2466:
1674:
1617:
498:
August 1978, Viliov G. Osadchy expressed deep concern about Dubs becoming ambassador. Not only did they perceive him as knowledgeable and potentially linked to the CIA, but they also feared he would leverage his understanding of the USSR and foreign policy to influence Afghan leaders. This, they saw as "one of the most dangerous aspects" of Dubs' activities. The agent further claimed the US embassy, led by Dubs, was actively using propaganda among civilians and intellectuals to paint the USSR as an occupying force aiming to expand its influence to neighbouring countries.
2233:
2476:
627:
1607:
585:
613:
2825:
481:, causing the United States to make a fundamental reassessment of its policy. In reaction to Dubs' murder, the U.S. immediately cut planned humanitarian aid of $ 15 million by half and canceled all planned military aid of $ 250,000, and the U.S. terminated all economic support by December 1979, when the Soviet occupation of the country was complete. The Afghan government aimed to diminish the U.S. presence in Afghanistan and restricted the number of
1996:
2357:
599:
441:
was found dead, killed by shots to the head. Two abductors died in the firefight, as well. An autopsy showed that he had been shot in the head from a distance of six inches. The other two abductors were captured alive but were shot shortly afterwards; their bodies were shown to U.S. officials before dusk.
493:
in the 1990s showed that the Afghan government clearly authorized the assault despite forceful demands for peaceful negotiations by the U.S., and that KGB adviser Sergei
Bakhturin may have recommended the assault, as well as the execution of a kidnapper before U.S. experts could interrogate him. The
485:
volunteers and cultural exchange programs. On July 23, the State
Department announced the withdrawal of non-essential U.S. embassy staff from Kabul and the majority of the diplomats as security deteriorated, and the U.S. only had some 20 staff members in Kabul by December. Dubs was not replaced by a
497:
According to
Mitrokhin, the Soviets were alarmed by Dubs becoming U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan. Worried Dubs knew the region deeply and had CIA ties, they saw his appointment as a U.S. attempt to sway the new Afghan government and prevent them from aligning with the USSR. A KGB agent in Kabul in
440:
security chief, the lead Soviet advisor to the Afghan police, and the second secretary at the Soviet embassy. At the end of the morning, a shot was heard. Afghan police then stormed Room 117 with heavy automatic gunfire. After a short, intense firefight, estimated at 40 seconds to one minute, Dubs
411:
limousine. Some accounts say that the men were wearing Afghan police uniforms, while others state that only one of the four was wearing a police uniform. The men gestured to the car to open its windows, which were bulletproof, and the ambassador's driver complied. The militants then threatened the
505:
During the Dubs kidnapping event, Soviet officials at the hotel (Bakhturin, security assistant Yu. I. Kutepov, secretaries including A. S. Klushnikov, and an advisor) pushed for a forceful solution. They wanted to avoid negotiations, media attention, and any
American involvement. After the deadly
444:
The true identity and aims of the militants are uncertain, and the crime "has never been satisfactorily explained" although U.S., Afghan, and Soviet officials "were all but eyewitnesses" to it. The circumstances have been described as "mysterious" and "still clouded." Several factors obscured the
501:
Mitrokhin writes that Dubs was kidnapped in Kabul on 14 February 1979 by unknown assailants and held hostage at the Hotel Kabul. They demanded the release of two already-executed members of Settam-e-Melli group, sparking confusion. Following Soviet advice, Amin ordered a brutal armed raid using
435:
The U.S. urged waiting in order not to endanger Dubs' life, but the Afghan police disregarded these pleas to negotiate and attacked on the advice of Soviet officers. The weapons and flak jackets used by the
Afghans were provided by the Soviets, and the hotel lobby had multiple Soviet officials,
374:
At the time of his death he was married to his second wife Mary Anne Dubs, a
Washington-based journalist. He was previously married for over 30 years to Jane Wilson Dubs (1922–1993), his college girlfriend from Beloit College, whom he married in 1945 and divorced in 1976. He had one daughter,
464:, or both. Anthony Arnold suggested that "it was obvious that only one power… would benefit from the murder—the Soviet Union," as the death of the ambassador "irrevocably poisoned" the U.S.–Afghan relationship, "leaving the USSR with a monopoly of great power influence over" the
424:(DRA) release "one or more religious or political prisoners." "No demands were made of the American government, nor did the DRA ever give a complete or consistent account of the kidnappers' desires." Some accounts state that the militants demanded the exchange of
509:
Fearing US scrutiny, Soviet officials (Osadchy and another Soviet advisor) met with Amin to craft a cover story for Dubs' death. The plan involved condolences, lowered flags, staged photos of dead "terrorists," and eliminating potential witnesses.
