Bagram airbase 2918:Herat province 2914:Konar province 2838:Main article: 2835: 2832: 2784:, fell to the 2765: 2762: 2758:Kunar province 2720:Mazar-i Sharif 2716:Rasul Pahlawan 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2606:Balkh Province 2596: 2593: 2528:Farah Province 2523: 2520: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2438:Mazar-e Sharif 2383:Iranian agents 2378: 2375: 2366:Ismail Diwaneh 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2314: 2313:March–December 2311: 2279:Main article: 2273: 2270: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2211: 2208: 2154: 2151: 2087: 2084: 2063:Logar province 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1920: 1917: 1893: 1890: 1846: 1843: 1814: 1811: 1799:Mazar-i-Sharif 1757:was backed by 1742: 1739: 1718:, with Iran's 1690: 1687: 1665: 1662: 1600: 1597: 1576: 1573: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1422: 1419: 1403:Mazar-i-Sharif 1375: 1372: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1190:Main article: 1187: 1184: 1159:in late-1994, 1063: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 998: 995: 994: 983: 982: 975: 968: 960: 952: 951: 943: 942: 938: 937: 878: 770: 718:Hussain Anwari 586:Naqib Alikozai 552: 551: 547: 546: 487: 352: 310: 309: 296: 283: 270: 258: 246: 234: 222: 210: 199: 187: 175: 145: 144: 140: 139: 136: 135: 134: 133: 128: 125: 122: 113: 112: 108: 106: 102: 101: 88: 86: 82: 81: 76: 68: 67: 64:Jada-e Maiwand 49: 48: 47: 46: 45: 44: 41: 40: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7091: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6920: 6919:War on terror 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6632:War on terror 6630: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6605: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6207:2016 conflict 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6079:2001–2021 War 6077: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5329:0-141-02080-6 5325: 5320: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5259:, p. 14. 5258: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5178:, p. 63. 5177: 5172: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5139: 5138:Saikal (2004) 5134: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5104: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5077: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5050: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5023: 5015: 5009: 5005: 5004: 4996: 4988: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4969: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4939: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4909: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4879: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4852: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4792: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4759: 4751: 4750:Gutman (2008) 4746: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4709:, p. 79. 4708: 4703: 4697:, p. 78. 4696: 4691: 4685:, p. 77. 4684: 4679: 4673:, p. 67. 4672: 4667: 4661:, p. 76. 4660: 4655: 4649:, p. 71. 4648: 4643: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4615: 4606: 4599: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4581: 4579:2-07-042468-5 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4554:, p. 65. 4553: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4466: 4459: 4453: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4426: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4399: 4397: 4388: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4369: 4367: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4328: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4309: 4307: 4299: 4294: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4257: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4233: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4203: 4196: 4195:Nojumi (2002) 4191: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4112: 4105: 4099: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4061: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4019: 4015: 4009: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3962: 3960:1-85043-437-9 3956: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3907: 3890: 3886: 3884:9781856495226 3880: 3876: 3875: 3867: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3762:1-84354-118-1 3758: 3754: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3539: 