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Restrictions were placed on the activities of the
Revolutionary Committees; in March 1988, their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role, while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticized them. In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya. In June, Libya's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses, in which 27 articles laid out goals, rights, and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya, restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition. Many of the measures suggested in the charter would be implemented the following year, although others remained inactive. Also in 1989, the government founded the
2257:—were called to meet RCC representatives. The UK and the US quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the US informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the US and the UK remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970.
1779:, Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognized it as a potential instrument of political change. Under Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the British military; this angered Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists, and accordingly, he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers, ultimately failing his exams. British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour, stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. Such reports were ignored, and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the course.
3101:(NFSL), which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government. Another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad. Following Gaddafi's command to kill these "stray dogs", the Revolutionary Committees set up overseas branches to suppress counter-revolutionary activity, assassinating dissidents. Although Syria and Israel also employed hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his use of them; in April 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home by June 10 or be "liquidated wherever you are". Within a three months period in 1980, at least ten Libyan dissidents were murdered in Europe, including ex-diplomats, ex-army officers, businessmen, journalists, and student activists in disparate locations such as
4532:
3963:. These reforms encouraged private investment in Libya's economy. By 2004, there was US$ 40 billion of direct foreign investment in Libya, a six-fold rise over 2003. Sectors of Libya's population reacted against these reforms with public demonstrations, and in March 2006, revolutionary hard-liners took control of the GPC cabinet; although scaling back the pace of the changes, they did not halt them. In 2010, plans were announced that would have seen half the Libyan economy privatized over the following decade, these plans appear to have been soon abandoned however, as the companies that the government stated they were going to float on the stock market, among them the National Commercial Bank and the
4414:, for he subordinated religion to the political system rather than seeking to Islamicise the state as Islamists sought to do. He was driven by a sense of "divine mission", believing himself a conduit of God's will, and thought that he must achieve his goals "no matter what the cost". His interpretation of Islam was nevertheless idiosyncratic, and he clashed with conservative Libyan clerics. Many criticized his attempts to encourage women to enter traditionally male-only sectors of society, such as the armed forces. Gaddafi was keen to improve women's status, although saw the sexes as "separate but equal" and therefore felt women should usually remain in traditional roles.
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orientation, by 1978 he believed that private ownership of the means of production was exploitative and thus he sought to move Libya away from capitalism and towards socialism. Private enterprise was largely eliminated in favour of a centrally controlled economy. The extent to which Libya became socialist under
Gaddafi is disputed. Bearman suggested that while Libya did undergo "a profound social revolution", he did not think that "a socialist society" was established in Libya. Conversely, St. John expressed the view that "if socialism is defined as a redistribution of wealth and resources, a socialist revolution clearly occurred in Libya" under Gaddafi's regime.
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4227:, and then broke out of Sirte's District 2 in a joint civilian-military convoy. According to Dhao, it was a "suicide mission" as Gaddafi wanted to die in the Jarref Valley, close to where he was born. At around 08:30, NATO bombers attacked, destroying at least 14 vehicles and killing at least 53 people. The convoy scattered, and Gaddafi and those closest to him fled to a nearby villa, which was shelled by rebel militia from Misrata. Fleeing to a construction site, Gaddafi and his inner cohort hid inside drainage pipes while his bodyguards battled the rebels; in the conflict, Gaddafi suffered head injuries from a grenade blast while Jabr was killed.
3086:. Gaddafi was frustrated by the slow pace of social reform on women's issues, and in 1979 launched a Revolutionary Women's Formation, to replace the more gradualist Libyan General Women's Federation. In 1978 he had established a Women's Military Academy in Tripoli, encouraging all women to enlist for training. The measure was hugely controversial and voted down by the GPC in February 1983. Gaddafi remained adamant, and when it was again voted down by the GPC in March 1984, he refused to abide by the decision, declaring that "he who opposes the training and emancipation of women is an agent of imperialism, whether he likes it or not."
1925:. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all". Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this.
2090:. For Gaddafi, this was an essential step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $ 3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $ 13.7 billion in 1974, and $ 24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $ 8,170, up from $ 40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the UK. In 1969, the government also declared that all foreign owned banks must either close down or convert to joint-stock operations.
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3885:—signifying improved relations between Libya and the EU—and the EU dropped its sanctions on Libya. As a strategic player in Europe's attempts to stem illegal migration from Africa, in October 2010, the EU paid Libya over €50 million to stop African migrants passing into Europe; Gaddafi encouraged the move, saying that it was necessary to prevent the loss of European cultural identity to a new "Black Europe". Gaddafi also completed agreements with the Italian government that they would invest in various infrastructure projects as reparations for past Italian colonial policies in Libya. Italian Prime Minister
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4669:. He enjoyed attending lengthy public sessions where people were invited to question him; these were often televised. Throughout Libya, crowds of supporters would arrive at public events where he appeared. Described as "spontaneous demonstrations" by the government, there are recorded instances of groups being coerced or paid to attend. He was typically late to public events, and would sometimes fail to arrive. Although Bianco thought he had a "gift for oratory", he was considered a poor orator by Blundy and Lycett. The biographer
2928:(BPCs), where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions. These then sent members to the annual General People's Congress, which was broadcast live on television. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses. Gaddafi became General Secretary of the GPC, although he stepped down from this position in early 1979 and appointed himself "Leader of the Revolution".
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despite the financial strain. During the week
Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and only at weekends and holidays walked 20 miles (32 km) to visit his parents. Even though Gaddafi's father was not educated, he made great sacrifices to send his son to school. As an impoverished Bedouin, he faced bullying and discrimination from his city-dwelling classmates. However, he had many Egyptian teachers who informed him of the dramatic events occurring in their homeland. From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of
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3301:; both agreed to withdraw from Chad. Oueddei broke with Gaddafi in 1985 due to the former's intentions to negotiate a truce with Habré. Consequently, he was placed under house arrest by Gaddafi and allegedly arrested by Libyan police and shot in the stomach. Oueddei survived the shooting and fled to Algeria, but continued to claim he and Gaddafi enjoyed a good relationship. When Gaddafi ordered the remnant of GUNT to attack Habré in February 1986 in violation of his agreement with Mitterrand, France launched
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world's
Christian minority to convert to Islam. He insisted that Islamic law should be the basis for the law of the state, blurring any distinction between the religious and secular realms. He desired unity across the Islamic world, and encouraged the propagation of the faith elsewhere; on a 2010 visit to Italy, he paid a modelling agency to find 200 young Italian women for a lecture he gave urging them to convert. According to the Gaddafi biographer Jonathan Bearman, in Islamic terms Gaddafi was a
3657:
3604:, the United Nations (UN) imposed Resolution 748 in March 1992, initiating economic sanctions against Libya which had deep repercussions for the country's economy. The country suffered an estimated US$ 900 million financial loss as a result. On 5 November 1995, US President Bill Clinton declared the US would continue to induce pressure on Libya, also recognizing that Libyan terrorists were responsible for the Lockerbie bombing. Further problems arose with the West when in January 1989,
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2094:
2009:, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In July 1972, amid widespread speculation that Gaddafi had been ousted or jailed by his political opponents, a new 18-man cabinet was formed with only two of them, Jalloud and
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4042:, purging the army leadership of potential defectors, and releasing several Islamist prisoners. This proved ineffective, and on 17 February 2011, major protests broke out against Gaddafi's government. Unlike Tunisia or Egypt, Libya was largely religiously homogeneous and had no strong Islamist movement, but there was widespread dissatisfaction with the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage, while unemployment had reached around 30 percent.
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food. The hope was to make Libya self-sufficient in food production. All land that had either been expropriated from
Italian settlers or which was not in use was repossessed and redistributed. Irrigation systems were established along the northern coastline and around various inland oases. Production costs often surpassed the value of the produce and thus Libyan agricultural production remained in deficit, relying heavily on state subsidies.
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781:
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3245:; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade, it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century. Military spending increased, while other administrative budgets were cut. Foreign debt rose, and austerity measures were introduced to promote self-reliance; in 1985 there was a mass deportation of foreign workers, mostly Egyptian and Tunisian. Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his
2321:. He believed that Palestinian violence against Israeli and Western targets was the justified response of an oppressed people who were fighting against the colonization of their homeland. Calling on the Arab states to wage "continuous war" against Israel, in 1970 he initiated a Jihad Fund to finance anti-Israeli militants. In June 1972 Gaddafi created the First Nasserite Volunteers Centre to train anti-Israeli guerrillas.
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3066:, starting October 1980 they took control of the press. Responsible for perpetuating the revolution, they performed ideological surveillance, adopting a significant security role, making arrests and putting people on trial according to the "law of the revolution". With no legal or safeguards, the administration of revolutionary justice was largely arbitrary and resulted in widespread abuse and the suppression of
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4720:, who passed through Gaddafi's Libya on their way to Europe. During the Civil War, various leftist groups endorsed the anti-Gaddafist rebels—but not the Western military intervention—by arguing that Gaddafi had become an ally of Western imperialism by cooperating with the War on Terror and efforts to block African migration to Europe. Gaddafi was widely perceived as a terrorist, especially in the US and UK.
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events, portraying the protest movement as entirely peaceful and repeatedly suggesting that the regime's security forces were unaccountably massacring unarmed demonstrators". In July, over 30 governments recognized the NTC as the legitimate government of Libya; Gaddafi called on his supporters to "Trample on those recognitions, trample on them under your feet ... They are worthless". In August, the
2526:. He hoped that the councils would mobilize the people behind the RCC, erode the power of the traditional leaders and the bureaucracy, and allow for a new legal system chosen by the people. Many such committees were established in schools and colleges, where they were responsible for vetting staff, courses, and textbooks to determine if they were compatible with the country's revolutionary ideology.
2793:. Between 1973 and 1979, Libya provided $ 500 million in aid to African countries, namely to Zaire and Uganda, and founded joint-venture companies throughout the countries to aid trade and development. Gaddafi was also keen on reducing Israeli influence within Africa, using financial incentives to successfully convince eight African states to break off diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973.
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regime, the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all. At a single blow our gallant army has toppled these idols and has destroyed their images. By a single stroke it has lightened the long dark night in which the
Turkish domination was followed first by Italian rule, then by this reactionary and decadent regime which was no more than a hotbed of extortion, faction, treachery and treason.
45:
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adopted the title of "Leader of the
Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Historian Dirk Vandewalle stated that despite the Jamahariya's claims to being a direct democracy, Libya remained "an exclusionary political system whose decision-making process" was "restricted to a small cadre of advisers and confidantes" surrounding Gaddafi.
4649:. According to Hinnebusch, the foundations of Gaddafi's "personal charismatic authority" in Libya stemmed from the blessing he had received from Nasser coupled with "nationalist achievements" such as the expulsion of foreign military bases, the extraction of higher prices for Libyan oil, and his vocal support for the Palestinian and other anti-imperialist causes.
3468:, in which two US soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate. The CIA was critical of the move, believing Syria was a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi's reputation; however, Libya was recognized as a "soft target". Reagan was supported by the UK, but opposed by other European allies, who argued it contravened international law. In
2621:. Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy, outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct, participatory GPCs. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs regarding socialism, while the third explored social issues regarding the family and the tribe. While the first two volumes advocated radical reform, the third adopted a
2285:'s Maltese administration, and under Libya's urging Malta did not renew the UK's airbases on the island in 1980. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the US, which was then engaged in the
2293:
2492:. He initiated this with a five-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of
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proclaimed that the People's
Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions, and women's groups, were banned. Despite these restrictions, St. John noted that the
1790:, pooling their salaries into a single fund. Gaddafi travelled around Libya collecting intelligence and developing connections with sympathizers, but the government's intelligence services ignored him, considering him little threat. Graduating in August 1965, Gaddafi became a communications officer in the army's signal corps.
3097:. In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him and increasingly entrusted security to his Qadhadfa tribe. Many who had seen their wealth confiscated turned against the administration, and Western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles. Most prominent was the
4462:, Gaddafi believed that socialism would be achieved through overturning "unnatural" capitalism and returning society to its "natural equilibrium". In this, he sought to replace a capitalist economy with one based on his own romanticized ideas of a traditional, pre-capitalist past. This owed much to the Islamic belief in
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3989:, who was openly critical of Libya's human rights record. He led a group who proposed the drafting of a new constitution, although it was never adopted. Involved in encouraging tourism, Saif founded several privately run media channels in 2008, but after criticizing the government, they were nationalized in 2009.
2246:. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented because relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken.
3669:, emphasizing Libya's African identity. In a 1998 interview, Gaddafi claimed that "the Arab world is finished" and expressed his wish for Libya to become a "black country." From 1997 to 2000, Libya initiated cooperative agreements or bilateral aid arrangements with 10 African states, and in 1999 joined the
1630:, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at this school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend,
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Gaddafi regarded personal appearance as important, with Blundy and Lycett referring to him as "extraordinarily vain." Gaddafi had a large wardrobe, and sometimes changed his outfit multiple times a day. He favoured either a military uniform or traditional Libyan dress, tending to eschew
Western-style
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belief in the need for unity across the Arab world, combining the Arab nation under a single nation-state. To this end, he had proposed a political union with five neighbouring Arab states by 1974, although without success. In keeping with his views regarding Arabs, his political stance was described
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We call it the Third Theory to indicate that there is a new path for all those who reject both materialist capitalism and atheist communism. The path is for all the people of the world who abhor the dangerous confrontation between the Warsaw and North
Atlantic military alliances. It is for all those
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published their report, finding that Gaddafi's forces were responsible for numerous war crimes but added that a number of allegations of human rights abuses lacked credible evidence. The report added that "much Western media coverage has from the outset presented a very one-sided view of the logic of
4049:
rather than leave Libya. As he announced that the rebels would be "hunted down street by street, house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe", the army opened fire on protesters in Benghazi, killing hundreds. Shocked at the government's response, a number of senior politicians resigned or defected to the
3485:
The late 1980s saw a series of liberalizing economic reforms within Libya designed to cope with the decline in oil revenues. In May 1987, Gaddafi announced the start of the "Revolution within a Revolution", which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business.
2677:
condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes. Dissent also arose from conservative clerics and the Muslim Brotherhood, who accused Gaddafi of moving towards Marxism and criticized his abolition of private property as being against the
1961:
Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC. Some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on
1853:
People of Libya! In response to your own will, fulfilling your most heartfelt wishes, answering your most incessant demands for change and regeneration, and your longing to strive towards these ends: listening to your incitement to rebel, your armed forces have undertaken the overthrow of the corrupt
1718:
Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting against Syria's secession from the UAR and raised funds to send cables of support to Nasser. Twenty students were arrested as a result of the disorder. Gaddafi and his
4419:
The purpose of the socialist society is the happiness of man, which can only be realized through material and spiritual freedom. Attainment of such freedom depends on the extent of man's ownership of his needs; ownership that is personal and sacredly guaranteed, i.e. your needs must neither be owned
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approach to Arab nationalism that had been pervasive in Syria, with his revolutionary movement placing a far stronger emphasis on Islam than previous Arab nationalist movements had done. He deemed Arabism and Islam to be inseparable, referring to them as "one and indivisible", and called on the Arab
4344:
The Libyan studies specialist Ronald Bruce St. John regarded Arab nationalism as Gaddafi's "primordial value", stating that during the early years of his government, Gaddafi was "the Arab nationalist par excellence". Gaddafi called for the Arab world to regain its dignity and assert a major place on
3035:
If socialism is defined as a redistribution of wealth and resources, a socialist revolution clearly occurred in Libya after 1969 and most especially in the second half of the 1970s. The management of the economy was increasingly socialist in intent and effect with wealth in housing, capital and land
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was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. At other times, he ordered snap elections when it appeared that the GPC would enact laws he opposed. Gaddafi
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In September 1975, Gaddafi purged the army, arresting around 200 senior officers, and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution. In April 1976, he called upon his supporters in universities to establish "revolutionary student councils" and drive out "reactionary
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The People's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making, within the limits permitted by the RCC, but exacerbated tribal divisions and tensions. They also served as a surveillance system, aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the
2049:
in orientation. Many initiatives were established to aid entrepreneurs and develop a Libyan bourgeoisie. Seeking to expand the cultivatable acreage in Libya, in September 1969 the government launched a "Green Revolution" to increase agricultural productivity so that Libya could rely less on imported
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and (*) indicate that a person was convicted by the ICC and that the conviction remains valid; a name in (parentheses) indicates that charges were dropped or a conviction was overturned; † indicates a person deceased before or during trial; (x) after a name indicates that the case was closed by the
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Supporters praised Gaddafi's administration for the creation of a more equal society through domestic reform. They stressed the regime's achievements in combating homelessness, ensuring access to food and safe drinking water, and to dramatic improvements in education. Supporters have also applauded
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appeared on a wide variety of places, from street walls to airports and pens, and were put to pop music for public release. In private, Gaddafi often complained that he disliked this personality cult surrounding him, but that he tolerated it because the people of Libya adored him. The cult served a
4430:
Gaddafi described his approach to economics as "Islamic socialism". For him, a socialist society could be defined as one in which men controlled their own needs, either through personal ownership or through a collective. Although the early policies pursued by his government were state capitalist in
3984:
While there was no accompanying political liberalization, with Gaddafi retaining predominant control, in March 2010, the government devolved further powers to the municipal councils. Rising numbers of reformist technocrats attained positions in the country's governance; best known was Gaddafi's son
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in their bank account saw that extra money expropriated. The following year, the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import, export and distribution functions, with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer
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Libya turned towards socialism. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure every adult owned their own home. Most families were banned from owning more than one house, while former rental properties were expropriated by the state and sold to the
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To combat the country's strong regional and tribal divisions, the RCC promoted the idea of a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity.
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Along with Arab nationalism, anti-imperialism was also a defining feature of Gaddafi's regime during its early years. He believed in opposing Western imperialism and colonialism in the Arab world, including any Western expansionism through the form of Israel. He offered support to a broad range of
3249:
home was unsuccessfully attacked by a militia—linked to the NFSL or Muslim Brotherhood—and in the aftermath 5,000 dissidents were arrested. In spring 1985, members of the military tried to assassinate Gaddafi twice. The first was a plot by conservative officers to assassinate him at a villa on the
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to encourage reform. In 1970, a law was introduced affirming equality of the sexes and insisting on wage parity. In 1971, Gaddafi sponsored the creation of a Libyan General Women's Federation. In 1972, a law was passed criminalizing the marriage of any females under the age of sixteen and ensuring
3692:
At the third AU summit, held in Tripoli, Libya, in July 2005, Gaddafi called for greater integration, advocating a single AU passport, a common defence system, and a single currency, using the slogan: "The United States of Africa is the hope." His proposal for a Union of African States, a project
2942:
Although all political control was officially vested in the People's Congresses, in reality Libya's existing political leadership continued to exercise varying degrees of power and influence. Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with
2636:
on foreign trade. Its increasingly radical reforms, coupled with the large amount of oil revenue being spent on foreign causes, generated discontent in Libya, particularly among the country's merchant class. In 1974, Libya saw its first civilian attack on Gaddafi's government when a Benghazi army
4555:
published a book alleging that Gaddafi had had sexual relations with women, some in their early teenage years, who had been specially selected for him. One of those Cojean interviewed, a woman named Soraya, claimed that Gaddafi kept her imprisoned in a basement for six years, where he repeatedly
4246:
The Misrata militia took Gaddafi prisoner, causing serious injuries as they tried to apprehend him; the events were filmed on a mobile phone. A video appears to picture Gaddafi being poked or stabbed in the anus "with some kind of stick or knife" or possibly a bayonet. Pulled onto the front of a
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retaining a 70% share in Libya's oil industry, the government also imposed a 93% tax on all oil that foreign companies produced in Libya. Price controls and subsidies over oil and food remained in place, and state-provided benefits such as free education, universal healthcare, free housing, free
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in 2005, of being created by Britain and protected by the US. Alluding to their 2003 altercation, Gaddafi taunted Abdullah for ostensibly avoiding a confrontation with him for six years and quoted Abdullah's 2003 "grave awaits you" threat back at him before storming out of the meeting to visit a
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was killed, although her existence has since been questioned. Gaddafi retreated to the desert to meditate. There were sporadic clashes between Gaddafists and army officers who wanted to overthrow the government. Although the US was condemned internationally, Reagan received a popularity boost at
3049:
In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than government activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from government. Although no longer in a formal government post, he
2280:
cease allowing NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering Malta foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO to use the island, but only on the condition that NATO would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Over the coming decade, Gaddafi's
2057:
as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and threatened to decrease production. In December Jalloud successfully increased the price of
1900:
In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece amid widespread rumors of an abdication or a British-backed coup by the Shalhi brothers on 5 September. Gaddafi's Free Officers, recognizing this as their last chance to preempt the Shelhis in overthrowing the monarchy,
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Gaddafi's government's treatment of non-Arab Libyans came in for criticism from human rights activists, with native Berbers, Italian colonists, Jews, refugees, and foreign workers all facing persecution in Gaddafist Libya. Human rights groups also criticized the treatment of migrants, including
4527:
He was preoccupied with his own security, regularly changing where he slept and sometimes grounding all other planes in Libya when he was flying. He made particular requests when travelling to foreign countries. During his trips to Rome, Paris, Madrid, Moscow, and New York City, he resided in a
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and lambasting it as "the embodiment of evil". He sought to distinguish "oriental" Jews who had lived in the Middle East for generations from the European Jews who had migrated to Palestine during the 20th century, calling the latter "vagabonds" and "mercenaries" who should return to Europe. He
3313:
captured, along with 600-700 Libyan soldiers. Gaddafi disavowed Haftar and the other prisoners; one possible contributing factor to this repudiation may have been that Gaddafi had signed an agreement to withdraw Libyan forces, and Haftar's operations had been in violation of this. An embittered
2996:
with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. Both Egypt and Sudan had aligned themselves with the US, and this pushed Libya into a
2214:
ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya signed the Tripoli Charter alongside Egypt and Sudan. This established the Arab Revolutionary Front, a pan-national union designed as a first step towards the eventual
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states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement of 20 March 1971, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $ 1 billion in
1621:
Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently, moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years. Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son
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stance, support for Arab—and then African—unity, as well as for significant development to the country following the discovery of oil reserves. Conversely, many Libyans strongly opposed Gaddafi's social and economic reforms; he was posthumously accused of various human rights violations. He was
4488:
A very private individual, Gaddafi was given to rumination and solitude and could be reclusive. Gaddafi described himself as a "simple revolutionary" and "pious Muslim" called upon by God to continue Nasser's work. Gaddafi was an austere and devout Muslim, although according to Vandewalle, his
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was a fundamental component of Gaddafi's ideology. He believed that the state of Israel should not exist and that any Arab compromise with the Israeli government was a betrayal of the Arab people. In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the
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In March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force, and the military. Dominated by revolutionary zealots, mostly
4656:
devoted to Gaddafi existed in Libya through most of his rule. His biographer Alison Pargeter noted that "he filled every space, moulding the entire country around himself." Depictions of his face could be found throughout the country, including on postage stamps, watches, and school satchels.
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visited Gaddafi in March 2004; the pair developed close personal ties. In 2003, Libya paid US$ 2.7 billion to the families of the victims of the Lockerbie bombing as it was the condition the US and UK had made for terminating the remaining UN sanctions. Libya continued to deny any role in the
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publicly revealed the news of Gaddafi's death. His corpse was placed in the freezer of a local market alongside the corpses of Yunis Jabr and Mutassim; the bodies were publicly displayed for four days, with Libyans from all over the country coming to view them. Footage of Gaddafi's death was
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youths, the Revolutionary Committees were based in Tripoli and met with Gaddafi annually. Membership was drawn from within the BPCs. The revolutionary committee system became "a key—if not the main—mechanism through which exercises political control in Libya". Publishing a weekly magazine,
3865:
2167:, providing employment for thousands. These early social programs proved popular within Libya. This popularity was partly due to Gaddafi's personal charisma, youth and underdog status as a Bedouin, as well as his rhetoric emphasizing his role as the successor to the anti-Italian fighter
4263:
broadcast extensively across media networks internationally. In response to international calls, on 24 October Jibril announced that a commission would investigate Gaddafi's death. On 25 October, the NTC announced that Gaddafi had been buried at an unidentified location in the desert.
3862:
4106:
and three of his grandsons in Tripoli. This Western military intervention was criticized by various leftist governments, including those that had criticized Gaddafi's response to the protests, because they regarded it as an imperialist attempt to secure control of Libya's resources.
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shared an enmity with Israel and Egypt's Sadat. In 1980, they proposed a political union, with Libya promising to pay off Syria's £1-billion debt to the Soviet Union; although pressures led Assad to pull out, they remained allies. Another key ally was Uganda, and in 1979, during the
3054:
tenants at a heavily subsidized price. In September, Gaddafi called for the People's Committees to eliminate the "bureaucracy of the public sector" and the "dictatorship of the private sector"; the People's Committees took control of several hundred companies, converting them into
2550:. Above these remained Gaddafi and the RCC, who remained responsible for all major decisions. In crossing regional and tribal identities, the committee system aided national integration and centralization and tightened Gaddafi's control over the state and administrative apparatus.
3472:, orchestrated on 15 April 1986, US military planes launched air-strikes, bombing military installations, killing around 100 Libyans, including civilians. One target had been Gaddafi's home. Himself unharmed, two of Gaddafi's sons were injured, and he claimed his adopted daughter
3804:
museum. Abdullah also left the meeting hall in anger. A Saudi official later claimed that Gaddafi and Abdullah had held a 30 minutes meeting at the sideline of the summit and that the "personal problem" between them was "over." However, Gaddafi had gave weapons and money to the
3321:
Many African nations were tired of Libya's interference in their affairs; by 1980, nine African states had severed diplomatic relations, while in 1982 the OAU cancelled its scheduled conference in Tripoli to prevent Gaddafi gaining chairmanship. Some African states, such as
8809:
4640:
According to Vandewalle, Gaddafi "dominated political life" during his period in power. The sociologist Raymond A. Hinnebusch described the Libyan as "perhaps the most exemplary contemporary case of the politics of charismatic leadership", displaying all of the traits of
1581:
noted that it could have been pre-1940. His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life; he preferred the desert over the city and would retreat there to meditate.
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of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country. It remained heavily bureaucratic and failed to mobilize mass support in the way Gaddafi had envisioned.
4303:, the thought of the Egyptian President Nasser, whom Gaddafi regarded as his hero; Nasser privately described Gaddafi as "a nice boy, but terribly naïve". During the early 1970s, Gaddafi formulated his own particular approach to Arab nationalism and socialism, known as
1457:("state of the masses"). He officially adopted a symbolic role in governance but remained head of both the military and the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing dissent. During the 1970s and 1980s, Libya's unsuccessful border conflicts with
3456:
and associate of Wilson named Eugene Tafoya. Zagallai survived the attack and Tafoya was convicted of third-degree assault and conspiracy to commit assault. Wilson was lured back to the US and sentenced to 32 years due to his ties to Gaddafi. In 1984, Gaddafi publicly
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Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, yet the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the
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were never floated and remained 100% state-owned. Many socialist policies remained however, with subsidiaries of logistics company HB Group being nationalized in 2007. Agriculture remained largely untouched by the reforms, with farms remaining cooperatives, the
3553:, while in September 1995, Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi, and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli. In March 1996, Haftar again briefly returned to Libya to instigate an uprising against Gaddafi in the mountains of
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to protect the civilian population from aerial bombardment, calling on foreign nations to enforce it; it also specifically prohibited foreign occupation. Ignoring this, Qatar sent hundreds of troops to support the dissidents and, along with France and the
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as a model for the Arab, Islamic, and non-aligned worlds to follow, and in his speeches declared that his Third International Theory would eventually guide the entire planet. He nevertheless had minimal success in exporting the ideology outside of Libya.
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in Paris. In March 1982, the US implemented an embargo of Libyan oil, and in January 1986 ordered all US companies to cease operating in the country, although several hundred workers remained when the Libyan government doubled their pay. In spring 1986,
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1901:
initiated "Operation Jerusalem". If Gaddafi's Free Officers had not preempted the Shelhis, they would have almost certainly been defeated by the combined forces of Abdul Aziz Shelhi, the deputy commander of Libya's army, and the prominent families in
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outskirts of Tripoli; the second was an assault on his convoy. In November 1985, Colonel Hassan Ishkal, the third most powerful man in Libya, head of the military region of Sirte, died in a suspicious car accident. Ishkal's death was attributed to
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During the final years of the 20th century, Gaddafi—frustrated by the failure of his pan-Arab ideals and the refusal of the Arab world to challenge the international air embargo imposed on Libya—increasingly rejected Arab nationalism in favour of
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The early 80s saw economic trouble in Libya; from 1982 to 1986, annual oil revenues dropped from $ 21 to $ 5.4 billion. Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on Libya's largest and most expensive infrastructure project, the
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elements". During that year, anti-Gaddafist student demonstrations broke out at the universities of Tripoli and Benghazi, resulting in clashes with both Gaddafist students and police. The RCC responded with mass arrests and introduced compulsory
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From 1969 to 1973, it used oil money to fund social welfare programs, which led to housebuilding projects and improved healthcare and education. House building became a major social priority, designed to eliminate homelessness and to replace the
2125:, introduced statutory price controls, and implemented compulsory rent reductions of between 30 and 40 per cent. Gaddafi also wanted to combat the strict social restrictions that had been imposed on women by the previous regime, establishing the
2295:
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Secretary of the GPC, Shukri Muhammad Ghanem.... claimed that compensation was being paid to the families of the Lockerbie victims in order to 'buy peace' and avoid sanctions and that the country did not accept responsibility for the Lockerbie
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and Milad Gaddafi. Several of his sons gained a reputation for lavish and anti-social behaviour in Libya, which proved a source of resentment toward his administration. At least three of his cousins were prominent figures in Gaddafi's regime.
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4146:, ending the last vestiges of Gaddafist power. It is probable that without the NATO air strikes supporting the rebels, they would not have been able to advance west and Gaddafi's forces would have ultimately retaken control of eastern Libya.
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to take advantage of the country's oil wealth. Corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the
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Following his defeat in the civil war, Gaddafi's system of governance was dismantled and replaced by the interim government of the NTC, which legalized trade unions and freedom of the press. In January 2013, the GNC officially renamed the
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cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that
4442:, or global Islamic community. Nevertheless, Blundy and Lycett noted that Gaddafi's socialism had a "curiously Marxist undertone", with political scientist Sami Hajjar arguing that Gaddafi's model of socialism offered a simplification of
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that a woman's consent was a necessary prerequisite for a marriage. Gaddafi's regime opened up a wide range of educational and employment opportunities for women, although these primarily benefited a minority in the urban middle-classes.
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at a facility in Rabta, although publicly denied it was stockpiling chemical weapons, and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons. The period also saw a growth in domestic Islamist opposition, formulated into groups like the
2074:'s share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to see 51 per cent of their operation nationalized, including the stake of
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10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.
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protesters' side. The uprising spread quickly through Libya's less economically developed eastern half. By February's end, eastern cities such as Benghazi, Misrata, al-Bayda, and Tobruk were controlled by rebels, and the Benghazi-based
3643:, in a process overseen by Mandela. As a result of the trial, Fhimah was acquitted and al-Megrahi convicted. Privately, Gaddafi maintained that he knew nothing about who perpetrated the bombing and that Libya had nothing to do with it.
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strategic, although not political, alignment with the Soviet Union. In recognition of the growing commercial relationship between Libya and the Soviets, Gaddafi was invited to visit Moscow in December 1976; there, he entered talks with
1715:, which outlined how to initiate a coup. One of Gaddafi's Egyptian teachers, Mahmoud Efay, was reportedly sympathetic towards the youth's political ideas, and advised him that a successful revolution would need the support of the army.
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2629:, such as "Representation is Fraud", as slogans. Meanwhile, in September 1975, Gaddafi implemented further measures to increase popular mobilization, introducing objectives to improve the relationship between the Councils and the ASU.
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that supported the Shelhi family. On 1 September, Gaddafi's Free Officers occupied airports, police depots, radio stations, and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while
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1945:
and becoming commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Jalloud became Prime Minister, while a civilian Council of Ministers headed by Sulaiman Maghribi was founded to implement RCC policy. Libya's administrative capital was moved from
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On 15 July 2011, at a meeting in Istanbul, more than 30 governments, including the United States, withdrew recognition from Gaddafi's government and recognized the National Transitional Council (NTC) as the legitimate government of
4575:. They met in 1969, following his ascension to power, when he was hospitalized with appendicitis; he claimed that it was love at first sight. The couple remained married until his death. Together they had seven biological children:
3717:, Ethiopia. That same month, Gaddafi was elected as the chairperson of the African Union, a position he retained for one year. In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders for the historical enslavement of Africans by the
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barracks, a 6-square-kilometre (2.3 square miles) fortified compound located 3.2 kilometres (2 miles) from the centre of Tripoli. In the 1980s, his lifestyle was considered modest in comparison to those of many other Arab leaders.
3959:, government figures asserted that they were forging "people's socialism" rather than capitalism. Gaddafi welcomed these reforms, calling for wide-scale privatization in a March 2003 speech; he promised that Libya would join the
3341:, forming the Arab–African Union; such a union was considered surprising due to the political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two. In a sign of warming relations, Gaddafi promised to stop funding the
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Gaddafi's ideological worldview was molded by his environment, namely his Islamic faith, his Bedouin upbringing, and his disgust at the actions of Italian colonialists in Libya. As a schoolboy, Gaddafi adopted the ideologies of
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in heritage. His mother was named Aisha bin Niran (died 1978), and his father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985); the latter earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder.
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3514:. Several assassination attempts against Gaddafi were foiled, and in turn, 1989 saw the security forces raid mosques believed to be centres of counter-revolutionary preaching. In December 1993, former Libyan foreign minister
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against Israel without consulting him and was angered when Egypt conceded to peace talks rather than continuing the war. Gaddafi became openly hostile to Egypt's leader, calling for Sadat's overthrow. When Sudanese President
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created by Libya's growing urbanization. The health sector was also expanded; by 1978, Libya had 50 per cent more hospitals than it had in 1968, while the number of doctors had increased from 700 to over 3000 in that decade.
2336:
Palestinian groups. As the years progressed however, Gaddafi's relationship with Arafat became strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action. Instead, he supported militias like the
23809:
1813:. The Bovington signal course's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English, displaying a firm command of voice procedure. Noting that Gaddafi's favourite hobbies were reading and playing
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to Libya, where he was immediately killed. But relations deteriorated, particularly due to Morocco's friendship with the US and Israel; in August 1986, Hassan abolished the union. Angered by the snub, Gaddafi plotted with
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In 1982, the GUNT government was overthrown by Habré's forces and Oueddei fled to Libya, where Gaddafi provided him with arms to continue to guerrilla war against Habré. In November 1984, Gaddafi met with French President
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home. Publicly lambasting US imperialism, Gaddafi's reputation as an anti-imperialist was strengthened domestically and across the Arab world, and, in June 1986, he ordered the names of the month to be changed in Libya.
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4223:, Gaddafi continually changed residences to escape NATO and NTC shelling, devoting his days to prayer and reading the Qur'an. On 20 October, Gaddafi recorded a farewell audio message for his family, later publicized by
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3685:(AU), initiated in July 2002 to replace the OAU. At the opening ceremonies, he called for African states to reject conditional aid from the developed world, a direct contrast to the message of South African President
1998:
In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing
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4438:, and in 1973 declared that "it is the duty of every Muslim to combat" Marxism because it promotes atheism. In his view, ideologies like Marxism and Zionism were alien to the Islamic world and were a threat to the
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wearing traditional Libyan robes. He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character".
2542:. Operating in a pyramid structure, the base form of these Committees were local working groups, who sent elected representatives to the district level, and from there to the national level, divided between the
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described his speeches as being "an inexhaustible flow; didactic, at times incoherent; peppered with snatches of half-formed opinions; admonitions; confidences; some sound common sense, and as much prejudice".
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as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism. Gaddafi saw Islam as having a key role in this ideology, calling for an
13014:
4551:, part of a team investigating sexual offences during the civil war, stated that five of the guards told her they had been raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. After Gaddafi's death, the French journalist
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bulletproof tent, following his Bedouin traditions. Gaddafi was notably confrontational in his approach to foreign powers and generally shunned Western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies.
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Many Arab and African states opposed the UN sanctions, with Mandela criticizing them on a visit to Gaddafi in October 1997, when he praised Libya for its work in fighting apartheid and awarded Gaddafi the
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3369:. The Soviets were nevertheless cautious of Gaddafi, seeing him as an unpredictable extremist. In August 1981, the US staged military exercises in the Gulf of Sirte – an area which Libya claimed. The US
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in the 1960s, was rejected at the 2001 Assembly of Heads of States and Government (AHSG) summit in Lusaka by African leaders who thought it "unrealistic" and "utopian". In June 2005, Libya joined the
1893:'s Black Boots revolutionary group. Shalhi, who effectively served as Idris' chief of staff, and his brother Omar were the sons of Idris' former chief advisor Ibrahim Shalhi, who had been murdered by
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suits. He saw himself as a fashion icon, stating "Whatever I wear becomes a fad. I wear a certain shirt and suddenly everyone is wearing it." Following his ascension to power, Gaddafi moved into the
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In the aftermath of the 1986 US attack, the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements, and in 1988, Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police. In 1987,
8619:"Refworld | Libya: The role of Omar al-Meheshi in Colonel Qaddafi's revolution; his activities in the 1975 coup attempt and in developing opposition movements in Morocco and Egypt (1969 - present)"
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3732:. Abdullah responded that Gaddafi was a "liar" and an "agent of colonizers" and threatened Gaddafi that "your grave awaits you." Two weeks after the summit, Gaddafi allegedly plotted with the Emir
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13547:"Ratifica ed esecuzione del Trattato di amicizia, partenariato e cooperazione tra la Repubblica italiana e la Grande Giamahiria araba libica popolare socialista, fatto a Bengasi il 30 August 2008"
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and Mabrouka Sherif. Gaddafi also hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him; one described him as kind and considerate and was surprised that allegations of abuse had been made against him.
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when visiting Libya; the Lebanese accused Gaddafi of having him killed or imprisoned, a charge he denied. Relations with Pakistan broke down in this period. Despite Gaddafi's repeated appeals to
16621:
3689:. There was speculation that Gaddafi wanted to become the AU's first chair, raising concerns within Africa that this would damage the Union's international standing, particularly with the West.
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2696:. Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution akin to that being carried out in Libya. In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down
2504:, to expunge the country of "poisonous" foreign influences. He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya, Egypt, and France. As a process, it had many similarities with the
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planes which were on an intercept course. Closing down Libya's embassy in Washington, Reagan advised US companies operating in Libya to reduce Americans stationed there. In December 1981, the
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and Awad Ali Hamza, he began plotting a coup against Gaddafi. In 1975, their plot was exposed and Muhayshi fled to Tunisia, eventually receiving asylum from Sadat's Egypt. Hawaadi, Hamza, and
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tribes, the family were illiterate and did not keep any birth records. His birthday is not known with certainty and sources have set it in 1942 or the spring of 1943, although his biographers
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3564:, uniting Libya in an economic pact with Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria, viewing it as beginnings of a new pan-Arab union. Gaddafi was able to recover some influence in Chad after
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raped her, urinated on her, and forced her to watch pornography, drink alcohol, and snort cocaine. The alleged sexual abuse was said to have been facilitated by Gaddafi's Chief of Protocol
1423:
1232:
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4255:. Official NTC accounts claimed that Gaddafi was caught in a crossfire and died from bullet wounds. Other eye-witness accounts claimed that rebels had fatally shot Gaddafi in the stomach.