476:
The Carter administration was outraged by the murder of the ambassador and by the conduct of the Afghan government, and began to disengage from
Afghanistan and express sympathy with Afghan regime opponents. The incident hastened the decline in
2432:
530:
This rewrite paints Amin as the villain for suppressing
Muslims and colluding with the US, blames him for Dubs' death, and justifies silencing potential truth-tellers. It paints the Soviets as righteous liberators rectifying Amin's mistakes.
472:
stated that Dubs' death "was a tragic event which involved either Soviet ineptitude or collusion", while the Afghan handling of the incident was "inept." The Taraki government refused U.S. requests for an investigation into the death.
2796:
416:
in downtown Kabul. The abduction occurred within sight of Afghan police. Dubs was held in Room 117 on the first floor of the hotel, and the driver was sent to the U.S. embassy to tell the U.S. of the kidnapping.
2462:
445:
events, including the killing of the surviving captors, lack of forensic analysis of the scene, lack of access for U.S. investigators, and planting of evidence. Soviet or Afghan conspiracy was not proven.
1573:
494:
Mitrokhin archives also indicate that the fourth kidnapper escaped and the body of a freshly killed prisoner served as a substitute for the U.S. inspection. Other questions remain unanswered.
771:
After completing Carl Schurz High School in
Chicago he attended Beloit. His classmates saying that they did not want to call him by Adolph Hitler's first name, nicknamed him "Spike" ...
2600:
506:
raid, they even staged evidence by planting a gun and preventing bullet shell collection. It seems they aimed to control the narrative and hide potential involvement or responsibility.
2454:
2734:
2878:
33:
1603:
2873:
2511:
456:
faction of the People's
Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Disinformation that was spread in the Soviet and Afghan press after the murder blamed the incident on the
2701:
2506:
2496:
1611:
1595:
399:
faction to power. He was being driven from his residence to the U.S. embassy shortly before 9 a.m. on February 14, 1979, on the same day that Iranian militants
2516:
2447:
1260:"Mystery of Envoy's Slaying in Kabul May Yield Secrets: Afghanistan: President offers an open inquiry into 1979 kidnap-murder of U.S. Ambassador Adolph Dubs"
677:"Mystery of Envoy's Slaying in Kabul May Yield Secrets: Afghanistan: President offers an open inquiry into 1979 kidnap-murder of U.S. Ambassador Adolph Dubs"
2605:
2595:
2547:
1764:
2671:
2998:
2888:
2590:
1985:
1976:
784:
2993:
2585:
843:
2958:
2868:
2828:
2440:
2908:
2666:
640:
489:
The death of Dubs was listed as a "Significant Terrorist Incident" by the State Department. Documents released from the Soviet KGB archives by
1513:
2938:
1935:
452:, but others consider that to be dubious, pointing to a former Kabul policeman who has claimed that at least one kidnapper was part of the
2988:
1588:
2739:
2706:
1228:
744:
2913:
2521:
1387:
1673:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2953:
2943:
2898:
2883:
2491:
2983:
2948:
2676:
2470:
1543:
655:
478:
388:
280:
45:
1358:
1328:
1293:
2755:
2691:
1969:
1581:
502:
Soviet equipment. Dubs and two attackers were killed, one captured, and another escaped despite the attackers being outgunned.
368:
2918:
2045:
870:
2790:
650:
551:
2893:
2853:
2501:
2110:
2100:
2928:
2923:
2577:
1771:
718:
421:
332:
143:
871:"The Saur Revolution: Prelude to the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan – Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training"
2963:
2562:
1962:
1458:
1804:
The embassy was closed from January 30, 1989, to January 17, 2002; the liaison office reopened on December 17, 2001.
