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421:’s rule from 1969 through 2011, the Department of Antiquities was badly neglected. Since 2005, the search for petroleum hidden underground has placed the rock art itself in danger. Seismic hammers are used to send shock waves underneath to locate oil deposits, and have noticeable effects on nearby rocks, including the ones that house the Tadrart Acacus rock art.
279:
Sites in this region have been split into three main occupation periods: the Early Acacus, Late Acacus, and
Pastoral Neolithic. The Early Acacus was a humid period from c. 9810 – 8880 BP characterized by small groups of mobile people living in valleys and along lowland lakes. The Late Acacus (c. 8870
448:
UNESCO State of
Conservation (SOC) reports from 2011, 2012 and 2013 show that at least ten of the rock-art sites have been the object of deliberate and considerable destruction since at least April 2009. The ambiguity surrounding property boundaries of the World Heritage Site and therefore the
428:
In 2012 following the murder of
Gaddafi, efforts were made to train staff through a $ 2.26 million UNESCO project, with the Libyan and Italian governments. The project included conservation, protection and education. Along with Tadrart Acacus, Libya has four other UNESCO World Heritage sites:
424:
Looting of ancient artifacts reached a level of crisis. In response UNESCO called for a major awareness campaign, to heighten awareness of Libya's archaeological and cultural heritage and to alert
Libyans that their heritage is "being looted by thieves and destroyed by developers."
456:
On 14 April 2014 two kinds of vandals were reported, those who thoughtlessly carve their own names beside the ancient rock art and those who deliberately use chemical products to remove the rock drawings. On April 20, 2014, the French special correspondent
445:. UNESCO advised that "a centre should be established at Ghat or Uweynat to train the staff in charge of the protection and management of the property and to host a museum which is expected to play an important in terms of awareness raising."
452:
In May 2013 UNESCO undertook a technical mission to assess the state of conservation the
Tadrart Acacus site and to "build-up a strategic plan to enforce the protection and management of this unique cultural and natural context."
284:
and pottery extensively. The
Pastoral Neolithic was characterized by increased mobility in a more humid environment again, and the domestication of animals. These people showed reduced usage of grinding stones.
1071:
Minozzi S., Manzi G., Ricci F., di Lernia S., and
Borgognini Tarli S.M. (2003) "Nonalimentary tooth use in prehistory: an Example from Early Holocene in Central Sahara (Uan Muhuggiag, Tadrart Acacus, Libya)"
1161:
Mercuri AM (2008) Human influence, plant landscape evolution and climate inferences from the archaeobotanical records of the Wadi
Teshuinat area (Libyan Sahara). Journal of Arid Environments 72: 1950-1967.
449:
property management combined with lack of local understanding of its cultural values were contributing factors in the ongoing vandalism. Conflicts in the area since 2011 led to increased vandalism.
280:– 7400 BP) was a dry period characterized by more sedentary people in larger groups living in valleys. These people greatly intensified food processing and storage of wild grains and used
1151:
Mercuri AM (2008) Plant exploitation and ethnopalynological evidence from the Wadi
Teshuinat area (Tadrart Acacus, Libyan Sahara). Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 1619-1642;
1209:
977:
496:(ravines). Major landmarks include the arches of Afzejare and Tin Khlega. Although this area is one of the most arid in the Sahara, there is vegetation, such as the medicinal
1130:
Wasylikowa, K. (1992) "Holocene flora of the
Tadrart Acacus area, SW Libya, based on plant macrofossils from Uan Muhuggiag and Ti-n-Torha Two Caves archaeological sites"
1035:
1109:
Cremaschi, Mauro; Di Lernia, Savino; and Garcea, Elena A. A. (1998) "Some Insights on the Aterian in the Libyan Sahara: Chronology, Environment, and Archaeology"
1514:
458:
276:
was introduced in this region by around 7000 BP, and pastoralism and foraging were the primary subsistence strategies of people in this region, not agriculture.
508:
272:. These sites have been important in understanding food processing and mobility as people adapted to climate variation. Animal domestication as part of the
1004:
1698:
858:
835:
539:
1020:
405:
Tadrart Acacus is also the site of the earliest appearance of processed milk lipids on ceramics, which have been radiocarbon-dated to 7,500
1591:
1086:
Mattingly, D. (2000) "Twelve thousand years of human adaptation in Fezzan (Libyan Sahara)" in G. Barker, Graeme and Gilbertson, D.D. (eds)
377:
1507:
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305:
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1093:
Cremaschi, Mauro and Di Lernia, Savino (1999) "Holocene Climatic Changes and Cultural Dynamics in the Libyan Sahara"
728:
1584:
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723:(Map) (1st ed.). 1:100,000, inset 1:400,000. Tourist and cave art information. Cartography by EWP. EWP. 2006.