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for the first time on 23 September 2009, using it to condemn "Western aggression," and spoke for just over 90 minutes instead of the allotted 15. In the Spring of 2010, Gaddafi proclaimed
1727:, there attending Misrata Secondary School. Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism, he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city—including the
4385:". As Pan-Africanism increasingly became his focus in the early 21st century, Gaddafi became less interested in the Israel-Palestine issue, calling for the two communities to form a new
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gave Libya an official apology in 2006, after which Gaddafi called him the "iron man" for his courage in doing so. In August 2008, Gaddafi and Berlusconi signed a historic cooperation
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Meanwhile, Gaddafi continued to have testy relationships with most of his fellow Arab leaders. In the 2003 Arab League summit, Gaddafi was involved in a public verbal altercation with
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In the 1970s and 1980s, there were reports of his making sexual advances toward female reporters and members of his entourage. Starting in the 1980s, he travelled with his all-female
3920:, held in Venezuela in September 2009, he called for a military alliance across Africa and Latin America to rival NATO. That same month he traveled to New York City and addressed the
3760:. Amoudi was sentenced to 23 years in prison in the US and stripped of his American citizenship. Ismail was arrested by Saudi Arabia, pardoned by Abdullah in 2005, and later acquired
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12852:
10907:
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22378:
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4138:, who had long been persecuted as non-Arabic speakers under Gaddafi, the NTC armies surrounded Gaddafi loyalists in several key areas of western Libya. In August, the rebels seized
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and was tasked by Gaddafi with Hussein's assassination. Shennib instead informed Hussein of the plot and defected to Jordan. Relations with Syria also soured over the events in the
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stance, proclaiming that while men and women were equal, they were biologically designed for different roles in life. During the years that followed, Gaddafists adopted quotes from
1965:
The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris'
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it witnessed conflict between Italian and British forces. According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the
26273:
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3148:. Libyan fighters began intercepting US fighter jets flying over the Mediterranean, signalling the collapse of relations between the countries. Italian media have alleged that the
2854:, the move was deeply unpopular in Tunisia, and it was soon abandoned. Retaliating, Gaddafi sponsored anti-government militants in Tunisia into the 1980s. Turning his attention to
2226:, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria, and Sudan received large grants of Libyan oil money. In July 1971, Gaddafi sided with Sadat against the Soviet Union in the
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handgun. Of the few created, one of these models was in the possession of Gaddafi during the attack and later appropriated by rebels after his death. The engraving references the
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from Tanzanian invaders. The mission failed; 400 Libyans were killed, and Libya was forced to retreat. Gaddafi came to regret his alliance with Amin, openly criticizing him as a "
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Intent on propagating Islam, in 1973 Gaddafi founded the Islamic Call Society, which had opened 132 centres across Africa within a decade. In 1973 he converted Gabonese President
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were expanded. In doing so, the government helped to integrate the poorer strata of Libyan society into the education system. Through these measures, the RCC greatly expanded the
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Karniel, Yuval; Lavie-Dinur, Amit; Azran, Tal (2015). "Broadcast Coverage of Gaddafi's Final Hours in Images and Headlines: A Brutal Lynch or the Desired Death of a Terrorist?".
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3433:; the Libyan military retaliated, but failed as the US sank Libyan ships. Diplomatic relations also broke down with the UK, after Libyan diplomats were accused in the killing of
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were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, and Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. The RCC doubled the
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1601:. At the end of the Second World War in 1945, Libya was occupied by British and French forces. Britain and France considered dividing the nation between their empires, but the
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1557:, Italian western Libya. Gaddafi was the only son of his parents and the youngest of four siblings. His family came from a small, relatively uninfluential tribe called the
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remaining wholly state-owned and state interventionist policies and price controls remaining. The oil industry remained largely state-owned, with the wholly state-owned
3490:, to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism; the first year's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist
3221:
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bombing. In 2009, Gaddafi attempted to strong-arm global energy companies operating in Libya to cover Libya's settlement with the families of the victims of Lockerbie.
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left it increasingly isolated on the world stage. A particularly hostile relationship developed with Israel, the United States and the United Kingdom, resulting in the
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known as "Vengeance Day". Italy complained that this was in contravention of the 1956 Italo-Libyan Treaty, although no UN sanctions were forthcoming. Aiming to reduce
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2500:. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of the
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3518:, a leader of an anti-Gaddafi coalition in exile, was abducted in Cairo. His body was not found until 2012 in a morgue that belonged to Gaddafi's intelligence chief
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as conduits for raising political consciousness. Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils, Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of
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2468:" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected this characterization, instead considering them to be revolutionaries who were engaged in liberation struggles.
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significantly redistributed or in the process of redistribution. Private enterprise was virtually eliminated, largely replaced by a centrally controlled economy.
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against Switzerland after Swiss police accused two of his family members of criminal activity in the country, resulting in the breakdown of bilateral relations.
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Aided by NATO air cover, the rebel militia pushed westward, defeating loyalist armies and securing control of the centre of the country. Gaining the support of
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Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated. Over the coming years, the two slipped into a state of
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For purposes of this article, 20 October 2011—the date on which Gaddafi died—is considered to be the date he left office. Other dates might have been chosen:
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International reactions to Gaddafi's death were divided. Gaddafi was mourned as a hero by many across sub-Saharan Africa but was widely condemned elsewhere.
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political groups abroad that called themselves "anti-imperialist", especially those that set themselves in opposition to the United States. For many years,
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3021:, Gaddafi once exclaimed to Ceaușescu, "My brother! You are my brother for the rest of my life!" After Pacepa defected to the US in July 1978, Gaddafi and
2774:
of "national treason"; he was the only Arab leader to criticize Syria's actions. In late 1972 and early 1973, Libya invaded Chad to annex the uranium-rich
2210:
by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded
1973:
were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, many of whom were imprisoned, although none executed. Idris was sentenced to execution
1782:
With a group of loyal cadres, in 1964, Gaddafi established the Central Committee of the Free Officers Movement, a revolutionary group named after Nasser's
19619:
18623:
13134:
12188:
7185:
4450:'s theories. While acknowledging the Marxist influence on Gaddafi's thought, Bearman stated that the Libyan leader rejected Marxism's core tenet, that of
3269:
militia in neighbouring Chad, but FROLINAT became divided over its ties to Libya in 1976. In January 1978, the anti-Libya faction within FROLINAT, led by
23580:
23519:
13860:
1890:
1247:
12976:
4204:
had been killed by a NATO airstrike on 29 August. In the weeks that followed, Gaddafi continued to broadcast defiant audio messages through Syria-based
1821:
officers had racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around
25657:
23622:
23208:
23138:
20491:
20121:
19735:
16611:
13959:
2718:
for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation.
2429:
1330:
1318:
13692:
6785:
5359:
1969:
clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged.
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24811:
23766:
23060:
22366:
20196:
17041:
14175:
10387:
9268:
8693:
6823:
6283:
3365:
of the Soviet Union. Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets, revisiting Moscow in 1981 and 1985, and threatening to join the
2151:
greatly curtailed. Compulsory education was expanded from 6 to 9 years, while adult literacy programs and free university education were introduced.
14914:
14236:
13929:
26128:
24884:
23284:
23143:
20881:
20594:
20586:
20249:
20241:
18372:
16475:
12946:
3828:
against militant Islamism. His government continued suppressing domestic Islamism, at the same time as Gaddafi called for the wider application of
3592:
in Scotland, killing 243 passengers and 16 crew members, plus 11 people on the ground. British police investigations identified two Libyans –
3413:, who was Jewish, was urgently recalled due to threats against his life. Gaddafi denied the allegations. Gaddafi was accused of having ties to the
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2346:
2193:
1274:
17018:
13281:
10938:
5233:
4333:
as political inspirations. He regarded this system as a practical alternative to the then-dominant international models of Western capitalism and
3908:
After the US removed Libya from its list of state sponsors of terrorism in 2006, Gaddafi nevertheless continued his anti-Western rhetoric. At the
3728:, then the Crown Prince. Gaddafi accused Saudi Arabia of having made an "alliance with the devil" when it invited the US to intervene in the 1991
26153:
24962:
24957:
24952:
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23886:
23133:
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15805:
9792:
9235:
8756:
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5425:
4493:
enthusiast and enjoyed both playing the sport and horse riding as a means of recreation. He regarded himself as an intellectual; he was a fan of
4454:
as the main engine of social development. Instead of embracing the Marxist idea that a socialist society emerged from class struggle between the
4094:
4082:
4065:
In the conflict's early months it appeared that Gaddafi's government—with its greater fire-power—would be victorious. Both sides disregarded the
3701:(COMESA). In March 2008 in Uganda, Gaddafi gave a speech once again urging Africa to reject foreign aid. In August 2008, Gaddafi was proclaimed "
3487:
20065:
19700:
19679:
19556:
19370:
19195:
6951:
4102:, provided weaponry and military training to the NTC. NATO announced that it would enforce the no-fly zone. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed
26053:
24185:
22408:
10532:
3600: – as the chief suspects, and in November 1991 issued a declaration demanding that Libya hand them over. When Gaddafi refused, citing the
2448:. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes which he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the
16418:
15084:
9944:
5171:
2766:. Initially, both Libya and Syria had contributed troops to the Arab League's peacekeeping force, although after the Syrian army attacked the
26223:
26108:
25687:
25134:
23847:
11540:
6313:
3698:
2800:'s Pakistani government, with the two countries exchanging nuclear research and military assistance. In recognition of Gaddafi's support of
2338:
1649:
Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time, Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, especially the
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14992:
13452:
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noted that Gaddafi was famed for his "lengthy, wandering" speeches, which typically involved criticizing Israel and the US. The journalist
3293:(OAU) rejected this and called for a Libyan withdrawal, which came in November 1981. The civil war resumed, and Libya sent troops back in.
1326:
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1058:
811:
141:
105:
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18081:
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13096:
11693:
9984:
3195:'s life, Bhutto was executed in 1979. In retaliation and for Zia's refusal to share Pakistan's nuclear technology, Gaddafi began training
1864:
Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by
24867:
23198:
23034:
23029:
22987:
21797:
11259:
11124:
9340:
8208:
6801:
5256:"After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country's Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session"
1918:
and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance and wielded little violence against the monarchists.
20044:
17736:
Sacerdoti, Giorgio; Acconci, Pia (2011). "The Security Council's Asset Freeze against Gaddafi's Libya and its Implementation in Libya".
10508:
3981:, with Gaddafi condemning the WTO as a neocolonial terrorist organisation, and urging African and Third World countries not to join it.
3816:
In 1999, Libya began secret talks with the British government to normalize relations. In September 2001, Gaddafi publicly condemned the
3494:. From 1994 through to 1997, the government initiated cleansing committees to root out corruption, particularly in the economic sector.
1877:
with Israel; Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli due to its alliance with the Western powers. Anti-Western riots broke out in
25642:
25070:
23854:
23167:
23095:
22371:
19665:
19216:
16979:
16320:
16180:
15690:
11998:
8749:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–9, Part 1, Documents on North Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian"
4317:, Arab nationalism, and the Third World revolutionary theory that was in vogue at the time". In addition to Nasser, Gaddafi also cited
2684:; these forces were then persecuted as anti-revolutionary, while all privately owned Islamic colleges and universities were shut down.
1793:
In April 1966, he was assigned to the United Kingdom for further training; over nine months he underwent an English-language course at
1095:
853:
16516:
14198:
11157:
5296:
4358:. Gaddafi also had international ambitions, wanting to export his revolutionary ideas throughout the world. Gaddafi saw his socialist
3121:
in Cairo; Bakkhoush not only turned up alive but held a press conference with Egypt's Interior Minister. In 1979, Gaddafi created the
26243:
25637:
24806:
21837:
18535:
18339:
16215:
15234:
12877:
6428:
5337:
4741:
4704:
achievements in medical care, praising the universal free healthcare provided under the Gaddafist administration, with diseases like
3542:
3315:
3098:
18760:
17522:
13765:
13619:
12363:
12249:
10272:
8848:
2899:" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (
26058:
26018:
25767:
25697:
25662:
25011:
23174:
23017:
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20865:
16948:
13981:
10629:
8779:
8726:
4349:
rule, European colonialism and imperialism, and corrupt and repressive monarchies. Gaddafi's Arab nationalist views led him to the
3002:
19128:
18616:
11433:
3077:
plain, continuing through 1981. In May 1980, measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented; anyone with over 1000
1885:(CIA) was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's
1817:, he thought of him as an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious". Gaddafi disliked England, claiming
26118:
26048:
25627:
22974:
22899:
19342:
18946:
18795:
18413:
18367:
13307:
11224:
10332:
9695:
5369:
4698:
3458:
1003:
17102:
9793:"Ion Mihai Pacepa, Romanian spy and star defector who revealed the sordid reality of the Ceausescus and their regime – obituary"
2916:, a "state of the masses" conceptualized by Gaddafi. A new, all-green banner was adopted as the country's flag. Officially, the
26148:
25139:
23794:
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20602:
20484:
20277:
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18362:
16237:
15388:
9922:
9920:
4772:
2925:
1922:
1835:
1431:
1172:
1050:
395:
21873:
16679:
13890:
12908:
5259:
2665:. Thus, power was further concentrated in Gaddafi's hands. This ultimately led to the RCC's official abolition in March 1977.
2202:
Gaddafi (left) with Egyptian President Nasser in 1969. Nasser privately described Gaddafi as "a nice boy, but terribly naïve".
24922:
23759:
22103:
21751:
20189:
20079:
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18124:
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18002:
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17854:
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11051:
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9334:
9023:
7521:
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4782:
4505:
3498:
3414:
1732:
1508:(NTC). Gaddafi's government was overthrown; he retreated to Sirte only to be captured, tortured and killed by NTC militants.
1397:
1212:
1197:
25265:
19605:
19563:
19479:
18753:
17072:
16588:
15061:
14840:
9917:
8626:
3530:
2615:
Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as
25305:
23277:
22969:
22952:
22947:
22468:
22388:
22204:
21832:
20500:
20030:
13807:
13322:
12675:
8125:
6762:
2543:
2393:
2231:
1934:
1776:
1389:
1365:
1033:
745:
385:
20850:
19844:
19693:
19167:
13546:
10302:
10072:
9087:
8641:
5887:
3836:
in April 2002. However, relations with China became strained in May 2006 due to a visit to Tripoli by Taiwanese President
2218:
Nasser died unexpectedly in September 1970, with Gaddafi playing a prominent role at his funeral. Nasser was succeeded by
26248:
26073:
26013:
25677:
25622:
24989:
24083:
23039:
22999:
22934:
20858:
19728:
14136:
13160:
11286:
5473:
4004:
3781:
3469:
2874:. Seeking to diversify Libya's economy, Gaddafi's government began purchasing shares in major European corporations like
2708:. Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the
1501:
1474:
1159:
1141:
903:
25023:
19928:
19328:
19244:
19230:
18960:
18774:
18609:
14741:
14655:
12750:
9008:
7313:
7207:
5707:
1979:. Three months after Gaddafi came to power, the army minister and interior minister, both of whom were from the eastern
26088:
25617:
24122:
22438:
22353:
22184:
21988:
21802:
20737:
20372:
17921:
17390:
13583:
13242:
8240:
3977:
water and free electricity remained in place. Libya also changed its stance on the WTO after the removal of technocrat
3917:
3430:
3141:
2354:
2126:
2082:, who had played a key role in the discovery of oil in Libya. Among the companies that were partially nationalized was
1426:, and implement social programs emphasizing housebuilding, healthcare and education projects. In 1973, he initiated a "
1135:
759:
19777:
19749:
19258:
19174:
19153:
19114:
19107:
15164:
12292:
12068:
11309:
10975:
2700:, which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi's foreign minister
2260:
Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated, and the 12,000-strong
1605:
of the United Nations (UN) decided that the country was to be granted political independence, and in 1951 created the
26258:
26218:
26123:
25759:
25682:
23953:
23218:
22288:
22277:
21862:
20477:
18830:
15191:
12259:
12039:
11073:
11009:
9775:
9293:
7153:
4988:
Due to the lack of standardization of transcribing written and regionally pronounced Arabic, Gaddafi's name has been
4916:
4872:
4536:
4531:
3936:
3670:
3640:
3581:
2739:
2409:
19949:
19058:
18746:
12814:
12211:
12141:
12029:
11571:
9507:
9191:
5098:
proclaimed the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council to be "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state".
3612:
was blown up over the Ténéré desert in Niger, killing all 170 people on board (156 passengers and 14 crew members).
2452:. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the
26253:
26158:
26103:
26083:
26078:
25547:
25539:
25203:
24999:
24879:
23837:
23752:
23228:
23223:
23213:
23203:
22599:
22318:
22298:
22293:
22169:
22164:
20885:
20182:
19851:
19100:
18423:
18395:
18299:
13830:
12751:"Muammar Gaddafi Apologized for the Cruel Treatment of Africans During the Arab Slave Trade | The African Exponent"
8507:
5915:
5091:, Gaddafi lost effective political and military control of Tripoli after his compound was captured by rebel forces.
4475:
2986:
socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of
2755:
2617:
2604:; in doing so, he angered many Libyan clerics. During 1973 and 1974, his government deepened the legal reliance on
2566:
2314:
2206:
The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly
1810:
1493:, protests against widespread corruption and unemployment broke out in eastern Libya. The situation descended into
1486:
1440:
1310:
1082:
966:
440:
19577:
19335:
19030:
18981:
18925:
18851:
18802:
18725:
18697:
14771:
11461:
9143:
7957:
7758:
6346:
3444:, living in Libya as a fugitive from US justice, to plot the murder of an anti-Gaddafi Libyan graduate student at
26233:
26163:
26143:
26043:
26038:
24051:
23270:
23233:
23044:
22418:
22283:
22209:
22189:
22139:
21942:
20205:
20114:
20051:
19830:
19612:
18039:
Zoubir, Yahia H. (2009). "Libya and Europe: Economic Realism at the Rescue of the Qaddafi Authoritarian Regime".
13587:
9546:
8156:
5102:
4802:
4078:
3921:
3753:
3677:, calling for greater political and economic integration across the continent and advocating the foundation of a
3465:
2697:
1798:
1602:
1511:
A highly divisive figure, Gaddafi dominated Libya's politics for four decades and was the subject of a pervasive
1260:
1217:
25285:
20093:
20086:
20037:
19963:
19879:
19816:
19742:
19626:
19584:
19514:
19486:
19398:
19356:
19349:
19293:
19286:
19251:
19202:
19160:
19093:
19023:
19009:
18988:
18974:
18918:
18858:
18816:
18781:
18767:
18718:
18711:
18704:
17864:
St. John, Ronald Bruce (2008). "Redefining the Libyan Revolution: The Changing Ideology of Muammar al-Qaddafi".
10670:
10606:
10548:
4247:
pick-up truck, he fell off as it drove away. His semi-naked body was then placed into an ambulance and taken to
2827:
accusing her of aggression against Pakistan. Gaddafi's strong relationship with Pakistan ended after Bhutto was
2649:
were arrested. Most of the other conspirators were executed in March 1976. Another RCC member, foreign minister
2227:
25707:
25469:
25063:
24105:
24034:
23733:
23262:
23009:
23004:
22959:
20107:
20100:
19942:
19935:
19791:
19707:
19377:
19237:
13126:
12180:
11389:
9873:
9431:
8902:
7768:
7169:
2673:
for young people. In January 1977, two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged;
2441:
2381:
1886:
1783:
1427:
1369:
1019:
20023:
19770:
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19535:
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19314:
19279:
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18953:
18904:
18897:
11505:
11333:
10208:
9371:
7837:
5685:
5683:
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2369:
of Israeli athletes in West Germany and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral.
1438:, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year in
26173:
24932:
24718:
23943:
22964:
22769:
22574:
22433:
22323:
22224:
22123:
22013:
21842:
21771:
21157:
19907:
19686:
19265:
19181:
18332:
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5003:
4051:
3964:
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3511:
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3290:
3010:
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2512:
2017:
per Gaddafi's insistence. In February 1973, Gaddafi resigned again, once more returning the following month.
1505:
1040:
25275:
25255:
25235:
20009:
19988:
19837:
19458:
19444:
18872:
18865:
18837:
13951:
11641:
10710:
10529:
8176:
3673:. In June 1999, Gaddafi visited Mandela in South Africa, and the following month attended the OAU summit in
2878:
as well as buying real estate in Malta and Italy, which would become a valuable source of income during the
1846:
1385:
25652:
25612:
25602:
25151:
24896:
24821:
24785:
24581:
24501:
23444:
22664:
22529:
21827:
21812:
21248:
20358:
19809:
19209:
19121:
19065:
18683:
18377:
10164:
10048:
9001:"في كتابه الجديد.. محمد عبد الهادى علام يكشف بالوثائق تفاصيل جديدة ومثيرة حول اغتيال بويصير والكيخيا (1-2)"
8049:
7289:
5680:
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4090:
3789:
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2501:
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2417:
2362:
2265:
2223:
2106:
1207:
1187:
1026:
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19451:
14167:
13187:
10371:
9258:
8680:
7861:
6827:
6396:
6267:
4014:
3089:
The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. Most internal opposition came from
1995:
was foiled in August and Ahmed was sentenced to death (commuted in 1988 and pardoned by Gaddafi in 2001).
1585:
From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonial powers in Libya; his nation was
1400:
and ejected its Western military bases. He strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments—particularly
26068:
25777:
25607:
25597:
24775:
24174:
23859:
23184:
22253:
22154:
21957:
21491:
19921:
19658:
19500:
19384:
18932:
18739:
18732:
18655:
18200:
14450:
14228:
13921:
13684:
9051:
6866:
6121:
6085:
5779:
5466:"The Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi and Abdullah al-Senussi"
3912:, held in Syria, he warned fellow Arab leaders that they could be overthrown and executed by the US like
3765:
3757:
3639:. They would only be suspended in 1998 when Libya agreed to allow the extradition of the suspects to the
3550:
3137:
2836:
2176:
1882:
1668:
1462:
825:
563:
16471:
14108:
11188:
8093:
26238:
26198:
26193:
26183:
26168:
26113:
26033:
25920:
25748:
25741:
25672:
25351:
25113:
24912:
23958:
22939:
22544:
21766:
20991:
20708:
20002:
19970:
19956:
19858:
19823:
19763:
19721:
19542:
19521:
19472:
19423:
19416:
19321:
19307:
19044:
19037:
18995:
18939:
18911:
18823:
18788:
18401:
18382:
18141:
13273:
10930:
7993:
7678:
7654:
5225:
4511:
4304:
4272:
4155:
4038:
system there. Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government implemented preventive measures by reducing
3969:
3845:
3733:
2767:
2572:
2562:
1897:'s nephew in the fall of 1954. After their father's assassination, they became the favorites of Idris.
1720:
1342:
1306:
991:
981:
539:
206:
22929:
17539:
9227:
8748:
7238:
6487:
5433:
4045:
Accusing the rebels of being "drugged" and linked to al-Qaeda, Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a
3136:, and paying for the services of former CIA officers, but in 1979 the US placed Libya on its list of "
1775:
before dropping out to join the military. Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the
1477:
and United Nations–imposed economic sanctions. From 1999, Gaddafi shunned pan-Arabism, and encouraged
26138:
26063:
26028:
25901:
25702:
25592:
25489:
25178:
25156:
25056:
24790:
24541:
24496:
23938:
23876:
22912:
22886:
22448:
22199:
22096:
21822:
21787:
20578:
20233:
20072:
19914:
19900:
19872:
19865:
19756:
19714:
19672:
19651:
19598:
19570:
19430:
19391:
19300:
19188:
19079:
17460:
Haynes, Jeff (1990). "Libyan Involvement in West Africa: Qadhaffi's 'Revolutionary' Foreign Policy".
8359:
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remained Gaddafist strongholds. Gaddafi was reportedly planning to catch up with his Sebha commander
4093:(ICC) investigation into the killing of unarmed civilians. In March, the Security Council declared a
3445:
3113:. At least eleven more were assassinated in 1981. In 1984, Gaddafi was tricked by Egyptian President
2809:
2397:
2261:
1937:(RCC), the government of the new republic. Lieutenant Gaddafi became RCC chairman, and therefore the
1881:
and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the US
1728:
1664:
18012:
Vandewalle, Dirk (2008b). "Libya's Revolution in Perspective 1969–2000". In Vandewalle, Dirk (ed.).
11809:
10734:
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5644:
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law. Libya also cemented connections with China and North Korea, being visited by Chinese President
2317:, viewing the 1948 creation of the State of Israel as a Western colonial occupation forced upon the
26133:
25998:
25210:
24917:
24891:
24723:
24591:
24516:
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24260:
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23908:
23644:
22924:
22689:
22514:
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22149:
21978:
21727:
21632:
21556:
21396:
20703:
20693:
20643:
20348:
19886:
19507:
19223:
19086:
19002:
18879:
18325:
16410:
5508:
5333:
5088:
4947:
4588:
4567:(born 1970), their relationship was strained, and they divorced in 1970. Gaddafi's second wife was
4252:
4165:
4143:
4110:
In June, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam, and his brother-in-law
3973:
3960:
3725:
3580:
operations in Chad. Meanwhile, Libya stepped up its support for anti-Western militants such as the
3525:
In October 1993, elements of the increasingly marginalized army, led by officers from the powerful
3515:
3282:
2790:
2575:. This approach regarded both the US and the Soviet Union as imperialist and thus rejected Western
2523:
1984:
1970:
1422:. He nationalized the oil industry and used the increasing state revenues to bolster the military,
986:
893:
420:
292:
201:
12417:
6548:
6305:
1756:
26093:
25863:
25782:
25567:
24360:
24088:
23918:
23775:
23347:
22856:
22779:
22659:
22549:
22428:
22393:
22343:
22036:
22008:
22003:
21993:
21847:
21807:
21436:
21382:
21241:
21172:
21091:
21061:
20688:
20683:
20678:
20563:
20328:
20016:
19995:
19893:
19363:
19051:
18207:
13436:
12437:
11845:
11485:
8963:
8961:
8938:
5641:
4767:
4547:, who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy. After Gaddafi's death, the Libyan psychologist
4086:
4027:
3998:
3909:
3796:
3749:
3678:
3217:
3161:
3118:
2993:
2952:
system still "introduced a level of representation and participation hitherto unknown in Libya".
2693:
2519:
2235:
1992:
1787:
1606:
1494:
1458:
1153:
1123:
1076:
888:
871:
191:
186:
181:
71:
17:
15224:
14993:"Gaddafi's Emotional Farewell Message to His Family Before He was Killed | The African Exponent"
7081:
4624:
was a brigadier general and described as the second most powerful person in Libya in the 1980s.
4192:. Instead, Gaddafi retreated to his hometown of Sirte, where he convened a meeting with his son
3309:. Libya suffered a humiliating defeat as it was completely expelled from Chad and its commander
2029:
Gaddafi at an Arab summit in Libya in 1969, shortly after the September Revolution that toppled
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24611:
24586:
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24110:
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20931:
20663:
20308:
19072:
18676:
18669:
18562:
18090:
17481:
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (1984). "Charisma, Revolution, and State Formation: Qaddafi and Libya".
9263:
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4935:
4411:
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3090:
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1739:—claiming that he rejected factionalism. He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the
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1590:
1314:
1129:
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898:
876:
569:
529:
55:
24153:
11413:
11260:"Morocco-Libya: Gaddafi Plotted to Assassinate Hassan II, CIA Reveals – The North Africa Post"
11114:
9324:
8958:
7817:
4215:
Surrounding himself with bodyguards and a small entourage, including Mutassim, security chief
3298:
2862:, a defensive alliance allegedly to counter alleged "Moroccan expansionism", also funding the
1723:. To punish Gaddafi, the authorities expelled him and his family from Sabha. Gaddafi moved to
25848:
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25434:
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22846:
22634:
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22058:
21722:
21006:
20971:
20338:
18601:
18449:
17805:
15024:"Listen to Gaddafi's last audio recording addressed to his family hours before he was killed"
10500:
9897:
6306:"Qaddafi – The Man and His Rise to Power – Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training"
6240:
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5010:
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3986:
3616:
3597:
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2118:
2010:
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658:
17783:
17438:
17179:
15682:
10012:
7897:
6145:
4662:
political purpose, with Gaddafi helping to provide a central identity for the Libyan state.
3897:; under its terms, Italy would pay $ 5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former
3302:
2786:
26008:
26003:
25883:
25853:
25813:
25808:
25712:
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21197:
21167:
21132:
21086:
21021:
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20916:
20880:
20633:
20558:
20288:
19784:
18809:
18690:
18502:
18479:
17708:
16524:
16207:
11147:
7598:
7549:
6222:
6220:
5559:
5557:
5555:
4762:
4621:
4596:
4499:
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4334:
4280:
who believe that all nations of the world are brothers under the aegis of the rule of God.
4103:
4099:
3849:
3817:
3800:
3761:
3334:
3242:
2642:
2401:
2087:
1814:
1676:
1322:
1182:
798:
679:
79:
17506:
13757:
12722:
10188:
5759:
4208:. On 10 September, General Massoud Abdel Hafiz announced the formation of the Republic of
3768:. After the failure of the assassination plot, Gaddafi continued to discuss instigating a
3014:
2653:, also fled to Egypt. In the aftermath, only five RCC members remained: Gaddafi, Jalloud,
2571:
In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution:
2481:
2309:
Gaddafi was especially critical of the US due to its support of Israel and sided with the
2215:
political unification of the three nations. In 1970 Syria declared its intention to join.
8:
26188:
25873:
25230:
25163:
24967:
24713:
24576:
24511:
24506:
24431:
24410:
24405:
24245:
24200:
23923:
23832:
23611:
22861:
22794:
22749:
22639:
22219:
22194:
22159:
21947:
21921:
21642:
21285:
20813:
20673:
20538:
20382:
20323:
18253:
17684:. Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies. pp. 578–603.
16684:
16649:
15139:"Confirmed Gaddafi dead: New York Yankees baseball fan 'captured' tyrant – Mirror Online"
13550:
11369:
8840:
8688:
8295:
6572:
6181:
5974:
5062:
4999:
4653:
4609:
4355:
4220:
4031:
3902:
3624:
3601:
3192:
3188:
3145:
2832:
2828:
2797:
2654:
2622:
2580:
2505:
2373:
2222:, who suggested that rather than creating a unified state, the Arab states should create
2160:
1768:
1512:
740:
356:
249:
176:
67:
21207:
17712:
13467:
10636:
9838:
8718:
8073:
7618:
6217:
5552:
5488:
4393:". This would have led the Jewish population to become a minority within the new state.
3824:, expressing sympathy with the victims and calling for Libyan involvement in the US-led
3418:
3009:, with whom he had a much warmer relationship. He also enjoyed a warm relationship with
2488:
On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a "Popular Revolution" in a speech at
25878:
25858:
25818:
25734:
25717:
25692:
25499:
25310:
25300:
25280:
25250:
25225:
24683:
24632:
24551:
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24310:
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24220:
24210:
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23933:
23718:
23022:
22917:
22841:
22784:
22273:
21973:
21952:
21677:
21627:
21602:
21592:
21577:
21531:
21516:
21152:
20946:
20906:
20760:
20653:
20548:
20518:
20400:
20388:
20343:
20333:
18431:
18309:
18217:
18129:
18118:
18094:
18056:
17964:
17950:
17881:
17833:
17825:
17724:
17606:
17562:
17502:
17439:
17425:
17417:
17350:
17329:
17321:
17317:
15393:
11021:
8471:
6667:
4792:
4777:
4386:
4377:
rallied against Jews in many of his speeches, with Blundy and Lycett claiming that his
4309:
3636:
3565:
3561:
3507:
3270:
3251:
3094:
3055:
2763:
2743:
2437:
2156:
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2038:
2034:
1736:
1684:
1655:
1642:
1631:
1401:
1117:
475:
432:
297:
75:
61:
25494:
25019:
21081:
20610:
20265:
20161:
13303:
11941:
10931:"Food Scarce, Shops Shuttered : Libya Today Far Cry From Kadafi's Utopian Vision"
10798:
9471:
7117:
5532:
4114:, head of state security, for charges concerning crimes against humanity. That month,
3752:). The assassination conspiracy was foiled by Saudi intelligence with the help of the
2796:
A strong relationship was also established between Gaddafi's Libya and Prime Minister
2109:. The agreement never materialized into a federal union between the three Arab states.
1679:(UAR) between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the
25838:
25529:
25464:
25379:
25359:
24780:
24728:
24476:
24395:
24345:
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21127:
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20771:
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20533:
20528:
20440:
20418:
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18060:
18025:
17998:
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17791:
17784:
17765:
17728:
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17647:
17628:
17618:
17610:
17566:
17512:
17446:
17429:
17386:
17367:
17333:
17290:
17268:
17224:
17219:
17202:
17187:
17157:
17138:
17042:"GNC Officially Renames Libya the 'State of Libya' – Until the New Constitution"
16689:
16654:
14883:
14711:
13444:
12916:
12789:
12516:
12255:
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12149:
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11973:
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11043:
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6275:
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4612:
is Libya's former Special Envoy to Egypt and a leading figure of the Gaddafi regime.
4407:
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4314:
4235:
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3585:
3409:
were considered potential targets and given special security. US ambassador to Italy
3394:
3382:
3333:
Proposing political unity with Morocco, in August 1984, Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch
3285:(FAP). In December 1980, Gaddafi reinvaded Chad at the request of the FAP-controlled
3169:
3149:
2759:
2710:
2433:
2152:
1975:
1894:
1740:
1598:
1466:
1419:
1409:
1222:
196:
21441:
21426:
18632:
18108:
17985:
Vandewalle, Dirk (2008a). "Libya in the New Millennium". In Vandewalle, Dirk (ed.).
17304:
Davis, J. (1982). "Qaddafi's Theory and Practice of Non-Representative Government".
17180:
15754:
15446:
13156:
13007:"Gaddafi, extremist preacher discuss overthrowing Saudi, Kuwaiti governments: Audio"
9735:
9409:"Colonel Gaddafi pressurises General Zia-ul-Haq to supply Libya with nuclear weapon"
7458:
5621:
4744:. Led by Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, the Popular Front was allowed to participate in the
4563:
Gaddafi married his first wife, Fatiha al-Nuri, in 1969. Although they had one son,
4480:
3289:
to aid in the civil war; in January 1981, Gaddafi suggested a political merger. The
2931:
2372:
Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the
1953:
1921:
Once Gaddafi removed the monarchical government, he announced the foundation of the
25970:
25946:
25772:
25479:
25444:
25414:
25409:
25384:
25193:
25079:
24755:
24703:
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20213:
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18662:
18467:
18461:
18455:
18443:
18099:
18048:
18017:
17990:
17942:
17931:
Tandon, Yash (2011). "Whose Dictator Is Qaddafi? The Empire and Its Neo-Colonies".
17873:
17817:
17745:
17716:
17598:
17554:
17490:
17469:
17409:
17313:
17249:
17214:
17011:"On the First Anniversary of Qaddafi's death – Is Libya Better off a Year On?"
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3615:
In 1996, Gaddafi wrote a letter to the newly elected Prime Minister of Bangladesh,
3557:. The Revolutionary Committees experienced a resurgence to combat these Islamists.
3519:
3381:
claimed Gaddafi had dispatched a hit squad to assassinate Reagan, allegedly led by
3278:
3204:
3176:
members on a Libyan politician, perhaps even Gaddafi, flying in the same airspace.
3165:
3157:
3018:
2921:
2817:
2670:
2516:
2425:
2046:
2033:. Gaddafi sits in military uniform in the middle, surrounded by Egyptian President
1988:
1915:
1688:
1594:
1521:
1516:
1435:
1334:
1008:
971:
785:
674:
668:
663:
653:
221:
21031:
17720:
14199:"Ten Reasons Libya Under Gaddafi Was a Great Place to Live | The African Exponent"
12394:
11035:
3955:; although rejecting the socialist policies of nationalized industry advocated in
3274:
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25787:
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25572:
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25429:
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25394:
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21041:
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20794:
20713:
20433:
20353:
19135:
18574:
18568:
18515:
17994:
17699:
Ramutsindela, Maano (2009). "Gaddafi, Continentalism and Sovereignty in Africa".
17622:
17341:
El-Khawas, Mohamed (1984). "The New Society in Qaddafi's Libya: Can It Endure?".
16584:
15229:
15196:
15053:
14832:
13799:
13366:
13157:"Mana'a and al-Ahmar received money from Gaddafi to shake security of KSA, Yemen"
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in Sebha, where Gaddafi would be president for life. Sebha fell on 22 September.
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2705:
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1911:
1910:
occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries.
1748:
1696:
1482:
1448:
1202:
211:
23292:
21466:
18021:
16867:
15882:
14915:"Libya, Gaddafi's latest message: "Tonight I will die a martyr, be proud of me""
14422:
12667:
7062:
6754:
4034:. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a
2835:
in 1977 as Zia distrusted Gaddafi and rejected further Libyan financing for the
25828:
25667:
25562:
25557:
25524:
25514:
25504:
25474:
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25093:
24708:
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24441:
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18157:
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4489:
interpretation of Islam was "deeply personal and idiosyncratic." He was also a
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4296:
4259:
4239:
4201:
3913:
3878:
3870:
3837:
3666:
3609:
3546:
3491:
3437:, a British policewoman stationed outside their London embassy, in April 1984.
3421:
3406:
3390:
3327:
3323:
3310:
3212:
3207:, expelled all 150,000 Pakistanis living in Libya, and provided asylum for the
3200:
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2730:
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2633:
2461:
2269:
2243:
2180:
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2030:
2006:
1933:
The 12-member central committee of the Free Officers proclaimed themselves the
1889:, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were instead monitoring
1878:
1802:
1610:
1478:
1470:
1393:
1381:
1227:
1111:
866:
706:
685:
463:
312:
31:
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21182:
18135:
18075:
18052:
17877:
17821:
17749:
17494:
17473:
17413:
17254:
17237:
14275:
14080:
13037:"Muammar Gaddafi accuses Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah of lying at Arab summit"
7638:
6467:
6006:
3940:
3656:
3646:
3569:
2967:
law; he proclaimed "man-made" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting
1388:. After taking power, Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed by his
25992:
25934:
25833:
25459:
25439:
25374:
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25240:
24760:
24673:
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24001:
23728:
23675:
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18520:
18437:
17946:
17602:
17400:
Hajjar, Sami G. (1982). "The Marxist Origins of Qadhafi's Economic Thought".
17228:
17203:"Strategic Moral Diplomacy: Mandela, Qaddafi, and the Lockerbie Negotiations"
17175:
16693:
16658:
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4018:
An anti-Gaddafist placard being displayed by demonstrators in Ireland in 2011
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17265:
Gaddafi's Harem: The Story of a Young Woman and the Abuses of Power in Libya
15287:
9621:
8383:
6711:
5605:
3740:
to assassinate Abdullah. The plot was overseen by Libyan intelligence chief
2579:
as well as Marxist–Leninist atheism. In this respect, it was similar to the
2511:
As part of this Popular Revolution, Gaddafi invited Libya's people to found
1465:, support for foreign militants, and alleged responsibility for bombings of
25982:
25958:
25868:
25509:
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18591:
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17779:
17757:
17171:
16776:
16380:"Book Review: Gaddafi's Harem, By Annick Cojean, Trans. Marjolijn de Jager"
11749:
11677:
10541:
9652:
9127:
8343:
7402:
7400:
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5397:
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4613:
4604:
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4463:
4435:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4216:
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4123:
recognized the NTC as "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state".
3777:
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3374:
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3184:
3133:
3129:
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2310:
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including an interview with Gaddafi about his support for foreign militants
2254:
2168:
2148:
2122:
2093:
1957:
The flag of republican Libya used by Gaddafi's government from 1969 to 1972
1947:
1818:
1794:
1744:
1623:
1574:
1554:
1361:
711:
23744:
21362:
20174:
16495:
16493:
14498:
14379:
11765:
10244:
8570:
8491:
3025:
contributed $ 1 million each to Ceaușescu's $ 4 million bounty on Pacepa.
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25341:
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21496:
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21192:
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21117:
21051:
21016:
18579:
16743:
15478:
14557:
14523:"Gaddafi's Youngest Son Killed in NATO Airstrike; Russia Condemns Attack"
14052:
13394:
12706:
12591:
12481:
12089:
11901:
11829:
11793:
10582:
Tirmizie, Brigadier General I.A. "The Profile of Intelligence: Libyans".
5095:
4459:
4455:
4373:
4350:
4322:
4120:
4066:
4039:
4023:
3833:
3714:
3686:
3502:
3448:
named Faisal Zagallai. Zagallai was shot in the head in October 1980, in
3402:
3398:
3385:, who had been living in Libya under Gaddafi's protection after the 1975
3378:
3366:
3196:
2804:
and financial support for the "Islamic bomb," Lahore Stadium was renamed
2701:
2588:
2497:
2493:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2282:
2219:
2135:
2098:
2066:
Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of
2014:
1874:
1806:
1752:
1692:
1672:
1490:
1405:
588:
17680:
Ronen, Yehudit (1986). "Libya". In Shaked, Haim; Dishon, Daniel (eds.).
17325:
15419:
Qaddafi, M., Jouve, E., & Parfitt, A. (2005). My Vision. John Blake.
12551:
9455:
8017:
7789:
7397:
7101:
4345:
the world stage, blaming Arab backwardness on stagnation resulting from
3480:
1914:
took over the Tripoli radio station and was sent to arrest crown prince
25419:
25336:
25331:
25260:
24280:
22992:
22739:
22524:
21672:
21582:
21212:
20976:
20961:
20766:
18103:
17354:
16490:
16064:
15706:
15610:
15494:
15364:
11287:"1987, when Muammar Gaddafi was planning to assassinate King Hassan II"
11172:
10758:
10694:
10584:
Brigadier General I.A. Tirmiz, Former Officer of Joint Technical Bureau
8033:
6338:
5839:
4674:
4636:
13th Anniversary of 1 September Revolution on postage stamp, Libya 1982
4402:
4341:, in which he sought to "explain the structure of the ideal society".
4169:
3853:
3710:
3538:
3386:
3306:
3180:
2979:
because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening
2782:
2738:
took Sadat's side, Gaddafi also spoke out against him, encouraging the
2584:
2576:
2318:
2117:
as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was prohibited, night clubs and
1869:
1822:
1704:
1660:
1613:, who banned political parties and centralized power in his own hands.