1191:(John W. Sewell, Richard E. Feinburg, & Valeriana Kallab, eds., Overseas Development Council, 1985), pp. 125–26.
2810:
1474:
1405:
817:
2903:
2780:
2686:
2552:
404:
526: The "terrorists" were killed or eliminated to silence potential witnesses proving Amin's CIA ties
2863:
2630:
2615:
2247:
2180:
336:
2933:
2696:
520: The "terrorists" forced Dubs to confess US ties to Amin, aiming to expose their collaboration.
2775:
2770:
2729:
2416:
2391:
1658:
535:
523: Amin, acting as an American/CIA puppet, ordered an unnecessary raid, leading to Dubs' death.
457:
153:
1259:
676:
283:
from May 13, 1978, until his death in 1979. He was killed during a rescue attempt after his kidnapping.
2205:
2190:
2030:
400:
2262:
2195:
2090:
2656:
2035:
1821:
1561:
848:
311:. While at Beloit, classmates, who said they did not want to refer to Dubs by the first name of an
2175:
2060:
696:
300:
2381:
2319:
2070:
1844:
1536:
90:
1503:
448:
Some attribute responsibility for the kidnapping and murder to the leftist anti-Pashtun group
2185:
1859:
1732:
1702:
1636:
324:
78:
1225:
2858:
2848:
2635:
2625:
2610:
2170:
2155:
2065:
632:
364:
250:
315:, gave him the nickname "Spike", which stuck for the rest of his life. Dubs served in the
8:
2661:
2567:
2376:
2339:
2272:
2267:
2257:
2215:
2165:
2115:
1874:
1785:
645:
539:
469:
465:
2797:
Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History
2620:
2386:
2302:
2292:
2277:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2050:
2025:
1201:
844:"The Mysterious Kidnapping of an American Ambassador Still Haunts the State Department"
754:
590:
413:
328:
316:
240:
1954:
896:
407:. He was approaching the U.S. Cultural Center when four men stopped his armored black
2681:
2537:
2371:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2287:
2085:
2015:
1854:
1727:
1647:
1454:
1267:
792:
749:
681:
570:
308:
1007:
Boots on the Ground: The Fight to Liberate Afghanistan from Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
2803:
2411:
2282:
2252:
2220:
2210:
2055:
1879:
1849:
1757:
1717:
1712:
1697:
1641:
1553:
758:
604:
559:
490:
722:
2145:
2125:
2075:
2020:
1942:
1864:
1792:
1722:
1518:
1232:
618:
555:
461:
425:
392:
1431:
517: Dubs was kidnapped by Shiite Muslims opposing Amin's brutal regime.
2785:
2760:
2557:
2542:
2421:
2401:
2200:
2140:
2080:
2040:
2000:
1995:
1902:
1778:
486:
new ambassador, and a chargé d'affaires led the skeleton staff at the embassy.
449:
429:
304:
2842:
2475:
2406:
2307:
2297:
2150:
2105:
2095:
1707:
1271:
796:
376:
2765:
2711:
2324:
2237:
2232:
2160:
2010:
1896:
1885:
1869:
1833:
360:
320:
260:
66:
2465:
2396:
1514:"Death Behind a Keyhole: Protests over a perverse tragedy in Afghanistan"
482:
612:
1692:
1663:
1246:
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
1177:
Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the Manhunt for the Al-Qaeda Terrorists
363:. He became a noted Soviet expert, and in 1973–74 he served as ranking
356:
408:
513:
After toppling Amin, the Soviets spun a new tale about Dubs' death:
340:
296:
122:
453:
348:
344:
292:
118:
1202:"Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1961–2003: A Brief Chronology"
1099:
Inside a U.S. Embassy: How the Foreign Service Works for America
2361:
2356:
1919:
The embassy transferred operations to Qatar on August 31, 2021.