3535: 3533:9781851094028 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3479:'The Taliban' 3475: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3302: 3301:Saikal (2004) 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3150: 3143: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3068: 3064: 3061:See sections 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3033:See sections 3030: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3009: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2816:Muhammad Omar 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2703:Ghor Province 2700: 2695: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647:Hezb-i Wahdat 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2515: 2513: 2512:Hizb-e Islami 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496:Hezb-i Wahdat 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2449:January–March 2441: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2387:Hezb-i Wahdat 2384: 2377:July–December 2374: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2277: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2261:Sayid Ali Jan 2257: 2255: 2251: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2164:Shura-e Nazar 2160: 2150: 2148: 2147:Kohte-e Sangi 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2107:Shura-e Nazar 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042:Shura-e Nazar 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950:Hezb-i Wahdat 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767:fall of Kabul 1764: 1763:Islam Karimov 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642:Hezb-i Wahdat 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1589: 1588:Hezb-e Islami 1585: 1581: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1506:Hezb-i Wahdat 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451:Hezb-i Wahdat 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1418: 1416: 1415:Kandahar city 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391:Hezb-i Wahdat 1389: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Hezb-i Wahdat 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:Hezb-i Wahdat 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 991: 981: 976: 974: 969: 967: 962: 961: 958: 949: 944: 939: 935: 930: 925: 923: 912: 907: 901: 896: 890: 885: 879: 876: 871: 866: 865: 860: 859: 854: 847: 846: 842: 837: 835: 834:Karim Khalili 831: 826: 822: 817: 813: 807: 806:(until 1992) 805: 793: 782: 771: 769: 759: 757: 752: 746: 745:Karim Khalili 742: 737: 733: 728: 724: 719: 714: 708: 703: 697: 686: 685:Ahmed Gailani 675: 670: 664: 663:Mohammad Nabi 659: 653: 648: 642: 631: 620: 609: 598: 587: 576: 565: 554: 553: 548: 545: 533: 532:Supported by: 528: 515: 505: 502: 501: 488: 485: 482: 481: 468: 466: 460: 459: 447: 446:Supported by: 442: 441: 435: 428: 427: 415: 414:Supported by: 410: 409: 408:Hezb-i Wahdat 396: 395: 383: 382:Supported by: 378: 366: 365: 353: 350: 337: 325: 313: 312:Supported by: 307: 297: 294: 289: 284: 281: 280:Hezb-i Wahdat 271: 269: 264: 259: 257: 256:Mahaz-e Milli 247: 245: 240: 235: 233: 228: 223: 221: 216: 211: 208: 204: 200: 198: 197:Shura-e Nazar 193: 188: 186: 176: 174: 169: 164: 163: 162: 161: 160: 147: 146: 141: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 116: 115: 110: 109: 107: 104: 103: 99: 87: 84: 83: 77: 74: 73: 69: 65: 53: 42: 38: 34: 29: 24: 19: 6883:Yemen crisis 6819: 6475:Saudi Arabia 6183:Western Asia 6066: 6035:Central Asia 5404: 5382: 5360: 5339: 5317: 5288:Bibliography 5276:the original 5264: 5219: 5212: 5200:. Retrieved 5196:the original 5171: 5159:. Retrieved 5145: 5133: 5125: 5110: 5103: 5083: 5076: 5056: 5049: 5029: 5022: 5002: 4995: 4975: 4968: 4960: 4945: 4938: 4930: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4885: 4878: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4828: 4821: 4813: 4798: 4791: 4779:. Retrieved 4770: 4745: 4726: 4714: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4631: 4625: 4614: 4605: 4565: 4559: 4507:. Retrieved 4472:. Retrieved 4465:the original 4452: 4432: 4425: 4405: 4375: 4353:. Retrieved 4344: 4335: 4315: 4293: 4281:. Retrieved 4268: 4239: 4231: 4226:30 September 4224:. Retrieved 4209: 4202: 4190: 4171: 4161:27 September 4159:. Retrieved 4139: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4098: 4086:. Retrieved 4082:the original 4060: 4048:. Retrieved 4034: 4022:. Retrieved 4008: 3996:. Retrieved 3982: 3974: 3969: 3950: 3926:. Retrieved 3893:. Retrieved 3873: 3866: 3854:. Retrieved 3845: 3834: 3822:. Retrieved 3813: 3804: 3792:. Retrieved 3781: 3771: 3752: 3746: 3734:. Retrieved 3720: 3693:. Retrieved 3639:. 