1453:
1147:
881:
732:
21880:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
17829:
17421:
16924:
10032:
8315:
6627:
6165:
5958:
5664:
5589:
3744:, Mohammed Ismail (a colonel in Gaddafi's military intelligence), and
3660:
Gaddafi wearing an insignia showing the image of the African continent
2637:
building was bombed. Much of the opposition centred around RCC member
2612:
as punishment for those convicted of adultery or homosexual activity.
2198:
25103:
24688:
24526:
24330:
23895:
21662:
21657:
21501:
21325:
21320:
21315:
21071:
20141:
17808:(1983). "The Ideology of Muammar al-Qadhdhafi: Theory and Practice".
15269:"Report: Libyan Militias Executed Dozens, Possibly Including Gadhafi"
13715:"Gaddafi Proposed the Creation of a South Atlantic Military Alliance"
13655:"Qaddafi Warns Chuckling Arab Leaders in 2008 That Their End Is Near"
12242:
12140:
Noble, Kenneth B.; Times, Special To the New York (6 December 1990).
10900:"Qaddafi aide Khalifa Hunaysh dies from cancer in hospital in Munich"
6451:
6361:
5046:
4989:
4646:
4443:
4300:
4230:
4181:
4131:
3852:. Relations with the US improved as a result. British Prime Minister
3651:
3589:
3554:
3351:
2960:
2846:; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union, the
2704:
was on board and allegedly targeted by Israel in retaliation for the
2597:
2465:
2405:
2385:
2358:
2079:
2054:
1902:
1809:, Kent. Despite later rumours to the contrary, he did not attend the
1708:
1558:
1529:
1377:
1368:. Within the military, he founded a revolutionary group known as the
1338:
976:
15249:
15119:
15107:
14855:
14683:
14681:
14582:"Amnesty Questions Claim That Gaddafi Ordered Rape as Weapon of War"
14438:
13499:
8399:
6786:"Gaddafi-Opfer Al-Senussi: "Gott entscheidet, was mit dir passiert""
6069:
4337:. He laid out the principles of this Theory in the three volumes of
2955:
With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the
2911:
al-Jamāhīrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha‘bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah
25843:
25552:
25048:
22831:
22248:
22053:
21416:
20966:
16888:
14291:
5141:
4982:
4973:
4666:
4224:
4205:
3894:
3882:
3841:
3821:
3729:
3526:
3266:
3225:
3153:
2539:
2302:
2286:
2239:
2211:
2144:
1772:
1637:
1360:
Arab family, Gaddafi became an Arab nationalist while at school in
18317:
15534:
10825:
Miller, Judith; Times, Special To the New York (14 January 1986).
5393:"Rebel Discovers Qaddafi Passport, Real Spelling of Leader's Name"
3905:
coming from its shores and boost investment in Italian companies.
3606:
two Libyan warplanes were shot down by the US off the Libyan coast
3117:
into announcing the assassination of former Libyan Prime Minister
2885:
22463:
22423:
22379:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
21998:
21233:
18540:
15299:
14937:
14678:
14486:
13861:"Gaddafi relations haunt Sarkozy in 2007 campaign financing case"
12878:"'UAE ruler's friend' ran Libyan plot to kill Saudi crown prince"
12845:"Qatar plotted to assassinate King Abdullah: Saudi Media Advisor"
6824:"Arm us to save us: Libyan ex-prisoner appeals - Univision Wires"
5054:
4758:
Alleged Libyan financing in the 2007 French presidential election
4709:
4705:
4420:
by somebody else, nor subject to plunder by any part of society.
4390:
4248:
4127:
4070:
3674:
3623:, pleading with her to spare the lives of her father's assassins
3534:
3330:'s Burkina Faso, had warm relations with Libya during the 1980s.
3235:
3229:
3211:. Relations with Syria improved, as Gaddafi and Syrian President
3125:, through which several thousand Africans were military trained.
3110:
2871:
2855:
2843:
2535:
2489:
2333:
2140:
1966:
1942:
1786:. Led by Gaddafi, they met secretively and were organized into a
1724:
1700:
1609:, a federal state under the leadership of a pro-Western monarch,
1570:
1357:
843:
17073:"Hijacking Ends Peacefully After Libyan Airliner Lands in Malta"
15626:
13800:"French police hold ex-president Sarkozy over 'Gaddafi funding'"
12977:"Libya's Gaddafi sought to replace Saudi Arabia's ruling family"
12947:"Former Qatari Emir conspired with Qaddafi against Saudi Arabia"
12210:
Riding, Alan; Times, Special To the New York (3 December 1990).
9326:
Cold War Jet Combat: Air-to-Air Jet Fighter Operations 1950–1972
8926:
8875:
6617:
6615:
5297:"How are you supposed to spell Muammar Gaddafi/Khadafy/Qadhafi?"
4009:
3073:
In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the
2553:
2471:
2281:
government developed stronger political and economic links with
2045:
The RCC's early economic policy has been characterized as being
23978:
22458:
22268:
21376:
21335:
14704:"Hunted: A first-hand account of Gaddafi's desperate last days"
13891:"Gaddafi funded 'mentally deficient' Sarkozy, interview claims"
11036:"Mitterrand meets Qaddafi even as some say Libya still in Chad"
7267:
7265:
6429:"Qaddafi collaborator Khuwaildi Al-Hamidi dies of heart attack"
4571:, née el-Brasai, a former nurse from the Obeidat tribe born in
4209:
4139:
4069:, committing human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests,
4046:
3890:
3183:
communities deteriorated due to the 1978 disappearance of Imam
3106:
3102:
3074:
2897:
Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People
2751:
2721:
2680:
2601:
2476:
2343:
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command
2001:
1743:
of 1789, as well as the works of the Syrian political theorist
1627:
1414:
26269:
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class
25965:
22081:
18631:
17989:. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 215–237.
16821:
16819:
16766:
16764:
16762:
16136:
16134:
16132:
16085:
16083:
14400:
14398:
14355:
11929:
10303:""No One Is Safe": Hunting the Libyan Hit Squads of the 1980s"
9587:
9585:
8268:
7588:
7586:
7584:
2729:
Gaddafi was later infuriated when Egypt and Syria planned the
1616:
30:"Gaddafi" redirects here. For other people with the name, see
25647:
13435:
Lichtblau, Eric; Rohde, David; Risen, James (24 March 2011).
12364:"Gaddafi And The Killers Of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman – Analysis"
8780:"Cancer kills top Qaddafi aide ten days before trial verdict"
6612:
6384:
Fathali, `Umar Ibrahim, `Umar Ibrahim; Palmer, Monte (1980).
5226:"Arab League Gives Its Full Backing to Libya's Rebel Council"
5017:
and the passport of Gaddafi's son Mohammed used the spelling
4902:
4665:
Several biographers and observers characterized Gaddafi as a
4439:
4177:
3795:
The Gaddafi–Abdullah feud came into public view again in the
3737:
2992:, furthering their opposition to his regime. In July 1977, a
2715:
2329:
2277:
1980:
1650:
1562:
1550:
1349:
1302:
806:
793:
780:
525:
23294:
People publicly indicted in the International Criminal Court
16300:
14315:
14096:
14028:
13097:"Libyan, Saudi leaders walk out of Arab Summit after a spat"
12579:
11917:
11877:
11665:
10972:
R. Buijtenhuijs, "Le FROLINAT à l'épreuve du pouvoir", p. 19
10435:"Relationship With CIA Aide Gave Credibility to Arms Seller"
10273:"What ever happened to the Libyan hit squad? - UPI Archives"
10232:
9609:
9167:
8598:
7945:
7509:
7262:
6383:
4841:
3029:
Revolutionary Committees and furthering socialism: 1978–1980
2895:
On 2 March 1977, the General People's Congress adopted the "
1659:. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the
24136:
18016:. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 9–53.
17914:
The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP
16816:
16804:
16759:
16612:"Gadhafi's Final Weeks, As Told By A Top Security Official"
16272:
16158:
16129:
16080:
15974:
15962:
15786:
15650:
15337:
14626:
14624:
14622:
14609:
14607:
14395:
14251:
14016:
13175:
11781:
11737:
10470:
10468:
10414:
10124:
9863:
9861:
9828:
9826:
9642:
9640:
9582:
9115:
8981:
8558:
8548:
8546:
7581:
7499:
7497:
6109:
6047:
6045:
4908:
4893:
4864:
4849:
4835:
4832:
4026:
in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President
3785:
3647:
Pan-Africanism, reconciliation and privatization: 1999–2011
3576:
in 1990. Déby also gave Gaddafi detailed information about
3277:. Meanwhile, the pro-Libya faction within FROLINAT, led by
3173:
2971:'s law. Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that
2875:
2742:'s attempt to overthrow Nimeiry. In 1974, Gaddafi released
2273:
2264:
was expelled from Libya alongside the smaller community of
2059:
1515:. He was decorated with various awards and praised for his
1498:
16843:
16146:
16104:
16102:
16100:
16098:
16042:
16040:
16003:
16001:
15872:
15870:
15833:
15831:
14545:
14343:
13634:
13527:
12607:
12469:
12457:
12316:
12105:
11889:
11611:"It's 2 Convictions, 32 Years, And More Trials for Wilson"
11541:"Uncover the mystery of a notorious Fort Collins shooting"
9668:
9536:
9534:
9391:
9389:
8892:
8890:
8285:
8283:
7375:
7373:
7371:
7038:
6966:
6518:
6516:
6514:
5994:
5948:
5946:
5577:
4396:
3431:
the US Navy again performed exercises in the Gulf of Sirte
18137:
2009 UN Security council speech from Al jazeera (English)
17383:
Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism
17103:"In Saif Hands: Gaddafi's Son to Run for Libya President"
16731:
16719:
16616:
16472:"Gadhafi's Ukrainian Nurse Talks About Life with 'Daddy'"
16119:
16117:
15902:
15855:
15843:
15522:
10577:
10575:
9075:
7446:
7421:
7419:
7346:
7344:
7148:. Vol. 66. Cambridge University Press. p. 340.
4890:
4858:
4846:
3850:
decommissioning its chemical and nuclear weapons programs
3577:
3354:
to assassinate Hassan in 1987, but the plot was aborted.
3257:
3128:
Libya had sought to improve US relations under President
2276:
power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that
2113:
The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting
26264:
Recipients of the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, 1st class
21853:
Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa
17847:
Qaddafi's World Design: Libyan Foreign Policy, 1969–1987
16707:
15926:
15914:
15730:
15662:
15638:
15354:
15352:
15165:"GlobalPost: Qaddafi Apparently Sodomized After Capture"
14619:
14604:
14410:
14367:
14303:
14263:
14068:
14004:
13780:
13737:
13437:"Shady Dealings Helped Qaddafi Build Fortune and Regime"
13223:
13211:
12647:
12567:
12539:
12343:
12280:
11865:
10786:
10774:
10590:
10465:
9858:
9823:
9685:
9683:
9637:
9597:
8543:
8531:
8459:
8331:
7805:
7494:
7436:
7434:
7277:
6655:
6042:
4688:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Muammar Gaddafi
3560:
In 1989, Gaddafi was overjoyed by the foundation of the
3361:, pursued a hardline approach to Libya, viewing it as a
2522:
that was more democratic than a traditional party-based
2253:—France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the
1719:
companions also broke windows in a local hotel that was
1333:
from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to
20166:
17588:
16792:
16442:"Gaddafi formed special department to find prostitutes"
16095:
16037:
16025:
16013:
15998:
15950:
15938:
15867:
15828:
15742:
15718:
15712:
15574:
15562:
15510:
15466:
15422:
15293:
15222:
11357:
10480:
10402:
10136:
10112:
10100:
9972:
9723:
9570:
9531:
9386:
9355:
9179:
8887:
8863:
8586:
8415:
8280:
7981:
7917:
7569:
7385:
7368:
7356:
7014:
6511:
6057:
5943:
5803:
4160:
International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi
2850:. Although advocated by Gaddafi and Tunisian President
2714:, a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to
2242:, where they were promptly executed by Sudanese leader
2071:
1805:, Dorset, and an infantry signal instructors course at
20598:
Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977
20590:
Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972
20253:
Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977
20245:
Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972
16912:
16900:
16565:
16181:"Moammar Gadhafi Won't Stay in Bedford Tent After All"
16114:
15586:
14876:"In His Last Days, Qaddafi Wearied of Fugitive's Life"
14636:
13515:
13487:
13418:
The Europa World Year: Kazakhstan – Zimbabwe, Volume 2
13382:
12635:
10621:
10572:
9316:
9259:"The iconic Gaddafi Stadium | Sports | thenews.com.pk"
7885:
7714:
7702:
7416:
7341:
7050:
7026:
7002:
6990:
6978:
5220:
5218:
3869:
Video showing the meeting with Russian Prime Minister
3844:, in December 2003, Libya renounced its possession of
3318:, became a CIA asset, and was given refuge in the US.
1941:
head of state, also appointing himself to the rank of
1928:
258:
Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya
26099:
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Federal Republic
25918:
22399:
National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
17764:(second ed.). Houndmills and London: Macmillan.
17682:
Middle East Contemporary Survey. Volume VIII: 1983–84
16260:
16052:
15598:
15550:
15434:
15349:
14040:
11212:
9680:
8447:
8196:
7431:
6643:
5855:
4917:
4905:
4873:
4861:
3992:
3877:
In 2004, Gaddafi traveled to the headquarters of the
3631:. Rahman and Rashid both had business ties to Libya.
2924:
in which the people ruled themselves through the 187
2785:, an action which he repeated three years later with
2750:, from prison and appointed him Libyan ambassador to
2324:
Like Nasser, Gaddafi favoured the Palestinian leader
1991:
tried to instigate another coup against Gaddafi; the
1545:
Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi was born near
26274:
Secretaries-general of the general People's Congress
23306:
ICC because of a national-level trial of the accused
21868:
Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes
17624:
Seeking Gaddafi: Libya, the West and the Arab Spring
17540:"Trade and Peace: The EU and Gaddafi's Final Decade"
17033:
16855:
16831:
15774:
11966:"LIBYAN DISSIDENT MISSING IN CAIRO, FEARED ABDUCTED"
6854:
6842:
4940:
4899:
4855:
3132:, for instance by courting his brother, businessman
2909:
2808:. Gaddafi also provided support for Pakistan in the
26204:
People indicted by the International Criminal Court
17644:
Africa in World Politics: A Pan-African Perspective
16359:
15986:
13434:
12668:"Gaddafi says Africans must reject conditional aid"
11115:"Is General Khalifa Hifter The CIA's Man in Libya?"
5215:
5165:
5163:
4896:
4852:
4838:
4829:
4826:
3901:. In exchange, Libya would take measures to combat
3792:, and Kuwaiti extremist preacher Hakem al-Mutairi.
3273:, switched sides and allied with Chadian President
2230:and dispatched Libyan fighter jets to force down a
1248:
1971 Libyan Federation of Arab Republics referendum
26179:Members of the General People's Committee of Libya
25658:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
17963:
17786:Libya and the West: From Independence to Lockerbie
17501:
16980:"Many in Sub-Saharan Africa Mourn Qaddafi's Death"
16517:"Libya's First Lady Owns 20 Tons of Gold: Reports"
15319:"Muammar Gaddafi 'Buried in Desert Grave at Dawn'"
15305:
15255:
15125:
15113:
15054:"Gaddafi: 'He died an angry and disappointed man'"
14943:
14861:
14833:"Libya conflict: Anti-Gaddafi fighters take Sabha"
14772:"Gaddafi broadcasts are "sacred right" - TV chief"
14687:
14492:
14480:
14464:
14444:
14432:
13243:"China blasts Libya over Taiwan president's visit"
11999:"Prominent Gaddafi opponent buried after 19 years"
10433:Tyler, Patrick E.; Kamen, Al (10 September 1981).
10333:"CAIRO FAKES PICTURES AND FOILS LIBYAN DEATH PLOT"
5472:. International Criminal Court. 11 November 2011.
3652:Links with Africa and conflicts in the Arab League
2238:and Babikir al-Nour. They were extradited back to
1065:Secretary General of the General People's Congress
334:Secretary General of the General People's Congress
24943:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265
20882:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
18086:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
17156:. Translated by Lyle, Margaret. London: Longman.
14229:"Gaddafi issues warning to EU over African trade"
13831:"Sarkozy funding scandal: what does it all mean?"
13758:"Libyan Leader Delivers a Scolding in U.N. Debut"
13127:"Libyan, Saudi leaders 'make up' at Doha meeting"
11010:"Habre Policy in Chad: Name Ex-Foes to Key Posts"
9768:Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief
5330:"How Many Different Ways Can You Spell 'Gaddafi'"
5172:"West Prepares to Hand Rebels Gaddafi's Billions"
3939:. He also financed Austrian far-right politician
3811:
3764:citizenship due to his close ties with its ruler
3261:Construction for the Great Man-Made River Project
1859:—Gaddafi's radio speech after seizing power, 1969
328:(as Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution)
25990:
24846:International reactions to military intervention
20499:
18014:Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi's Revolution Revisited
17987:Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi's Revolution Revisited
17916:. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
17738:The Italian Yearbook of International Law Online
17735:
17441:Libya: Qadhafi's Revolution and the Modern State
16337:"Gaddafi and His Sons 'Raped Female Bodyguards'"
15680:
14456:
14122:
11108:
11106:
10966:
8617:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
6386:Political Development and Social Change in Libya
5160:
4466:'s natural law providing order to the universe.
3464:After the US accused Libya of orchestrating the
2347:Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
2194:Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
1297: – 20 October 2011) was a Libyan
961:
24963:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016
24958:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009
24953:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973
24948:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970
18511:Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights
16238:"When in Rome, Gaddafi Will Do as the Bedouins"
12909:"Two Said to Tell Of Libyan Plot Against Saudi"
10498:
8126:"Five Draw Long Sentences for Terrorism Scheme"
5423:
5283:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
4484:Gaddafi (right) with Nimeiry and Nasser in 1969
3488:Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights
3461:, an aeronautical engineer studying in the US.
2886:Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1762:
1418:as the basis for the legal system and promoted
1331:Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
17508:Death of a Dictator: Bloody Vengeance in Sirte
15380:
13553:press release. 6 February 2009. Archived from
12254:. OUP USA. 2 February 2012. pp. 172–173.
10827:"LIBYAN MILITARY TERMED RESTIVE UNDER QADDAFI"
3799:when Gaddafi accused Abdullah, who had become
3236:Conflict with the US and its allies: 1981–1986
3199:, an anti-Zia insurgency led by Bhutto's sons
2842:Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the
2600:, rejecting scholarly interpretations and the
1675:of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the
1535:
1301:, politician and political theorist who ruled
26024:African politicians assassinated in the 2010s
25688:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
25135:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
25064:
23760:
23278:
22097:
21249:
20866:
20485:
20190:
18617:
18333:
16208:"Qaddafi Cancels Plans to Stay in New Jersey"
14521:Denyer, Simon; Fadel, Leila (30 April 2011).
13829:Matamoros, Cristina Abellan (20 March 2018).
13067:"Libya's Gaddafi hurls insults at Saudi king"
11103:
9225:
8838:
4010:Origins and development: February–August 2011
3699:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
2905:الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية
2464:. Though many of these groups were labelled "
2339:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
2234:jetliner carrying the leading coup plotters,
2020:
2013:, being military men; the rest were civilian
1447:In 1977 Gaddafi transformed Libya into a new
1268:
1071:Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council
396:Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council
78:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
26214:People killed in the Libyan civil war (2011)
24988:denote operations or battles related to the
24766:Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture
18526:Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution
17810:International Journal of Middle East Studies
17698:
17385:. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
17170:
16878:
16825:
16810:
16786:
16770:
16753:
16503:
16306:
16294:
16278:
16205:
16164:
16152:
16140:
16089:
15980:
15792:
15656:
15632:
15620:
15374:
15343:
15192:"Gadafy's Killers Will Be Tried, Claims NTC"
15183:
15085:"Qaddafi's Frantic Last Days Get Reexamined"
14960:
14958:
14956:
14954:
14952:
14573:
14118:
13618:(in Italian). 30 August 2008. Archived from
12815:"Libya 'plotted to kill' Saudi Crown Prince"
12728:
12613:
12509:"LIBYA'S GADHAFI SAYS HIS FUTURE IS AFRICAN"
11787:
11771:
11743:
11727:
11703:
11671:
11651:
11515:
11471:
11443:
11379:
11234:
10985:
10812:
10716:
10680:
10554:
10254:
10238:
10218:
10202:
10154:
10082:
10058:
10018:
9994:
9954:
9926:
9907:
9883:
9705:
9591:
9556:
9517:
9501:
9441:
9157:
9133:
9097:
9037:
8971:
8948:
8932:
8912:
8881:
8651:
8604:
8513:
8501:
8481:
8437:
8389:
8373:
8353:
8305:
8274:
8254:
8218:
8182:
8162:
8103:
8083:
8059:
8003:
7963:
7871:
7847:
7823:
7688:
7664:
7644:
7628:
7592:
7555:
7531:
7323:
7295:
7271:
7248:
7127:
7091:
7071:
6972:
6876:
6741:
6637:
6621:
6602:
6578:
6562:
6501:
6406:
6246:
6207:
6191:
6151:
6127:
6091:
6028:
6012:
6000:
5980:
5925:
5897:
5873:
5845:
5821:
5789:
5769:
5741:
5717:
5693:
5650:
5631:
5611:
5583:
5563:
5542:
5518:
5494:
5360:"Saif Gaddafi on How to Spell His Last Name"
5194:
4712:being contained and life expectancy raised.
4168:, only a few towns in western Libya such as
4089:, implementing sanctions and calling for an
3713:him in February 2009, in a ceremony held in
2249:After the 1969 coup, representatives of the
1059:Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution
142:Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution
26209:People indicted for crimes against humanity
23774:
20204:
18011:
17984:
17200:
16934:
16175:
16173:
15389:"What Did Qaddafi's Green Book Really Say?"
14913:Nova, Redazione Agenzia (21 October 2021).
14520:
14504:
14476:
14404:
14389:
14281:
14257:
14086:
14022:
13755:
13400:
13332:
13193:
13181:
12475:
12463:
12443:
12423:
12322:
12302:
12298:
12209:
12111:
11907:
11851:
11835:
11815:
11755:
11711:
11707:
11655:
11519:
11495:
11447:
11419:
11403:
10989:
10824:
10768:
10720:
10627:
10596:
10222:
10178:
10158:
10086:
10022:
9998:
9958:
9930:
9844:
9709:
9674:
9564:
9361:
8916:
8655:
8576:
8517:
8226:
7967:
7608:
7559:
7539:
7484:
7327:
7299:
7107:
6880:
6717:
6701:
6677:
6582:
5825:
5041:. Scientific romanizations of the name are
4603:(1983–2011). He also adopted two children,
4077:, and revenge attacks. On 26 February, the
3481:"Revolution within a Revolution": 1987–1998
3345:and Hassan II extradited former RCC member
3144:in solidarity with the perpetrators of the
1983:region, tried to overthrow him in a failed
1711:. Gaddafi was influenced by Nasser's book,
1617:Education and political activism: 1950–1963
1540:
1341:, Gaddafi later ruled according to his own
25071:
25057:
24861:International reactions to Gaddafi's death
23855:Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
23767:
23753:
23285:
23271:
22104:
22090:
21256:
21242:
20873:
20859:
20492:
20478:
20197:
20183:
18624:
18610:
18340:
18326:
18117:
17961:
17617:
17480:
16894:
16882:
16849:
16782:
16737:
16725:
16713:
16645:"Qaddafi's Authority Said to Be Weakening"
16074:
15908:
15528:
14563:
14361:
14349:
14333:
14297:
14058:
13640:
13473:
13372:
13356:
13336:
13328:
13201:
12732:
12712:
12696:
12625:
12597:
12561:
12487:
12447:
12427:
12306:
12139:
12123:
12095:
11947:
11935:
11895:
11799:
11759:
11731:
11715:
11687:
11659:
11499:
11475:
11451:
11423:
11407:
11347:
11323:
11242:
11202:
11112:
10748:
10724:
10684:
10664:
10562:
10432:
10090:
10062:
10002:
9962:
9934:
9887:
9867:
9848:
9791:Obituaries, Telegraph (25 February 2021).
9790:
9713:
9658:
9627:
9521:
9481:
9461:
9445:
9294:"Gaddafi's Mental Follies and Megalomania"
9209:
9173:
9105:
9081:
9065:
9045:
8975:
8952:
8920:
8810:"اكتشف 10 معلومات عن اللواء مصطفى الخروبي"
8659:
8580:
8521:
8393:
8258:
8230:
8222:
8186:
8166:
8107:
8063:
8023:
7971:
7875:
7851:
7827:
7795:
7740:
7692:
7668:
7648:
7632:
7604:
7535:
7488:
7468:
7406:
7331:
7303:
6721:
6705:
6697:
6673:
6661:
6505:
6461:
6414:
6371:
6250:
6234:
6230:
6211:
6195:
6155:
6135:
6099:
6051:
6036:
5984:
5933:
5905:
5877:
5829:
5793:
5773:
5749:
5725:
5697:
5654:
5635:
5595:
5567:
5546:
5526:
5498:
5458:
5029:was slightly more widespread, followed by
2802:Pakistan's right to pursue nuclear weapons
2770:, Gaddafi openly accused Syrian President
2587:. As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised
1275:
1261:
453:2 February 2009 – 31 January 2010
125:
21838:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity
18536:40th anniversary of the Libyan Revolution
17970:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17340:
17253:
17218:
15806:"Europe Should Convert to Islam: Gaddafi"
15225:"Why Putin Is Right to Fear for His Life"
14949:
13828:
12506:
12027:
11139:
11004:
11002:
10372:"Libya: The Doublecross and the Hit Hoax"
9552:
8839:Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (4 November 1986).
8321:
8301:
7283:
7143:
7020:
4742:Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya
4061:Pro-Gaddafi protests in Tripoli, May 2011
3543:National Front for the Salvation of Libya
3316:National Front for the Salvation of Libya
3140:". Relations were further damaged when a
3099:National Front for the Salvation of Libya
2632:In 1975, Gaddafi's government declared a
2107:to form a federal Union of Arab Republics
1233:Support for rebel and paramilitary groups
1193:Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
25768:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
25698:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
25663:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
21798:All-African People's Revolutionary Party
18041:Journal of Contemporary European Studies
17892:
17863:
17844:
17804:
17660:
16642:
16571:
16318:
16170:
16123:
16070:
15920:
15892:
15768:
15760:
15736:
15724:
15668:
15644:
15580:
15568:
15544:
15516:
15504:
15488:
15484:
15472:
15460:
15456:
15452:
15428:
15021:
14642:
14630:
14613:
14579:
14567:
14508:
14460:
14428:
14416:
14385:
14373:
14337:
14321:
14309:
14285:
14269:
14102:
14090:
14074:
14062:
14034:
14010:
13922:"Ties That Bind Kadafi and Neo-Fascists"
13786:
13743:
13652:
13574:
13572:
13505:
13481:
13477:
13404:
13376:
13360:
13340:
13229:
13217:
13205:
13197:
12736:
12716:
12700:
12653:
12629:
12601:
12585:
12573:
12557:
12545:
12491:
12451:
12431:
12393:Ahsan, Syed Badrul (21 September 2011).
12349:
12310:
12286:
12127:
12099:
11951:
11923:
11911:
11883:
11871:
11859:
11855:
11839:
11823:
11819:
11803:
11775:
11572:"DEFENDANT DESCRIBES SHOOTING OF LIBYAN"
11523:
11479:
11455:
11427:
11399:
11383:
11363:
11351:
11343:
11327:
11319:
11284:
11246:
11238:
11206:
11198:
11182:
11178:
11148:"The Unravelling: Libya's New Strongman"
11145:
10993:
10866:"Libya Seen Weighing Government Changes"
10792:
10780:
10752:
10728:
10688:
10660:
10566:
10558:
10474:
10408:
10226:
10182:
10094:
10066:
10054:
10042:
10026:
10006:
9966:
9938:
9911:
9891:
9879:
9852:
9832:
9749:
9745:
9717:
9662:
9646:
9631:
9615:
9576:
9560:
9525:
9485:
9465:
9449:
9213:
9205:
9185:
9161:
9137:
9109:
9101:
9069:
9041:
8678:
8663:
8552:
8537:
8525:
8485:
8465:
8441:
8409:
8377:
8337:
8309:
8262:
8234:
8190:
8170:
8111:
8087:
8067:
8043:
8027:
8011:
8007:
7999:
7975:
7951:
7939:
7935:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7879:
7855:
7831:
7811:
7799:
7763:. Indiana University Press. p. 88.
7750:
7744:
7696:
7672:
7612:
7563:
7543:
7515:
7503:
7472:
7410:
7335:
7307:
7256:
7252:
7131:
7111:
7095:
7075:
6884:
6681:
6606:
6586:
6566:
6542:
6534:
6522:
6254:
6159:
6139:
6115:
6103:
6079:
6063:
5988:
5968:
5952:
5937:
5909:
5881:
5833:
5809:
5797:
5753:
5729:
5701:
5674:
5658:
5615:
5599:
5571:
5502:
5013:confirms that Saif spelled his own name
4942:Muʿammar Muḥammad ʾAbū Minyār al-Qaḏḏāfī
4740:then founded a new political party, the
4723:
4631:
4530:
4479:
4229:
4056:
4013:
3859:
3705:" by a committee of traditional African
3655:
3440:In 1980, Gaddafi hired former CIA agent
3256:
3172:fighters in an assassination attempt by
3082:goods and the development of a thriving
2930:
2720:
2475:
2291:
2197:
2179:(ASU) in June 1971, a mass mobilization
2092:
2024:
1952:
1916:Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi
1636:
270:1 September 1969 – 2 March 1977
26129:Libyan Arab Socialist Union politicians
25643:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
25628:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
24856:U.S. reactions to military intervention
21557:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson
20122:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
19736:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)
18740:Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965)
17591:The International Communication Gazette
17380:
17132:
16946:
16749:
16334:
16321:"Gaddafi 'Raped' His Female Bodyguards"
16108:
16046:
16031:
16019:
16007:
15968:
15956:
15944:
15932:
15876:
15837:
15764:
15748:
15223:Sebag-Montefiore, Simon (18 May 2023).
13756:MacFarquhar, Neil (23 September 2009).
13539:
11699:
11647:
11511:
11491:
11467:
11439:
11395:
11315:
11230:
10981:
10929:Wallace, Charles P. (17 January 1986).
10928:
10897:
10804:
10740:
10700:
10676:
10486:
10420:
10250:
10214:
10194:
10170:
10142:
10130:
10118:
10106:
10078:
10038:
9990:
9978:
9950:
9903:
9741:
9729:
9701:
9540:
9513:
9477:
9437:
9395:
9197:
9149:
9121:
9093:
9057:
9029:
8987:
8944:
8908:
8896:
8869:
8647:
8592:
8564:
8497:
8433:
8421:
8365:
8325:
8289:
8246:
8214:
8099:
8079:
8055:
8039:
7987:
7923:
7891:
7867:
7843:
7732:
7720:
7708:
7684:
7660:
7624:
7575:
7527:
7452:
7425:
7391:
7379:
7362:
7350:
7319:
7244:
7208:"Occidental-Libya Exploration Pact Set"
7123:
7087:
7056:
7044:
7032:
7008:
6996:
6984:
6733:
6649:
6554:
6538:
6493:
6473:
6367:
6171:
5921:
5893:
5785:
5765:
5538:
5514:
5280:
4699:Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi
4692:
4397:Islamic modernism and Islamic socialism
3681:. He became one of the founders of the
2820:and penned a strongly worded letter to
2725:Gaddafi in 1976 with a child on his lap
2063:additional revenues in its first year.
1829:
1767:Gaddafi briefly studied history at the
1524:administration systematically violated
410:16 January 1970 – 16 July 1972
154:2 March 1979 – 20 October 2011
14:
26154:Libyan politicians convicted of crimes
25991:
25638:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
25031:
24851:Protests against military intervention
18363:History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
18038:
17930:
17778:
17756:
17641:
17459:
17436:
17399:
17281:
17262:
17235:
17151:
17039:
17008:
16930:
16918:
16906:
16837:
16499:
16371:
16365:
16331:from the original on 13 February 2012.
16290:
16266:
16058:
15992:
15896:
15861:
15849:
15616:
15604:
15592:
15556:
15540:
15500:
15440:
15370:
15358:
15271:. CNN. 17 October 2012. Archived from
15189:
15082:
14742:"Gaddafi taunts NATO in new broadcast"
14698:
14696:
14551:
14165:
14114:
13533:
13521:
13493:
13388:
12872:
12870:
12779:
12641:
12502:
12500:
12335:"Despair As Visit Banned By Gaddafi".
12178:
12142:"In Chad, Talk of a Libyan Resurgence"
11963:
11683:
11534:
11532:
11375:
11339:
11218:
11194:
11146:Anderson, Jon Lee (23 February 2015).
10999:
10863:
10808:
10764:
10744:
10704:
10369:
10339:. Associated Press. 18 November 1984.
10267:
10265:
10263:
10198:
10174:
9762:
9689:
9603:
9497:
9322:
9288:
9286:
9256:
9201:
9153:
9061:
9033:
8967:
8674:
8672:
8477:
8453:
8405:
8369:
8250:
8202:
7736:
7464:
7440:
6872:
6860:
6848:
6737:
6693:
6633:
6598:
6558:
6497:
6481:
6477:
6457:
6410:
6402:
6226:
6187:
6175:
6131:
6095:
6075:
6032:
6016:
5964:
5929:
5901:
5861:
5849:
5745:
5721:
5713:
5689:
5670:
5627:
5522:
5390:
5327:
5202:"Tuesday, 23 August 2011 – 16:19"
4981:
4972:
4952:
4773:History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
4616:was his chief of security and led the
4149:
2687:
2583:developed by China's political leader
1836:History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
1520:condemned by many as a dictator whose
1404:'s Egypt—and unsuccessfully advocated
1288:Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi
1051:History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
495:Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi
26054:Assassinated heads of state in Africa
25052:
24923:Libyan Freedom and Democracy Campaign
23748:
23266:
22085:
21237:
20854:
20473:
20178:
20165:
18605:
18321:
18076:Torture and assassination of Gaddaffi
17911:
17790:. Oxford: Centre for Libyan Studies.
17679:
17537:
17445:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
17402:The Journal of Modern African Studies
17361:
17303:
17083:from the original on 23 December 2016
17070:
16959:from the original on 23 December 2011
16861:
16798:
16591:from the original on 29 November 2019
16478:from the original on 24 February 2013
16377:
16312:
15888:
15780:
15713:Karniel, Lavie-Dinur & Azran 2015
15386:
15294:Karniel, Lavie-Dinur & Azran 2015
15095:from the original on 21 February 2023
15064:from the original on 21 February 2023
15034:from the original on 21 February 2023
15022:Akhalbey, Francis (22 October 2018).
15003:from the original on 21 February 2023
14990:
14925:from the original on 21 February 2023
14873:
14843:from the original on 21 February 2023
14813:from the original on 22 February 2023
14782:from the original on 21 February 2023
14752:from the original on 21 February 2023
14722:from the original on 23 February 2023
14666:from the original on 26 February 2023
14592:from the original on 18 February 2017
14196:
14168:"Libya oil eyed by Western companies"
14046:
13725:from the original on 18 February 2010
13569:
13509:
13344:
13163:from the original on 10 February 2013
12906:
12665:
12392:
12230:from the original on 19 November 2018
12212:"REBELS IN CONTROL OF CHAD'S CAPITAL"
12172:
12066:
12031:Libya: Background and U. S. Relations
11608:
11538:
10864:Dickey, Christopher (27 April 1986).
10453:from the original on 22 December 2020
9811:from the original on 11 February 2023
9257:Faridi, Dr. Salman (4 October 2020).
8820:from the original on 10 February 2023
8729:from the original on 10 February 2023
8349:
8144:from the original on 11 December 2008
7188:from the original on 17 December 2021
7137:
6916:from the original on 12 February 2023
6783:
6439:from the original on 10 February 2023
6333:
6331:
6316:from the original on 10 February 2023
6286:from the original on 10 February 2023
5476:from the original on 13 November 2016
5328:Gibson, Charles (22 September 2009).
5285:. Vol. 3. Brill. pp. 52–58.
5281:Pereira, Christophe (2008). "Libya".
5258:. United Nations. 16 September 2011.
4998:lists 32 spellings known from the US
4783:Libya and weapons of mass destruction
4681:
4266:
3951:Libya's economy witnessed increasing
3780:, including Qatar's Foreign Minister
3415:Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions
3093:, inspired by the events of the 1979
2870:in its independence struggle against
2070:, starting with the expropriation of
1198:1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya
26109:Heroes of the Republic (North Korea)
25078:
25007:
24719:Prince Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi
22389:Syrian Revolution General Commission
21833:International African Service Bureau
18565:(Gaddafi National Mosque, 2007–2013)
17866:The Journal of North African Studies
17665:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
16977:
16949:"Obama: Gadhafi Regime Is 'No More'"
16624:from the original on 24 January 2023
16452:from the original on 6 February 2023
16439:
16421:from the original on 7 February 2023
16409:Cojean, Annick (22 September 2013).
16248:from the original on 11 October 2009
16187:from the original on 9 February 2011
15681:Gaddafi, Muammar (22 January 2009).
15325:from the original on 1 November 2011
15171:from the original on 9 February 2017
15145:from the original on 21 January 2012
14972:from the original on 2 February 2013
14912:
14800:
14178:from the original on 27 October 2011
14134:
13992:from the original on 4 February 2023
13962:from the original on 4 February 2023
13932:from the original on 4 February 2023
13901:from the original on 4 February 2023
13871:from the original on 4 February 2023
13841:from the original on 4 February 2023
13665:from the original on 4 February 2023
13602:
13580:"Gaddafi to Rome for Historic Visit"
13428:
13310:from the original on 3 February 2023
13284:from the original on 3 February 2023
13253:from the original on 3 February 2023
13137:from the original on 4 February 2023
13107:from the original on 4 February 2023
13077:from the original on 4 February 2023
13047:from the original on 4 February 2023
13017:from the original on 4 February 2023
12987:from the original on 4 February 2023
12957:from the original on 4 February 2023
12927:from the original on 4 February 2023
12888:from the original on 4 February 2023
12855:from the original on 4 February 2023
12825:from the original on 4 February 2023
12748:
12507:Schneider, Howard (4 October 1998).
12405:from the original on 6 February 2023
12374:from the original on 6 February 2023
12361:
12181:"Why the World Won't Criticize Chad"
11590:from the original on 7 February 2023
11266:from the original on 2 February 2023
11074:"Chad said to win vast Libyan booty"
11054:from the original on 3 February 2023
10941:from the original on 7 February 2023
10910:from the original on 7 February 2023
10845:from the original on 7 February 2023
10581:
10390:from the original on 7 February 2023
10313:from the original on 7 February 2023
9419:from the original on 6 February 2023
9343:from the original on 7 February 2023
9304:from the original on 6 February 2023
9271:from the original on 6 February 2023
9011:from the original on 2 February 2023
8851:from the original on 2 February 2023
8790:from the original on 2 February 2023
8759:from the original on 1 February 2023
8699:from the original on 1 February 2023
8629:from the original on 2 February 2023
8616:
7756:
7226:from the original on 11 October 2022
6349:from the original on 9 February 2023
5424:Anil Kandangath (25 February 2011).
5309:from the original on 5 February 2017
5169:
5009:A 2007 interview with Gaddafi's son
4535:Gaddafi with Spanish Prime Minister
3748:(an American citizen and founder of
3314:Haftar then joined the anti-Gaddafi
3142:demonstration torched the US embassy
2596:that returned to the origins of the
2394:Sandinista National Liberation Front
2187:
1840:
1313:in 2011. He came to power through a
346:2 March 1977 – 2 March 1979
38:
26229:People stripped of honorary degrees
25678:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
21874:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain
20167:Articles related to Muammar Gaddafi
18347:
17897:(rev. ed.). Oxford: Oneworld.
17663:Libya: The Rise and Fall of Qaddafi
17646:. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
17576:from the original on 27 August 2019
17109:from the original on 6 October 2018
16990:from the original on 2 January 2012
16609:
16206:O'Connor, Anahad (29 August 2009).
15816:from the original on 9 January 2011
15401:from the original on 29 August 2020
14894:from the original on 2 October 2018
14693:
13952:"Austria investigates Haider links"
13919:
13304:"Taiwan's Chen stops over in Libya"
12867:
12527:from the original on 28 August 2017
12497:
12386:
12355:
11964:Murphy, Caryle (14 December 1993).
11629:from the original on 28 August 2017
11569:
11529:
11127:from the original on 27 August 2014
10961:Nimeiry face aux crises tchadiennes
10635:. Peoples' Relation. Archived from
10283:from the original on 12 August 2022
10260:
9283:
8777:
8679:Anderson, Jack (13 November 1985).