1086:
Afghanistan in World Politics: A Study of Afghan–U.S. Relations
352:
312:
32:
1125:
Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal
569:
Camp Dubs, named after Dubs, was a U.S. military camp at the
563:
396:
139:
1475:"The Assassination of Ambassador Spike Dubs – Kabul, 1979"
1406:"The Assassination of Ambassador Spike Dubs – Kabul, 1979"
943:
American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service
897:"BBC News | Analysis | Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed"
818:"The Assassination of Ambassador Spike Dubs – Kabul, 1979"
437:
275:(August 4, 1920 – February 14, 1979), also known as
2512:
Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction
428:, Badruddin Bahes (who may have already been dead), and
420:
At the hotel, the abductors allegedly demanded that the
1984:
1189:
U.S. Foreign Police and the Third World: Agenda 1968–86
2517:
Permanent Mission of Afghanistan to the United Nations
1164:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
412:
driver with a pistol, forcing him to take Dubs to the
1101:(American Foreign Service Association, 2003), p. 104.
1026:
Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present
2879:
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
1388:"Burial Detail: Dubs, Adolph (Section 5, Grave 149)"
580:
2672:
Video of U.S. Marines urinating on Taliban fighters
16:
United States Ambassador to Afghanistan (1920–1979)
1394:. Arlington National Cemetery. (Official website).
1138:America's Afghanistan War: The Success that Failed
1053:America's Afghanistan War: The Success that Failed
641:Ambassadors of the United States killed in office
395:, a coup d'Ă©tat which brought the Soviet-aligned
2840:
2548:U.S.–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement
1366:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
1336:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
1301:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
2874:Ambassadors of the United States to Afghanistan
2507:Ambassadors of the United States to Afghanistan
2497:Ambassadors of Afghanistan to the United States
1479:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
1410:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
1151:Afghanistan, the Soviet Invasion in Perspective
981:Afghanistan, the Soviet Invasion in Perspective
875:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
822:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
468:government. Carter's national security adviser
1451:Between Worlds: The Making of an American Life
1073:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA
375:Lindsay Dubs McLaughlin (1953–), who lives in
2448:
1970:
1589:
1019:
1017:
1015:
279:, was an American diplomat who served as the
2829:Category:Afghanistan–United States relations
1127:(Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 34–35.
2740:Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act
2455:
2441:
1977:
1963:
1596:
1582:
1448:
1244:Christopher Andrews and Vasili Mitrokhin,
1206:U.S. Department of State Archive 2001–2009
1110:Robert C. Gray & Stanley J. Michalak,
1023:
1012:
975:
973:
971:
937:
323:. Later, he completed graduate studies at
58:July 12, 1978 – February 14, 1979
31:
2999:Washington University in St. Louis alumni
2889:American people of German-Russian descent
2522:Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs
1356:
1326:
1291:
1075:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. 468.
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
841:
711:
401:attacked the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, Iran
2994:American expatriates in the Soviet Union
2492:Embassy of Afghanistan, Washington, D.C.
1612:United States Ambassadors to Afghanistan
1123:Diego Cordovez & Selig S. Harrison,
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1028:. Columbia University Press. p. 87.
2959:United States Foreign Service personnel
1544:United States Ambassador to Afghanistan
1257:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
674:
389:United States Ambassador to Afghanistan
382:
281:United States Ambassador to Afghanistan
46:United States Ambassador to Afghanistan
2909:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
2841:
2756:Anti-American sentiment in Afghanistan
1088:(Gian Publishing House, 1987), p. 117.
1058:
948:
914:
782:
2436:
1958:
1577:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1112:American Foreign Policy Since DĂ©tente
1032:
2791:Mazar-i-Sharif International Airport
1504:"The Last Ambassador to Afghanistan"
986:
785:"Slain Ambassador a career diplomat"
721:. Schurz High School. Archived from
651:List of solved missing persons cases
552:American Foreign Service Association
2939:Missing person cases in Afghanistan
2869:Afghanistan–United States relations
2502:Embassy of the United States, Kabul
2471:Afghanistan–United States relations
1986:United States Ambassadors to Russia
1248:(New York: Basic Books, 2005), 391.
1055:(Kalpaz Publications, 2004), p. 64.
945:(Thomas Dunne Books, 2013), p. 594.
783:Binder, David (February 15, 1979).
13:
2989:American expatriates in Yugoslavia
1315:
422:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
333:Washington University in St. Louis
144:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
14:
3010:
2563:Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan
1497:
745:"Slain Envoy a Man of Compassion"
2914:Deaths by firearm in Afghanistan
2824:
2823:
2702:Deportation of Afghan immigrants
2692:2013 U.S. Herat consulate attack
2474:
2464:
2355:
2231:
1994:
1672:
1615:
1605:
1357:Mitrokhin, Vasiliy (July 2002).