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Retrieved 3057: 3051:Bombardments 3049:See section 3045: 3035:Bombardments 3029: 2996:, retrieved 2974: 2964: 2929:United Front 2926: 2912:district in 2859: 2848:hung former 2843: 2809: 2803:, leader of 2790: 2775: 2735: 2724: 2696: 2689: 2681:Ahmed Rashid 2678: 2628: 2610: 2598: 2525: 2516: 2481: 2475:fell to the 2452: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2400: 2380: 2350: 2347:January–June 2331:Saudi Arabia 2324: 2307:Saudi Arabia 2302: 2284: 2275: 2258: 2254:Toran Kahlil 2246: 2213: 2187: 2172: 2168: 2156: 2139:Saudi Arabia 2132: 2100: 2089: 2080: 2067: 2007: 1992: 1962: 1923:In 1992–95, 1922: 1902: 1896:In 1992–93, 1895: 1886:Ahmed Rashid 1875: 1867: 1854: 1848: 1839:Central Asia 1819:Peter Tomsen 1816: 1796: 1744: 1735: 1730: 1692: 1667: 1653: 1622:Saudi Arabia 1602: 1578: 1529: 1467: 1437:forces; the 1424: 1377: 1364: 1326: 1267: 1214: 1195: 1180: 1177: 1150: 1107: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1031: 934:Nawaz Sharif 880: 875:Nawaz Sharif 862: 849: 845:Shafi Hazara 838: 809: 794:(until 1993) 772: 555: 531: 490: 489: 478: 470: 462: 445: 438: 430: 413: 406: 398: 381: 362: 354: 324:Saudi Arabia 311: 149: 148: 143:Belligerents 31:Part of the 18: 6946:Anti-piracy 6904:Bosnian War 6844:Middle East 6787:Afghanistan 6717:Martial law 6647:Arab Winter 6642:Arab Spring 6042:Afghanistan 5975:2006 crisis 5970:1999 crisis 5257:Coll (2004) 4509:21 November 4298:Coll (2004) 3947:Amin Saikal 3736:28 February 3520:"Civil War" 3211:Urban, Mark 2998:27 December 2898:Ismail Khan 2866:Jabal Saraj 2862:Salang Pass 2828:Afghanistan 2738:Chaghcharan 2707:Chaghcharan 2672:faction of 2540:Ismail Khan 2488:Maidan Shar 2427:Spin Boldak 2221:commanders 1835:Amin Saikal 1803:proto-state 1788:Bala Hissar 1386:forces and 889:Mullah Omar 597:Ismail Khan 121:established 98:Afghanistan 6994:Warlordism 6973:Categories 6810:Soviet War 6212:Second War 6190:Azerbaijan 6158:Uzbekistan 6137:Tajikistan 6111:Kyrgyzstan 6095:Kazakhstan 6058:Civil War 5958:East Timor 5796:and South) 5570:South Asia 5202:7 December 4781:26 October 4497:(Report). 4050:21 October 4024:21 October 3998:21 October 3928:21 October 3895:24 October 3824:20 October 3683:(Report). 3421:(Report). 3363:'Timeline' 3265:9 February 3253:(Report). 3180:(Report). 3063:Atrocities 2956:References 2250:cease-fire 2223:Amir Lalai 2175:guerrillas 2046:Nabi Azimi 2018:Mujahideen 2008:But soon, 1892:Atrocities 1780:Sheberghan 1759:Uzbekistan 1548:شیر پنجشیر 1539:mujahideen 1413:conquered 1298:Mujahideen 1217:mujahideen 1186:Background 1114:mujahideen 458:Uzbekistan 336:Uzbekistan 6958:Venezuela 6897:Worldwide 6825:1996-2001 6442:Palestine 6202:First War 6072:1996–2001 6067:1992–1996 6062:1989–1992 5873:Indonesia 5759:East Asia 5703:Sri Lanka 5161:19 August 4570:Gallimard 4355:8 October 4283:24 August 3716:"Ittihad" 3695:19 August 3158:19 August 2894:Nangarhar 2854:castrated 2834:Aftermath 2801:Hekmatyar 2750:Mihtarlam 2742:Jalalabad 2663:Red Cross 2635:Hikmatyar 2613:ultimatum 2492:Karte Seh 2460:Hikmatyar 2358:Shir Arab 2335:Jalalabad 2200:Darulaman 2159:artillery 2143:Shir Alam 2126:and near 2120:Hood Khil 2115:civilians 2086:June–July 1981:April–May 1913:extortion 1807:Balkh Air 1685:Taliban. 1646:Qizilbash 1593:Nangarhar 1480:with his 1478:Hekmatyar 1457:captured 1445:with his 1395:Hekmatyar 1341:Pakistani 1322:Islamabad 1318:Mujaddidi 1165:Jalalabad 1163:in 1995, 1142:Khalqists 1124:, led by 1112:with the 1093:—and the 1088:President 619:Abdul Haq 463:Regional 6878:Gulf War 6710:Domestic 6609:conflict 5937:Thailand 5857:Cambodia 5640:Pakistan 5560:Cold War 5155:Archived 4775:Archived 4735:Archived 4633:Le Monde 4531:Archived 4503:Archived 4349:Archived 4277:Archived 4179:Archived 4155:Archived 4088:18 March 4044:Archived 4018:Archived 3992:Archived 3949:(2006). 3922:Archived 3889:Archived 3856:2 August 3850:Archived 3818:Archived 3794:21 April 3788:Archived 3783:BBC News 3730:Archived 3728:. 2005. 3689:Archived 3635:Archived 3572:Archived 3544:12 March 3538:Archived 3482:Archived 3427:Archived 3341:Archived 3259:Archived 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Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)

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