8669:
6804:from the original on 31 August 2011
6426:
4930:
4497:and said his favourite novels were
4258:That afternoon, NTC Prime Minister
4005:2011 military intervention in Libya
3782:Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani
3459:executed Al-Sadek Hamed Al-Shuwehdy
2904:
2890:
2472:The "Popular Revolution": 1973–1977
2365:whose members perpetrated the 1972
1929:Consolidating leadership: 1969–1973
1549:, a rural area outside the town of
1398:deported Libya's Italian population
904:2011 military intervention in Libya
24:
25618:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
25140:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
22439:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
22354:Society for Development and Change
21803:All-African Trade Union Federation
21263:
20609:
20606:Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
20601:
20593:
20585:
20577:
20264:
20261:Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
20256:
20248:
20240:
20232:
18747:Central African Republic (1965–66)
18244:General People's Congress of Libya
18190:General People's Congress of Libya
17701:South African Geographical Journal
17318:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1982.tb00679.x
17289:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
17071:Walsh, Declan (23 December 2016).
17052:from the original on 23 March 2013
16947:Jackson, David (20 October 2011).
16585:"Gaddafi cousin arrested in Egypt"
16553:from the original on 18 April 2016
16347:from the original on 21 March 2017
16218:from the original on 31 March 2011
15693:from the original on 1 August 2022
15190:Chulov, Martin (28 October 2011).
14580:Cockburn, Patrick (24 June 2011).
13810:from the original on 20 March 2018
13455:from the original on 28 March 2022
12907:Tyler, Patrick E. (10 June 2004).
12268:from the original on 20 April 2021
12191:from the original on 16 April 2021
12028:Blanchard, Christopher M. (2010).
11160:from the original on 15 March 2015
10599:"Gaddafi is gone, long live Libya"
10511:from the original on 25 April 2015
9364:"Gaddafi is gone, long live Libya"
9226:Murtaza Razvi (25 February 2011).
8681:"Fighter Against Qaddafi Betrayed"
8123:
6898:"COUNCIL IN LIBYA FORMS A CABINET"
6328:
5426:"How Do You Spell Gaddafi's Name?"
5148:from the original on 24 March 2016
5006:identified 112 possible spellings.
4992:in various ways. A 1986 column by
4200:and learned that his youngest son
3993:Libyan Civil War and assassination
3946:
3918:Second Africa-South America Summit
3840:. Influenced by the events of the
3179:Libyan relations with Lebanon and
3017:. According to Romanian spy chief
2355:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
1504:on the side of the anti-Gaddafist
25:
26285:
25683:Palestine Liberation Organization
21863:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
18127:collected news and commentary at
18111:collected news and commentary at
18093:collected news and commentary at
18069:
17186:. Boston: Little Brown & Co.
17182:Qaddafi and the Libyan Revolution
16411:"Muammar Gaddafi's sexual crimes"
16390:from the original on 4 March 2016
16319:Micallef, Mark (28 August 2011).
15141:. Mirror.co.uk. 20 October 2011.
14874:Fahim, Kareem (22 October 2011).
14533:from the original on 13 July 2017
14239:from the original on 14 July 2022
14209:from the original on 14 July 2022
14147:from the original on 14 July 2022
13920:Lee, Martin A. (13 August 2000).
13695:from the original on 22 July 2017
13610:"Italia-Libia, firmato l'accordo"
13271:
12882:Middle East Eye édition française
12761:from the original on 14 July 2022
12678:from the original on 14 July 2022
12160:from the original on 17 June 2019
12077:from the original on 7 March 2023
12048:from the original on 7 March 2023
12009:from the original on 5 March 2023
11551:from the original on 7 March 2023
11297:from the original on 9 March 2018
10898:Cousins, Michel (19 March 2012).
10370:Murphy, Jamie (3 December 1984).
10351:from the original on 15 June 2018
9238:from the original on 7 April 2011
7777:from the original on 7 March 2023
6954:from the original on 6 March 2023
6784:Stock, Jonathan (13 March 2011).
6765:from the original on 19 July 2021
6339:"For Amal, life (re)begins at 75"
5236:from the original on 3 March 2016
3937:2007 French presidential election
3671:Community of Sahel-Saharan States
3641:Scottish Court in the Netherlands
2410:Provisional Irish Republican Army
1489:from 2009 to 2010. Amid the 2011
27:Leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011
26244:Politicians assassinated in 2011
26224:People of the Chadian–Libyan War
25976:
25964:
25952:
25940:
25928:
25897:
25896:
25623:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
25306:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
25030:
25018:
25006:
24995:
24994:
23358:Democratic Republic of the Congo
23247:
23246:
22064:
22052:
22042:
22041:
22032:
22031:
18300:Chairperson of the African Union
18232:as Chairman of the Revolutionary
17895:Libya: From Colony to Revolution
17762:Libya: The Struggle for Survival
17220:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2005.00004.x
17095:
17064:
17009:Zaptia, Sami (20 October 2012).
17002:
16971:
16940:
16672:
16636:
16603:
16577:
16539:
16509:
16464:
16433:
16402:
16378:Sanai, Leyla (25 October 2013).
16335:Squires, Nick (29 August 2011).
16230:
16199:
15798:
15674:
15413:
15311:
15261:
15237:from the original on 18 May 2023
15216:
15204:from the original on 5 July 2015
15157:
15131:
15083:Hayden, Erik (31 October 2011).
15076:
15046:
15015:
14984:
14906:
14867:
14825:
14794:
14764:
14734:
14648:
14514:
14221:
14190:
14159:
14128:
13974:
13944:
13913:
13883:
13853:
13822:
13792:
13768:from the original on 6 June 2017
13749:
13707:
13677:
13653:Friedman, Uri (24 August 2011).
13646:
13410:
13296:
13265:
13235:
13149:
13119:
13089:
13059:
13029:
12999:
12969:
12939:
12900:
12837:
12807:
12780:Ghabra, Shafeeq (9 March 2003).
12773:
12742:
12666:Kwera, Francis (17 March 2008).
12659:
12328:
12203:
12179:Chutel, Lynsey (14 April 2021).
12133:
12060:
12021:
11991:
11957:
11602:
11563:
11278:
11252:
11096:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld,
11090:
11066:
11028:
10953:
10922:
10891:
10857:
10818:
10523:
10499:Thomas Van Hare (27 June 2012).
10492:
10426:
10363:
10325:
10295:
9784:
9770:. Regnery Gateway. p. 101.
9755:
9401:
9250:
9219:
8993:
8832:
8802:
8771:
8741:
8711:
8610:
8117:
7200:
7162:
5262:from the original on 1 June 2022
5182:from the original on 12 May 2012
4886:
4822:
4476:Personal life of Muammar Gaddafi
4469:
4054:(NTC) formed to represent them.
3693:originally conceived by Ghana's
3058:run by elected representatives.
2756:Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
2567:The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)
2480:Gaddafi with Romanian President
1811:Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
1569:Like other contemporary nomadic
1487:Chairperson of the African Union
1366:Royal Military Academy, Benghazi
1325:from 1969 to 1977 and then the '
1083:Chairperson of the African Union
927:
805:
792:
779:
758:
746:Royal Military Academy, Benghazi
604:
441:Chairperson of the African Union
58:to read and navigate comfortably
43:
26059:Assassinated Libyan politicians
26019:20th-century Libyan politicians
25266:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
24052:Battle of the Misrata frontline
23040:Libyan civil war (2011–present)
22419:Constitutional Democratic Rally
22284:National Association for Change
22111:
21989:All-African Peoples' Conference
19996:Central African Republic (2021)
19894:Central African Republic (2013)
19680:Central African Republic (2003)
19666:Central African Republic (2001)
19217:Central African Republic (1982)
19196:Central African Republic (1981)
19136:Central African Republic (1979)
17893:St. John, Ronald Bruce (2012).
17845:St. John, Ronald Bruce (1987).
17525:from the original on 3 May 2015
17125:
17105:. The New Arab. 19 March 2018.
17040:Zaptia, Sami (9 January 2013).
16643:Woodward, Bob (29 April 1984).
14803:"Middle-east Arab News Opinion"
13982:"Gaddafi backs 'friend' Haider"
13685:"Gaddafi condemns Arab leaders"
12782:"An Arab House, Openly Divided"
12251:Dictionary of African Biography
12070:Country Reports on Human Rights
11609:Smith, Philip (14 March 1983).
6928:
6890:
6826:. 23 March 2012. Archived from
6816:
6777:
6747:
6420:
6377:
6298:
6260:
5440:
5417:
5384:
5352:
5109:as Libya's official delegation.
5105:sat the representatives of the
5103:United Nations General Assembly
4814:
4803:West Berlin discotheque bombing
4313:described as a combination of "
4079:United Nations Security Council
3922:United Nations General Assembly
3466:1986 Berlin discotheque bombing
3357:In 1981, the new US president,
3220:, Gaddafi sent 2,500 troops to
2698:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114
2554:Third International Theory and
2127:Revolutionary Women's Formation
1987:. In 1970, Idris' great nephew
1218:West Berlin discotheque bombing
624:
600:
60:. When this tag was added, its
26119:Leaders who took power by coup
26049:Anti-Zionism in the Arab world
25708:Union of Arab Republics (1972)
25470:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
24990:military intervention in Libya
24106:Second Gulf of Sidra offensive
22690:Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
17437:Harris, Lillian Craig (1986).
16978:Kron, Josh (22 October 2011).
16523:. 6 March 2011. Archived from
15387:Bazzi, Mohamad (27 May 2011).
14966:"Muammar Gaddafi: How He Died"
14656:"Negotiations over Bani Walid"
13586:. 10 June 2009. Archived from
10597:Nazar Abbas (26 August 2011).
9761:Muammar Gaddafi, as quoted in
9362:Nazar Abbas (26 August 2011).
9329:. Pen and Sword. p. 112.
8841:"Libya's Revolution Revisited"
5391:Fisher, Max (24 August 2011).
5368:. 1 March 2011. Archived from
5321:
5289:
5274:
5248:
5138:"Muammar Gaddafi: How He Died"
5130:
5087:On 23 August 2011, during the
5074:
4954:[muˈʕamːaralqaˈðːaːfi]
4931:مُعمّر محمد أبو منيار القذّافي
4627:
4299:, influenced in particular by
3812:Rebuilding links with the West
3772:in Saudi Arabia with multiple
3254:, Khalifa Hunaysh or Gaddafi.
2740:Sudan People's Liberation Army
2608:, for instance by introducing
2530:RCC, leading to the arrest of
2442:Moro National Liberation Front
2382:Almighty Black P. Stone Nation
2301:A 1973 anti-Gaddafist British
2101:, Libya's Gaddafi and Syria's
1142:United States bombing of Libya
549:In an unknown location in the
13:
1:
26149:Libyan political philosophers
24933:National Transitional Council
23954:Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road
23944:First Gulf of Sidra offensive
22434:Tunisian General Labour Union
22324:National Transitional Council
22124:Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam
22014:United States of Latin Africa
21843:Organisation of African Unity
21772:African Leadership University
20462:indicate interim officeholder
20059:Burkina Faso (September 2022)
18172:Chairman of the Revolutionary
17721:10.1080/03736245.2009.9725324
17364:Libya: The Elusive Revolution
17236:Castro, Jose Esteban (2011).
17154:Gadafi: Voice from the Desert
16549:. BBC News. 20 October 2011.
15321:. BBC News. 21 October 2011.
14968:. BBC News. 22 October 2011.
7170:"The Riddle of Armand Hammer"
5170:Vela, Justin (16 July 2011).
5118:
5107:National Transitional Council
4052:National Transitional Council
3965:Libyan Iron and Steel Company
3541:allegedly with help from the
3512:Libyan Islamic Fighting Group
3397:, Counselor to the President
3291:Organisation of African Unity
3265:Libya had long supported the
3001:. In August 1977, he visited
2963:for legal guidance, adopting
2839:in favor of Saudi financing.
1935:Revolutionary Command Council
1801:signal instructors course in
1645:was Gaddafi's political hero.
1506:National Transitional Council
1390:Revolutionary Command Council
1291:
1034:Revolutionary Command Council
498:
25653:Federation of Arab Republics
25613:Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
25603:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
25204:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
25152:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
24897:Afriqiyah Airways Flight 209
24786:Mitiga International Airport
24776:Green Square/Martyrs' Square
24582:Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai
24502:Mohammed Abdullah al-Senussi
22665:Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf
22363:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
21828:First Pan-African Conference
20843:indicate acting officeholder
20582:Flag of the Kingdom of Libya
20501:Heads of government of Libya
20237:Flag of the Kingdom of Libya
20066:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)
19701:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
19620:Republic of the Congo (1998)
19557:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)
19494:Sierra Leone (December 1992)
19371:São Tomé and Príncipe (1988)
19343:Republic of the Congo (1987)
18947:Republic of the Congo (1972)
18845:Republic of the Congo (1968)
18796:Republic of the Congo (1966)
18649:Republic of the Congo (1960)
17995:10.1007/978-0-230-61386-7_10
14457:Sacerdoti & Acconci 2011
14123:Sacerdoti & Acconci 2011
12749:Chiwanza, Takudzwa Hillary.
11826:, pp. 194–195, 199–200.
11113:Russ Baker (22 April 2014).
10630:"Pakistan - Libya Relations"
10628:Shahid Amin (26 July 2011).
8165:, pp. 78–81, 150, 185;
6388:. Lexington, Massachusetts:
5123:
4645:outlined by the sociologist
4537:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
4091:International Criminal Court
4085:, suspending Libya from the
3873:and Muammar Gaddafi, in 2008
3790:Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah
3405:, and deputy chief of staff
2502:Cultural Revolution in Libya
2450:Eritrean War of Independence
2363:Black September Organization
2361:Organization. He funded the
2315:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
2037:(left) and Syrian President
1763:Military training: 1963–1966
1713:Philosophy of the Revolution
1424:fund foreign revolutionaries
1188:Federation of Arab Republics
7:
25778:Flag of the Arab Federation
25608:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
25598:Arab Socialist Action Party
24868:Factional violence in Libya
24175:Operation Unified Protector
23045:Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)
22254:February 14 Youth Coalition
20045:Burkina Faso (January 2022)
19238:Upper Volta (February 1983)
18201:Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi
18188:as Secretary General of the
18082:U.S. Policy Towards Qaddafi
18022:10.1007/978-0-230-61386-7_2
17238:"Gaddafi and Latin America"
13420:. Routledge. p. 2655.
12395:"Gaddafi and the assassins"
8778:Ash, Nigel (17 July 2015).
8719:"Libya - Exiled Opposition"
6755:"Reuters Archive Licensing"
6427:Ash, Nigel (27 July 2015).
5448:"Google Books Ngram Viewer"
5212:. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
4941:
4751:
4234:A gold-plated and engraved
4022:Following the start of the
3931:Gaddafi allegedly financed
3846:weapons of mass destruction
3766:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
3305:, which escalated into the
3138:State Sponsors of Terrorism
2910:
2858:, in 1975 Libya signed, in
2754:. Shennib had attended the
2513:General People's Committees
2058:Libyan oil. In 1970, other
1883:Central Intelligence Agency
1733:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
1691:; the rejection of Western
1669:Egyptian Revolution of 1952
1536:Early life and early career
1434:, presented as a system of
1213:Weapons of mass destruction
1136:Action in the Gulf of Sidra
386:Head of Government of Libya
70:content into sub-articles,
10:
26290:
26249:Politicians killed in wars
26074:Deaths by firearm in Libya
26014:20th-century Libyan people
25749:On the Way of Resurrection
25742:The Battle for One Destiny
25673:Lebanese National Movement
25114:Third International Theory
24913:Belarus in Libyan conflict
24714:Prince Mohammed El Senussi
21767:African Leadership Academy
19592:Sierra Leone (August 1996)
18383:Third International Theory
18270:of the Revolution of Libya
18268:Brotherly Leader and Guide
17381:Gardell, Matthias (2003).
17366:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
17133:Bearman, Jonathan (1986).
16440:IANS (24 September 2013).
16183:. ABC. 23 September 2009.
13274:"China's African mischief"
12362:SAAG (20 September 2011).
9232:Indian Express (newspaper)
9228:"A stadium called Gaddafi"
5101:On 16 September 2011, the
4696:
4685:
4473:
4305:Third International Theory
4273:Third International Theory
4270:
4188:forces and seek asylum in
4156:Killing of Muammar Gaddafi
4153:
4002:
3996:
3970:Agricultural Bank of Libya
3734:Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
3529:tribe, initiated a failed
3470:Operation El Dorado Canyon
3005:, where he met its leader
2975:was inappropriate for the
2768:Lebanese National Movement
2641:. With fellow RCC members
2573:Third International Theory
2563:Third International Theory
2560:
2548:General People's Committee
2191:
2021:Economic and social reform
1844:
1833:
1721:accused of serving alcohol
1683:under his hero, President
1532:in the region and abroad.
1475:1986 U.S. bombing of Libya
1343:Third International Theory
1041:General People's Committee
982:Third International Theory
207:Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush
29:
26089:Executed military leaders
25892:
25801:
25758:
25726:
25703:Unified Political Command
25593:Arab Nationalist Movement
25538:
25490:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
25350:
25319:
25286:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
25157:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
25122:
25086:
24981:
24905:
24880:2014–2020 civil war
24799:
24746:
24661:
24625:
24542:Hasan al-Kabir al-Gaddafi
24497:Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi
24419:
24193:
24184:
24135:
24010:
23977:
23939:Second Battle of Benghazi
23894:
23885:
23877:Revolutionary Guard Corps
23825:
23782:
23699:
23655:
23621:
23579:
23518:
23492:
23464:
23413:
23356:
23338:Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona
23311:
23300:
23242:
23183:
23152:
23094:
23053:
22885:
22482:
22469:General People's Congress
22449:Alliance of Yemeni Tribes
22289:National Democratic Party
22238:
22132:
22119:
22059:Pan-Africanism portal
22027:
21966:
21935:
21897:
21823:Economic Freedom Fighters
21813:Convention People's Party
21788:African Unification Front
21780:
21759:
21750:
21565:
21404:
21395:
21344:
21278:
21271:
21110:
20892:
20838:
20736:
20662:
20632:
20621:
20575:
20507:
20457:
20371:
20307:
20287:
20276:
20230:
20212:
20172:
20131:
19980:
19801:
19643:
19408:
19245:Upper Volta (August 1983)
19145:
18889:
18640:
18588:
18549:
18495:
18422:
18355:
18306:
18297:
18289:
18284:
18276:
18265:
18260:
18250:
18239:
18224:
18214:
18205:
18197:
18180:
18169:
18154:
18149:
18100:The Muammar Gaddafi story
18053:10.1080/14782800903339354
17966:A History of Modern Libya
17962:Vandewalle, Dirk (2006).
17878:10.1080/13629380701742819
17822:10.1017/S0020743800051394
17750:10.1163/22116133-90000210
17495:10.1080/01436598408419755
17474:10.1080/13600829008442987
17414:10.1017/s0022278x00056871
17306:Government and Opposition
17267:. New York: Grove Press.
17255:10.1007/s12115-011-9442-7
17201:Boyd-Judson, Lyn (2005).
16547:"The Gaddafi Family Tree"
16474:. CNN. 4 September 2011.
16242:The Sydney Morning Herald
13071:The Sydney Morning Herald
11950:, pp. 166–167, 236;
11326:, pp. 115–116, 120;
11040:Christian Science Monitor
10530:The Mystery of Flight 870
9997:, pp. 116–117, 127;
9957:, pp. 116–117, 127;
9929:, pp. 116–117, 127;
8189:, pp. 34–35, 40–53;
8169:, pp. 34–35, 40–53;
7760:Assassination in Khartoum
7146:International Law Reports
7144:Greenwood, C. J. (1984).
6759:Reuters Archive Licensing
4736:as the "State of Libya".
4030:, then threatened by the
3446:Colorado State University
2926:Basic People's Congresses
2837:Pakistani nuclear program
2812:; he reportedly deployed
2810:Bangladesh Liberation War
2544:General People's Congress
2332:, over more militant and
2228:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
1729:Arab Nationalist Movement
1432:Basic People's Congresses
1364:, later enrolling in the
1241:Elections and referendums
914:
859:
849:
839:
831:
821:
771:
766:
754:
731:
721:
637:
579:
556:
545:
536:Manner of death
535:
515:
490:
485:
481:
469:
457:
446:
438:
426:
414:
403:
391:
384:
374:
362:
350:
339:
332:
319:
306:
274:
263:
256:
243:
230:
158:
147:
140:
136:
124:
115:
103:
26259:Prime ministers of Libya
26219:People murdered in Libya
26124:Libyan Arab nationalists
25211:1952 Egyptian revolution
24918:Democratic Party (Libya)
24892:Manchester Arena bombing
24724:Hussein Sadiq al Musrati
24517:Abdel Rahman Abdel Hamid
24391:Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi
24261:Daou al-Salhine al-Jadak
24035:Nafusa Mountain Campaign
23909:First Battle of Benghazi
23838:National Liberation Army
23645:al-Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz
23312:Central African Republic
23127:death of Muammar Gaddafi
22515:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
22490:Women in the Arab Spring
22319:National Liberation Army
22299:Revolutionary Socialists
22294:National Salvation Front
21979:African-American leftism
21728:Henry Sylvester Williams
21492:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
19729:Equatorial Guinea (2004)
19129:Equatorial Guinea (1979)
18242:Secretary General of the
18234:Command Council of Libya
18174:Command Council of Libya
17947:10.1177/0975087814411129
17661:Pargeter, Alice (2012).
17603:10.1177/1748048514562686
17152:Bianco, Mirella (1975).
16897:, pp. 202–203, 209.
16879:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16826:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16811:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16787:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16771:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16754:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16680:"Gaddafi's inner circle"
16504:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16307:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16295:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16279:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16165:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16153:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16141:Blundy & Lycett 1987
16090:Blundy & Lycett 1987
15981:Blundy & Lycett 1987
15793:Blundy & Lycett 1987
15683:"The One-State Solution"
15657:Blundy & Lycett 1987
15633:Blundy & Lycett 1987
15621:Blundy & Lycett 1987
15375:Blundy & Lycett 1987
15344:Blundy & Lycett 1987
15167:. CBS. 24 October 2011.
14300:, pp. 216, 227–228.
14119:Blundy & Lycett 1987
11788:Blundy & Lycett 1987
11772:Blundy & Lycett 1987
11744:Blundy & Lycett 1987
11728:Blundy & Lycett 1987
11704:Blundy & Lycett 1987
11672:Blundy & Lycett 1987
11652:Blundy & Lycett 1987
11570:Upi (26 November 1981).
11516:Blundy & Lycett 1987
11472:Blundy & Lycett 1987
11444:Blundy & Lycett 1987
11380:Blundy & Lycett 1987
11235:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10986:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10813:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10717:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10681:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10586:. Congress Publications.
10555:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10255:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10239:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10219:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10203:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10155:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10083:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10059:Blundy & Lycett 1987
10019:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9995:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9955:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9927:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9908:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9884:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9706:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9592:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9557:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9518:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9502:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9442:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9158:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9134:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9098:Blundy & Lycett 1987
9038:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8972:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8949:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8933:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8913:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8882:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8652:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8605:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8514:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8502:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8482:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8438:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8390:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8374:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8354:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8306:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8275:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8255:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8219:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8183:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8163:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8104:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8084:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8060:Blundy & Lycett 1987
8004:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7964:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7872:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7848:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7824:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7689:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7665:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7645:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7629:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7593:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7556:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7532:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7324:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7296:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7272:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7249:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7128:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7092:Blundy & Lycett 1987
7072:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6973:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6877:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6742:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6638:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6622:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6603:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6579:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6563:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6502:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6407:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6268:"LIBYA: Family Troubles"
6247:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6208:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6192:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6152:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6128:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6092:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6029:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6013:Blundy & Lycett 1987
6001:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5981:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5926:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5898:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5874:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5846:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5822:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5790:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5770:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5742:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5718:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5694:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5651:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5632:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5612:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5584:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5564:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5543:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5519:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5495:Blundy & Lycett 1987
5200:Staff (23 August 2011).
4808:
4589:Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi
4075:extrajudicial executions
3974:National Oil Corporation
3961:World Trade Organization
3808:to attack Saudi Arabia.
3726:Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
3516:Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia
3417:, which had murdered US
3041:—Libyan Studies scholar
2791:Central African Republic
2643:Bashir Saghir al-Hawaadi
1703:; and a transition from
1599:Italian invasion of 1911
1541:Childhood: 1940s to 1950
1430:" with the formation of
1406:pan-Arab political union
936:This article is part of
894:First Liberian Civil War
421:Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi
293:Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi
252:(as Chairman of the NTC)
239:(as Chairman of the RCC)
116:
26254:Politicide perpetrators
26159:Libyan Quranist Muslims
26104:Heads of state of Libya
26084:Executed mass murderers
26079:Executed heads of state
25864:Palestinian nationalism
25783:Flag of the Arab Revolt
25276:1966 Syrian coup d'état
25256:1963 Syrian coup d'état
25236:1961 Syrian coup d'état
24841:International reactions
24817:Human rights violations
24361:Mustafa A. G. Abushagur
24089:Second Battle of Zawiya
24084:Rebel coastal offensive
23776:Libyan civil war (2011)
23348:Mahamat Said Abdel Kani
23096:International reactions
22857:Abdul Majeed al-Zindani
22780:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
22660:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
22550:Mohamed Hussein Tantawy
22394:Syrian National Council
22344:Women to drive movement
22037:Pan-Africanism category
22009:United States of Africa
22004:Union of African States
21994:East African Federation
21943:Ethnic groups of Africa
21848:Pan African Association
21437:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
21383:United States of Africa
20206:Heads of state of Libya
18761:Burundi (November 1966)
18407:international reactions
18208:Prime Minister of Libya
17559:10.1111/1468-2346.12602
17538:Kamel, Amir M. (2016).
17263:Cojean, Annick (2013).
17207:Foreign Policy Analysis
16446:Business Standard India
15306:Human Rights Watch 2012
15256:Human Rights Watch 2012
15126:Human Rights Watch 2012
15114:Human Rights Watch 2012
14991:Ebatamehi, Sebastiane.
14944:Human Rights Watch 2012
14862:Human Rights Watch 2012
14688:Human Rights Watch 2012
14493:Human Rights Watch 2012
14481:Human Rights Watch 2012
14465:Human Rights Watch 2012
14445:Human Rights Watch 2012
14433:Human Rights Watch 2012
13247:The Mail & Guardian
11545:Fort Collins Coloradoan
10501:"Italy's Darkest Night"
9323:Bowman, Martin (2016).
8185:, pp. 78–81, 150;
8124:Ap (31 December 1987).
7757:Korn, David A. (1993).
5094:On 25 August 2011, the
4820:English pronunciation:
4746:future general election
4253:he was found to be dead
4219:, and defense minister
4196:and intelligence chief
4087:UN Human Rights Council
4028:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
3999:Libyan Civil War (2011)
3910:2008 Arab League summit
3797:2009 Arab League summit
3750:American Muslim Council
3679:United States of Africa
3608:and in September 1989,
3152:was shot down during a
3119:Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush
3091:Islamic fundamentalists
2520:political participation
2236:Farouk Osman Hamadallah
2005:into the legal system.
1847:1969 Libyan coup d'état
1788:clandestine cell system
1607:United Kingdom of Libya
1481:and rapprochement with
1077:Prime Minister of Libya
997:International reactions
192:Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi
187:Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab
182:Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi
26234:Political philosophers
26164:Libyan revolutionaries
26144:Libyan pan-Africanists
26044:Anti-Zionism in Africa
26039:Anti-Italian sentiment
25291:1969 Libyan revolution
25169:1941 Iraqi coup d'état
24829:Humanitarian situation
24791:People's Hall, Tripoli
24653:J. Christopher Stevens
24612:Abdulqadir al-Baghdadi
24587:Salih Rajab al-Mismari
24168:Operation Odyssey Dawn
24123:Second Tripoli clashes
24030:First Battle of Zawiya
23964:Fourth Battle of Brega
23929:Second Battle of Brega
23637:Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi
22877:Mohammed Ali al-Houthi
22735:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
22334:February 25th Movement
22264:April 6 Youth Movement
21818:East African Community
21457:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
21306:Anti-Western sentiment
20664:Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
20615:
20607:
20599:
20591:
20583:
20309:Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
20270:
20262:
20254:
20246:
20238:
20031:Sudan (September 2021)
18866:Libya (September 1969)
18782:Nigeria (January 1966)
18563:Uganda National Mosque
17849:. London: Saqi Books.
17806:St. John, Ronald Bruce
17511:. Human Rights Watch.
14807:eng-archive.aawsat.com
11706:, pp. 2–3, 7–12;
10603:THe News International
9368:The News International
9264:The News International
8974:, pp. 74, 93–94;
6015:, pp. 46, 48–49;
4637:
4540:
4485:
4434:Gaddafi was staunchly
4422:
4282:
4243:
4062:
4019:
3874:
3746:Abdul Rahman al-Amoudi
3661:
3629:Khandaker Abdur Rashid
3499:Libya began production
3450:Fort Collins, Colorado
3262:
3070:: the "Green Terror".
3038:
2939:
2760:King Hussein of Jordan
2726:
2508:implemented in China.
2485:
2390:19th of April Movement
2306:
2224:a political federation
2203:
2110:
2042:
1958:
1887:Free Officers Movement
1856:
1797:, Buckinghamshire, an
1777:Royal Military Academy
1681:Arab Republic of Egypt
1646:
1591:North African Campaign
1370:Free Officers movement
1319:Revolutionary Chairman
1160:NATO invasion of Libya
1154:First Libyan Civil War
899:First Libyan Civil War
812:Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
688:(deceased)(disputed)
25849:Jordanian nationalism
25583:Arab Islamic Republic
25578:Arab Higher Committee
25455:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
25435:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
25246:North Yemen civil war
25179:Arab–Israeli conflict
24679:Abdel Rahman Shalgham
24437:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
24381:Abdel-Hakim al-Hasidi
24371:Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi
24276:Abdel Moneim al-Houni
24020:First Tripoli clashes
23949:Third Battle of Brega
23914:First Battle of Brega
23843:Free Libyan Air Force
23595:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
23396:Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui
23383:Callixte Mbarushimana
23122:military intervention
22872:Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
22847:Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi
22827:United Arab Emirates:
22635:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
21723:Frances Cress Welsing
20613:
20605:
20597:
20589:
20581:
20268:
20260:
20252:
20244:
20236:
19522:Bophuthatswana (1994)
18880:Libya (December 1969)
18670:French Algeria (1961)
18450:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
17547:International Affairs
17483:Third World Quarterly
17137:. London: Zed Books.
14839:. 22 September 2011.
14778:. 16 September 2011.
14748:. 20 September 2011.
13721:. 28 September 2009.
13339:, pp. 162, 184;
12981:The Africa Report.com
12067:Helms, Jesse (1995).
12034:. DIANE. p. 12.
11015:13 April 2020 at the
5716:, pp. 5–6, 8–9;
5692:, pp. 5–6, 8–9;
5011:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
4724:Posthumous assessment
4643:charismatic authority
4635:
4577:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
4534:
4483:
4417:
4401:Gaddafi rejected the
4277:
4233:
4134:) communities of the
4116:Amnesty International
4060:
4017:
4003:Further information:
3987:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
3868:
3659:
3617:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
3598:Lamin Khalifah Fhimah
3594:Abdelbaset al-Megrahi
3424:and Israeli diplomat
3389:. Secretary of State
3283:People's Armed Forces
3260:
3043:Ronald Bruce St. John
3033:
2934:
2848:Arab Islamic Republic
2822:Indian Prime Minister
2724:
2675:Amnesty International
2623:socially conservative
2524:representative system
2479:
2408:in South Africa, the
2404:in the fight against
2300:
2201:
2192:Further information:
2096:
2028:
2011:Abdel Moneim al-Houni
1956:
1851:
1834:Further information:
1757:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
1665:1948 Arab–Israeli War
1640:
1502:intervened militarily
832:Years of service
26174:Libyan Sunni Muslims
25884:Tunisian nationalism
25854:Lebanese nationalism
25814:Egyptian nationalism
25809:Algerian nationalism
25713:United Arab Republic
25588:Arab Liberation Army
25568:Arab Ba'ath Movement
25425:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
24873:2012 Benghazi attack
24607:Bashir Saghir Hawadi
24602:Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam
24592:Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud
24492:Saif al-Arab Gaddafi
24118:Battle of Bani Walid
23919:Battle of Ra's Lanuf
23815:16 August–23 October
23800:15 February–18 March
23389:Sylvestre Mudacumura
23375:Thomas Lubanga Dyilo
22770:Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
22575:Khaled Mohamed Saeed
22500:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
21905:Black Star of Africa
21858:Pan-African Congress
21808:Conseil de l'Entente
21588:Edward Wilmot Blyden
21512:Abdias do Nascimento
21477:Toussaint Louverture
20634:Libyan Arab Republic
20289:Libyan Arab Republic
20115:Guinea-Bissau (2023)
20052:Guinea-Bissau (2022)
20038:Sudan (October 2021)
19887:Libya (October 2013)
19845:Guinea-Bissau (2012)
19831:Guinea-Bissau (2011)
19694:Guinea-Bissau (2003)
19673:Côte d'Ivoire (2002)
19652:Côte d'Ivoire (2001)
19634:Côte d'Ivoire (1999)
19613:Guinea-Bissau (1998)
19168:Guinea-Bissau (1980)
18635:in Africa since 1960
18480:Saif al-Arab Gaddafi
18414:Reception and legacy
18356:History and politics
17912:Sykes, Alan (2005).
17642:Martin, Guy (2002).
17627:. London: Biteback.
17362:First, Ruth (1974).
15296:, pp. 171, 176.
14997:The African Exponent
14235:. 29 November 2010.
14203:The African Exponent
14197:Gwaambuka, Tatenda.
14117:, pp. 467–489;
13375:, pp. 240–241;
13359:, pp. 178–179;
13159:. 4 September 2011.
12755:The African Exponent
12628:, pp. 190–191;
12450:, pp. 146–148;
12309:, pp. 133–140;
11730:, pp. 13, 210;
11518:, pp. 175–178;
11494:, pp. 294–295;
11478:, pp. 117–118;
11474:, pp. 27, 208;
11446:, pp. 207–208;
11426:, pp. 117–118;
11398:, pp. 230–231;
11318:, pp. 228–229;
11233:, pp. 261–262;
11079:7 March 2023 at the
10988:, pp. 187–190;
10984:, pp. 211–222;
10683:, pp. 185–186;
10557:, pp. 157–158;
10535:7 March 2023 at the
10221:, pp. 133–137;
10197:, pp. 248–249;
10173:, pp. 247–248;
10157:, pp. 127–128;
9953:, pp. 187–189;
9910:, pp. 110–111;
9704:, pp. 170–171;
9563:, pp. 166–168;
9516:, pp. 154–155;
9440:, pp. 100–101;
9415:. 13 November 2013.
9200:, pp. 107–109;
9160:, pp. 93, 122;
9156:, pp. 103–104;
9152:, pp. 106–107;
9032:, pp. 114–115;
8951:, pp. 122–123;
8915:, pp. 119–120;
8814:www.afrigatenews.net
8723:www.country-data.com
7530:, pp. 136–137;
7176:. 29 November 1981.
6413:, pp. 177–178;
5904:, pp. 171–172;
5748:, pp. 170–171;
5657:, pp. 7–9, 14;
5436:on 28 February 2011.
4983:[ɡəˈdːaːfiː]
4974:[ɡəˈðːaːfiː]
4763:Disarmament of Libya
4693:Reception and legacy
4622:Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam
4597:Saif al-Arab Gaddafi
4100:United Arab Emirates
3818:September 11 attacks
3801:King of Saudi Arabia
3788:'s foreign minister
3574:Libya-sponsored coup
3393:, Defense Secretary
3243:Great Man-Made River
3232:" and a "show-off".
2994:border war broke out
2746:, a commander under
2456:'s struggle against
2430:Armenian Secret Army
2402:liberation movements
2177:Arab Socialist Union
2143:was eradicated, and
2105:signed an agreement
2088:Occidental Petroleum
1923:Libyan Arab Republic
1830:Libyan Arab Republic
1784:Egyptian predecessor
1687:. Nasser argued for
1677:United Arab Republic
1528:and financed global
1323:Libyan Arab Republic
1305:from 1969 until his
1183:Libyan Arab Republic
1027:Arab Socialist Union
1004:Reception and legacy
799:Libyan Arab Republic
603: 1969;
564:Arab Socialist Union
369:Position established
202:Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud
25874:Sahrawi nationalism
25231:1959 Mosul uprising
25164:Great Syrian Revolt
24968:Voice of Free Libya
24577:Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
24512:Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam
24507:Bashir Saleh Bashir
24432:Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
24411:Mahmoud al-Werfalli
24406:Mehdi Mohammed Zeyo
24246:Mohammed Ali Madani
24201:Mustafa Abdul Jalil
24154:Opération Harmattan
23924:Battle of Bin Jawad
23612:Mahmoud al-Werfalli
23445:Abdel Rahim Hussein
22862:Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar
22795:Rashid al-Ghannushi
22750:Wael Nader al-Halqi
22640:Mustafa Abdul-Jelil
22530:Ali Jawad al-Sheikh
21958:Conflicts in Africa
21948:Languages of Africa
21922:Pan-African colours
21643:Yosef Ben-Jochannan
21286:African nationalism
20738:Transitional period
20623:Libya under Gaddafi
20373:Transitional period
20278:Libya under Gaddafi
20108:Sierra Leone (2023)
20101:Burkina Faso (2023)
19936:Burkina Faso (2016)
19929:Burkina Faso (2015)
19708:Burkina Faso (2003)
19606:Sierra Leone (1997)
19564:Sierra Leone (1996)
19480:Sierra Leone (1992)
19378:Burkina Faso (1989)
19329:Burkina Faso (1987)
18831:Sierra Leone (1968)
18789:Nigeria (July 1966)
18754:Burundi (July 1966)
18378:Cultural Revolution
18254:Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
17713:2009SAfGJ..91....1R
16885:, pp. 196–200.
16685:The Washington Post
16650:The Washington Post
15971:, pp. 104–105.
15635:, pp. 19, 197.
15060:. 30 October 2011.
14554:, pp. 308–309.
14527:The Washington Post
14364:, pp. 242–243.
14340:, pp. 279–281.
14324:, pp. 282–283.
14288:, pp. 249–269.
14166:Hargreaves, Steve.
14125:, pp. 312–313.
14105:, pp. 263–264.
14093:, pp. 249–250.
14037:, pp. 101–102.
13986:www.telegraph.co.uk
13897:. 28 January 2014.
13551:Parliament of Italy
13536:, pp. 410–411.
13379:, pp. 240–241.
13041:www.telegraph.co.uk
12703:, pp. 270–271.
12588:, pp. 227–228.
12434:, pp. 205–206.
12426:, pp. 73, 83;
12313:, pp. 205–207.
12130:, pp. 216–218.
12005:. 2 December 2012.
11954:, pp. 221–222.
11938:, pp. 180–181.
11926:, pp. 201–204.
11886:, pp. 197–198.
11862:, pp. 197–198.
11718:, pp. 127–129.
11690:, pp. 123–125.
11502:, pp. 121–122.
11454:, pp. 117–18;
11410:, pp. 118–119.
11354:, pp. 210–211.
11346:, pp. 71, 78;
11330:, pp. 179–180.
11209:, pp. 190–191.
10996:, pp. 189–190.
10703:, pp. 112–13;
10423:, pp. 227–228.
10185:, pp. 173–174.
10133:, pp. 241–243.
10009:, pp. 169–171.
9969:, pp. 169–171.
9941:, pp. 169–171.
9894:, pp. 171–172.
9634:, pp. 166–168.
9618:, pp. 133–134.
9528:, pp. 166–168.
9504:, pp. 199–201.
9124:, pp. 165–166.
9072:, pp. 182–183.
9060:, pp. 99–100;
8990:, pp. 166–167.
8935:, pp. 121–122.
8884:, pp. 118–119.
8689:The Washington Post
8567:, pp. 145–146.
8528:, pp. 161–165.
8516:, pp. 96–100;
8444:, pp. 157–158.
8356:, pp. 103–104.
7978:, pp. 150–152.
7954:, pp. 144–145.
7942:, pp. 144–145.
7914:, pp. 150–151.
7858:, pp. 141–143.
7834:, pp. 140–141.
7747:, pp. 151–152.
7518:, pp. 154–155.
7214:. 8 February 1974.
7098:, pp. 145–146.
7078:, pp. 145–146.
7047:, pp. 130–132.
6936:"New Cabinet Meets"
6345:. 19 October 2011.
6257:, pp. 139–140.
6178:, pp. 178–179.
6118:, pp. 138–139.
5677:, pp. 135–136.
5144:. 31 October 2011.
5057:) or (rarely used)
5000:Library of Congress
4986:(western dialects).