1327:Mitrokhin, Vasiliy (July 2002).
1292:Mitrokhin, Vasiliy (July 2002).
1258:Fineman, Mark (March 28, 1992).
1166:(Diane Publishing, 1994), p. 44.
1114:(Harper & Row, 1984), p. 99.
842:Grunewald, Will (June 4, 2017).
675:Fineman, Mark (March 28, 1992).
625:
611:
597:
583:
184:
2979:American expatriates in Liberia
2974:American expatriates in Germany
2969:20th-century American diplomats
2954:Terrorism deaths in Afghanistan
2944:Military personnel from Chicago
2899:Assassinated American diplomats
2884:American people murdered abroad
2707:Afghan Guantanamo Bay detainees
1467:
1442:
1424:
1398:
1380:
1350:
1285:
1251:
1238:
1219:
1194:
1182:
1169:
1156:
1143:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1091:
1078:
369:United States Embassy in Moscow
327:and foreign service studies at
204:
180:
2984:American expatriates in Canada
2949:People murdered in Afghanistan
2781:Kandahar International Airport
889:
863:
835:
810:
776:
761:, p. 9, February 16, 1979
737:
689:
668:
405:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
335:. He subsequently entered the
1:
1153:(Hoover Press, 1985), p. 154.
661:
403:, and just months before the
337:United States Foreign Service
2919:Georgetown University alumni
2697:Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
1628:and Minister Plenipotentiary
983:(Hoover Press, 1985), p. 79.
719:"Schurz Alumni Hall of Fame"
550:Dubs is commemorated by the
545:
387:In 1978, Dubs was appointed
343:, and his postings included
7:
2776:Herat International Airport
2771:Kabul International Airport
2730:Access for Afghan Women Act
1432:"AFSA Memorial Plaque List"
1024:Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005).
576:
536:Arlington National Cemetery
154:Arlington National Cemetery
10:
3015:
2894:American terrorism victims
2854:1970s missing person cases
1179:(Macmillan, 2002), p. 288.
1140:(Gyan Books, 2004), p. 64.
1084:Mohammad Khalid Ma'aroof,
2929:Kidnapped American people
2924:Harvard University alumni
2820:
2748:
2722:
2644:
2576:
2530:
2484:
2353:
2229:
1992:
1924:
1917:
1809:
1802:
1746:
1681:
1670:
1625:
1550:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1449:Richardson, Bill (2007).
697:"Adolph Dubs (1920–1979)"
307:in 1942 with a degree in
286:
266:
256:
246:
236:
228:
223:
215:
159:
149:
129:
105:
100:
96:
84:
72:
62:
51:
43:
39:
30:
23:
2964:Unsolved murders in Asia
2667:2011 U.S. embassy attack
2657:Operation Infinite Reach
1810:Ambassador Extraordinary
1682:Ambassador Extraordinary
1359:"The KGB in Afghanistan"
1329:"The KGB in Afghanistan"
1294:"The KGB in Afghanistan"
1009:(Zenith, 2012), pp. 8–9.
656:List of unsolved murders
1508:Beloit College Magazine
699:. U.S. State Department
562:, and by a memorial in
301:Carl Schurz High School
2677:Quran burning protests
1537:Theodore L. Eliot, Jr.
299:. A 1938 graduate of
2904:Beloit College alumni
554:with a plaque in the
479:U.S.–Afghan relations
325:Georgetown University
79:Theodore L. Eliot Jr.
2864:1979 murders in Asia
2636:Afghan frozen assets
2611:Fall of Kabul (2021)
2606:2020–2021 withdrawal
2601:2011–2016 withdrawal
1566:(Ambassador in 2002)
1522:. February 26, 1979.
1231:May 8, 2005, at the
633:United States portal
573:in southwest Kabul.