583:
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51:
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718:
1284:
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67:
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472:, Aziz Al-Hachi, that the UNESCO Rock-Art World Heritage Site of Tadrart Acacus was being destroyed with
25:
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335:. People are depicted in various daily life situations, for example while making music and dancing.
463:
91:
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624:
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in 1985 because of the importance of these paintings and carvings. The paintings date from
269:
228:, about 100 kilometres (62 mi). The area has a particularly rich array of prehistoric
1189:
8:
1644:
1523:
1385:
571:
559:
365:
301:
1125:
Wadi Teshuinat: Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in South-western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara)
1306:
1261:
678:
498:
1654:
1014:
1006:
Libye : Les salafistes wahhabites libyens détruisent un site de 12.000 ans d'âge
724:
682:
670:
273:
651:"An Alternative Way Towards Food Production: The Perspective from the Libyan Sahara"
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341:
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955:
UNESCO organizes training course for conservation and restores of Libyan Artefacts
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1772:
1757:
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The Tadrart Acacus have a large variation of landscapes, from different-coloured
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189:
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56:
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434:
281:
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The Acacus Mountains were occupied by hunter-gatherers continuously in the
1066:
La Memoria dell'Arte. Le pitture rupestri dell'Acacus tra passato e futuro
1624:
469:
221:
1437:
1417:
1367:
1357:
1081:
815:"In the Valley of Life, Oil is Death to the Art of a Lost Civilization"
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80:
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35:
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324:
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502:, and there are a number of springs and wells in the mountains.
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298:
217:
197:
1185:
Italian-Libyan Archaeological Mission in the Acacus and Messak
1634:
1608:
1602:
1527:
1409:
1349:
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932:
State of Conservation (SOC): Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus
909:
State of Conservation (SOC): Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus
515:
477:
332:
328:
213:
60:
1473:
860:
UNESCO training to combat the looting of Libyan antiquities
493:
489:
837:
Libyan archaeologists look to the future with new training
782:"Animal Genetics and African Archaeology: Why It Matters"
695:
1260:
412:
1123:
Cremaschi, Mauro and Di Lernia, Savino (eds., 1998)
1064:
Di Lernia, Savino e Zampetti, Daniela (eds.) (2008)
315:
There are paintings and carvings of animals such as
874:
16:UNESCO World Heritage Site in Ghat District, Libya
1522:
1088:The Archaeology of Drylands: Living at the Margin
883:UNESCO supports Libyan Heritage with $ 2m Project
1729:
779:
979:Graffiti defaces prehistoric rock art in Libya
902:
900:
812:
1585:
1508:
1210:
851:
897:
492:to arches, gorges, isolated rocks and deep
1592:
1578:
1515:
1501:
1217:
1203:
1019:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
248:is the feminine form of "mountain" in the
34:
1074:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1037:Libye, 12 000 ans effacés au white spirit
797:
224:, and stretch north from the border with
969:
468:was informed by a local journalist from
308:to 100 CE and reflect cultural and
220:. They are situated east of the city of
160:
1033:
946:
1730:
982:, Observers: France 24, archived from
923:
886:, Libya Business News, 7 December 2012
833:
648:
1573:
1496:
1198:
1034:Bourget, Jacques-Marie (2014-04-20),
975:
689:
169:Location of Acacus Mountains in Libya
1678:
1224:
1190:Natural Arches of the Akakus Plateau
413:Vandalism and destruction since 1969
1544:Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna
1090:London, Routledge, pp. 160–79;
1068:, Florence, All'Insegna del Giglio;
813:Bohannon, John (10 February 2005).
268:despite fluctuating climate in the
193:
13:
1139:Arte Preistorica del Sahara Libico
1058:
863:, Libyan Herald, 25 September 2013
711:
649:Garcea, Elena A. A. (2004-06-01).
14:
1799:
1173:
1127:Florence, All'Insegna del Giglio;
1677:
1601:
1559:Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus
834:Little, Tom (23 December 2013),
780:Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane (2013).