4977:(eastern dialects)
4768:Egyptian–Libyan War
4654:cult of personality
4610:Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam
4221:Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
4150:Capture and killing
4104:Gaddafi's sixth son
4032:Tunisian Revolution
3903:illegal immigration
3899:military occupation
3625:Syed Faruque Rahman
3602:Montreal Convention
3299:François Mitterrand
3218:Uganda–Tanzania War
3193:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
3189:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
3146:Iran hostage crisis
3056:worker cooperatives
2833:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
2798:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
2789:, president of the
2655:Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
2651:Abdul-Munim al-Huni
2581:Three Worlds Theory
2506:Cultural Revolution
2428:in Europe, and the
2374:Black Panther Party
2268:. The day became a
2161:Benghazi University
2155:was founded, while
1769:University of Libya
1747:and biographies of
1632:Abdul Salam Jalloud
1513:cult of personality
1208:Cultural Revolution
1124:Egyptian–Libyan War
889:Uganda–Tanzania War
872:Egyptian–Libyan War
854:Libyan Armed Forces
741:University of Libya
380:Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
357:Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
250:Mustafa Abdul Jalil
177:Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
62:readable prose size
26069:Critics of Marxism
25879:Syrian nationalism
25859:Libyan nationalism
25819:Greater Mauritania
25735:The Arab Awakening
25718:United Arab States
25693:Rejectionist Front
25500:Gamal Abdel Nasser
25311:Yemeni unification
25301:Lebanese Civil War
25281:17 July Revolution
25251:Ramadan Revolution
25226:14 July Revolution
24938:Topple the Tyrants
24812:Domestic responses
24684:Abdessalam Jalloud
24633:James G. Stavridis
24552:Massoud Abdelhafid
24467:Ali Sharif al-Rifi
24311:Ali Attalah Obeidi
24286:Abdurrahim El-Keib
24251:Mustafa Bin Dardef
24221:Abdelhakim Belhadj
24211:Abdul Fatah Younis
24067:Battle of Tawergha
23959:Cyrenaica campaign
23934:Battle of Ajdabiya
23719:Maria Lvova-Belova
23168:domestic responses
23153:Domestic reactions
22842:Ali Abdullah Saleh
22785:Mohamed Ghannouchi
22274:Muslim Brotherhood
21974:African philosophy
21953:Religion in Africa
21678:Zephania Mothopeng
21628:Amy Ashwood Garvey
21603:John Henrik Clarke
21593:Stokely Carmichael
21578:Molefi Kete Asante
21532:John Nyathi Pokela
21517:Gamal Abdel Nasser
20616:
20608:
20600:
20592:
20584:
20271:
20263:
20255:
20247:
20239:
19231:Upper Volta (1982)
19175:Upper Volta (1980)
19073:Uganda (June 1977)
18961:Upper Volta (1974)
18775:Upper Volta (1966)
18432:Fathia Nuri Khalid
18310:Bingu wa Mutharika
18279:Position abolished
18218:Abdessalam Jalloud
18150:Political offices
18130:The New York Times
18095:Al Jazeera English
17619:Kawczynski, Daniel
17503:Human Rights Watch
17077:The New York Times
17021:on 5 December 2013
16984:The New York Times
16293:, pp. 53–54;
16212:The New York Times
15864:, pp. 33, 53.
15852:, pp. 45, 50.
15812:. 31 August 2010.
15810:The Times of India
15687:The New York Times
15507:, pp. 19, 49.
15394:The New York Times
15275:on 26 January 2013
14880:The New York Times
14801:Al-awsat, Asharq.
14459:, pp. 61–62;
14135:Oliveira, Ingrid.
13762:The New York Times
13622:on 3 December 2013
13441:The New York Times
13011:Al Arabiya English
12951:Al Arabiya English
12913:The New York Times
12446:, pp. 83–88;
12339:. 5 November 1995.
12301:, pp. 80–81;
12216:The New York Times
12146:The New York Times
11858:, pp. 97–98;
11854:, pp. 45–46;
11710:, pp. 79–80;
11576:The New York Times
11342:, pp. 98–99;
11245:, pp. 72–75;
11241:, pp. 66–67;
11085:The New York Times
11022:The New York Times
10831:The New York Times
10687:, pp. 78–79;
10663:, pp. 61–62;
10642:on 9 November 2013
10565:, pp. 70–71;
10337:The New York Times
10001:, pp. 25–26;
9961:, pp. 25–26;
9933:, pp. 25–26;
9716:, pp. 67–68;
9661:, pp. 27–28;
9524:, pp. 26–27;
9448:, pp. 71–72;
9108:, pp. 79–80;
9040:, pp. 82–83;
8440:, pp. 86–87;
8257:, pp. 85–86;
8130:The New York Times
8062:, pp. 69–70;
8042:, pp. 64–65;
7966:, pp. 70–71;
7938:, pp. 74–75;
7910:, pp. 87–88;
7878:, pp. 21–22;
7846:, pp. 76–77;
7647:, pp. 62–63;
7607:, pp. 79–80;
7487:, pp. 31–32;
7212:The New York Times
7174:The New York Times
7094:, pp. 66–67;
7090:, pp. 80–88;
7074:, pp. 66–67;
6940:The New York Times
6902:The New York Times
6879:, pp. 63–64;
6504:, pp. 59–60;
6409:, pp. 57–59;
6154:, pp. 49–50;
6130:, pp. 49–50;
6094:, pp. 49–50;
6031:, pp. 47–48;
5967:, pp. 46–47;
5900:, pp. 42–43;
5880:, pp. 11–12;
5876:, pp. 42–43;
5832:, pp. 11–12;
5796:, pp. 11–12;
5772:, pp. 39–40;
5752:, pp. 10–11;
5653:, pp. 38–39;
5614:, pp. 35–37;
5340:on 6 February 2012
5232:. 26 August 2011.
4793:SNC-Lavalin affair
4778:HIV trial in Libya
4682:Awards and honours
4638:
4541:
4486:
4310:The New York Times
4267:Political ideology
4244:
4063:
4020:
3985:and heir apparent
3943:starting in 2000.
3875:
3662:
3637:Order of Good Hope
3588:was blown up over
3568:was overthrown by
3562:Arab Maghreb Union
3508:Muslim Brotherhood
3303:Operation Épervier
3263:
3095:Iranian Revolution
2940:
2787:Jean-Bédel Bokassa
2764:Lebanese Civil War
2744:Abdul-Aziz Shennib
2727:
2486:
2484:in Bucharest, 1974
2438:Free Aceh Movement
2396:in Nicaragua, the
2307:
2289:with the Soviets.
2204:
2157:Tripoli University
2119:Christian churches
2111:
2076:Nelson Bunker Hunt
2043:
2039:Nureddin al-Atassi
2035:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1959:
1737:Muslim Brotherhood
1685:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1656:Voice of the Arabs
1647:
1553:in the deserts of
1428:Popular Revolution
1402:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1372:which deposed the
1130:Chadian–Libyan War
1118:Lebanese Civil War
1106:Libyan coup d'état
877:Chadian–Libyan War
476:Bingu wa Mutharika
433:Abdessalam Jalloud
315:(as King of Libya)
298:Abdessalam Jalloud
26239:Political writers
26199:People from Sirte
26194:Pan Am Flight 103
26184:Muslim socialists
26169:Libyan socialists
26114:Islamic socialism
26034:Anti-imperialists
25916:
25915:
25910:
25909:
25839:Iraqi nationalism
25530:Constantin Zureiq
25380:Abdul Rahman Arif
25360:Butrus al-Bustani
25046:
25045:
24781:Maydan al Shajara
24747:Places, buildings
24742:
24741:
24729:Mustafa Ben Halim
24477:Abuzed Omar Dorda
24396:Mohammed Magariaf
24346:Sadiq Al-Ghariani
24266:Jalal al-Digheily
24231:Abdul Hafiz Ghoga
24131:
24130:
24101:Battle of Tripoli
24096:Ras Ajdir clashes
24045:Battle of Gharyan
24025:Battle of Misrata
23742:
23741:
23500:Charles Blé Goudé
23320:Jean-Pierre Bemba
23260:
23259:
22805:Beji Caid Essebsi
22745:Riyad Farid Hijab
22585:Mohamed ElBaradei
22133:Events by country
22079:
22078:
22071:Africa portal
21911:Le Marron Inconnu
21893:
21892:
21746:
21745:
21542:Ahmed Sékou Touré
21391:
21390:
21311:Black nationalism
21291:African socialism
21231:
21230:
20848:
20847:
20732:
20731:
20694:U. M. Al Muntasir
20467:
20466:
20367:
20366:
20159:
20158:
20136:: successful coup
19915:The Gambia (2014)
19852:Mali (April 2012)
19838:Mali (March 2012)
19810:Madagascar (2010)
19792:Madagascar (2009)
19778:Mauritania (2008)
19764:Madagascar (2006)
19750:Mauritania (2005)
19687:Mauritania (2003)
19259:Mauritania (1984)
19210:Seychelles (1981)
19182:Mauritania (1981)
19154:Mauritania (1980)
19115:Mauritania (1979)
19108:Mauritania (1978)
19059:Seychelles (1977)
18599:
18598:
18373:Foreign relations
18368:Domestic politics
18316:
18315:
18307:Succeeded by
18285:Diplomatic posts
18277:Succeeded by
18251:Succeeded by
18237:
18215:Succeeded by
18193:
18181:Succeeded by
18167:
18031:978-0-230-33750-3
18004:978-0-230-33750-3
17977:978-0-521-61554-9
17934:Insight on Africa
17904:978-1-85168-919-4
17856:978-0-86356-161-0
17797:978-1-86064-988-2
17771:978-0-23038-011-0
17691:978-965-224-006-4
17672:978-0-300-13932-7
17653:978-0-865-43858-3
17634:978-1-84954-148-0
17518:978-1-56432-952-3
17452:978-0-8133-0075-7
17373:978-0-14-041040-2
17296:978-0-283-98944-5
17274:978-1-611-85610-1
17193:978-0-316-10042-7
17163:978-0-582-78062-0
17144:978-0-86232-434-6
16801:, pp. 22–23.
16587:. 19 March 2013.
16297:, pp. 22–23.
15491:, pp. 26–27.
15258:, pp. 28–29.
15128:, pp. 26–27.
15116:, pp. 24–25.
14864:, pp. 21–22.
14660:www.aljazeera.com
14447:, pp. 17–18.
13956:www.aljazeera.com
13926:Los Angeles Times
13867:. 20 March 2018.
13806:. 20 March 2018.
13689:www.aljazeera.com
13278:www.aljazeera.com
13133:. 31 March 2009.
13103:. 30 March 2009.
13073:. 30 March 2009.
13043:. 30 March 2009.
12729:Ramutsindela 2009
12614:Ramutsindela 2009
11539:Marmaduke, Jacy.
11386:, pp. 77–78.
11098:A Study of Crisis
11025:, 18 August 1987.
10935:Los Angeles Times
10667:, pp. 68–69.
9764:Pacepa, Ion Mihai
9606:, pp. 67–68.
9567:, pp. 19–20.
9336:978-1-4738-7463-3
9176:, pp. 77–78.
9048:, pp. 66–67.
8955:, pp. 29–30.
8753:history.state.gov
7455:, pp. 74–75.
6724:, pp. 21–23.
6624:, pp. 91–92.
6237:, pp. 16–17.
6198:, pp. 15–16.
6039:, pp. 12–13.
5372:on 6 October 2017
5302:The Straight Dope
5089:Battle of Tripoli
4995:The Straight Dope
4939:
4788:Pan Am Flight 103
4738:Gaddafi loyalists
4671:Daniel Kawczynski
4599:(1982–2011), and
4500:Uncle Tom's Cabin
4319:Charles de Gaulle
4315:utopian socialism
4236:Browning Hi-Power
3887:Silvio Berlusconi
3866:
3586:Pan Am Flight 103
3426:Yacov Barsimantov
3401:, chief of staff
3395:Caspar Weinberger
3383:Carlos the Jackal
3281:, renamed itself
3170:Italian Air Force
3150:Itavia Flight 870
3015:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2959:as following the
2711:Queen Elizabeth 2
2688:Foreign relations
2482:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2434:Japanese Red Army
2298:
2262:Italian community
2188:Foreign relations
2097:In 1971, Egypt's
2072:British Petroleum
1891:Abdul Aziz Shalhi
1841:Coup d'état: 1969
1741:French Revolution
1589:, and during the
1587:occupied by Italy
1467:Pan Am Flight 103
1420:Islamic socialism
1410:Islamic modernist
1327:Brotherly Leader'
1317:, first becoming
1285:
1284:
1223:Lockerbie bombing
954:
953:
918:
917:
523:(aged 68–69)
197:Abuzed Omar Dorda
97:
96:
64:was 16,000 words.
16:(Redirected from
26281:
26139:Libyan Islamists
26064:Burials in Libya
26029:Anti-Americanism
25981:
25980:
25979:
25969:
25968:
25957:
25956:
25955:
25945:
25944:
25943:
25933:
25932:
25931:
25924:
25900:
25899:
25773:Eagle of Saladin
25480:Amin al-Husseini
25445:Faisal I of Iraq
25415:Sultan al-Atrash
25410:Mansur al-Atrash
25385:Abdul Salam Arif
25194:War of Attrition
25080:Arab nationalism
25073:
25066:
25059:
25050:
25049:
25034:
25033:
25022:
25010:
25009:
24998:
24997:
24822:Rape allegations
24756:Abu Salim prison
24704:Mohammed Nabbous
24638:Charles Bouchard
24617:Mustafa Kharoubi
24482:Baghdadi Mahmudi
24462:Abdullah Senussi
24452:Al-Saadi Gaddafi
24447:Mutassim Gaddafi
24376:Salwa Bughaighis
24341:Ismail al-Salabi
24296:Ahmed al-Senussi
24291:Osama al-Juwaili
24236:Suleiman Mahmoud
24191:
24190:
24161:Operation Mobile
24147:Operation Ellamy
24079:Msallata clashes
24062:Battle of Zliten
24040:Battle of Wazzin
23892:
23891:
23865:Libyan Air Force
23769:
23762:
23755:
23746:
23745:
23709:Valery Gerasimov
23600:Abdullah Senussi
23550:Francis Muthaura
23484:Hamlet Guchmazov
23479:Mikhail Mindzaev
23287:
23280:
23273:
23264:
23263:
23250:
23249:
22815:Mohamed Bouazizi
22720:Hassan al-Turabi
22695:Khaled al-Johani
22650:Mohammed Nabbous
22615:Marouf al-Bakhit
22610:King Abdullah II
22409:Foreign fighters
22384:Free Syrian Army
22372:National Command
22367:Regional Command
22106:
22099:
22092:
22083:
22082:
22069:
22068:
22067:
22057:
22056:
22045:
22044:
22035:
22034:
21927:Pan-African flag
21757:
21756:
21703:Randall Robinson
21638:Leonard Jeffries
21618:W. E. B. Du Bois
21613:Cheikh Anta Diop
21608:Martin R. Delany
21432:David Comissiong
21402:
21401:
21301:Anti-imperialism
21276:
21275:
21258:
21251:
21244:
21235:
21234:
20875:
20868:
20861:
20852:
20851:
20829:
20808:
20789:
20630:
20629:
20509:Kingdom of Libya
20494:
20487:
20480:
20471:
20470:
20443:
20428:
20285:
20284:
20214:Kingdom of Libya
20199:
20192:
20185:
20176:
20175:
20163:
20162:
20152:
20144:
20137:
20124:
20117:
20110:
20103:
20096:
20089:
20082:
20075:
20068:
20061:
20054:
20047:
20040:
20033:
20026:
20019:
20012:
20005:
19998:
19991:
19973:
19966:
19959:
19952:
19945:
19938:
19931:
19924:
19917:
19910:
19903:
19896:
19889:
19882:
19875:
19868:
19861:
19854:
19847:
19840:
19833:
19826:
19819:
19812:
19794:
19787:
19780:
19773:
19766:
19759:
19752:
19745:
19738:
19731:
19724:
19717:
19710:
19703:
19696:
19689:
19682:
19675:
19668:
19661:
19654:
19636:
19629:
19622:
19615:
19608:
19601:
19594:
19587:
19580:
19573:
19566:
19559:
19552:
19545:
19538:
19531:
19524:
19517:
19510:
19503:
19496:
19489:
19482:
19475:
19468:
19461:
19454:
19447:
19440:
19433:
19426:
19419:
19401:
19394:
19387:
19380:
19373:
19366:
19359:
19352:
19345:
19338:
19331:
19324:
19317:
19310:
19303:
19296:
19289:
19282:
19275:
19268:
19261:
19254:
19247:
19240:
19233:
19226:
19219:
19212:
19205:
19198:
19191:
19184:
19177:
19170:
19163:
19156:
19138:
19131:
19124:
19117:
19110:
19103:
19096:
19089:
19082:
19075:
19068:
19061:
19054:
19047:
19040:
19033:
19026:
19019:
19012:
19005:
18998:
18991:
18984:
18977:
18970:
18963:
18956:
18949:
18942:
18935:
18928:
18921:
18914:
18907:
18900:
18882:
18875:
18868:
18861:
18854:
18847:
18840:
18833:
18826:
18819:
18812:
18805:
18798:
18791:
18784:
18777:
18770:
18763:
18756:
18749:
18742:
18735:
18728:
18721:
18714:
18707:
18700:
18693:
18686:
18679:
18672:
18665:
18658:
18651:
18626:
18619:
18612:
18603:
18602:
18468:Hannibal Gaddafi
18462:Mutassim Gaddafi
18456:Al-Saadi Gaddafi
18444:Muhammad Gaddafi
18342:
18335:
18328:
18319:
18318:
18290:Preceded by
18229:
18225:Preceded by
18198:Preceded by
18185:
18164:as King of Libya
18161:
18155:Preceded by
18147:
18146:
18138:
18121:
18078:– ABC News video
18064:
18035:
18008:
17981:
17969:
17958:
17927:
17908:
17889:
17860:
17841:
17801:
17789:
17775:
17753:
17732:
17695:
17676:
17657:
17638:
17614:
17585:
17583:
17581:
17575:
17544:
17534:
17532:
17530:
17498:
17477:
17456:
17444:
17433:
17396:
17377:
17358:
17337:
17300:
17287:Libyan Sandstorm
17278:
17259:
17257:
17232:
17222:
17197:
17185:
17167:
17148:
17119:
17118:
17116:
17114:
17099:
17093:
17092:
17090:
17088:
17068:
17062:
17061:
17059:
17057:
17037:
17031:
17030:
17028:
17026:
17017:. Archived from
17006:
17000:
16999:
16997:
16995:
16975:
16969:
16968:
16966:
16964:
16944:
16938:
16935:Boyd-Judson 2005
16928:
16922:
16916:
16910:
16904:
16898:
16892:
16886:
16876:
16865:
16859:
16853:
16847:
16841:
16835:
16829:
16823:
16814:
16808:
16802:
16796:
16790:
16780:
16774:
16768:
16757:
16747:
16741:
16735:
16729:
16723:
16717:
16711:
16705:
16704:
16702:
16700:
16676:
16670:
16669:
16667:
16665:
16640:
16634:
16633:
16631:
16629:
16610:Peralta, Eyder.
16607:
16601:
16600:
16598:
16596:
16581:
16575:
16569:
16563:
16562:
16560:
16558:
16543:
16537:
16536:
16534:
16532:
16513:
16507:
16497:
16488:
16487:
16485:
16483:
16468:
16462:
16461:
16459:
16457:
16437:
16431:
16430:
16428:
16426:
16406:
16400:
16399:
16397:
16395:
16375:
16369:
16363:
16357:
16356:
16354:
16352:
16332:
16316:
16310:
16304:
16298:
16288:
16282:
16276:
16270:
16264:
16258:
16257:
16255:
16253:
16244:. 11 June 2009.
16234:
16228:
16227:
16225:
16223:
16203:
16197:
16196:
16194:
16192:
16177:
16168:
16162:
16156:
16150:
16144:
16138:
16127:
16121:
16112:
16106:
16093:
16087:
16078:
16068:
16062:
16056:
16050:
16044:
16035:
16029:
16023:
16017:
16011:
16005:
15996:
15990:
15984:
15978:
15972:
15966:
15960:
15954:
15948:
15942:
15936:
15930:
15924:
15918:
15912:
15906:
15900:
15886:
15880:
15874:
15865:
15859:
15853:
15847:
15841:
15835:
15826:
15825:
15823:
15821:
15802:
15796:
15790:
15784:
15778:
15772:
15758:
15752:
15746:
15740:
15734:
15728:
15722:
15716:
15710:
15704:
15702:
15700:
15698:
15678:
15672:
15666:
15660:
15654:
15648:
15642:
15636:
15630:
15624:
15614:
15608:
15602:
15596:
15590:
15584:
15578:
15572:
15566:
15560:
15554:
15548:
15538:
15532:
15526:
15520:
15514:
15508:
15498:
15492:
15482:
15476:
15470:
15464:
15450:
15444:
15438:
15432:
15426:
15420:
15417:
15411:
15410:
15408:
15406:
15384:
15378:
15368:
15362:
15356:
15347:
15341:
15335:
15334:
15332:
15330:
15315:
15309:
15303:
15297:
15291:
15285:
15284:
15282:
15280:
15265:
15259:
15253:
15247:
15246:
15244:
15242:
15220:
15214:
15213:
15211:
15209:
15187:
15181:
15180:
15178:
15176:
15161:
15155:
15154:
15152:
15150:
15135:
15129:
15123:
15117:
15111:
15105:
15104:
15102:
15100:
15080:
15074:
15073:
15071:
15069:
15050:
15044:
15043:
15041:
15039:
15028:Face2Face Africa
15019:
15013:
15012:
15010:
15008:
14988:
14982:
14981:
14979:
14977:
14962:
14947:
14941:
14935:
14934:
14932:
14930:
14910:
14904:
14903:
14901:
14899:
14871:
14865:
14859:
14853:
14852:
14850:
14848:
14829:
14823:
14822:
14820:
14818:
14809:(in Ukrainian).
14798:
14792:
14791:
14789:
14787:
14768:
14762:
14761:
14759:
14757:
14738:
14732:
14731:
14729:
14727:
14700:
14691:
14685:
14676:
14675:
14673:
14671:
14652:
14646:
14640:
14634:
14628:
14617:
14611:
14602:
14601:
14599:
14597:
14577:
14571:
14561:
14555:
14549:
14543:
14542:
14540:
14538:
14518:
14512:
14505:Vandewalle 2008a
14502:
14496:
14490:
14484:
14477:Vandewalle 2008a
14474:
14468:
14454:
14448:
14442:
14436:
14426:
14420:
14414:
14408:
14405:Vandewalle 2008a
14402:
14393:
14390:Vandewalle 2008a
14383:
14377:
14371:
14365:
14359:
14353:
14347:
14341:
14331:
14325:
14319:
14313:
14307:
14301:
14295:
14289:
14282:Vandewalle 2008a
14279:
14273:
14267:
14261:
14258:Vandewalle 2008a
14255:
14249:
14248:
14246:
14244:
14225:
14219:
14218:
14216:
14214:
14194:
14188:
14187:
14185:
14183:
14163:
14157:
14156:
14154:
14152:
14132:
14126:
14112:
14106:
14100:
14094:
14087:Vandewalle 2008a
14084:
14078:
14072:
14066:
14056:
14050:
14044:
14038:
14032:
14026:
14023:Vandewalle 2008a
14020:
14014:
14008:
14002:
14001:
13999:
13997:
13988:. 16 June 2000.
13978:
13972:
13971:
13969:
13967:
13948:
13942:
13941:
13939:
13937:
13917:
13911:
13910:
13908:
13906:
13887:
13881:
13880:
13878:
13876:
13857:
13851:
13850:
13848:
13846:
13826:
13820:
13819:
13817:
13815:
13796:
13790:
13784:
13778:
13777:
13775:
13773:
13753:
13747:
13741:
13735:
13734:
13732:
13730:
13711:
13705:
13704:
13702:
13700:
13681:
13675:
13674:
13672:
13670:
13650:
13644:
13638:
13632:
13631:
13629:
13627:
13606:
13600:
13599:
13597:
13595:
13576:
13567:
13566:
13564:
13562:
13543:
13537:
13531:
13525:
13519:
13513:
13503:
13497:
13491:
13485:
13471:
13465:
13464:
13462:
13460:
13432:
13426:
13425:
13414:
13408:
13401:Boyd-Judson 2005
13398:
13392:
13386:
13380:
13370:
13364:
13354:
13348:
13333:Vandewalle 2008a
13326:
13320:
13319:
13317:
13315:
13300:
13294:
13293:
13291:
13289:
13269:
13263:
13262:
13260:
13258:
13239:
13233:
13227:
13221:
13215:
13209:
13194:Vandewalle 2008a
13191:
13185:
13182:Vandewalle 2008a
13179:
13173:
13172:
13170:
13168:
13153:
13147:
13146:
13144:
13142:
13123:
13117:
13116:
13114:
13112:
13093:
13087:
13086:
13084:
13082:
13063:
13057:
13056:
13054:
13052:
13033:
13027:
13026:
13024:
13022:
13013:. 25 July 2020.
13003:
12997:
12996:
12994:
12992:
12973:
12967:
12966:
12964:
12962:
12943:
12937:
12936:
12934:
12932:
12904:
12898:
12897:
12895:
12893:
12874:
12865:
12864:
12862:
12860:
12851:. 17 June 2017.
12841:
12835:
12834:
12832:
12830:
12811:
12805:
12804:
12802:
12800:
12777:
12771:
12770:
12768:
12766:
12746:
12740:
12726:
12720:
12710:
12704:
12694:
12688:
12687:
12685:
12683:
12663:
12657:
12651:
12645:
12639:
12633:
12623:
12617:
12611:
12605:
12595:
12589:
12583:
12577:
12571:
12565:
12555:
12549:
12543:
12537:
12536:
12534:
12532:
12504:
12495:
12485:
12479:
12476:Boyd-Judson 2005
12473:
12467:
12464:Boyd-Judson 2005
12461:
12455:
12444:Boyd-Judson 2005
12441:
12435:
12424:Boyd-Judson 2005
12421:
12415:
12414:
12412:
12410:
12390:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12379:
12359:
12353:
12347:
12341:
12340:
12332:
12326:
12323:Vandewalle 2008b
12320:
12314:
12303:Vandewalle 2008b
12299:Boyd-Judson 2005
12296:
12290:
12284:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12273:
12246:
12240:
12239:
12237:
12235:
12207:
12201:
12200:
12198:
12196:
12176:
12170:
12169:
12167:
12165:
12137:
12131:
12121:
12115:
12112:Vandewalle 2008b
12109:
12103:
12093:
12087:
12086:
12084:
12082:
12073:(994 ed.).
12064:
12058:
12057:
12055:
12053:
12025:
12019:
12018:
12016:
12014:
11995:
11989:
11988:
11986:
11984:
11961:
11955:
11945:
11939:
11933:
11927:
11921:
11915:
11908:Vandewalle 2008b
11905:
11899:
11893:
11887:
11881:
11875:
11869:
11863:
11852:Vandewalle 2008b
11849:
11843:
11836:Vandewalle 2008b
11833:
11827:
11816:Vandewalle 2008b
11813:
11807:
11797:
11791:
11785:
11779:
11769:
11763:
11756:Boyd-Judson 2005
11753:
11747:
11741:
11735:
11725:
11719:
11712:Vandewalle 2008b
11708:Boyd-Judson 2005
11697:
11691:
11681:
11675:
11669:
11663:
11656:Boyd-Judson 2005
11654:, pp. 4–5;
11645:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11606:
11600:
11599:
11597:
11595:
11567:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11556:
11536:
11527:
11520:Vandewalle 2008b
11509:
11503:
11496:Boyd-Judson 2005
11489:
11483:
11465:
11459:
11448:Vandewalle 2008b
11437:
11431:
11420:Vandewalle 2008b
11417:
11411:
11404:Vandewalle 2008b
11393:
11387:
11373:
11367:
11361:
11355:
11337:
11331:
11313:
11307:
11306:
11304:
11302:
11282:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11271:
11256:
11250:
11228:
11222:
11216:
11210:
11192:
11186:
11176:
11170:
11169:
11167:
11165:
11143:
11137:
11136:
11134:
11132:
11120:Business Insider
11110:
11101:
11094:
11088:
11070:
11064:
11063:
11061:
11059:
11032:
11026:
11006:
10997:
10990:Vandewalle 2008b
10979:
10973:
10970:
10964:
10957:
10951:
10950:
10948:
10946:
10926:
10920:
10919:
10917:
10915:
10895:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10884:
10861:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10850:
10822:
10816:
10802:
10796:
10790:
10784:
10778:
10772:
10769:Vandewalle 2008b
10762:
10756:
10738:
10732:
10721:Vandewalle 2008b
10714:
10708:
10698:
10692:
10674:
10668:
10658:
10652:
10651:
10649:
10647:
10641:
10634:
10625:
10619:
10618:
10616:
10614:
10609:on 9 August 2013
10605:. Archived from
10594:
10588:
10587:
10579:
10570:
10552:
10546:
10527:
10521:
10520:
10518:
10516:
10496:
10490:
10484:
10478:
10472:
10463:
10462:
10460:
10458:
10430:
10424:
10418:
10412:
10406:
10400:
10399:
10397:
10395:
10367:
10361:
10360:
10358:
10356:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10320:
10318:
10299:
10293:
10292:
10290:
10288:
10269:
10258:
10248:
10242:
10236:
10230:
10223:Vandewalle 2008b
10212:
10206:
10192:
10186:
10179:Vandewalle 2008b
10168:
10162:
10159:Vandewalle 2008b
10152:
10146:
10140:
10134:
10128:
10122:
10116:
10110:
10104:
10098:
10087:Vandewalle 2008b
10076:
10070:
10052:
10046:
10036:
10030:
10023:Vandewalle 2008b
10016:
10010:
9999:Vandewalle 2008b
9988:
9982:
9976:
9970:
9959:Vandewalle 2008b
9948:
9942:
9931:Vandewalle 2008b
9924:
9915:
9901:
9895:
9877:
9871:
9865:
9856:
9845:Vandewalle 2008b
9842:
9836:
9830:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9816:
9788:
9782:
9781:
9759:
9753:
9739:
9733:
9727:
9721:
9710:Vandewalle 2008b
9699:
9693:
9687:
9678:
9675:Vandewalle 2008b
9672:
9666:
9656:
9650:
9644:
9635:
9625:
9619:
9613:
9607:
9601:
9595:
9589:
9580:
9574:
9568:
9565:Vandewalle 2008b
9550:
9544:
9538:
9529:
9511:
9505:
9495:
9489:
9475:
9469:
9459:
9453:
9435:
9429:
9428:
9426:
9424:
9405:
9399:
9393:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9374:on 9 August 2013
9370:. Archived from
9359:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9300:. 9 March 2016.
9290:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9276:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9223:
9217:
9195:
9189:
9183:
9177:
9171:
9165:
9147:
9141:
9131:
9125:
9119:
9113:
9091:
9085:
9079:
9073:
9055:
9049:
9027:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9016:
8997:
8991:
8985:
8979:
8965:
8956:
8942:
8936:
8930:
8924:
8917:Vandewalle 2008b
8906:
8900:
8894:
8885:
8879:
8873:
8867:
8861:
8860:
8858:
8856:
8836:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8825:
8806:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8764:
8745:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8715:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8698:
8685:
8676:
8667:
8656:Vandewalle 2008b
8645:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8614:
8608:
8602:
8596:
8590:
8584:
8577:Vandewalle 2008b
8574:
8568:
8562:
8556:
8550:
8541:
8535:
8529:
8518:Vandewalle 2008b
8511:
8505:
8495:
8489:
8475:
8469:
8463:
8457:
8451:
8445:
8431:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8403:
8397:
8387:
8381:
8363:
8357:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8329:
8319:
8313:
8299:
8293:
8287:
8278:
8277:, p. 93–94.
8272:
8266:
8244:
8238:
8227:Vandewalle 2008b
8212:
8206:
8200:
8194:
8180:
8174:
8160:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8149:
8121:
8115:
8097:
8091:
8077:
8071:
8053:
8047:
8037:
8031:
8021:
8015:
7997:
7991:
7985:
7979:
7968:Vandewalle 2008b
7961:
7955:
7949:
7943:
7933:
7927:
7921:
7915:
7901:
7895:
7889:
7883:
7865:
7859:
7841:
7835:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7793:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7754:
7748:
7730:
7724:
7718:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7682:
7676:
7658:
7652:
7642:
7636:
7622:
7616:
7609:Vandewalle 2008b
7602:
7596:
7590:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7560:Vandewalle 2008b
7553:
7547:
7540:Vandewalle 2008b
7525:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7492:
7485:Vandewalle 2008b
7482:
7476:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7438:
7429:
7423:
7414:
7404:
7395:
7389:
7383:
7377:
7366:
7360:
7354:
7348:
7339:
7328:Vandewalle 2008b
7317:
7311:
7300:Vandewalle 2008b
7293:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7260:
7242:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7141:
7135:
7121:
7115:
7108:Vandewalle 2008b
7105:
7099:
7085:
7079:
7069:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6976:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6942:. 18 July 1972.
6932:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6904:. 17 July 1972.
6894:
6888:
6881:Vandewalle 2008b
6870:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6830:on 23 March 2012
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6751:
6745:
6731:
6725:
6718:Vandewalle 2008b
6715:
6709:
6702:Vandewalle 2008b
6691:
6685:
6678:Vandewalle 2008b
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6631:
6625:
6619:
6610:
6596:
6590:
6583:Vandewalle 2008b
6576:
6570:
6552:
6546:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6509:
6491:
6485:
6471:
6465:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6424:
6418:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6381:
6375:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6335:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6264:
6258:
6244:
6238:
6224:
6215:
6205:
6199:
6185:
6179:
6169:
6163:
6149:
6143:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6089:
6083:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6040:
6026:
6020:
6010:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5978:
5972:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5941:
5919:
5913:
5891:
5885:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5843:
5837:
5826:Vandewalle 2008b
5819:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5783:
5777:
5763:
5757:
5739:
5733:
5711:
5705:
5687:
5678:
5668:
5662:
5648:
5639:
5625:
5619:
5609:
5603:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5561:
5550:
5536:
5530:
5512:
5506:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5452:books.google.com
5444:
5438:
5437:
5432:. Archived from
5430:Doublespeak Blog
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5401:. Archived from
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5336:. Archived from
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5230:The Taipei Times
5222:
5213:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5167:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5134:
5112:
5078:
5067:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4956:
4951:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4818:
4657:Quotations from
4585:Mutassim Gaddafi
4581:Al-Saadi Gaddafi
4565:Muhammad Gaddafi
4448:Friedrich Engels
4426:
4425:—Muammar Gaddafi
4389:that he termed "
4335:Marxism–Leninism
4293:Arab nationalism
4286:
4285:—Muammar Gaddafi
4251:; upon arrival,
4198:Abdullah Senussi
4136:Nafusa Mountains
4112:Abdullah Senussi
3867:
3719:Arab slave trade
3520:Abdullah Senussi
3419:military attaché
3279:Goukouni Oueddei
3045:
3019:Ion Mihai Pacepa
2985:
2922:direct democracy
2913:
2906:
2891:Foundation: 1977
2671:national service
2663:Kweldi al-Hamidi
2426:Red Army Faction
2299:
2270:national holiday
2232:British Airlines
2153:Beida University
2047:state capitalist
2007:Ruling by decree
1989:Ahmed al-Senussi
1860:
1689:Arab nationalism
1663:, including the
1643:President Nasser
1603:General Assembly
1595:Second World War
1517:anti-imperialist
1436:direct democracy
1412:, he introduced
1394:Ruling by decree
1335:Arab nationalism
1296:
1293:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1176:
1099:
1009:Gaddafi loyalism
972:Arab nationalism
950:
949:
947:
940:
939:
931:
924:
923:
920:
919:
810:
809:
797:
796:
786:Kingdom of Libya
784:
783:
767:Military service
762:
701:
691:Milad (adopted)
648:
628:
626:
608:
606:
602:
522:
503:
500:
486:Personal details
472:
460:
451:
429:
417:
408:
377:
365:
353:
344:
322:
309:
287:
277:
268:
246:
233:
222:Baghdadi Mahmudi
171:
161:
152:
129:
119:
106:Brotherly Leader
101:
100:
92:
89:
83:
47:
46:
39:
21:
26289:
26288:
26284:
26283:
26282:
26280:
26279:
26278:
26134:Libyan colonels
25999:Muammar Gaddafi
25989:
25988:
25987:
25977:
25975:
25963:
25953:
25951:
25941:
25939:
25929:
25927:
25919:
25917:
25912:
25911:
25906:
25888:
25824:Greater Morocco
25797:
25793:Pan-Arab colors
25788:Hawk of Quraish
25754:
25722:
25573:Arab Federation
25534:
25520:Abdullah Rimawi
25495:Mostéfa Merarda
25450:Muammar Gaddafi
25430:Ahmed Ben Bella
25405:Jamal al-Atassi
25395:Bashar al-Assad
25346:
25315:
25296:Black September
25174:Anglo-Iraqi War
25118:
25082:
25077:
25047:
25042:
24977:
24901:
24795:
24771:Giuliana Bridge
24748:
24738:
24734:Ihab Al-Mismari
24699:Nuri al-Mismari
24694:Imbarek Shamekh
24657:
24621:
24532:Khweldi Hameidi
24427:Muammar Gaddafi
24415:
24366:Ahmed Omar Bani
24326:Yousef Mangoush
24316:Mahdi al-Harati
24301:Hussein Darbouk
24180:
24127:
24111:Battle of Sirte
24074:Zawiya skirmish
24057:Zliten uprising
24006:
23997:Battle of Sabha
23992:Fezzan campaign
23973:
23969:Ra's Lanuf raid
23904:Battle of Bayda
23881:
23821:
23805:19 March–31 May
23778:
23773:
23743:
23738:
23714:Sergey Kobylash
23695:
23651:
23617:
23589:Muammar Gaddafi
23575:
23514:
23488:
23460:
23409:
23367:Germain Katanga
23352:
23326:Noureddine Adam
23307:
23296:
23291:
23261:
23256:
23238:
23179:
23148:
23090:
23049:
22965:Iraqi Kurdistan
22895:Occupy movement
22881:
22852:Tawakkol Karman
22790:Moncef Marzouki
22760:Burhan Ghalioun
22730:Bashar al-Assad
22700:Manal al-Sharif
22630:Muammar Gaddafi
22478:
22234:
22128:
22115:
22110:
22080:
22075:
22065:
22063:
22051:
22047:Africa category
22023:
21962:
21931:
21889:
21776:
21742:
21738:Omali Yeshitela
21718:Issa Laye Thiaw
21648:Maulana Karenga
21633:John G. Jackson
21561:
21482:Patrice Lumumba
21447:Muammar Gaddafi
21387:
21352:African century
21340:
21267:
21262:
21232:
21227:
21106:
20894:
20893:Organisation of
20888:
20879:
20849:
20844:
20834:
20818:
20799:
20776:
20740:
20728:
20666:
20658:
20636:
20625:
20617:
20573:
20511:
20503:
20498:
20468:
20463:
20453:
20438:
20423:
20375:
20363:
20311:
20303:
20291:
20280:
20272:
20228:
20216:
20208:
20203:
20168:
20160:
20155:
20147:
20140:
20135:
20127:
20120:
20113:
20106:
20099:
20092:
20085:
20078:
20071:
20064:
20057:
20050:
20043:
20036:
20029:
20022:
20015:
20008:
20001:
19994:
19987:
19976:
19971:Ethiopia (2019)
19969:
19962:
19955:
19950:Zimbabwe (2017)
19948:
19941:
19934:
19927:
19920:
19913:
19906:
19899:
19892:
19885:
19878:
19871:
19864:
19857:
19850:
19843:
19836:
19829:
19822:
19815:
19808:
19797:
19790:
19783:
19776:
19769:
19762:
19755:
19748:
19741:
19734:
19727:
19720:
19713:
19706:
19699:
19692:
19685:
19678:
19671:
19664:
19657:
19650:
19639:
19632:
19625:
19618:
19611:
19604:
19597:
19590:
19583:
19576:
19569:
19562:
19555:
19548:
19541:
19534:
19527:
19520:
19513:
19506:
19499:
19492:
19485:
19478:
19471:
19464:
19457:
19450:
19443:
19436:
19429:
19422:
19415:
19404:
19397:
19390:
19385:Ethiopia (1989)
19383:
19376:
19369:
19362:
19357:Transkei (1987)
19355:
19348:
19341:
19334:
19327:
19320:
19313:
19306:
19299:
19292:
19285:
19278:
19271:
19266:Cameroon (1984)
19264:
19257:
19250:
19243:
19236:
19229:
19222:
19215:
19208:
19201:
19194:
19187:
19180:
19173:
19166:
19159:
19152:
19141:
19134:
19127:
19120:
19113:
19106:
19099:
19092:
19085:
19078:
19071:
19064:
19057:
19050:
19043:
19036:
19029:
19022:
19015:
19008:
19001:
18994:
18987:
18982:Ethiopia (1974)
18980:
18973:
18966:
18959:
18952:
18945:
18938:
18931:
18924:
18917:
18910:
18903:
18896:
18885:
18878:
18871:
18864:
18857:
18850:
18843:
18836:
18829:
18822:
18815:
18808:
18801:
18794:
18787:
18780:
18773:
18766:
18759:
18752:
18745:
18738:
18731:
18724:
18717:
18710:
18703:
18696:
18689:
18682:
18675:
18668:
18661:
18656:Ethiopia (1960)
18654:
18647:
18636:
18630:
18600:
18595:
18584:
18575:Tragedy Khadafi
18569:Gaddafi Stadium
18545:
18516:Amazonian Guard
18491:
18418:
18351:
18349:Muammar Gaddafi
18346:
18312:
18303:
18295:
18280:
18273:
18269:
18256:
18247:
18243:
18233:
18228:
18220:
18211:
18203:
18189:
18184:
18177:
18173:
18160:
18136:
18125:Muammar Gaddafi
18109:Muammar Gaddafi
18091:Muammar Gaddafi
18072:
18067:
18032:
18005:
17978:
17924:
17905:
17857:
17798:
17772:
17692:
17673:
17654:
17635:
17579:
17577:
17573:
17542:
17528:
17526:
17519:
17453:
17393:
17374:
17297:
17283:Cooley, John K.