383:Kidnapping and death
303:, he graduated from
251:Lieutenant commander
183: 1945;
2934:Kidnapped diplomats
2662:Camp Chapman attack
2568:Major non-NATO ally
1812:and Plenipotentiary
1684:and Plenipotentiary
1626:Envoy Extraordinary
1558:(Charge d'affaires)
646:List of kidnappings
540:Arlington, Virginia
470:Zbigniew Brzezinski
466:Nur Muhammad Taraki
2687:Insurgents' bodies
2621:Task Force Phoenix
2578:War in Afghanistan
2362:Russian Federation
1926:Chargés d'affaires
1748:Chargés d'affaires
1481:. January 28, 2013
1412:. January 28, 2013
1303:. pp. 150–151
1162:J. Bruce Amstutz,
941:J. Robert Moskin,
789:The New York Times
755:The New York Times
591:Afghanistan portal
534:Dubs is buried at
329:Harvard University
317:United States Navy
241:United States Navy
2836:
2835:
2682:Kandahar massacre
2553:U.S.–Taliban deal
2538:Operation Cyclone
2430:
2429:
1952:
1951:
1908:chargé d'affaires
1891:chargé d'affaires
1839:chargé d'affaires
1827:chargé d'affaires
1653:chargé d'affaires
1572:
1571:
1551:Succeeded by
1529:Diplomatic posts
1264:Los Angeles Times
750:Milwaukee Journal
725:on April 15, 2013
682:Los Angeles Times
571:Darul Aman Palace
365:charge d'affaires
309:political science
291:Dubs was born in
270:
269:
197:Mary Anne Parsons
133:February 14, 1979
3006:
2827:
2826:
2485:Diplomatic posts
2479:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2360:
2359:
2236:
2235:
1999:
1998:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1676:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1554:J. Bruce Amstutz
1534:Preceded by
1526:
1525:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1333:
1324:
1313:
1312:
1310:
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1483:. Retrieved
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135:(1979-02-14)
86:Succeeded by
67:Jimmy Carter
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2859:1979 deaths
2849:1920 births
2723:Legislation
2652:Adolph Dubs
2241:(1933–1991)
2004:(1780–1917)
1814:(2001–2021)
1765:Quinn Mills
1750:(1979–1989)
1686:(1948–1979)
1630:(1935–1948)
1562:Robert Finn
1453:. Penguin.
1005:Dick Camp,
765:January 25,
729:January 25,
483:Peace Corps
414:Kabul Hotel
273:Adolph Dubs
219:1 (adopted)
170:Jane Wilson
91:Robert Finn
74:Preceded by
25:Adolph Dubs
2843:Categories
2811:Retrograde
2735:ALLIES Act
2596:Opposition
2258:Steinhardt
2061:Cambreleng
1875:Cunningham
1865:Eikenberry
1637:Hornibrook
1548:1978–1979
662:References
359:, and the
357:Yugoslavia
277:Spike Dubs
229:Allegiance
112:1920-08-04
2804:Overthrow
2645:Incidents
2531:Diplomacy
2377:Pickering
2191:McCormick
2181:Hitchcock
2136:Stoughton
2071:Ingersoll
2031:Middleton
1850:Khalilzad
1272:0458-3035
797:0362-4331
546:Memorials
409:Chevrolet
63:President
54:In office
44:13th
2591:Timeline
2417:Sullivan
2412:Huntsman
2387:Vershbow
2320:Stoessel
2303:Thompson
2293:Thompson
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2268:Harriman
2263:Standley
2206:Rockhill
2166:C. Smith
2096:Appleton
2041:Buchanan
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2026:Campbell
1880:McKinley
1793:Glassman
1229:Archived
577:See also
341:diplomat
297:Illinois
216:Children
123:Illinois
2749:Related
2586:History
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2372:Strauss
2345:Strauss
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2101:C. Clay
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1870:Crocker
1834:Crocker
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349:Liberia
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293:Chicago
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827:May 8,
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287:Career
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2216:Marye
2211:Guild
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2186:Tower
2171:White
2131:Boker
2081:Brown
2076:Bagby
2016:Adams
1786:Ealum
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564:Kabul
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1860:Wood
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1738:Dubs
1708:Ward
1519:Time
1487:2018
1455:ISBN
1418:2017
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1344:2024
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1279:2017
1268:ISSN
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908:2017
883:2017
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829:2015
804:2017
793:ISSN
767:2010
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705:2012
331:and
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185:div.
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