606:
594:
582:
570:
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388:
376:
364:
352:
340:
159:
152:
46:Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus
1549:Archaeological Site of Sabratha
1280:Rock art of Iheren and Tahilahi
1027:
997:
756:"Acacus Rock Art Photo Gallery"
1285:Rock engravings of Oued Djerat
1168:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.04.008
976:Grira, Sarra (14 April 2014),
827:
806:
773:
748:
696:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
642:
400:
259:
1:
1783:World Heritage Sites in Libya
1743:Archaeological sites in Libya
1539:Archaeological Site of Cyrene
1247:Rock art of the Djelfa region
1111:African Archaeological Review
1096:African Archaeological Review
1040:, Mondafrique, archived from
786:African Archaeological Review
613:Temporary human-built habitat
758:. Ewpnet.com. Archived from
545:The Moul n'ga Cirque in the
514:Acacus mountains in western
483:
240:
7:
655:Journal of World Prehistory
618:
533:Rock arch in Tadrart Acacus
288:
10:
1804:
720:Jebel Acacus Map and Guide
293:The area is known for its
235:
27:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1673:
1615:
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1436:
1408:
1366:
1348:
1315:
1297:
1232:
1157:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.003
1113:15(4): pp. 261–286;
1099:16(4): pp. 211–238;
799:10.1007/s10437-013-9130-7
667:10.1007/s10963-004-2878-6
331:, but also of humans and
147:
108:
98:
86:
76:
66:
50:
42:
33:
24:
1738:Mountain ranges of Libya
1009:, Algeria, 29 April 2014
635:
383:Human and animal figures
1119:10.1023/A:1021620531489
1105:10.1023/A:1021609623737
1076:120: pp. 225–232;
297:and was inscribed as a
1242:Rock Art of South Oran
958:, United Nations, 2013
1134:16: pp. 125–159;
625:List of Stone Age art
459:Jacques-Marie Bourget
208:in the desert of the
1554:Old Town of Ghadamès
1524:World Heritage Sites
270:African Humid Period
72:Cultural: (iii)
1710: /
1386:Magharet el Kantara
1275:la Vache qui pleure
698:"UNESCO Fact Sheet"
302:World Heritage Site
128: /
21:
1763:Prehistoric Africa
1307:Rock art of Figuig
1082:10.1002/ajpa.10161
986:on 11 October 2014
499:Calotropis procera
43:Official name
19:
1714:24.833°N 10.333°E
1693:
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1567:
1566:
1490:
1489:
1468:
1467:
1404:
1403:
1293:
1292:
1180:UNESCO Fact Sheet
1148:, Turin, Einaudi;
1144:Mori, F., (1965)
1137:Mori, F., (1960)
274:African Neolithic
178:
177:
132:24.833°N 10.333°E
1795:
1788:Tourism in Libya
1753:Deserts of Libya
1748:Saharan rock art
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1381:Cave of Swimmers
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1325:Acacus Mountains
1258:
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1391:Cave of Archers
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306:12,000 BCE
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194:تدرارت أكاكوس
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1645:Jebel Akhdar
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1423:Wadi Abu Dom
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818:
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760:the original
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735:the original
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1768:Ghat, Libya
1717: /
1625:Bikku Bitti
551:wave clouds
470:Ghat, Libya
462: [
401:Milk lipids
260:Archaeology
222:Ghat, Libya
212:in western
135: /
110:Coordinates
87:Inscription
1732:Categories
1660:Al Uweinat
1438:Mauritania
1418:Sabu-Jaddi
1396:Wadi Hamra
1368:Gilf Kebir
1358:Abu Ballas
1048:2014-05-04
766:2013-12-09
741:2008-04-20
704:2013-12-09
100:Endangered
90:1985 (9th
683:162218030
675:1573-7802
577:Head rock
484:Geography
325:ostriches
321:elephants
241:Etymology
204:) form a
77:Reference
1252:Marhouma
1015:citation
792:: 1–20.
619:See also
443:Ghadames
439:Sabratha
359:Elephant
317:giraffes
295:rock art
289:Rock art
266:Holocene
230:rock art
104:2016–...
68:Criteria
52:Location
1705:10°20′E
1702:24°50′N
1684:Commons
1655:Tibesti
1460:Amazmaz
1299:Morocco
1234:Algeria
1132:Origini
417:During
347:Giraffe
246:Tadrart
236:History
226:Algeria
123:10°20′E
120:24°50′N
92:Session
1778:Tuareg
1773:Fezzan
1758:Sahara
1650:Nafusa
1640:Arkanu
1630:Sherif
1620:Acacus
935:, 2011
912:, 2013
727:
681:
673:
520:Sahara
431:Cyrene
333:horses
329:camels
299:UNESCO
218:Sahara
198:ALA-LC
190:Arabic
1635:Haruj
1609:Libya
1528:Libya
1410:Sudan
1350:Egypt
1317:Libya
990:5 May
962:5 May
939:4 May
916:4 May
890:5 May
867:5 May
844:5 May
679:S2CID
636:Notes
553:above
516:Libya
494:wadis
490:dunes
466:]
254:adrar
214:Libya
61:Libya
1474:Chad
1021:link
992:2014
964:2014
941:2014
918:2014
892:2014
869:2014
846:2014
725:ISBN
671:ISSN
476:and
441:and
327:and
180:The
1526:in
1164:doi
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256:).
184:or
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188:(
94:)
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