17275:
17194:
17164:
17145:
17135:Qadhafi's Libya
17128:
17123:
17122:
17112:
17110:
17101:
17100:
17096:
17086:
17084:
17069:
17065:
17055:
17053:
17038:
17034:
17024:
17022:
17007:
17003:
16993:
16991:
16976:
16972:
16962:
16960:
16945:
16941:
16929:
16925:
16917:
16913:
16905:
16901:
16895:Kawczynski 2011
16893:
16889:
16883:Kawczynski 2011
16877:
16868:
16860:
16856:
16850:Kawczynski 2011
16848:
16844:
16836:
16832:
16824:
16817:
16809:
16805:
16797:
16793:
16783:Hinnebusch 1984
16781:
16777:
16769:
16760:
16752:, p. 283;
16748:
16744:
16738:Hinnebusch 1984
16736:
16732:
16726:Hinnebusch 1984
16724:
16720:
16714:Vandewalle 2006
16712:
16708:
16698:
16696:
16678:
16677:
16673:
16663:
16661:
16641:
16637:
16627:
16625:
16608:
16604:
16594:
16592:
16583:
16582:
16578:
16570:
16566:
16556:
16554:
16545:
16544:
16540:
16530:
16528:
16527:on 9 March 2011
16521:Al Arabiya News
16515:
16514:
16510:
16498:
16491:
16481:
16479:
16470:
16469:
16465:
16455:
16453:
16438:
16434:
16424:
16422:
16408:
16407:
16403:
16393:
16391:
16384:The Independent
16376:
16372:
16364:
16360:
16350:
16348:
16317:
16313:
16305:
16301:
16289:
16285:
16277:
16273:
16265:
16261:
16251:
16249:
16236:
16235:
16231:
16221:
16219:
16204:
16200:
16190:
16188:
16179:
16178:
16171:
16163:
16159:
16151:
16147:
16139:
16130:
16122:
16115:
16107:
16096:
16088:
16081:
16075:Vandewalle 2006
16073:, p. 145;
16069:
16065:
16057:
16053:
16045:
16038:
16030:
16026:
16018:
16014:
16006:
15999:
15991:
15987:
15979:
15975:
15967:
15963:
15955:
15951:
15943:
15939:
15935:, p. xvii.
15931:
15927:
15919:
15915:
15909:Hinnebusch 1984
15907:
15903:
15895:, p. 482;
15891:, p. 255;
15887:
15883:
15875:
15868:
15860:
15856:
15848:
15844:
15836:
15829:
15819:
15817:
15804:
15803:
15799:
15791:
15787:
15779:
15775:
15767:, p. 161;
15763:, p. 476;
15759:
15755:
15747:
15743:
15735:
15731:
15723:
15719:
15711:
15707:
15696:
15694:
15679:
15675:
15667:
15663:
15655:
15651:
15643:
15639:
15631:
15627:
15615:
15611:
15603:
15599:
15591:
15587:
15579:
15575:
15567:
15563:
15555:
15551:
15539:
15535:
15529:Hinnebusch 1984
15527:
15523:
15515:
15511:
15499:
15495:
15487:, p. 474;
15483:
15479:
15471:
15467:
15455:, p. 473;
15451:
15447:
15439:
15435:
15427:
15423:
15418:
15414:
15404:
15402:
15385:
15381:
15369:
15365:
15357:
15350:
15342:
15338:
15328:
15326:
15317:
15316:
15312:
15304:
15300:
15292:
15288:
15278:
15276:
15267:
15266:
15262:
15254:
15250:
15240:
15238:
15221:
15217:
15207:
15205:
15197:The Irish Times
15188:
15184:
15174:
15172:
15163:
15162:
15158:
15148:
15146:
15137:
15136:
15132:
15124:
15120:
15112:
15108:
15098:
15096:
15081:
15077:
15067:
15065:
15052:
15051:
15047:
15037:
15035:
15020:
15016:
15006:
15004:
14989:
14985:
14975:
14973:
14964:
14963:
14950:
14942:
14938:
14928:
14926:
14911:
14907:
14897:
14895:
14872:
14868:
14860:
14856:
14846:
14844:
14831:
14830:
14826:
14816:
14814:
14799:
14795:
14785:
14783:
14770:
14769:
14765:
14755:
14753:
14740:
14739:
14735:
14725:
14723:
14708:Washington Post
14702:
14701:
14694:
14686:
14679:
14669:
14667:
14654:
14653:
14649:
14641:
14637:
14629:
14620:
14612:
14605:
14595:
14593:
14586:The Independent
14578:
14574:
14566:, p. 257;
14564:Kawczynski 2011
14562:
14558:
14550:
14546:
14536:
14534:
14519:
14515:
14507:, p. 236;
14503:
14499:
14491:
14487:
14479:, p. 236;
14475:
14471:
14463:, p. 284;
14455:
14451:
14443:
14439:
14431:, p. 286;
14427:
14423:
14415:
14411:
14403:
14396:
14388:, p. 284;
14384:
14380:
14372:
14368:
14362:Kawczynski 2011
14360:
14356:
14350:Kawczynski 2011
14348:
14344:
14336:, p. 231;
14334:Kawczynski 2011
14332:
14328:
14320:
14316:
14308:
14304:
14298:Kawczynski 2011
14296:
14292:
14284:, p. 225;
14280:
14276:
14268:
14264:
14256:
14252:
14242:
14240:
14227:
14226:
14222:
14212:
14210:
14195:
14191:
14181:
14179:
14164:
14160:
14150:
14148:
14133:
14129:
14121:, p. 156;
14113:
14109:
14101:
14097:
14089:, p. 228;
14085:
14081:
14073:
14069:
14061:, p. 180;
14059:Kawczynski 2011
14057:
14053:
14045:
14041:
14033:
14029:
14021:
14017:
14009:
14005:
13995:
13993:
13980:
13979:
13975:
13965:
13963:
13950:
13949:
13945:
13935:
13933:
13918:
13914:
13904:
13902:
13889:
13888:
13884:
13874:
13872:
13859:
13858:
13854:
13844:
13842:
13827:
13823:
13813:
13811:
13798:
13797:
13793:
13785:
13781:
13771:
13769:
13754:
13750:
13742:
13738:
13728:
13726:
13713:
13712:
13708:
13698:
13696:
13683:
13682:
13678:
13668:
13666:
13651:
13647:
13641:Kawczynski 2011
13639:
13635:
13625:
13623:
13608:
13607:
13603:
13593:
13591:
13590:on 16 June 2009
13578:
13577:
13570:
13560:
13558:
13557:on 18 June 2009
13545:
13544:
13540:
13532:
13528:
13520:
13516:
13508:, p. 274;
13504:
13500:
13492:
13488:
13480:, p. 101;
13476:, p. 175;
13474:Kawczynski 2011
13472:
13468:
13458:
13456:
13433:
13429:
13416:
13415:
13411:
13399:
13395:
13387:
13383:
13373:Kawczynski 2011
13371:
13367:
13357:Kawczynski 2011
13355:
13351:
13343:, p. 244;
13337:Kawczynski 2011
13335:, p. 217;
13329:Vandewalle 2006
13327:
13323:
13313:
13311:
13306:. 11 May 2006.
13302:
13301:
13297:
13287:
13285:
13272:Koike, Yuriko.
13270:
13266:
13256:
13254:
13249:. 11 May 2006.
13241:
13240:
13236:
13228:
13224:
13216:
13212:
13204:, p. 176;
13202:Kawczynski 2011
13200:, p. 101;
13196:, p. 220;
13192:
13188:
13180:
13176:
13166:
13164:
13155:
13154:
13150:
13140:
13138:
13125:
13124:
13120:
13110:
13108:
13095:
13094:
13090:
13080:
13078:
13065:
13064:
13060:
13050:
13048:
13035:
13034:
13030:
13020:
13018:
13005:
13004:
13000:
12990:
12988:
12983:. 27 May 2020.
12975:
12974:
12970:
12960:
12958:
12953:. 8 June 2017.
12945:
12944:
12940:
12930:
12928:
12905:
12901:
12891:
12889:
12876:
12875:
12868:
12858:
12856:
12843:
12842:
12838:
12828:
12826:
12819:The Irish Times
12813:
12812:
12808:
12798:
12796:
12786:Washington Post
12778:
12774:
12764:
12762:
12747:
12743:
12735:, p. 190;
12733:Kawczynski 2011
12727:
12723:
12715:, p. 190;
12713:Kawczynski 2011
12711:
12707:
12699:, p. 188;
12697:Kawczynski 2011
12695:
12691:
12681:
12679:
12664:
12660:
12652:
12648:
12640:
12636:
12626:Kawczynski 2011
12624:
12620:
12612:
12608:
12600:, p. 190;
12598:Kawczynski 2011
12596:
12592:
12584:
12580:
12572:
12568:
12562:Kawczynski 2011
12556:
12552:
12544:
12540:
12530:
12528:
12513:Washington Post
12505:
12498:
12490:, p. 142;
12488:Kawczynski 2011
12486:
12482:
12474:
12470:
12462:
12458:
12448:Kawczynski 2011
12442:
12438:
12430:, p. 147;
12428:Kawczynski 2011
12422:
12418:
12408:
12406:
12391:
12387:
12377:
12375:
12360:
12356:
12348:
12344:
12334:
12333:
12329:
12321:
12317:
12307:Kawczynski 2011
12297:
12293:
12285:
12281:
12271:
12269:
12262:
12248:
12247:
12243:
12233:
12231:
12208:
12204:
12194:
12192:
12177:
12173:
12163:
12161:
12138:
12134:
12126:, p. 188;
12124:Kawczynski 2011
12122:
12118:
12110:
12106:
12098:, p. 166;
12096:Kawczynski 2011
12094:
12090:
12080:
12078:
12065:
12061:
12051:
12049:
12042:
12026:
12022:
12012:
12010:
11997:
11996:
11992:
11982:
11980:
11970:Washington Post
11962:
11958:
11948:Kawczynski 2011
11946:
11942:
11936:Kawczynski 2011
11934:
11930:
11922:
11918:
11906:
11902:
11896:Kawczynski 2011
11894:
11890:
11882:
11878:
11870:
11866:
11850:
11846:
11834:
11830:
11814:
11810:
11802:, p. 225;
11800:Kawczynski 2011
11798:
11794:
11786:
11782:
11770:
11766:
11760:Kawczynski 2011
11754:
11750:
11742:
11738:
11732:Kawczynski 2011
11726:
11722:
11716:Kawczynski 2011
11702:, p. 287;
11698:
11694:
11688:Kawczynski 2011
11686:, p. 102;
11682:
11678:
11674:, pp. 5–6.
11670:
11666:
11660:Kawczynski 2011
11650:, p. 287;
11646:
11642:
11632:
11630:
11615:Washington Post
11607:
11603:
11593:
11591:
11568:
11564:
11554:
11552:
11537:
11530:
11514:, p. 250;
11510:
11506:
11500:Kawczynski 2011
11490:
11486:
11476:Kawczynski 2011
11470:, p. 294;
11466:
11462:
11452:Kawczynski 2011
11442:, p. 231;
11438:
11434:
11424:Kawczynski 2011
11418:
11414:
11408:Kawczynski 2011
11394:
11390:
11382:, p. 183;
11374:
11370:
11362:
11358:
11350:, p. 115;
11348:Kawczynski 2011
11338:
11334:
11324:Kawczynski 2011
11314:
11310:
11300:
11298:
11291:en.yabiladi.com
11283:
11279:
11269:
11267:
11258:
11257:
11253:
11243:Kawczynski 2011
11237:, p. 214;
11229:
11225:
11217:
11213:
11203:Kawczynski 2011
11201:, p. 102;
11197:, p. 103;
11193:
11189:
11181:, p. 101;
11177:
11173:
11163:
11161:
11144:
11140:
11130:
11128:
11111:
11104:
11095:
11091:
11087:, 1 April 1987.
11081:Wayback Machine
11071:
11067:
11057:
11055:
11034:
11033:
11029:
11017:Wayback Machine
11007:
11000:
10980:
10976:
10971:
10967:
10958:
10954:
10944:
10942:
10927:
10923:
10913:
10911:
10896:
10892:
10882:
10880:
10870:Washington Post
10862:
10858:
10848:
10846:
10823:
10819:
10807:, p. 250;
10803:
10799:
10791:
10787:
10779:
10775:
10767:, p. 116;
10763:
10759:
10751:, p. 224;
10749:Kawczynski 2011
10747:, p. 119;
10743:, p. 274;
10739:
10735:
10727:, p. 104;
10725:Kawczynski 2011
10715:
10711:
10699:
10695:
10685:Kawczynski 2011
10679:, p. 112;
10675:
10671:
10665:Kawczynski 2011
10659:
10655:
10645:
10643:
10639:
10632:
10626:
10622:
10612:
10610:
10595:
10591:
10580:
10573:
10563:Kawczynski 2011
10553:
10549:
10537:Wayback Machine
10528:
10524:
10514:
10512:
10497:
10493:
10485:
10481:
10473:
10466:
10456:
10454:
10439:Washington Post
10431:
10427:
10419:
10415:
10407:
10403:
10393:
10391:
10368:
10364:
10354:
10352:
10331:
10330:
10326:
10316:
10314:
10301:
10300:
10296:
10286:
10284:
10271:
10270:
10261:
10253:, p. 246;
10249:
10245:
10237:
10233:
10217:, p. 246;
10213:
10209:
10193:
10189:
10169:
10165:
10153:
10149:
10141:
10137:
10129:
10125:
10117:
10113:
10105:
10101:
10093:, p. 220;
10091:Kawczynski 2011
10081:, p. 195;
10077:
10073:
10065:, p. 221;
10063:Kawczynski 2011
10061:, p. 128;
10057:, p. 484;
10053:
10049:
10041:, p. 275;
10037:
10033:
10021:, p. 117;
10017:
10013:
10003:Kawczynski 2011
9993:, p. 189;
9989:
9985:
9977:
9973:
9963:Kawczynski 2011
9949:
9945:
9935:Kawczynski 2011
9925:
9918:
9906:, p. 191;
9902:
9898:
9890:, p. 221;
9888:Kawczynski 2011
9886:, p. 111;
9882:, p. 484;
9878:
9874:
9868:Vandewalle 2006
9866:
9859:
9849:Kawczynski 2011
9843:
9839:
9831:
9824:
9814:
9812:
9789:
9785:
9778:
9760:
9756:
9744:, p. 169;
9740:
9736:
9728:
9724:
9714:Kawczynski 2011
9708:, p. 105;
9700:
9696:
9688:
9681:
9673:
9669:
9659:Kawczynski 2011
9657:
9653:
9645:
9638:
9628:Kawczynski 2011
9626:
9622:
9614:
9610:
9602:
9598:
9590:
9583:
9575:
9571:
9551:
9547:
9539:
9532:
9522:Kawczynski 2011
9520:, p. 105;
9512:
9508:
9500:, p. 114;
9496:
9492:
9482:Kawczynski 2011
9480:, p. 170;
9476:
9472:
9462:Kawczynski 2011
9460:
9456:
9446:Kawczynski 2011
9436:
9432:
9422:
9420:
9407:
9406:
9402:
9394:
9387:
9377:
9375:
9360:
9356:
9346:
9344:
9337:
9321:
9317:
9307:
9305:
9292:
9291:
9284:
9274:
9272:
9255:
9251:
9241:
9239:
9224:
9220:
9210:Kawczynski 2011
9196:
9192:
9184:
9180:
9174:Kawczynski 2011
9172:
9168:
9148:
9144:
9136:, p. 181;
9132:
9128:
9120:
9116:
9106:Kawczynski 2011
9100:, p. 185;
9096:, p. 167;
9092:
9088:
9082:Kawczynski 2011
9080:
9076:
9066:Kawczynski 2011
9056:
9052:
9046:Kawczynski 2011
9028:
9024:
9014:
9012:
8999:
8998:
8994:
8986:
8982:
8976:Kawczynski 2011
8966:
8959:
8953:Kawczynski 2011
8947:, p. 162;
8943:
8939:
8931:
8927:
8921:Kawczynski 2011
8911:, p. 148;
8907:
8903:
8895:
8888:
8880:
8876:
8868:
8864:
8854:
8852:
8837:
8833:
8823:
8821:
8808:
8807:
8803:
8793:
8791:
8776:
8772:
8762:
8760:
8747:
8746:
8742:
8732:
8730:
8717:
8716:
8712:
8702:
8700:
8696:
8683:
8677:
8670:
8660:Kawczynski 2011
8654:, p. 118;
8650:, p. 146;
8646:
8642:
8632:
8630:
8615:
8611:
8603:
8599:
8591:
8587:
8581:Kawczynski 2011
8575:
8571:
8563:
8559:
8551:
8544:
8536:
8532:
8522:Kawczynski 2011
8512:
8508:
8500:, p. 163;
8496:
8492:
8484:, p. 122;
8476:
8472:
8464:
8460:
8452:
8448:
8436:, p. 150;
8432:
8428:
8420:
8416:
8404:
8400:
8394:Kawczynski 2011
8392:, p. 104;
8388:
8384:
8376:, p. 116;
8368:, p. 141;
8364:
8360:
8348:
8344:
8336:
8332:
8320:
8316:
8300:
8296:
8288:
8281:
8273:
8269:
8259:Kawczynski 2011
8249:, p. 140;
8245:
8241:
8231:Kawczynski 2011
8223:Vandewalle 2006
8217:, p. 139;
8213:
8209:
8201:
8197:
8187:Kawczynski 2011
8181:
8177:
8167:Kawczynski 2011
8161:
8157:
8147:
8145:
8122:
8118:
8108:Kawczynski 2011
8102:, p. 114;
8098:
8094:
8086:, p. 150;
8082:, p. 116;
8078:
8074:
8064:Kawczynski 2011
8058:, p. 116;
8054:
8050:
8038:
8034:
8024:Kawczynski 2011
8022:
8018:
8002:, p. 478;
7998:
7994:
7986:
7982:
7972:Kawczynski 2011
7962:
7958:
7950:
7946:
7934:
7930:
7922:
7918:
7906:, p. 475;
7902:
7898:
7890:
7886:
7876:Kawczynski 2011
7866:
7862:
7852:Kawczynski 2011
7842:
7838:
7828:Kawczynski 2011
7822:
7818:
7810:
7806:
7796:Kawczynski 2011
7794:
7790:
7780:
7778:
7771:
7755:
7751:
7741:Kawczynski 2011
7731:
7727:
7719:
7715:
7707:
7703:
7693:Kawczynski 2011
7683:
7679:
7669:Kawczynski 2011
7659:
7655:
7649:Kawczynski 2011
7643:
7639:
7633:Kawczynski 2011
7623:
7619:
7605:Vandewalle 2006
7603:
7599:
7591:
7582:
7574:
7570:
7554:
7550:
7536:Vandewalle 2006
7526:
7522:
7514:
7510:
7502:
7495:
7489:Kawczynski 2011
7483:
7479:
7469:Kawczynski 2011
7463:
7459:
7451:
7447:
7439:
7432:
7424:
7417:
7407:Kawczynski 2011
7405:
7398:
7390:
7386:
7378:
7369:
7361:
7357:
7349:
7342:
7332:Kawczynski 2011
7318:
7314:
7304:Kawczynski 2011
7294:
7290:
7282:
7278:
7270:
7263:
7255:, p. 116;
7243:
7239:
7229:
7227:
7206:
7205:
7201:
7191:
7189:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7156:
7142:
7138:
7122:
7118:
7106:
7102:
7086:
7082:
7070:
7063:
7055:
7051:
7043:
7039:
7031:
7027:
7019:
7015:
7007:
7003:
6995:
6991:
6983:
6979:
6971:
6967:
6957:
6955:
6934:
6933:
6929:
6919:
6917:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6871:
6867:
6859:
6855:
6847:
6843:
6833:
6831:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6807:
6805:
6782:
6778:
6768:
6766:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6732:
6728:
6722:Kawczynski 2011
6716:
6712:
6706:Kawczynski 2011
6698:Vandewalle 2006
6692:
6688:
6674:Vandewalle 2006
6672:
6668:
6662:Kawczynski 2011
6660:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6632:
6628:
6620:
6613:
6597:
6593:
6577:
6573:
6553:
6549:
6537:, p. 472;
6533:
6529:
6521:
6512:
6506:Kawczynski 2011
6492:
6488:
6472:
6468:
6462:Kawczynski 2011
6460:, p. 178;
6456:
6452:
6442:
6440:
6425:
6421:
6415:Kawczynski 2011
6401:
6397:
6390:Lexington Books
6382:
6378:
6372:Kawczynski 2011
6366:
6362:
6352:
6350:
6337:
6336:
6329:
6319:
6317:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6289:
6287:
6274:. 4 July 1955.
6266:
6265:
6261:
6251:Kawczynski 2011
6245:
6241:
6235:Kawczynski 2011
6231:Vandewalle 2006
6229:, p. 175;
6225:
6218:
6212:Kawczynski 2011
6206:
6202:
6196:Kawczynski 2011
6186:
6182:
6170:
6166:
6156:Kawczynski 2011
6150:
6146:
6136:Kawczynski 2011
6134:, p. 174;
6126:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6100:Kawczynski 2011
6098:, p. 174;
6090:
6086:
6078:, p. 174;
6074:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6052:Kawczynski 2011
6050:
6043:
6037:Kawczynski 2011
6035:, p. 173;
6027:
6023:
6011:
6007:
5999:
5995:
5985:Kawczynski 2011
5979:
5975:
5963:
5959:
5951:
5944:
5934:Kawczynski 2011
5932:, p. 172;
5920:
5916:
5906:Kawczynski 2011
5892:
5888:
5878:Kawczynski 2011
5872:
5868:
5860:
5856:
5844:
5840:
5830:Kawczynski 2011
5820:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5794:Kawczynski 2011
5784:
5780:
5774:Kawczynski 2011
5764:
5760:
5750:Kawczynski 2011
5740:
5736:
5726:Kawczynski 2011
5724:, p. 170;
5712:
5708:
5698:Kawczynski 2011
5688:
5681:
5669:
5665:
5655:Kawczynski 2011
5649:
5642:
5636:Kawczynski 2011
5626:
5622:
5610:
5606:
5596:Kawczynski 2011
5594:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5568:Kawczynski 2011
5562:
5553:
5547:Kawczynski 2011
5537:
5533:
5527:Kawczynski 2011
5525:, p. 170;
5513:
5509:
5499:Kawczynski 2011
5493:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5470:ICC-01/11-01/11
5464:
5463:
5459:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5406:
5405:on 5 April 2013
5389:
5385:
5375:
5373:
5365:The Daily Beast
5358:
5357:
5353:
5343:
5341:
5326:
5322:
5312:
5310:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5279:
5275:
5265:
5263:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5239:
5237:
5224:
5223:
5216:
5206:Libya Live Blog
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5176:The Independent
5168:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5021:. According to
4978:
4966:
4958:
4957:
4948:Standard Arabic
4946:
4919:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4874:
4845:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4754:
4726:
4701:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4630:
4558:Nuri al-Mismari
4545:Amazonian Guard
4478:
4472:
4428:
4424:
4399:
4331:Josip Broz Tito
4327:Abraham Lincoln
4288:
4284:
4275:
4269:
4166:fall of Tripoli
4162:
4154:Main articles:
4152:
4083:Resolution 1970
4012:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3949:
3947:Economic reform
3933:Nicolas Sarkozy
3860:
3814:
3654:
3649:
3584:, and in 1988,
3582:Provisional IRA
3483:
3442:Edwin P. Wilson
3435:Yvonne Fletcher
3411:Maxwell M. Rabb
3343:Polisario Front
3287:GUNT government
3238:
3068:civil liberties
3064:The Green March
3047:
3040:
3031:
3007:Josip Broz Tito
2999:Leonid Brezhnev
2983:
2893:
2888:
2880:1980s oil slump
2864:Polisario Front
2852:Habib Bourguiba
2806:Gaddafi Stadium
2706:Munich massacre
2690:
2659:Mustafa Kharubi
2594:Islamic revival
2569:
2561:Main articles:
2559:
2474:
2378:Nation of Islam
2367:Munich massacre
2328:and his group,
2292:
2196:
2190:
2068:nationalization
2023:
1993:monarchist plot
1971:People's Courts
1931:
1912:Khweldi Hameidi
1862:
1858:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1765:
1749:Abraham Lincoln
1697:neo-colonialism
1619:
1543:
1538:
1483:Western nations
1449:socialist state
1294:
1281:
1252:
1237:
1203:1973 oil crisis
1170:
1165:
1093:
1088:
1046:
1015:
946:Muammar Gaddafi
945:
943:
942:
941:
937:
935:
934:
910:
817:
804:
791:
778:
750:
717:
703:
702:
699:
694:
650:
649:
646:
633:
630:
627: 1970)
622:
618:
610:
607: 1970)
598:
594:
591:
575:
557:Political party
524:
520:
519:20 October 2011
504:
501:
497:
496:
470:
458:
452:
447:
427:
415:
409:
404:
399:
375:
363:
351:
345:
340:
320:
307:
302:
289:
288:
283:
275:
269:
264:
244:
231:
226:
212:Imbarek Shamekh
173:
172:
167:
159:
153:
148:
132:
131:Gaddafi in 1970
120:
117:
111:
110:Muammar Gaddafi
108:
93:
87:
84:
65:
48:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
26287:
26277:
26276:
26271:
26266:
26261:
26256:
26251:
26246:
26241:
26236:
26231:
26226:
26221:
26216:
26211:
26206:
26201:
26196:
26191:
26186:
26181:
26176:
26171:
26166:
26161:
26156:
26151:
26146:
26141:
26136:
26131:
26126:
26121:
26116:
26111:
26106:
26101:
26096:
26094:Gaddafi family
26091:
26086:
26081:
26076:
26071:
26066:
26061:
26056:
26051:
26046:
26041:
26036:
26031:
26026:
26021:
26016:
26011:
26006:
26001:
25986:
25985:
25973:
25961:
25949:
25937:
25914:
25913:
25908:
25907:
25905:
25904:
25893:
25890:
25889:
25887:
25886:
25881:
25876:
25871:
25866:
25861:
25856:
25851:
25846:
25841:
25836:
25831:
25826:
25821:
25816:
25811:
25805:
25803:
25802:Related topics
25799:
25798:
25796:
25795:
25790:
25785:
25780:
25775:
25770:
25764:
25762:
25756:
25755:
25753:
25752:
25745:
25738:
25730:
25728:
25724:
25723:
25721:
25720:
25715:
25710:
25705:
25700:
25695:
25690:
25685:
25680:
25675:
25670:
25668:Islamic Legion
25665:
25660:
25655:
25650:
25645:
25640:
25635:
25630:
25625:
25620:
25615:
25610:
25605:
25600:
25595:
25590:
25585:
25580:
25575:
25570:
25565:
25560:
25558:Al-Mourabitoun
25555:
25550:
25544:
25542:
25536:
25535:
25533:
25532:
25527:
25525:Hamdeen Sabahi
25522:
25517:
25515:Fuad al-Rikabi
25512:
25507:
25505:Adnan Pachachi
25502:
25497:
25492:
25487:
25482:
25477:
25475:Saddam Hussein
25472:
25467:
25465:Sati' al-Husri
25462:
25457:
25452:
25447:
25442:
25437:
25432:
25427:
25422:
25417:
25412:
25407:
25402:
25400:Hafez al-Assad
25397:
25392:
25390:Zaki al-Arsuzi
25387:
25382:
25377:
25372:
25367:
25362:
25356:
25354:
25348:
25347:
25345:
25344:
25339:
25334:
25329:
25323:
25321:
25317:
25316:
25314:
25313:
25308:
25303:
25298:
25293:
25288:
25283:
25278:
25273:
25271:Aden Emergency
25268:
25263:
25258:
25253:
25248:
25243:
25238:
25233:
25228:
25223:
25218:
25216:Iraqi Intifada
25213:
25208:
25207:
25206:
25201:
25199:Yom Kippur War
25196:
25191:
25186:
25176:
25171:
25166:
25161:
25160:
25159:
25149:
25144:
25143:
25142:
25132:
25126:
25124:
25120:
25119:
25117:
25116:
25111:
25106:
25101:
25096:
25094:Arab socialism
25090:
25088:
25084:
25083:
25076:
25075:
25068:
25061:
25053:
25044:
25043:
25041:
25040:
25028:
25016:
25004:
24992:
24982:
24979:
24978:
24976:
24975:
24970:
24965:
24960:
24955:
24950:
24945:
24940:
24935:
24930:
24925:
24920:
24915:
24909:
24907:
24903:
24902:
24900:
24899:
24894:
24889:
24888:
24887:
24877:
24876:
24875:
24865:
24864:
24863:
24858:
24853:
24848:
24838:
24837:
24836:
24826:
24825:
24824:
24814:
24809:
24803:
24801:
24797:
24796:
24794:
24793:
24788:
24783:
24778:
24773:
24768:
24763:
24758:
24752:
24750:
24749:and structures
24744:
24743:
24740:
24739:
24737:
24736:
24731:
24726:
24721:
24716:
24711:
24709:Iman al-Obeidi
24706:
24701:
24696:
24691:
24686:
24681:
24676:
24671:
24665:
24663:
24659:
24658:
24656:
24655:
24650:
24645:
24640:
24635:
24629:
24627:
24623:
24622:
24620:
24619:
24614:
24609:
24604:
24599:
24594:
24589:
24584:
24579:
24574:
24569:
24564:
24559:
24557:Mahdi al-Arabi
24554:
24549:
24544:
24539:
24537:Muftah Anaqrat
24534:
24529:
24524:
24519:
24514:
24509:
24504:
24499:
24494:
24489:
24484:
24479:
24474:
24472:Moussa Ibrahim
24469:
24464:
24459:
24457:Ayesha Gaddafi
24454:
24449:
24444:
24442:Khamis Gaddafi
24439:
24434:
24429:
24423:
24421:
24417:
24416:
24414:
24413:
24408:
24403:
24398:
24393:
24388:
24386:Kais al-Hilali
24383:
24378:
24373:
24368:
24363:
24358:
24356:Fathi Bashagha
24353:
24348:
24343:
24338:
24336:Abdullah Naker
24333:
24328:
24323:
24321:Khalid Shahmah
24318:
24313:
24308:
24303:
24298:
24293:
24288:
24283:
24278:
24273:
24268:
24263:
24258:
24253:
24248:
24243:
24241:Omar El-Hariri
24238:
24233:
24228:
24226:Ali al-Sallabi
24223:
24218:
24216:Khalifa Haftar
24213:
24208:
24206:Mahmoud Jibril
24203:
24197:
24195:
24188:
24182:
24181:
24179:
24178:
24171:
24164:
24157:
24150:
24142:
24140:
24133:
24132:
24129:
24128:
24126:
24125:
24120:
24115:
24114:
24113:
24103:
24098:
24093:
24092:
24091:
24081:
24076:
24071:
24070:
24069:
24064:
24059:
24049:
24048:
24047:
24042:
24032:
24027:
24022:
24016:
24014:
24008:
24007:
24005:
24004:
23999:
23994:
23989:
23983:
23981:
23975:
23974:
23972:
23971:
23966:
23961:
23956:
23951:
23946:
23941:
23936:
23931:
23926:
23921:
23916:
23911:
23906:
23900:
23898:
23889:
23883:
23882:
23880:
23879:
23874:
23873:
23872:
23867:
23862:
23852:
23851:
23850:
23845:
23840:
23829:
23827:
23823:
23822:
23820:
23819:
23818:
23817:
23812:
23810:June–15 August
23807:
23802:
23791:
23790:
23783:
23780:
23779:
23772:
23771:
23764:
23757:
23749:
23740:
23739:
23737:
23736:
23734:Viktor Sokolov
23731:
23726:
23724:Vladimir Putin
23721:
23716:
23711:
23705:
23703:
23697:
23696:
23694:
23693:
23687:
23683:Dominic Ongwen
23679:
23673:
23667:
23661:
23659:
23653:
23652:
23650:
23649:
23641:
23633:
23627:
23625:
23619:
23618:
23616:
23615:
23609:
23603:
23597:
23592:
23585:
23583:
23577:
23576:
23574:
23573:
23567:
23560:
23553:
23546:
23539:
23536:Uhuru Kenyatta
23532:
23524:
23522:
23516:
23515:
23513:
23512:
23507:
23505:Laurent Gbagbo
23502:
23496:
23494:
23490:
23489:
23487:
23486:
23481:
23476:
23474:David Sanakoev
23470:
23468:
23462:
23461:
23459:
23458:
23453:
23447:
23442:
23437:
23435:Omar al-Bashir
23432:
23430:Abdallah Banda
23427:
23424:Bahr Abu Garda
23419:
23417:
23411:
23410:
23408:
23407:
23403:Bosco Ntaganda
23399:
23392:
23386:
23379:
23371:
23362:
23360:
23354:
23353:
23351:
23350:
23345:
23343:Alfred Yekatom
23340:
23335:
23328:
23323:
23315:
23313:
23309:
23308:
23301:
23298:
23297:
23290:
23289:
23282:
23275:
23267:
23258:
23257:
23255:
23254:
23243:
23240:
23239:
23237:
23236:
23231:
23226:
23221:
23216:
23211:
23206:
23201:
23196:
23190:
23188:
23181:
23180:
23178:
23177:
23172:
23171:
23170:
23162:
23156:
23154:
23150:
23149:
23147:
23146:
23141:
23136:
23131:
23130:
23129:
23124:
23119:
23111:
23106:
23100:
23098:
23092:
23091:
23089:
23088:
23083:
23078:
23073:
23068:
23063:
23057:
23055:
23054:UN Resolutions
23051:
23050:
23048:
23047:
23042:
23037:
23032:
23030:United Kingdom
23027:
23026:
23025:
23020:
23012:
23007:
23002:
22997:
22996:
22995:
22990:
22982:
22977:
22972:
22967:
22962:
22957:
22956:
22955:
22950:
22942:
22937:
22932:
22927:
22922:
22921:
22920:
22915:
22907:
22902:
22897:
22891:
22889:
22883:
22882:
22880:
22879:
22874:
22869:
22867:Sadiq al-Ahmar
22864:
22859:
22854:
22849:
22844:
22835:
22834:
22829:
22823:
22822:
22817:
22812:
22807:
22802:
22797:
22792:
22787:
22782:
22773:
22772:
22767:
22765:Moaz al-Khatib
22762:
22757:
22755:Maher al-Assad
22752:
22747:
22742:
22737:
22732:
22723:
22722:
22717:
22715:Omar al-Bashir
22708:
22707:
22702:
22697:
22692:
22683:
22682:
22680:Abbas El Fassi
22677:
22668:
22667:
22662:
22653:
22652:
22647:
22642:
22637:
22632:
22623:
22622:
22617:
22612:
22603:
22602:
22600:Bassem Youssef
22597:
22592:
22587:
22582:
22577:
22572:
22570:Kamal Ganzouri
22567:
22562:
22557:
22552:
22547:
22542:
22533:
22532:
22527:
22522:
22520:Hasan Mushaima
22517:
22508:
22507:
22502:
22493:
22492:
22486:
22484:
22483:Notable people
22480:
22479:
22477:
22476:
22471:
22466:
22461:
22456:
22451:
22442:
22441:
22436:
22431:
22426:
22421:
22412:
22411:
22406:
22404:Hizb ut-Tahrir
22401:
22396:
22391:
22386:
22381:
22376:
22375:
22374:
22369:
22357:
22356:
22351:
22346:
22337:
22336:
22327:
22326:
22321:
22312:
22311:
22306:
22301:
22296:
22291:
22286:
22281:
22271:
22266:
22257:
22256:
22251:
22242:
22240:
22236:
22235:
22233:
22232:
22227:
22225:Western Sahara
22222:
22217:
22212:
22207:
22202:
22197:
22192:
22187:
22182:
22177:
22172:
22167:
22162:
22157:
22152:
22147:
22142:
22136:
22134:
22130:
22129:
22120:
22117:
22116:
22109:
22108:
22101:
22094:
22086:
22077:
22076:
22074:
22073:
22061:
22049:
22039:
22028:
22025:
22024:
22022:
22021:
22019:Year of Africa
22016:
22011:
22006:
22001:
21996:
21991:
21986:
21984:Africanization
21981:
21976:
21970:
21968:
21964:
21963:
21961:
21960:
21955:
21950:
21945:
21939:
21937:
21933:
21932:
21930:
21929:
21924:
21919:
21914:
21907:
21901:
21899:
21895:
21894:
21891:
21890:
21888:
21887:
21882:
21877:
21870:
21865:
21860:
21855:
21850:
21845:
21840:
21835:
21830:
21825:
21820:
21815:
21810:
21805:
21800:
21795:
21790:
21784:
21782:
21778:
21777:
21775:
21774:
21769:
21763:
21761:
21754:
21748:
21747:
21744:
21743:
21741:
21740:
21735:
21733:Amos N. Wilson
21730:
21725:
21720:
21715:
21710:
21705:
21700:
21695:
21693:Runoko Rashidi
21690:
21685:
21683:George Padmore
21680:
21675:
21670:
21665:
21660:
21655:
21650:
21645:
21640:
21635:
21630:
21625:
21620:
21615:
21610:
21605:
21600:
21595:
21590:
21585:
21580:
21575:
21569:
21567:
21563:
21562:
21560:
21559:
21554:
21552:Robert Sobukwe
21549:
21547:Haile Selassie
21544:
21539:
21537:Thomas Sankara
21534:
21529:
21527:Julius Nyerere
21524:
21519:
21514:
21509:
21504:
21499:
21494:
21489:
21484:
21479:
21474:
21469:
21464:
21462:Kenneth Kaunda
21459:
21454:
21449:
21444:
21442:Anténor Firmin
21439:
21434:
21429:
21427:Amílcar Cabral
21424:
21422:Nnamdi Azikiwe
21419:
21414:
21408:
21406:
21399:
21393:
21392:
21389:
21388:
21386:
21385:
21380:
21373:
21366:
21359:
21354:
21348:
21346:
21342:
21341:
21339:
21338:
21333:
21331:Uhuru Movement
21328:
21323:
21318:
21313:
21308:
21303:
21298:
21293:
21288:
21282:
21280:
21273:
21269:
21268:
21265:Pan-Africanism
21261:
21260:
21253:
21246:
21238:
21229:
21228:
21226:
21225:
21220:
21215:
21210:
21205:
21200:
21195:
21190:
21185:
21180:
21175:
21170:
21165:
21160:
21155:
21150:
21145:
21140:
21135:
21130:
21125:
21120:
21114:
21112:
21108:
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21104:
21099:
21094:
21089:
21084:
21079:
21074:
21069:
21064:
21059:
21054:
21049:
21044:
21039:
21034:
21029:
21024:
21019:
21014:
21009:
21004:
20999:
20994:
20989:
20984:
20979:
20974:
20969:
20964:
20959:
20954:
20949:
20944:
20939:
20934:
20929:
20924:
20919:
20914:
20909:
20904:
20898:
20896:
20890:
20889:
20878:
20877:
20870:
20863:
20855:
20846:
20845:
20839:
20836:
20835:
20833:
20832:
20831:
20830:
20811:
20810:
20809:
20792:
20791:
20790:
20769:
20764:
20757:
20750:
20744:
20742:
20741:(2011–present)
20734:
20733:
20730:
20729:
20727:
20726:
20721:
20716:
20711:
20706:
20701:
20696:
20691:
20686:
20681:
20676:
20670:
20668:
20660:
20659:
20657:
20656:
20651:
20646:
20640:
20638:
20627:
20619:
20618:
20576:
20574:
20572:
20571:
20566:
20561:
20556:
20551:
20549:M. al-Muntasir
20546:
20541:
20536:
20531:
20526:
20521:
20519:M. al-Muntasir
20515:
20513:
20505:
20504:
20497:
20496:
20489:
20482:
20474:
20465:
20464:
20458:
20455:
20454:
20452:
20451:
20446:
20445:
20444:
20431:
20430:
20429:
20416:
20409:
20404:
20397:
20392:
20385:
20379:
20377:
20376:(2011–present)
20369:
20368:
20365:
20364:
20362:
20361:
20356:
20351:
20346:
20341:
20336:
20331:
20326:
20321:
20315:
20313:
20305:
20304:
20302:
20301:
20295:
20293:
20282:
20274:
20273:
20231:
20229:
20227:
20226:
20220:
20218:
20210:
20209:
20202:
20201:
20194:
20187:
20179:
20173:
20170:
20169:
20157:
20156:
20154:
20153:
20150:attempted coup
20145:
20138:
20132:
20129:
20128:
20126:
20125:
20118:
20111:
20104:
20097:
20090:
20083:
20076:
20069:
20062:
20055:
20048:
20041:
20034:
20027:
20020:
20017:Tunisia (2021)
20013:
20006:
19999:
19992:
19984:
19982:
19978:
19977:
19975:
19974:
19967:
19960:
19953:
19946:
19939:
19932:
19925:
19922:Burundi (2015)
19918:
19911:
19908:Lesotho (2014)
19904:
19897:
19890:
19883:
19876:
19869:
19866:Eritrea (2013)
19862:
19855:
19848:
19841:
19834:
19827:
19820:
19813:
19805:
19803:
19799:
19798:
19796:
19795:
19788:
19781:
19774:
19767:
19760:
19753:
19746:
19739:
19732:
19725:
19718:
19711:
19704:
19697:
19690:
19683:
19676:
19669:
19662:
19659:Burundi (2001)
19655:
19647:
19645:
19641:
19640:
19638:
19637:
19630:
19623:
19616:
19609:
19602:
19595:
19588:
19581:
19578:Burundi (1996)
19574:
19567:
19560:
19553:
19550:Comoros (1995)
19546:
19543:Liberia (1994)
19539:
19536:Lesotho (1994)
19532:
19525:
19518:
19515:Nigeria (1993)
19511:
19504:
19501:Burundi (1993)
19497:
19490:
19487:Algeria (1992)
19483:
19476:
19469:
19466:Lesotho (1991)
19462:
19455:
19448:
19441:
19434:
19427:
19424:Nigeria (1990)
19420:
19412:
19410:
19406:
19405:
19403:
19402:
19395:
19388:
19381:
19374:
19367:
19360:
19353:
19350:Tunisia (1987)
19346:
19339:
19336:Burundi (1987)
19332:
19325:
19318:
19315:Lesotho (1986)
19311:
19308:Liberia (1985)
19304:
19297:
19290:
19287:Nigeria (1985)
19283:
19276:
19269:
19262:
19255:
19252:Nigeria (1983)
19248:
19241:
19234:
19227:
19220:
19213:
19206:
19199:
19192:
19185:
19178:
19171:
19164:
19161:Liberia (1980)
19157:
19149:
19147:
19143:
19142:
19140:
19139:
19132:
19125:
19118:
19111:
19104:
19097:
19094:Comoros (1978)
19090:
19087:Somalia (1978)
19083:
19076:
19069:
19062:
19055:
19048:
19041:
19038:Nigeria (1976)
19034:
19031:Burundi (1976)
19027:
19024:Comoros (1976)
19020:
19013:
19010:Nigeria (1975)
19006:
18999:
18992:
18989:Comoros (1975)
18985:
18978:
18971:
18964:
18957:
18950:
18943:
18940:Morocco (1972)
18936:
18929:
18926:Dahomey (1972)
18922:
18915:
18912:Morocco (1971)
18908:
18901:
18898:Lesotho (1970)
18893:
18891:
18887:
18886:
18884:
18883:
18876:
18873:Somalia (1969)
18869:
18862:
18855:
18852:Dahomey (1969)
18848:
18841:
18834:
18827:
18824:Algeria (1967)
18820:
18813:
18806:
18803:Dahomey (1967)
18799:
18792:
18785:
18778:
18771:
18764:
18757:
18750:
18743:
18736:
18733:Burundi (1965)
18729:
18726:Dahomey (1965)
18722:
18719:Algeria (1965)
18715:
18708:
18701:
18698:Dahomey (1963)
18694:
18691:Algeria (1962)
18687:
18684:Senegal (1962)
18680:
18677:Somalia (1961)
18673:
18666:
18659:
18652:
18644:
18642:
18638:
18637:
18629:
18628:
18621:
18614:
18606:
18597:
18596:
18589:
18586:
18585:
18583:
18582:
18577:
18572:
18566:
18560:
18557:Gaddafi Mosque
18553:
18551:
18547:
18546:
18544:
18543:
18538:
18533:
18528:
18523:
18518:
18513:
18508:
18499:
18497:
18496:Related topics
18493:
18492:
18490:
18489:
18486:Khamis Gaddafi
18483:
18477:
18474:Ayesha Gaddafi
18471:
18465:
18459:
18453:
18447:
18441:
18435:
18428:
18426:
18420:
18419:
18417:
18416:
18411:
18410:
18409:
18399:
18396:The Green Book
18392:
18389:Escape to Hell
18385:
18380:
18375:
18370:
18365:
18359:
18357:
18353:
18352:
18345:
18344:
18337:
18330:
18322:
18314:
18313:
18308:
18305:
18296:
18293:Jakaya Kikwete
18291:
18287:
18286:
18282:
18281:
18278:
18275:
18264:
18258:
18257:
18252:
18249:
18238:
18226:
18222:
18221:
18216:
18213:
18204:
18199:
18195:
18194:
18182:
18179:
18168:
18156:
18152:
18151:
18145:
18144:
18133:
18122:
18106:
18097:
18088:
18079:
18071:
18070:External links
18068:
18066:
18065:
18047:(3): 401–415.
18036:
18030:
18009:
18003:
17982:
17976:
17959:
17928:
17923:978-0333599242
17922:
17909:
17903:
17890:
17861:
17855:
17842:
17816:(4): 471–490.
17802:
17796:
17776:
17770:
17754:
17733:
17696:
17690:
17677:
17671:
17658:
17652:
17639:
17633:
17615:
17597:(2): 171–188.
17586:
17553:(3): 683–702.
17535:
17517:
17499:
17478:
17457:
17451:
17434:
17408:(3): 361–375.
17397:
17392:978-0822330714
17391:
17378:
17372:
17359:
17338:
17301:
17295:
17279:
17273:
17260:
17248:(4): 307–311.
17233:
17198:
17192:
17176:Lycett, Andrew
17168:
17162:
17149:
17143:
17129:
17127:
17124:
17121:
17120:
17094:
17063:
17032:
17001:
16970:
16939:
16933:, p. 58;
16923:
16921:, p. 309.
16911:
16909:, p. 409.
16899:
16887:
16881:, p. 19;
16866:
16854:
16852:, p. 191.
16842:
16830:
16815:
16803:
16791:
16785:, p. 61;
16775:
16758:
16742:
16730:
16718:
16706:
16671:
16635:
16602:
16576:
16564:
16538:
16508:
16502:, p. 53;
16489:
16463:
16432:
16401:
16370:
16358:
16311:
16309:, p. 112.
16299:
16283:
16271:
16259:
16229:
16198:
16169:
16157:
16145:
16128:
16113:
16111:, p. 285.
16094:
16079:
16063:
16051:
16049:, p. 284.
16036:
16034:, p. 160.
16024:
16022:, p. 159.
16012:
16010:, p. 158.
15997:
15985:
15973:
15961:
15959:, p. 105.
15949:
15947:, p. 104.
15937:
15925:
15923:, p. 484.
15913:
15901:
15881:
15879:, p. 157.
15866:
15854:
15842:
15840:, p. 164.
15827:
15797:
15785:
15773:
15753:
15751:, p. 161.
15741:
15739:, p. 473.
15729:
15717:
15715:, p. 177.
15705:
15673:
15671:, p. 100.
15661:
15649:
15647:, p. 478.
15637:
15625:
15619:, p. 54;
15609:
15597:
15595:, p. 402.
15585:
15573:
15561:
15549:
15543:, p. 59;
15533:
15521:
15509:
15503:, p. 59;
15493:
15477:
15465:
15459:, p. 21;
15445:
15433:
15421:
15412:
15379:
15373:, p. 43;
15363:
15348:
15336:
15310:
15298:
15286:
15260:
15248:
15215:
15182:
15156:
15130:
15118:
15106:
15075:
15045:
15014:
14983:
14948:
14936:
14905:
14866:
14854:
14824:
14793:
14763:
14733:
14692:
14677:
14647:
14635:
14633:, p. 286.
14618:
14616:, p. 285.
14603:
14572:
14570:, p. 286.
14556:
14544:
14513:
14511:, p. 284.
14497:
14485:
14469:
14449:
14437:
14421:
14419:, p. 284.
14409:
14407:, p. 236.
14394:
14392:, p. 236.
14378:
14376:, p. 283.
14366:
14354:
14352:, p. 242.
14342:
14326:
14314:
14312:, p. 278.
14302:
14290:
14274:
14272:, p. 257.
14262:
14260:, p. 231.
14250:
14220:
14189:
14158:
14143:(in Spanish).
14127:
14107:
14095:
14079:
14077:, p. 248.
14067:
14065:, p. 248.
14051:
14049:, p. 697.
14039:
14027:
14025:, p. 224.
14015:
14013:, p. 250.
14003:
13973:
13943:
13912:
13882:
13852:
13821:
13791:
13789:, p. 274.
13779:
13748:
13746:, p. 276.
13736:
13706:
13676:
13645:
13643:, p. 176.
13633:
13601:
13568:
13549:(in Italian).
13538:
13526:
13524:, p. 410.
13514:
13512:, p. 684.
13498:
13496:, p. 408.
13486:
13484:, p. 237.
13466:
13427:
13409:
13407:, p. 101.
13403:, p. 91;
13393:
13391:, p. 412.
13381:
13365:
13363:, p. 245.
13349:
13347:, p. 694.
13321:
13295:
13264:
13234:
13232:, p. 235.
13222:
13220:, p. 254.
13210:
13208:, p. 243.
13186:
13184:, p. 215.
13174:
13148:
13118:
13088:
13058:
13028:
12998:
12968:
12938:
12899:
12866:
12836:
12806:
12772:
12741:
12739:, p. 272.
12721:
12719:, p. 272.
12705:
12689:
12658:
12656:, p. 231.
12646:
12644:, p. 280.
12634:
12632:, p. 230.
12618:
12606:
12604:, p. 229.
12590:
12578:
12576:, p. 226.
12566:
12564:, p. 189.
12560:, p. 99;
12550:
12548:, p. 229.
12538:
12496:
12494:, p. 227.
12480:
12468:
12456:
12454:, p. 206.
12436:
12416:
12399:The Daily Star
12385:
12368:Eurasia Review
12354:
12352:, p. 202.
12342:
12327:
12315:
12305:, p. 39;
12291:
12289:, p. 197.
12279:
12260:
12241:
12202:
12185:Foreign Policy
12171:
12132:
12116:
12104:
12102:, p. 223.
12088:
12059:
12040:
12020:
11990:
11956:
11940:
11928:
11916:
11914:, p. 200.
11910:, p. 38;
11900:
11898:, p. 130.
11888:
11876:
11874:, p. 199.
11864:
11844:
11842:, p. 222.
11838:, p. 45;
11828:
11822:, p. 97;
11818:, p. 29;
11808:
11806:, p. 194.
11792:
11780:
11778:, p. 196.
11774:, p. 15;
11764:
11762:, p. 130.
11758:, p. 80;
11748:
11736:
11734:, p. 130.
11720:
11714:, p. 37;
11692:
11676:
11664:
11662:, p. 122.
11658:, p. 79;
11640:
11601:
11562:
11528:
11526:, p. 209.
11522:, p. 37;
11504:
11498:, p. 79;
11484:
11482:, p. 176.
11460:
11458:, p. 181.
11450:, p. 37;
11432:
11430:, p. 180.
11422:, p. 37;
11412:
11406:, p. 36;
11402:, p. 84;
11388:
11378:, p. 97;
11368:
11356:
11332:
11322:, p. 81;
11308:
11285:Yabiladi.com.
11277:
11251:
11249:, p. 216.
11223:
11211:
11205:, p. 81;
11187:
11185:, p. 189.
11171:
11153:The New Yorker
11138:
11102:
11089:
11072:James Brooke,
11065:
11027:
11008:James Brooke,
10998:
10992:, p. 35;
10974:
10965:
10952:
10921:
10890:
10856:
10817:
10815:, p. 178.
10811:, p. 70;
10797:
10795:, p. 122.
10785:
10783:, p. 121.
10773:
10757:
10755:, p. 249.
10733:
10731:, p. 192.
10723:, p. 23;
10719:, p. 31;
10709:
10707:, p. 105.
10693:
10691:, p. 189.
10669:
10653:
10620:
10589:
10571:
10569:, p. 239.
10561:, p. 41;
10547:
10545:, 21 July 2006
10522:
10505:Historic Wings
10491:
10489:, p. 228.
10479:
10477:, p. 179.
10464:
10425:
10413:
10401:
10362:
10324:
10294:
10259:
10257:, p. 138.
10243:
10241:, p. 138.
10231:
10229:, p. 171.
10225:, p. 27;
10207:
10205:, p. 156.
10201:, p. 79;
10187:
10181:, p. 32;
10177:, p. 79;
10163:
10147:
10145:, p. 246.
10135:
10123:
10121:, p. 241.
10111:
10109:, p. 199.
10099:
10097:, p. 172.
10089:, p. 21;
10085:, p. 28;
10071:
10069:, p. 172.
10047:
10045:, p. 172.
10031:
10029:, p. 174.
10025:, p. 28;
10011:
10005:, p. 31;
9983:
9981:, p. 189.
9971:
9965:, p. 31;
9943:
9937:, p. 31;
9916:
9914:, p. 168.
9896:
9872:
9857:
9855:, p. 169.
9847:, p. 26;
9837:
9835:, p. 173.
9822:
9783:
9776:
9754:
9752:, p. 180.
9748:, p. 76;
9734:
9732:, p. 168.
9722:
9720:, p. 183.
9712:, p. 35;
9694:
9679:
9667:
9665:, p. 167.
9651:
9649:, p. 134.
9636:
9630:, p. 27;
9620:
9608:
9596:
9581:
9569:
9559:, p. 29;
9555:, p. 27;
9553:El-Khawas 1984
9545:
9543:, p. 155.
9530:
9506:
9490:
9488:, p. 183.
9484:, p. 71;
9470:
9468:, p. 183.
9464:, p. 72;
9454:
9452:, p. 183.
9444:, p. 76;
9430:
9400:
9398:, p. 169.
9385:
9354:
9335:
9315:
9298:Israel Defense
9282:
9249:
9218:
9216:, p. 184.
9212:, p. 77;
9208:, p. 94;
9204:, p. 88;
9190:
9178:
9166:
9164:, p. 186.
9142:
9140:, p. 187.
9126:
9114:
9112:, p. 191.
9104:, p. 62;
9086:
9074:
9068:, p. 67;
9064:, p. 87;
9050:
9044:, p. 55;
9036:, p. 87;
9022:
8992:
8980:
8970:, p. 88;
8957:
8937:
8925:
8919:, p. 18;
8901:
8899:, p. 148.
8886:
8874:
8872:, p. 147.
8862:
8831:
8801:
8770:
8740:
8710:
8668:
8666:, p. 165.
8662:, p. 23;
8658:, p. 18;
8640:
8609:
8607:, p. 114.
8597:
8595:, p. 146.
8585:
8579:, p. 18;
8569:
8557:
8555:, p. 165.
8542:
8540:, p. 162.
8530:
8524:, p. 24;
8520:, p. 19;
8506:
8504:, p. 112.
8490:
8488:, p. 159.
8480:, p. 49;
8470:
8468:, p. 158.
8458:
8446:
8426:
8424:, p. 141.
8414:
8412:, p. 163.
8408:, p. 64;
8398:
8382:
8380:, p. 157.
8372:, p. 18;
8358:
8352:, p. 78;
8342:
8340:, p. 157.
8330:
8328:, p. 140.
8324:, p. 20;
8322:El-Khawas 1984
8314:
8312:, p. 156.
8308:, p. 86;
8304:, p. 20;
8302:El-Khawas 1984
8294:
8292:, p. 140.
8279:
8267:
8265:, p. 156.
8261:, p. 22;
8253:, p. 18;
8239:
8237:, p. 156.
8233:, p. 22;
8229:, p. 12;
8225:, p. 82;
8221:, p. 85;
8207:
8195:
8193:, p. 151.
8175:
8173:, p. 151.
8155:
8116:
8114:, p. 178.
8110:, p. 38;
8106:, p. 78;
8092:
8072:
8070:, p. 178.
8066:, p. 37;
8048:
8032:
8030:, p. 151.
8026:, p. 37;
8016:
8014:, p. 185.
8010:, p. 36;
8006:, p. 71;
7992:
7990:, p. 114.
7980:
7974:, p. 64;
7970:, p. 34;
7956:
7944:
7928:
7926:, p. 117.
7916:
7896:
7884:
7882:, p. 142.
7874:, p. 64;
7870:, p. 72;
7860:
7854:, p. 19;
7850:, p. 61;
7836:
7830:, p. 18;
7826:, p. 65;
7816:
7814:, p. 140.
7804:
7802:, p. 182.
7798:, p. 66;
7788:
7769:
7749:
7743:, p. 65;
7739:, p. 87;
7735:, p. 97;
7725:
7713:
7701:
7699:, p. 186.
7695:, p. 65;
7691:, p. 75;
7687:, p. 64;
7677:
7675:, p. 186.
7671:, p. 65;
7667:, p. 75;
7663:, p. 96;
7653:
7637:
7631:, p. 60;
7627:, p. 55;
7617:
7615:, p. 137.
7597:
7580:
7578:, p. 138.
7568:
7566:, p. 155.
7562:, p. 11;
7558:, p. 91;
7548:
7546:, p. 155.
7542:, p. 11;
7538:, p. 83;
7534:, p. 91;
7520:
7508:
7506:, p. 154.
7493:
7477:
7475:, p. 149.
7471:, p. 22;
7467:, p. 19;
7457:
7445:
7430:
7415:
7413:, p. 149.
7409:, p. 23;
7396:
7394:, p. 197.
7384:
7382:, p. 198.
7367:
7365:, p. 196.
7355:
7340:
7338:, p. 134.
7334:, p. 21;
7330:, p. 31;
7326:, p. 64;
7322:, p. 72;
7312:
7310:, p. 134.
7306:, p. 21;
7302:, p. 31;
7298:, p. 64;
7288:
7284:El-Khawas 1984
7276:
7274:, p. 107.
7261:
7259:, p. 147.
7251:, p. 68;
7247:, p. 91;
7237:
7199:
7161:
7154:
7136:
7134:, p. 147.
7130:, p. 68;
7126:, p. 90;
7116:
7114:, p. 147.
7110:, p. 15;
7100:
7080:
7061:
7059:, p. 132.
7049:
7037:
7035:, p. 129.
7025:
7021:El-Khawas 1984
7013:
7011:, p. 128.
7001:
6999:, p. 123.
6989:
6987:, p. 124.
6977:
6965:
6927:
6889:
6887:, p. 153.
6883:, p. 11;
6875:, p. 17;
6865:
6853:
6841:
6815:
6776:
6746:
6740:, p. 16;
6736:, p. 71;
6726:
6720:, p. 11;
6710:
6704:, p. 10;
6700:, p. 79;
6696:, p. 38;
6686:
6684:, p. 134.
6676:, p. 79;
6666:
6654:
6642:
6636:, p. 17;
6626:
6611:
6609:, p. 134.
6605:, p. 64;
6601:, p. 15;
6591:
6589:, p. 134.
6581:, p. 63;
6571:
6569:, p. 148.
6565:, p. 64;
6561:, p. 15;
6557:, p. 62;
6547:
6545:, p. 159.
6541:, p. 56;
6527:
6525:, p. 134.
6510:
6500:, p. 14;
6496:, p. 54;
6486:
6484:, p. 179.
6480:, p. 15;
6476:, p. 55;
6466:
6450:
6419:
6405:, p. 14;
6395:
6376:
6370:, p. 52;
6360:
6327:
6297:
6259:
6253:, p. 19;
6249:, p. 53;
6239:
6233:, p. 70;
6216:
6214:, p. 136.
6210:, p. 51;
6200:
6194:, p. 52;
6190:, p. 14;
6180:
6174:, p. 54;
6164:
6162:, p. 139.
6158:, p. 13;
6144:
6142:, p. 139.
6138:, p. 13;
6120:
6108:
6106:, p. 138.
6102:, p. 13;
6084:
6082:, p. 138.
6068:
6066:, p. 138.
6056:
6041:
6021:
6019:, p. 173.
6005:
5993:
5991:, p. 138.
5987:, p. 12;
5983:, p. 45;
5973:
5971:, p. 138.
5957:
5955:, p. 137.
5942:
5940:, p. 137.
5936:, p. 11;
5928:, p. 44;
5924:, p. 58;
5914:
5912:, p. 136.
5908:, p. 11;
5896:, p. 58;
5886:
5884:, p. 136.
5866:
5864:, p. 171.
5854:
5852:, p. 171.
5848:, p. 40;
5838:
5836:, p. 136.
5828:, p. 10;
5824:, p. 40;
5814:
5812:, p. 136.
5802:
5800:, p. 136.
5792:, p. 40;
5788:, p. 58;
5778:
5768:, p. 58;
5758:
5756:, p. 136.
5744:, p. 39;
5734:
5732:, p. 136.
5728:, p. 10;
5720:, p. 39;
5706:
5704:, p. 136.
5700:, p. 10;
5696:, p. 39;
5679:
5663:
5661:, p. 108.
5640:
5634:, p. 37;
5620:
5618:, p. 135.
5604:
5602:, p. 135.
5588:
5576:
5574:, p. 135.
5566:, p. 35;
5551:
5545:, p. 33;
5541:, p. 58;
5531:
5521:, p. 33;
5517:, p. 58;
5507:
5505:, p. 135.
5497:, p. 33;
5487:
5457:
5439:
5416:
5383:
5351:
5320:
5288:
5273:
5247:
5214:
5193:
5159:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
4970:pronunciation:
4950:pronunciation:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4798:UTA Flight 772
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4753:
4750:
4725:
4722:
4718:asylum seekers
4697:Main article:
4694:
4691:
4686:Main article:
4683:
4680:
4659:The Green Book
4629:
4626:
4618:People's Guard
4601:Khamis Gaddafi
4593:Ayesha Gaddafi
4474:Main article:
4471:
4468:
4452:class struggle
4416:
4412:fundamentalist
4410:rather than a
4398:
4395:
4372:country to be
4339:The Green Book
4297:Arab socialism
4276:
4271:Main article:
4268:
4265:
4260:Mahmoud Jibril
4240:Khamis Brigade
4151:
4148:
4011:
4008:
3997:Main article:
3994:
3991:
3957:The Green Book
3948:
3945:
3914:Saddam Hussein
3879:European Union
3871:Vladimir Putin
3838:Chen Shui-bian
3813:
3810:
3667:pan-Africanism
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3610:UTA Flight 772
3547:Khalifa Haftar
3492:Nelson Mandela
3482:
3479:
3422:Charles R. Ray
3407:Michael Deaver
3391:Alexander Haig
3328:Thomas Sankara
3324:Jerry Rawlings
3311:Khalifa Haftar
3237:
3234:
3213:Hafez al-Assad
3123:Islamic Legion
3032:
3030:
3027:
2981:The Green Book
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2868:Western Sahara
2860:Hassi Messaoud
2772:Hafez al-Assad
2736:Gaafar Nimeiry
2731:Yom Kippur War
2689:
2686:
2647:Omar El-Hariri
2634:state monopoly
2627:The Green Book
2618:The Green Book
2558:
2556:The Green Book
2552:
2473:
2470:
2462:neocolonialism
2418:Action directe
2244:Jaafar Nimeiry
2189:
2186:
2181:vanguard party
2103:Hafez al-Assad
2022:
2019:
1930:
1927:
1870:federal system
1868:the country's
1850:
1845:Main article:
1842:
1839:
1831:
1828:
1803:Bovington Camp
1799:Army Air Corps
1764:
1761:
1618:
1615:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1479:pan-Africanism
1471:UTA Flight 772
1441:The Green Book
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1228:UTA Flight 772
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1112:Yom Kippur War
1109:
1102:
1101:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1001:
1000:
999:
989:
987:The Green Book
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
956:
955:
952:
951:
938:a series about
932:
916:
915:
912:
911:
909:
908:
907:
906:
896:
891:
886:
885:
884:
874:
869:
867:Yom Kippur War
863:
861:
857:
856:
851:
847:
846:
841:
837:
836:
833:
829:
828:
823:
822:Branch/service
819:
818:
816:
815:
802:
789:
775:
773:
769:
768:
764:
763:
756:
752:
751:
749:
748:
743:
737:
735:
729:
728:
723:
719:
718:
716:
715:
709:
697:
696:
695:
693:
692:
689:
683:
677:
672:
666:
661:
656:
644:
643:
642:
639:
635:
634:
632:
631:
620:
614:
613:
611:
596:
592:
587:
586:
583:
581:
577:
576:
574:
573:
567:
560:
558:
554:
553:
547:
543:
542:
537:
533:
532:
517:
513:
512:
494:
492:
488:
487:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
467:
466:
464:Jakaya Kikwete
461:
455:
454:
444:
443:
436:
435:
430:
424:
423:
418:
412:
411:
401:
400:
392:
389:
388:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
366:
360:
359:
354:
352:Prime Minister
348:
347:
337:
336:
330:
329:
323:
317:
316:
310:
304:
303:
301:
300:
295:
282:
281:
280:
278:
276:Prime Minister
272:
271:
261:
260:
254:
253:
247:
241:
240:
234:
228:
227:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
166:
165:
164:
162:
160:Prime Minister
156:
155:
145:
144:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
122:
121:
113:
112:
109:
104:
95:
94:
74:it, or adding
51:
49:
42:
32:Gaddafi (name)
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
26286:
26275:
26272:
26270:
26267:
26265:
26262:
26260:
26257:
26255:
26252:
26250:
26247:
26245:
26242:
26240:
26237:
26235:
26232:
26230:
26227:
26225:
26222:
26220:
26217:
26215:
26212:
26210:
26207:
26205:
26202:
26200:
26197:
26195:
26192:
26190:
26187:
26185:
26182:
26180:
26177:
26175:
26172:
26170:
26167:
26165:
26162:
26160:
26157:
26155:
26152:
26150:
26147:
26145:
26142:
26140:
26137:
26135:
26132:
26130:
26127:
26125:
26122:
26120:
26117:
26115:
26112:
26110:
26107:
26105:
26102:
26100:
26097:
26095:
26092:
26090:
26087:
26085:
26082:
26080:
26077:
26075:
26072:
26070:
26067:
26065:
26062:
26060:
26057:
26055:
26052:
26050:
26047:
26045:
26042:
26040:
26037:
26035:
26032:
26030:
26027:
26025:
26022:
26020:
26017:
26015:
26012:
26010:
26007:
26005:
26002:
26000:
25997:
25996:
25994:
25984:
25974:
25972:
25967:
25962:
25960:
25950:
25948:
25938:
25936:
25926:
25925:
25922:
25903:
25895:
25894:
25891:
25885:
25882:
25880:
25877:
25875:
25872:
25870:
25867:
25865:
25862:
25860:
25857:
25855:
25852:
25850:
25847:
25845:
25842:
25840:
25837:
25835:
25834:Greater Yemen
25832:
25830:
25829:Greater Syria
25827:
25825:
25822:
25820:
25817:
25815:
25812:
25810:
25807:
25806:
25804:
25800:
25794:
25791:
25789:
25786:
25784:
25781:
25779:
25776:
25774:
25771:
25769:
25766:
25765:
25763:
25761:
25757:
25751:
25750:
25746:
25744:
25743:
25739:
25737:
25736:
25732:
25731:
25729:
25725:
25719:
25716:
25714:
25711:
25709:
25706:
25704:
25701:
25699:
25696:
25694:
25691:
25689:
25686:
25684:
25681:
25679:
25676:
25674:
25671:
25669:
25666:
25664:
25661:
25659:
25656:
25654:
25651:
25649:
25646:
25644:
25641:
25639:
25636:
25634:
25631:
25629:
25626:
25624:
25621:
25619:
25616:
25614:
25611:
25609:
25606:
25604:
25601:
25599:
25596:
25594:
25591:
25589:
25586:
25584:
25581:
25579:
25576:
25574:
25571:
25569:
25566:
25564:
25561:
25559:
25556:
25554:
25551:
25549:
25546:
25545:
25543:
25541:
25540:Organizations
25537:
25531:
25528:
25526:
25523:
25521:
25518:
25516:
25513:
25511:
25508:
25506:
25503:
25501:
25498:
25496:
25493:
25491:
25488:
25486:
25483:
25481:
25478:
25476:
25473:
25471:
25468:
25466:
25463:
25461:
25460:George Habash
25458:
25456:
25453:
25451:
25448:
25446:
25443:
25441:
25440:Izzat Darwaza
25438:
25436:
25433:
25431:
25428:
25426:
25423:
25421:
25418:
25416:
25413:
25411:
25408:
25406:
25403:
25401:
25398:
25396:
25393:
25391:
25388:
25386:
25383:
25381:
25378:
25376:
25375:Yasser Arafat
25373:
25371:
25368:
25366:
25363:
25361:
25358:
25357:
25355:
25353:
25352:Personalities
25349:
25343:
25340:
25338:
25335:
25333:
25330:
25328:
25327:Arab identity
25325:
25324:
25322:
25318:
25312:
25309:
25307:
25304:
25302:
25299:
25297:
25294:
25292:
25289:
25287:
25284:
25282:
25279:
25277:
25274:
25272:
25269:
25267:
25264:
25262:
25259:
25257:
25254:
25252:
25249:
25247:
25244:
25242:
25241:Arab Cold War
25239:
25237:
25234:
25232:
25229:
25227:
25224:
25222:
25219:
25217:
25214:
25212:
25209:
25205:
25202:
25200:
25197:
25195:
25192:
25190:
25187:
25185:
25182:
25181:
25180:
25177:
25175:
25172:
25170:
25167:
25165:
25162:
25158:
25155:
25154:
25153:
25150:
25148:
25145:
25141:
25138:
25137:
25136:
25133:
25131:
25128:
25127:
25125:
25121:
25115:
25112:
25110:
25107:
25105:
25102:
25100:
25097:
25095:
25092:
25091:
25089:
25085:
25081:
25074:
25069:
25067:
25062:
25060:
25055:
25054:
25051:
25039:
25038:
25029:
25027:
25026:
25021:
25017:
25015:
25014:
25005:
25003:
25002:
24993:
24991:
24987:
24984:
24983:
24980:
24974:
24971:
24969:
24966:
24964:
24961:
24959:
24956:
24954:
24951:
24949:
24946:
24944:
24941:
24939:
24936:
24934:
24931:
24929:
24926:
24924:
24921:
24919:
24916:
24914:
24911:
24910:
24908:
24904:
24898:
24895:
24893:
24890:
24886:
24883:
24882:
24881:
24878:
24874:
24871:
24870:
24869:
24866:
24862:
24859:
24857:
24854:
24852:
24849:
24847:
24844:
24843:
24842:
24839:
24835:
24832:
24831:
24830:
24827:
24823:
24820:
24819:
24818:
24815:
24813:
24810:
24808:
24805:
24804:
24802:
24798:
24792:
24789:
24787:
24784:
24782:
24779:
24777:
24774:
24772:
24769:
24767:
24764:
24762:
24761:Bab al-Azizia
24759:
24757:
24754:
24753:
24751:
24745:
24735:
24732:
24730:
24727:
24725:
24722:
24720:
24717:
24715:
24712:
24710:
24707:
24705:
24702:
24700:
24697:
24695:
24692:
24690:
24687:
24685:
24682:
24680:
24677:
24675:
24674:Shukri Ghanem
24672:
24670:
24669:Moussa Koussa
24667:
24666:
24664:
24660:
24654:
24651:
24649:
24646:
24644:
24641:
24639:
24636:
24634:
24631:
24630:
24628:
24624:
24618:
24615:
24613:
24610:
24608:
24605:
24603:
24600:
24598:
24597:Tayeb El-Safi
24595:
24593:
24590:
24588:
24585:
24583:
24580:
24578:
24575:
24573:
24572:Safia Farkash
24570:
24568:
24565:
24563:
24562:Huda Ben Amer
24560:
24558:
24555:
24553:
24550:
24548:
24547:Mohamed Gayth
24545:
24543:
24540:
24538:
24535:
24533:
24530:
24528:
24525:
24523:
24522:Tohami Khaled
24520:
24518:
24515:
24513:
24510:
24508:
24505:
24503:
24500:
24498:
24495:
24493:
24490:
24488:
24485:
24483:
24480:
24478:
24475:
24473:
24470:
24468:
24465:
24463:
24460:
24458:
24455:
24453:
24450:
24448:
24445:
24443:
24440:
24438:
24435:
24433:
24430:
24428:
24425:
24424:
24422:
24418:
24412:
24409:
24407:
24404:
24402:
24401:Mohammed Najm
24399:
24397:
24394:
24392:
24389:
24387:
24384:
24382:
24379:
24377:
24374:
24372:
24369:
24367:
24364:
24362:
24359:
24357:
24354:
24352:
24351:Seham Sergiwa
24349:
24347:
24344:
24342:
24339:
24337:
24334:
24332:
24329:
24327:
24324:
24322:
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24299:
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24219:
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24138:
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24099:
24097:
24094:
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24038:
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24036:
24033:
24031:
24028:
24026:
24023:
24021:
24018:
24017:
24015:
24013:
24009:
24003:
24002:Ghadames raid
24000:
23998:
23995:
23993:
23990:
23988:
23987:Sabha clashes
23985:
23984:
23982:
23980:
23976:
23970:
23967:
23965:
23962:
23960:
23957:
23955:
23952:
23950:
23947:
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23942:
23940:
23937:
23935:
23932:
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23927:
23925:
23922:
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23917:
23915:
23912:
23910:
23907:
23905:
23902:
23901:
23899:
23897:
23893:
23890:
23888:
23884:
23878:
23875:
23871:
23868:
23866:
23863:
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23857:
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23849:
23846:
23844:
23841:
23839:
23836:
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23834:
23831:
23830:
23828:
23824:
23816:
23813:
23811:
23808:
23806:
23803:
23801:
23798:
23797:
23796:
23793:
23792:
23789:
23785:
23784:
23781:
23777:
23770:
23765:
23763:
23758:
23756:
23751:
23750:
23747:
23735:
23732:
23730:
23729:Sergei Shoigu
23727:
23725:
23722:
23720:
23717:
23715:
23712:
23710:
23707:
23706:
23704:
23702:
23698:
23691:
23688:
23685:
23684:
23680:
23677:
23676:Okot Odhiambo
23674:
23671:
23670:Raska Lukwiya
23668:
23666:
23663:
23662:
23660:
23658:
23654:
23647:
23646:
23642:
23639:
23638:
23634:
23632:
23631:Iyad Ag Ghaly
23629:
23628:
23626:
23624:
23620:
23613:
23610:
23607:
23606:Tohami Khaled
23604:
23601:
23598:
23596:
23593:
23590:
23587:
23586:
23584:
23582:
23578:
23571:
23568:
23565:
23561:
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23551:
23547:
23544:
23540:
23537:
23533:
23530:
23526:
23525:
23523:
23521:
23517:
23511:
23510:Simone Gbagbo
23508:
23506:
23503:
23501:
23498:
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23495:
23491:
23485:
23482:
23480:
23477:
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23443:
23441:
23438:
23436:
23433:
23431:
23428:
23425:
23421:
23420:
23418:
23416:
23415:Darfur, Sudan
23412:
23405:
23404:
23400:
23397:
23393:
23390:
23387:
23384:
23380:
23377:
23376:
23372:
23369:
23368:
23364:
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23355:
23349:
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23339:
23336:
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23329:
23327:
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23321:
23317:
23316:
23314:
23310:
23304:
23299:
23295:
23288:
23283:
23281:
23276:
23274:
23269:
23268:
23265:
23253:
23245:
23244:
23241:
23235:
23232:
23230:
23227:
23225:
23222:
23220:
23217:
23215:
23212:
23210:
23207:
23205:
23202:
23200:
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23182:
23176:
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23169:
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23137:
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23110:
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23105:
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23099:
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23079:
23077:
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23069:
23067:
23064:
23062:
23059:
23058:
23056:
23052:
23046:
23043:
23041:
23038:
23036:
23035:United States
23033:
23031:
23028:
23024:
23021:
23019:
23016:
23015:
23013:
23011:
23008:
23006:
23003:
23001:
22998:
22994:
22991:
22989:
22986:
22985:
22983:
22981:
22978:
22976:
22973:
22971:
22968:
22966:
22963:
22961:
22958:
22954:
22951:
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22946:
22945:
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22938:
22936:
22933:
22931:
22928:
22926:
22923:
22919:
22916:
22914:
22911:
22910:
22908:
22906:
22903:
22901:
22898:
22896:
22893:
22892:
22890:
22888:
22884:
22878:
22875:
22873:
22870:
22868:
22865:
22863:
22860:
22858:
22855:
22853:
22850:
22848:
22845:
22843:
22840:
22837:
22836:
22833:
22830:
22828:
22825:
22824:
22821:
22820:Chokri Belaid
22818:
22816:
22813:
22811:
22810:Hamadi Jebali
22808:
22806:
22803:
22801:
22800:Fouad Mebazaa
22798:
22796:
22793:
22791:
22788:
22786:
22783:
22781:
22778:
22775:
22774:
22771:
22768:
22766:
22763:
22761:
22758:
22756:
22753:
22751:
22748:
22746:
22743:
22741:
22738:
22736:
22733:
22731:
22728:
22725:
22724:
22721:
22718:
22716:
22713:
22710:
22709:
22706:
22703:
22701:
22698:
22696:
22693:
22691:
22688:
22687:Saudi Arabia:
22685:
22684:
22681:
22678:
22676:
22673:
22670:
22669:
22666:
22663:
22661:
22658:
22655:
22654:
22651:
22648:
22646:
22645:Mahmud Gebril
22643:
22641:
22638:
22636:
22633:
22631:
22628:
22625:
22624:
22621:
22618:
22616:
22613:
22611:
22608:
22605:
22604:
22601:
22598:
22596:
22595:Hesham Qandil
22593:
22591:
22590:Mohamed Morsi
22588:
22586:
22583:
22581:
22578:
22576:
22573:
22571:
22568:
22566:
22563:
22561:
22558:
22556:
22553:
22551:
22548:
22546:
22545:Omar Suleiman
22543:
22541:
22540:Hosni Mubarak
22538:
22535:
22534:
22531:
22528:
22526:
22523:
22521:
22518:
22516:
22513:
22510:
22509:
22506:
22505:Ahmed Ouyahia
22503:
22501:
22498:
22495:
22494:
22491:
22488:
22487:
22485:
22481:
22475:
22472:
22470:
22467:
22465:
22462:
22460:
22457:
22455:
22452:
22450:
22447:
22444:
22443:
22440:
22437:
22435:
22432:
22430:
22429:Popular Front
22427:
22425:
22422:
22420:
22417:
22414:
22413:
22410:
22407:
22405:
22402:
22400:
22397:
22395:
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22390:
22387:
22385:
22382:
22380:
22377:
22373:
22370:
22368:
22365:
22364:
22362:
22359:
22358:
22355:
22352:
22350:
22347:
22345:
22342:
22341:Saudi Arabia:
22339:
22338:
22335:
22332:
22329:
22328:
22325:
22322:
22320:
22317:
22314:
22313:
22310:
22309:Ultras Ahlawy
22307:
22305:
22302:
22300:
22297:
22295:
22292:
22290:
22287:
22285:
22282:
22279:
22275:
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22237:
22231:
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22218:
22216:
22213:
22211:
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22131:
22126:
22125:
22118:
22114:
22107:
22102:
22100:
22095:
22093:
22088:
22087:
22084:
22072:
22062:
22060:
22055:
22050:
22048:
22040:
22038:
22030:
22029:
22026:
22020:
22017:
22015:
22012:
22010:
22007:
22005:
22002:
22000:
21997:
21995:
21992:
21990:
21987:
21985:
21982:
21980:
21977:
21975:
21972:
21971:
21969:
21965:
21959:
21956:
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21949:
21946:
21944:
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21938:
21934:
21928:
21925:
21923:
21920:
21918:
21917:Lion of Judah
21915:
21913:
21912:
21908:
21906:
21903:
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21900:
21896:
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21819:
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21811:
21809:
21806:
21804:
21801:
21799:
21796:
21794:
21793:African Union
21791:
21789:
21786:
21785:
21783:
21779:
21773:
21770:
21768:
21765:
21764:
21762:
21758:
21755:
21753:
21752:Organizations
21749:
21739:
21736:
21734:
21731:
21729:
21726:
21724:
21721:
21719:
21716:
21714:
21713:Burning Spear
21711:
21709:
21708:Walter Rodney
21706:
21704:
21701:
21699:
21696:
21694:
21691:
21689:
21688:Motsoko Pheko
21686:
21684:
21681:
21679:
21676:
21674:
21671:
21669:
21668:Archie Mafeje
21666:
21664:
21661:
21659:
21656:
21654:
21653:Alice Kinloch
21651:
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21555:
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21550:
21548:
21545:
21543:
21540:
21538:
21535:
21533:
21530:
21528:
21525:
21523:
21522:Kwame Nkrumah
21520:
21518:
21515:
21513:
21510:
21508:
21507:Robert Mugabe
21505:
21503:
21500:
21498:
21495:
21493:
21490:
21488:
21487:Samora Machel
21485:
21483:
21480:
21478:
21475:
21473:
21472:Jomo Kenyatta
21470:
21468:
21465:
21463:
21460:
21458:
21455:
21453:
21452:Marcus Garvey
21450:
21448:
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21435:
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21111:African Union
21109:
21103:
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20908:
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20897:
20895:African Unity
20891:
20887:
20886:African Union
20883:
20876:
20871:
20869:
20864:
20862:
20857:
20856:
20853:
20842:
20837:
20828:
20827:
20822:
20819:contested by
20817:
20816:
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20812:
20807:
20803:
20800:contested by
20798:
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20793:
20788:
20784:
20780:
20777:contested by
20775:
20774:
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20628:
20624:
20620:
20614:Flag of Libya
20612:
20604:
20596:
20588:
20580:
20570:
20567:
20565:
20562:
20560:
20557:
20555:
20552:
20550:
20547:
20545:
20542:
20540:
20537:
20535:
20532:
20530:
20527:
20525:
20522:
20520:
20517:
20516:
20514:
20510:
20506:
20502:
20495:
20490:
20488:
20483:
20481:
20476:
20475:
20472:
20461:
20456:
20450:
20447:
20442:
20439:contested by
20437:
20436:
20435:
20432:
20427:
20424:contested by
20422:
20421:
20420:
20417:
20415:
20414:
20410:
20408:
20405:
20403:
20402:
20398:
20396:
20393:
20391:
20390:
20386:
20384:
20381:
20380:
20378:
20374:
20370:
20360:
20357:
20355:
20352:
20350:
20347:
20345:
20342:
20340:
20337:
20335:
20332:
20330:
20327:
20325:
20322:
20320:
20317:
20316:
20314:
20310:
20306:
20300:
20297:
20296:
20294:
20290:
20286:
20283:
20279:
20275:
20269:Flag of Libya
20267:
20259:
20251:
20243:
20235:
20225:
20222:
20221:
20219:
20215:
20211:
20207:
20200:
20195:
20193:
20188:
20186:
20181:
20180:
20177:
20171:
20164:
20151:
20146:
20143:
20139:
20134:
20133:
20130:
20123:
20119:
20116:
20112:
20109:
20105:
20102:
20098:
20095:
20091:
20088:
20084:
20081:
20077:
20074:
20073:Gambia (2022)
20070:
20067:
20063:
20060:
20056:
20053:
20049:
20046:
20042:
20039:
20035:
20032:
20028:
20025:
20024:Guinea (2021)
20021:
20018:
20014:
20011:
20007:
20004:
20000:
19997:
19993:
19990:
19986:
19985:
19983:
19979:
19972:
19968:
19965:
19961:
19958:
19954:
19951:
19947:
19944:
19940:
19937:
19933:
19930:
19926:
19923:
19919:
19916:
19912:
19909:
19905:
19902:
19898:
19895:
19891:
19888:
19884:
19881:
19877:
19874:
19870:
19867:
19863:
19860:
19856:
19853:
19849:
19846:
19842:
19839:
19835:
19832:
19828:
19825:
19821:
19818:
19814:
19811:
19807:
19806:
19804:
19800:
19793:
19789:
19786:
19782:
19779:
19775:
19772:
19771:Guinea (2008)
19768:
19765:
19761:
19758:
19754:
19751:
19747:
19744:
19740:
19737:
19733:
19730:
19726:
19723:
19719:
19716:
19712:
19709:
19705:
19702:
19698:
19695:
19691:
19688:
19684:
19681:
19677:
19674:
19670:
19667:
19663:
19660:
19656:
19653:
19649:
19648:
19646:
19642:
19635:
19631:
19628:
19624:
19621:
19617:
19614:
19610:
19607:
19603:
19600:
19599:Zambia (1997)
19596:
19593:
19589:
19586:
19582:
19579:
19575:
19572:
19571:Guinea (1996)
19568:
19565:
19561:
19558:
19554:
19551:
19547:
19544:
19540:
19537:
19533:
19530:
19529:Gambia (1994)
19526:
19523:
19519:
19516:
19512:
19509:
19505:
19502:
19498:
19495:
19491:
19488:
19484:
19481:
19477:
19474:
19470:
19467:
19463:
19460:
19456:
19453:
19449:
19446:
19445:Ciskei (1990)
19442:
19439:
19435:
19432:
19431:Zambia (1990)
19428:
19425:
19421:
19418:
19414:
19413:
19411:
19407:
19400:
19396:
19393:
19389:
19386:
19382:
19379:
19375:
19372:
19368:
19365:
19361:
19358:
19354:
19351:
19347:
19344:
19340:
19337:
19333:
19330:
19326:
19323:
19319:
19316:
19312:
19309:
19305:
19302:
19301:Guinea (1985)
19298:
19295:
19291:
19288:
19284:
19281:
19280:Uganda (1985)
19277:
19274:
19273:Guinea (1984)
19270:
19267:
19263:
19260:
19256:
19253:
19249:
19246:
19242:
19239:
19235:
19232:
19228:
19225:
19221:
19218:
19214:
19211:
19207:
19204:
19200:
19197:
19193:
19190:
19189:Gambia (1981)
19186:
19183:
19179:
19176:
19172:
19169:
19165:
19162:
19158:
19155:
19151:
19150:
19148:
19144:
19137:
19133:
19130:
19126:
19123:
19119:
19116:
19112:
19109:
19105:
19102:
19098:
19095:
19091:
19088:
19084:
19081:
19080:Angola (1977)
19077:
19074:
19070:
19067:
19063:
19060:
19056:
19053:
19049:
19046:
19042:
19039:
19035:
19032:
19028:
19025:
19021:
19018:
19014:
19011:
19007:
19004:
19000:
18997:
18993:
18990:
18986:
18983:
18979:
18976:
18972:
18969:
18968:Uganda (1974)
18965:
18962:
18958:
18955:
18954:Rwanda (1973)
18951:
18948:
18944:
18941:
18937:
18934:
18930:
18927:
18923:
18920:
18916:
18913:
18909:
18906:
18905:Uganda (1971)
18902:
18899:
18895:
18894:
18892:
18888:
18881:
18877:
18874:
18870:
18867:
18863:
18860:
18856:
18853:
18849:
18846:
18842:
18839:
18835:
18832:
18828:
18825:
18821:
18818:
18814:
18811:
18807:
18804:
18800:
18797:
18793:
18790:
18786:
18783:
18779:
18776:
18772:
18769:
18765:
18762:
18758:
18755:
18751:
18748:
18744:
18741:
18737:
18734:
18730:
18727:
18723:
18720:
18716:
18713:
18709:
18706:
18702:
18699:
18695:
18692:
18688:
18685:
18681:
18678:
18674:
18671:
18667:
18664:
18663:Rwanda (1961)
18660:
18657:
18653:
18650:
18646:
18645:
18643:
18639:
18634:
18627:
18622:
18620:
18615:
18613:
18608:
18607:
18604:
18594:
18593:
18587:
18581:
18578:
18576:
18573:
18570:
18567:
18564:
18561:
18558:
18555:
18554:
18552:
18548:
18542:
18539:
18537:
18534:
18532:
18529:
18527:
18524:
18522:
18521:Bab al-Azizia
18519:
18517:
18514:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18505:
18501:
18500:
18498:
18494:
18488:(seventh son)
18487:
18484:
18481:
18478:
18475:
18472:
18469:
18466:
18463:
18460:
18457:
18454:
18451:
18448:
18445:
18442:
18440:(second wife)
18439:
18438:Safia Farkash
18436:
18433:
18430:
18429:
18427:
18425:
18424:Personal life
18421:
18415:
18412:
18408:
18405:
18404:
18403:
18400:
18398:
18397:
18393:
18391:
18390:
18386:
18384:
18381:
18379:
18376:
18374:
18371:
18369:
18366:
18364:
18361:
18360:
18358:
18354:
18350:
18343:
18338:
18336:
18331:
18329:
18324:
18323:
18320:
18311:
18302:
18301:
18294:
18288:
18283:
18272:
18271:
18263:
18259:
18255:
18246:
18245:
18236:
18235:
18223:
18219:
18210:
18209:
18202:
18196:
18192:
18191:
18176:
18175:
18166:
18165:
18159:
18153:
18148:
18143:
18139:
18134:
18132:
18131:
18126:
18123:
18120:
18116:
18115:
18110:
18107:
18105:
18101:
18098:
18096:
18092:
18089:
18087:
18083:
18080:
18077:
18074:
18073:
18062:
18058:
18054:
18050:
18046:
18042:
18037:
18033:
18027:
18023:
18019:
18015:
18010:
18006:
18000:
17996:
17992:
17988:
17983:
17979:
17973:
17968:
17967:
17960:
17956:
17952:
17948:
17944:
17940:
17936:
17935:
17929:
17925:
17919:
17915:
17910:
17906:
17900:
17896:
17891:
17887:
17883:
17879:
17875:
17872:(1): 91–106.
17871:
17867:
17862:
17858:
17852:
17848:
17843:
17839:
17835:
17831:
17827:
17823:
17819:
17815:
17811:
17807:
17803:
17799:
17793:
17788:
17787:
17781:
17780:Simons, Geoff
17777:
17773:
17767:
17763:
17759:
17758:Simons, Geoff
17755:
17751:
17747:
17743:
17739:
17734:
17730:
17726:
17722:
17718:
17714:
17710:
17706:
17702:
17697:
17693:
17687:
17683:
17678:
17674:
17668:
17664:
17659:
17655:
17649:
17645:
17640:
17636:
17630:
17626:
17625:
17620:
17616:
17612:
17608:
17604:
17600:
17596:
17592:
17587:
17572:
17568:
17564:
17560:
17556:
17552:
17548:
17541:
17536:
17524:
17520:
17514:
17510:
17509:
17504:
17500:
17496:
17492:
17488:
17484:
17479:
17475:
17471:
17467:
17463:
17458:
17454:
17448:
17443:
17442:
17435:
17431:
17427:
17423:
17419:
17415:
17411:
17407:
17403:
17398:
17394:
17388:
17384:
17379:
17375:
17369:
17365:
17360:
17356:
17352:
17348:
17344:
17339:
17335:
17331:
17327:
17323:
17319:
17315:
17311:
17307:
17302:
17298:
17292:
17288:
17284:
17280:
17276:
17270:
17266:
17261:
17256:
17251:
17247:
17243:
17239:
17234:
17230:
17226:
17221:
17216:
17212:
17208:
17204:
17199:
17195:
17189:
17184:
17183:
17177:
17173:
17172:Blundy, David
17169:
17165:
17159:
17155:
17150:
17146:
17140:
17136:
17131:
17130:
17108:
17104:
17098:
17082:
17078:
17074:
17067:
17051:
17047:
17043:
17036:
17020:
17016:
17012:
17005:
16989:
16985:
16981:
16974:
16958:
16954:
16950:
16943:
16937:, p. 91.
16936:
16932:
16927:
16920:
16915:
16908:
16903:
16896:
16891:
16884:
16880:
16875:
16873:
16871:
16864:, p. 23.
16863:
16858:
16851:
16846:
16839:
16834:
16828:, p. 17.
16827:
16822:
16820:
16813:, p. 16.
16812:
16807:
16800:
16795:
16789:, p. 20.
16788:
16784:
16779:
16773:, p. 20.
16772:
16767:
16765:
16763:
16756:, p. 20.
16755:
16751:
16746:
16740:, p. 62.
16739:
16734:
16728:, p. 59.
16727:
16722:
16715:
16710:
16695:
16691:
16687:
16686:
16681:
16675:
16660:
16656:
16652:
16651:
16646:
16639:
16623:
16619:
16618:
16613:
16606:
16590:
16586:
16580:
16573:
16572:Pargeter 2012
16568:
16552:
16548:
16542:
16526:
16522:
16518:
16512:
16506:, p. 22.
16505:
16501:
16496:
16494:
16477:
16473:
16467:
16451:
16447:
16443:
16436:
16420:
16416:
16412:
16405:
16389:
16385:
16381:
16374:
16367:
16362:
16346:
16342:
16341:The Telegraph
16338:
16330:
16326:
16322:
16315:
16308:
16303:
16296:
16292:
16287:
16281:, p. 21.
16280:
16275:
16269:, p. 51.
16268:
16263:
16247:
16243:
16239:
16233:
16217:
16213:
16209:
16202:
16186:
16182:
16176:
16174:
16167:, p. 32.
16166:
16161:
16154:
16149:
16143:, p. 24.
16142:
16137:
16135:
16133:
16125:
16124:Pargeter 2012
16120:
16118:
16110:
16105:
16103:
16101:
16099:
16092:, p. 22.
16091:
16086:
16084:
16076:
16072:
16071:St. John 1987
16067:
16061:, p. 48.
16060:
16055:
16048:
16043:
16041:
16033:
16028:
16021:
16016:
16009:
16004:
16002:
15994:
15989:
15983:, p. 98.
15982:
15977:
15970:
15965:
15958:
15953:
15946:
15941:
15934:
15929:
15922:
15921:St. John 1983
15917:
15911:, p. 69.
15910:
15905:
15899:, p. 48.
15898:
15894:
15893:St. John 1983
15890:
15885:
15878:
15873:
15871:
15863:
15858:
15851:
15846:
15839:
15834:
15832:
15815:
15811:
15807:
15801:
15795:, p. 19.
15794:
15789:
15783:, p. 25.
15782:
15777:
15771:, p. 30.
15770:
15769:St. John 1987
15766:
15762:
15761:St. John 1983
15757:
15750:
15745:
15738:
15737:St. John 1983
15733:
15727:, p. 30.
15726:
15725:St. John 1987
15721:
15714:
15709:
15692:
15688:
15684:
15677:
15670:
15669:St. John 2008
15665:
15659:, p. 25.
15658:
15653:
15646:
15645:St. John 1983
15641:
15634:
15629:
15623:, p. 18.
15622:
15618:
15613:
15607:, p. 60.
15606:
15601:
15594:
15589:
15583:, p. 29.
15582:
15581:St. John 1987
15577:
15571:, p. 34.
15570:
15569:St. John 1987
15565:
15559:, p. 54.
15558:
15553:
15546:
15545:Pargeter 2012
15542:
15537:
15531:, p. 63.
15530:
15525:
15519:, p. 58.
15518:
15517:St. John 1987
15513:
15506:
15505:St. John 1987
15502:
15497:
15490:
15489:St. John 1987
15486:
15485:St. John 1983
15481:
15475:, p. 26.
15474:
15473:St. John 1987
15469:
15463:, p. 92.
15462:
15461:St. John 2008
15458:
15457:St. John 1987
15454:
15453:St. John 1983
15449:
15443:, p. 57.
15442:
15437:
15431:, p. 28.
15430:
15429:St. John 1987
15425:
15416:
15400:
15396:
15395:
15390:
15383:
15377:, p. 18.
15376:
15372:
15367:
15361:, p. 43.
15360:
15355:
15353:
15346:, p. 87.
15345:
15340:
15324:
15320:
15314:
15308:, p. 44.
15307:
15302:
15295:
15290:
15274:
15270:
15264:
15257:
15252:
15236:
15232:
15231:
15226:
15219:
15203:
15199:
15198:
15193:
15186:
15170:
15166:
15160:
15144:
15140:
15134:
15127:
15122:
15115:
15110:
15094:
15090:
15086:
15079:
15063:
15059:
15055:
15049:
15033:
15029:
15025:
15018:
15002:
14998:
14994:
14987:
14971:
14967:
14961:
14959:
14957:
14955:
14953:
14946:, p. 23.
14945:
14940:
14924:
14920:
14916:
14909:
14893:
14889:
14885:
14881:
14877:
14870:
14863:
14858:
14842:
14838:
14834:
14828:
14812:
14808:
14804:
14797:
14781:
14777:
14773:
14767:
14751:
14747:
14743:
14737:
14721:
14717:
14713:
14709:
14705:
14699:
14697:
14690:, p. 20.
14689:
14684:
14682:
14665:
14661:
14657:
14651:
14644:
14643:Pargeter 2012
14639:
14632:
14631:St. John 2012
14627:
14625:
14623:
14615:
14614:St. John 2012
14610:
14608:
14591:
14587:
14583:
14576:
14569:
14568:St. John 2012
14565:
14560:
14553:
14548:
14532:
14528:
14524:
14517:
14510:
14509:St. John 2012
14506:
14501:
14495:, p. 16.
14494:
14489:
14483:, p. 16.
14482:
14478:
14473:
14467:, p. 16.
14466:
14462:
14461:St. John 2012
14458:
14453:
14446:
14441:
14435:, p. 16.
14434:
14430:
14429:St. John 2012
14425:
14418:
14417:St. John 2012
14413:
14406:
14401:
14399:
14391:
14387:
14386:St. John 2012
14382:
14375:
14374:St. John 2012
14370:
14363:
14358:
14351:
14346:
14339:
14338:St. John 2012
14335:
14330:
14323:
14322:St. John 2012
14318:
14311:
14310:St. John 2012
14306:
14299:
14294:
14287:
14286:St. John 2012
14283:
14278:
14271:
14270:St. John 2012
14266:
14259:
14254:
14238:
14234:
14230:
14224:
14208:
14204:
14200:
14193:
14177:
14173:
14169:
14162:
14146:
14142:
14138:
14131:
14124:
14120:
14116:
14111:
14104:
14103:St. John 2012
14099:
14092:
14091:St. John 2012
14088:
14083:
14076:
14075:St. John 2012
14071:
14064:
14063:St. John 2012
14060:
14055:
14048:
14043:
14036:
14035:St. John 2008
14031:
14024:
14019:
14012:
14011:St. John 2012
14007:
13991:
13987:
13983:
13977:
13961:
13957:
13953:
13947:
13931:
13927:
13923:
13916:
13900:
13896:
13892:
13886:
13870:
13866:
13862:
13856:
13840:
13836:
13832:
13825:
13809:
13805:
13801:
13795:
13788:
13787:St. John 2012
13783:
13767:
13763:
13759:
13752:
13745:
13744:St. John 2012
13740:
13724:
13720:
13716:
13710:
13694:
13690:
13686:
13680:
13664:
13660:
13656:
13649:
13642:
13637:
13621:
13617:
13616:
13615:La Repubblica
13611:
13605:
13589:
13585:
13581:
13575:
13573:
13556:
13552:
13548:
13542:
13535:
13530:
13523:
13518:
13511:
13507:
13506:St. John 2012
13502:
13495:
13490:
13483:
13482:St. John 2012
13479:
13478:St. John 2008
13475:
13470:
13454:
13450:
13446:
13442:
13438:
13431:
13424:
13419:
13413:
13406:
13405:St. John 2008
13402:
13397:
13390:
13385:
13378:
13377:St. John 2012
13374:
13369:
13362:
13361:St. John 2012
13358:
13353:
13346:
13342:
13341:St. John 2012
13338:
13334:
13331:, p. 8;
13330:
13325:
13309:
13305:
13299:
13283:
13279:
13275:
13268:
13252:
13248:
13244:
13238:
13231:
13230:St. John 2012
13226:
13219:
13218:St. John 2012
13214:
13207:
13206:St. John 2012
13203:
13199:
13198:St. John 2008
13195:
13190:
13183:
13178:
13162:
13158:
13152:
13136:
13132:
13128:
13122:
13106:
13102:
13098:
13092:
13076:
13072:
13068:
13062:
13046:
13042:
13038:
13032:
13016:
13012:
13008:
13002:
12986:
12982:
12978:
12972:
12956:
12952:
12948:
12942:
12926:
12922:
12918:
12914:
12910:
12903:
12887:
12884:(in French).
12883:
12879:
12873:
12871:
12854:
12850:
12846:
12840:
12824:
12820:
12816:
12810:
12795:
12791:
12787:
12783:
12776:
12760:
12756:
12752:
12745:
12738:
12737:St. John 2012
12734:
12731:, p. 1;
12730:
12725:
12718:
12717:St. John 2012
12714:
12709:
12702:
12701:St. John 2012
12698:
12693:
12677:
12673:
12669:
12662:
12655:
12654:St. John 2012
12650:
12643:
12638:
12631:
12630:St. John 2012
12627:
12622:
12615:
12610:
12603:
12602:St. John 2012
12599:
12594:
12587:
12586:St. John 2012
12582:
12575:
12574:St. John 2012
12570:
12563:
12559:
12558:St. John 2008
12554:
12547:
12546:St. John 2012
12542:
12526:
12522:
12518:
12514:
12510:
12503:
12501:
12493:
12492:St. John 2012
12489:
12484:
12478:, p. 82.
12477:
12472:
12466:, p. 89.
12465:
12460:
12453:
12452:St. John 2012
12449:
12445:
12440:
12433:
12432:St. John 2012
12429:
12425:
12420:
12404:
12400:
12396:
12389:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12358:
12351:
12350:St. John 2012
12346:
12338:
12331:
12325:, p. 42.
12324:
12319:
12312:
12311:St. John 2012
12308:
12304:
12300:
12295:
12288:
12287:St. John 2012
12283:
12267:
12263:
12261:9780195382075
12257:
12253:
12252:
12245:
12229:
12225:
12221:
12217:
12213:
12206:
12190:
12186:
12182:
12175:
12159:
12155:
12151:
12147:
12143:
12136:
12129:
12128:St. John 2012
12125:
12120:
12114:, p. 29.
12113:
12108:
12101:
12100:St. John 2012
12097:
12092:
12076:
12072:
12071:
12063:
12047:
12043:
12041:9781437922035
12037:
12033:
12032:
12024:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11994:
11979:
11975:
11971:
11967:
11960:
11953:
11952:St. John 2012
11949:
11944:
11937:
11932:
11925:
11924:St. John 2012
11920:
11913:
11912:St. John 2012
11909:
11904:
11897:
11892:
11885:
11884:St. John 2012
11880:
11873:
11872:St. John 2012
11868:
11861:
11860:St. John 2012
11857:
11856:St. John 2008
11853:
11848:
11841:
11840:St. John 2012
11837:
11832:
11825:
11824:St. John 2012
11821:
11820:St. John 2008
11817:
11812:
11805:
11804:St. John 2012
11801:
11796:
11790:, p. 30.
11789:
11784:
11777:
11776:St. John 2012
11773:
11768:
11761:
11757:
11752:
11746:, p. 12.
11745:
11740:
11733:
11729:
11724:
11717:
11713:
11709:
11705:
11701:
11696:
11689:
11685:
11680:
11673:
11668:
11661:
11657:
11653:
11649:
11644:
11628:
11624:
11620:
11616:
11612:
11605:
11589:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11573:
11566:
11550:
11546:
11542:
11535:
11533:
11525:
11524:St. John 2012
11521:
11517:
11513:
11508:
11501:
11497:
11493:
11488:
11481:
11480:St. John 2012
11477:
11473:
11469:
11464:
11457:
11456:St. John 2012
11453:
11449:
11445:
11441:
11436:
11429:
11428:St. John 2012
11425:
11421:
11416:
11409:
11405:
11401:
11400:St. John 1987
11397:
11392:
11385:
11384:St. John 1987
11381:
11377:
11372:
11366:, p. 96.
11365:
11364:St. John 2008
11360:
11353:
11352:St. John 2012
11349:
11345:
11344:St. John 1987
11341:
11336:
11329:
11328:St. John 2012
11325:
11321:
11320:St. John 1987
11317:
11312:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11281:
11265:
11261:
11255:
11248:
11247:St. John 2012
11244:
11240:
11239:St. John 1987
11236:
11232:
11227:
11221:, p. 62.
11220:
11215:
11208:
11207:St. John 2012
11204:
11200:
11199:St. John 1987
11196:
11191:
11184:
11183:St. John 2012
11180:
11179:St. John 1987
11175:
11159:
11155:
11154:
11149:
11142:
11126:
11122:
11121:
11116:
11109:
11107:
11099:
11093:
11086:
11082:
11078:
11075:
11069:
11053:
11049:
11045:
11041:
11037:
11031:
11024:
11023:
11018:
11014:
11011:
11005:
11003:
10995:
10994:St. John 2012
10991:
10987:
10983:
10978:
10969:
10962:
10956:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10925:
10909:
10905:
10901:
10894:
10879:
10875:
10871:
10867:
10860:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10832:
10828:
10821:
10814:
10810:
10806:
10801:
10794:
10793:St. John 1987
10789:
10782:
10781:St. John 1987
10777:
10771:, p. 35.
10770:
10766:
10761:
10754:
10753:St. John 2012
10750:
10746:
10742:
10737:
10730:
10729:St. John 2012
10726:
10722:
10718:
10713:
10706:
10702:
10697:
10690:
10689:St. John 2012
10686:
10682:
10678:
10673:
10666:
10662:
10661:St. John 1987
10657:
10638:
10631:
10624:
10608:
10604:
10600:
10593:
10585:
10578:
10576:
10568:
10567:St. John 2012
10564:
10560:
10559:St. John 1987
10556:
10551:
10544:
10543:
10538:
10534:
10531:
10526:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10495:
10488:
10483:
10476:
10475:St. John 2012
10471:
10469:
10452:
10448:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10429:
10422:
10417:
10411:, p. 95.
10410:
10409:St. John 2008
10405:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10366:
10350:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10334:
10328:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10298:
10282:
10278:
10274:
10268:
10266:
10264:
10256:
10252:
10247:
10240:
10235:
10228:
10227:St. John 2012
10224:
10220:
10216:
10211:
10204:
10200:
10196:
10191:
10184:
10183:St. John 2012
10180:
10176:
10172:
10167:
10161:, p. 19.
10160:
10156:
10151:
10144:
10139:
10132:
10127:
10120:
10115:
10108:
10103:
10096:
10095:St. John 2012
10092:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10075:
10068:
10067:St. John 2012
10064:
10060:
10056:
10055:St. John 1983
10051:
10044:
10043:St. John 2012
10040:
10035:
10028:
10027:St. John 2012
10024:
10020:
10015:
10008:
10007:St. John 2012
10004:
10000:
9996:
9992:
9987:
9980:
9975:
9968:
9967:St. John 2012
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9947:
9940:
9939:St. John 2012
9936:
9932:
9928:
9923:
9921:
9913:
9912:St. John 2012
9909:
9905:
9900:
9893:
9892:St. John 2012
9889:
9885:
9881:
9880:St. John 1983
9876:
9869:
9864:
9862:
9854:
9853:St. John 2012
9851:, p. 3;
9850:
9846:
9841:
9834:
9833:St. John 2012
9829:
9827:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9797:The Telegraph
9794:
9787:
9779:
9777:9780895265708
9773:
9769:
9765:
9758:
9751:
9750:St. John 2012
9747:
9746:St. John 1987
9743:
9738:
9731:
9726:
9719:
9718:St. John 2012
9715:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9698:
9692:, p. 50.
9691:
9686:
9684:
9677:, p. 28.
9676:
9671:
9664:
9663:St. John 2012
9660:
9655:
9648:
9647:St. John 1987
9643:
9641:
9633:
9632:St. John 2012
9629:
9624:
9617:
9616:St. John 1987
9612:
9605:
9600:
9594:, p. 29.
9593:
9588:
9586:
9579:, p. 13.
9578:
9577:St. John 1987
9573:
9566:
9562:
9561:St. John 2012
9558:
9554:
9549:
9542:
9537:
9535:
9527:
9526:St. John 2012
9523:
9519:
9515:
9510:
9503:
9499:
9494:
9487:
9486:St. John 2012
9483:
9479:
9474:
9467:
9466:St. John 2012
9463:
9458:
9451:
9450:St. John 2012
9447:
9443:
9439:
9434:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9404:
9397:
9392:
9390:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9358:
9342:
9338:
9332:
9328:
9327:
9319:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9289:
9287:
9270:
9266:
9265:
9260:
9253:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9222:
9215:
9214:St. John 2012
9211:
9207:
9206:St. John 1987
9203:
9199:
9194:
9188:, p. 96.
9187:
9186:St. John 1987
9182:
9175:
9170:
9163:
9162:St. John 2012
9159:
9155:
9151:
9146:
9139:
9138:St. John 2012
9135:
9130:
9123:
9118:
9111:
9110:St. John 2012
9107:
9103:
9102:St. John 1987
9099:
9095:
9090:
9084:, p. 67.
9083:
9078:
9071:
9070:St. John 2012
9067:
9063:
9059:
9054:
9047:
9043:
9042:St. John 1987
9039:
9035:
9031:
9026:
9010:
9007:(in Arabic).
9006:
9005:بوابة الأهرام
9002:
8996:
8989:
8984:
8978:, p. 66.
8977:
8973:
8969:
8964:
8962:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8941:
8934:
8929:
8923:, p. 23.
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8905:
8898:
8893:
8891:
8883:
8878:
8871:
8866:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8835:
8819:
8816:(in Arabic).
8815:
8811:
8805:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8774:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8744:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8714:
8695:
8691:
8690:
8682:
8675:
8673:
8665:
8664:St. John 2012
8661:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8644:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8613:
8606:
8601:
8594:
8589:
8583:, p. 23.
8582:
8578:
8573:
8566:
8561:
8554:
8553:St. John 2012
8549:
8547:
8539:
8538:St. John 2012
8534:
8527:
8526:St. John 2012
8523:
8519:
8515:
8510:
8503:
8499:
8494:
8487:
8486:St. John 2012
8483:
8479:
8474:
8467:
8466:St. John 2012
8462:
8456:, p. 58.
8455:
8450:
8443:
8442:St. John 2012
8439:
8435:
8430:
8423:
8418:
8411:
8410:St. John 2012
8407:
8402:
8396:, p. 26.
8395:
8391:
8386:
8379:
8378:St. John 2012
8375:
8371:
8367:
8362:
8355:
8351:
8346:
8339:
8338:St. John 2012
8334:
8327:
8323:
8318:
8311:
8310:St. John 2012
8307:
8303:
8298:
8291:
8286:
8284:
8276:
8271:
8264:
8263:St. John 2012
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8243:
8236:
8235:St. John 2012
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8211:
8205:, p. 55.
8204:
8199:
8192:
8191:St. John 2012
8188:
8184:
8179:
8172:
8171:St. John 2012
8168:
8164:
8159:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8120:
8113:
8112:St. John 2012
8109:
8105:
8101:
8096:
8090:, p. 95.
8089:
8088:St. John 2008
8085:
8081:
8076:
8069:
8068:St. John 2012
8065:
8061:
8057:
8052:
8046:, p. 37.
8045:
8044:St. John 1987
8041:
8036:
8029:
8028:St. John 2012
8025:
8020:
8013:
8012:St. John 2012
8009:
8008:St. John 1987
8005:
8001:
8000:St. John 1983
7996:
7989:
7984:
7977:
7976:St. John 2012
7973:
7969:
7965:
7960:
7953:
7952:St. John 2012
7948:
7941:
7940:St. John 2012
7937:
7936:St. John 1987
7932:
7925:
7920:
7913:
7912:St. John 2012
7909:
7908:St. John 1987
7905:
7904:St. John 1983
7900:
7894:, p. 72.
7893:
7888:
7881:
7880:St. John 2012
7877:
7873:
7869:
7864:
7857:
7856:St. John 2012
7853:
7849:
7845:
7840:
7833:
7832:St. John 2012
7829:
7825:
7820:
7813:
7812:St. John 2012
7808:
7801:
7800:St. John 2012
7797:
7792:
7776:
7772:
7766:
7762:
7761:
7753:
7746:
7745:St. John 2012
7742:
7738:
7734:
7729:
7723:, p. 66.
7722:
7717:
7711:, p. 96.
7710:
7705:
7698:
7697:St. John 2012
7694:
7690:
7686:
7681:
7674:
7673:St. John 2012
7670:
7666:
7662:
7657:
7651:, p. 18.
7650:
7646:
7641:
7635:, p. 18.
7634:
7630:
7626:
7621:
7614:
7613:St. John 2012
7611:, p. 9;
7610:
7606:
7601:
7595:, p. 18.
7594:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7577:
7572:
7565:
7564:St. John 2012
7561:
7557:
7552:
7545:
7544:St. John 2012
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7524:
7517:
7516:St. John 2012
7512:
7505:
7504:St. John 2012
7500:
7498:
7491:, p. 22.
7490:
7486:
7481:
7474:
7473:St. John 2012
7470:
7466:
7461:
7454:
7449:
7443:, p. 38.
7442:
7437:
7435:
7428:, p. 74.
7427:
7422:
7420:
7412:
7411:St. John 2012
7408:
7403:
7401:
7393:
7388:
7381:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7364:
7359:
7353:, p. 73.
7352:
7347:
7345:
7337:
7336:St. John 2012
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7316:
7309:
7308:St. John 2012
7305:
7301:
7297:
7292:
7286:, p. 28.
7285:
7280:
7273:
7268:
7266:
7258:
7257:St. John 2012
7254:
7253:St. John 1987
7250:
7246:
7241:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7203:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7165:
7157:
7155:0-521-46411-0
7151:
7147:
7140:
7133:
7132:St. John 2012
7129:
7125:
7120:
7113:
7112:St. John 2012
7109:
7104:
7097:
7096:St. John 2012
7093:
7089:
7084:
7077:
7076:St. John 2012
7073:
7068:
7066:
7058:
7053:
7046:
7041:
7034:
7029:
7023:, p. 34.
7022:
7017:
7010:
7005:
6998:
6993:
6986:
6981:
6975:, p. 85.
6974:
6969:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6893:
6886:
6885:St. John 2012
6882:
6878:
6874:
6869:
6863:, p. 16.
6862:
6857:
6851:, p. 17.
6850:
6845:
6829:
6825:
6819:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6792:(in German).
6791:
6787:
6780:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6744:, p. 62.
6743:
6739:
6735:
6730:
6723:
6719:
6714:
6708:, p. 20.
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6690:
6683:
6682:St. John 2012
6680:, p. 9;
6679:
6675:
6670:
6664:, p. 20.
6663:
6658:
6652:, p. 71.
6651:
6646:
6640:, p. 63.
6639:
6635:
6630:
6623:
6618:
6616:
6608:
6607:St. John 2012
6604:
6600:
6595:
6588:
6587:St. John 2012
6585:, p. 9;
6584:
6580:
6575:
6568:
6567:St. John 2012
6564:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6544:
6543:St. John 2012
6540:
6536:
6535:St. John 1983
6531:
6524:
6523:St. John 2012
6519:
6517:
6515:
6508:, p. 18.
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6470:
6464:, p. 18.
6463:
6459:
6454:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6417:, p. 18.
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6399:
6392:. p. 40.
6391:
6387:
6380:
6374:, p. 18.
6373:
6369:
6364:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6332:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6256:
6255:St. John 2012
6252:
6248:
6243:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6221:
6213:
6209:
6204:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6177:
6173:
6168:
6161:
6160:St. John 2012
6157:
6153:
6148:
6141:
6140:St. John 2012
6137:
6133:
6129:
6124:
6117:
6116:St. John 2012
6112:
6105:
6104:St. John 2012
6101:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6081:
6080:St. John 2012
6077:
6072:
6065:
6064:St. John 2012
6060:
6054:, p. 13.
6053:
6048:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6025:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6003:, p. 45.
6002:
5997:
5990:
5989:St. John 2012
5986:
5982:
5977:
5970:
5969:St. John 2012
5966:
5961:
5954:
5953:St. John 2012
5949:
5947:
5939:
5938:St. John 2012
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5911:
5910:St. John 2012
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5890:
5883:
5882:St. John 2012
5879:
5875:
5870:
5863:
5858:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5835:
5834:St. John 2012
5831:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5811:
5810:St. John 2012
5806:
5799:
5798:St. John 2012
5795:
5791:
5787:
5782:
5776:, p. 11.
5775:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5755:
5754:St. John 2012
5751:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5731:
5730:St. John 2012
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5703:
5702:St. John 2012
5699:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5684:
5676:
5675:St. John 2012
5673:, p. 5;
5672:
5667:
5660:
5659:St. John 2012
5656:
5652:
5647:
5645:
5637:
5633:
5630:, p. 4;
5629:
5624:
5617:
5616:St. John 2012
5613:
5608:
5601:
5600:St. John 2012
5598:, p. 9;
5597:
5592:
5586:, p. 35.
5585:
5580:
5573:
5572:St. John 2012
5570:, p. 9;
5569:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5535:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5504:
5503:St. John 2012
5501:, p. 9;
5500:
5496:
5491:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5420:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5387:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5284:
5277:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5164:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5129:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4984:
4975:
4969:
4968:Libyan Arabic
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4913:
4883:
4882:
4869:
4817:
4813:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4689:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4595:(born 1976),
4594:
4591:(born 1975),
4590:
4587:(1974–2011),
4586:
4583:(born 1973),
4582:
4579:(born 1972),
4578:
4574:
4570:
4569:Safia Farkash
4566:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4553:Annick Cojean
4550:
4549:Seham Sergewa
4546:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:Bab al-Azizia
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4477:
4470:Personal life
4467:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4281:
4274:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4016:
4006:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3979:Shukri Ghanem
3975:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3953:privatization
3944:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3872:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:War on Terror
3823:
3820:on the US by
3819:
3809:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3774:power brokers
3771:
3770:regime change
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3742:Moussa Koussa
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3703:King of Kings
3700:
3696:
3695:Kwame Nkrumah
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:African Union
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3621:Sheikh Hasina
3618:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3566:Hissène Habré
3563:
3558:
3556:
3555:eastern Libya
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:puppet regime
3360:
3359:Ronald Reagan
3355:
3353:
3348:
3347:Umar Muhayshi
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3326:'s Ghana and
3325:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:Félix Malloum
3272:
3271:Hissène Habré
3268:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3247:Bab al-Azizia
3244:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3209:Bhutto family
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3162:United States
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3115:Hosni Mubarak
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3026:
3024:
3023:Yasser Arafat
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2945:homeschooling
2937:
2936:Flag of Libya
2933:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2902:
2898:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:Indira Gandhi
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:Umar Muhayshi
2635:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:Yasser Arafat
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:public sector
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:Armand Hammer
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:Umar Muhayshi
1904:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1848:
1837:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1579:Andrew Lycett
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:Qasr Abu Hadi
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:authoritarian
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:Italian Libya
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:military coup
1312:
1308:
1307:assassination
1304:
1300:
1299:revolutionary
1289:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1020:Free Officers
1017:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
967:Personal life
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
957:
948:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
921:
913:
905:
902:
901:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
862:
858:
855:
852:
848:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:
824:
820:
813:
808:
803:
800:
795:
790:
787:
782:
777:
776:
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
736:
734:
730:
727:
726:Bab al-Azizia
724:
720:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
676:
673:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:Saif al-Islam
657:
655:
652:
651:
640:
636:
617:
616:Safia Farkash
612:
590:
585:
584:
582:
578:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:
559:
555:
552:
551:Libyan Desert
548:
546:Resting place
544:
541:
540:Assassination
538:
534:
531:
527:
518:
514:
511:
510:Italian Libya
507:
506:Qasr Abu Hadi
493:
489:
484:
480:
477:
474:
468:
465:
462:
456:
450:
445:
442:
437:
434:
431:
425:
422:
419:
413:
407:
402:
398:
397:
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88:February 2023
81:
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63:
59:
57:
52:This article
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
25869:Pan-Islamism
25747:
25740:
25733:
25633:Ba'ath Party
25510:Ameen Rihani
25449:
25370:Jassem Alwan
25365:Michel Aflaq
25221:Algerian War
25147:Iraqi Revolt
25036:
25024:
25012:
25000:
24985:
24648:Rinaldo Veri
24643:Ralph Jodice
24567:Hala Misrati
24487:Mansour Dhao
24426:
24306:Fathi Terbil
24271:Ali Tarhouni
24194:Anti-Gaddafi
24173:
24166:
24159:
24152:
24145:
24012:Tripolitania
23786:Part of the
23690:Vincent Otti
23681:
23643:
23635:
23588:
23570:Paul Gicheru
23557:William Ruto
23543:Henry Kosgey
23529:Mohammed Ali
23440:Ahmed Haroun
23401:
23373:
23365:
23332:Maxime Mokom
23302:
23209:Saudi Arabia
22930:Burkina Faso
22838:
22826:
22776:
22726:
22711:
22705:Nimr al-Nimr
22686:
22671:
22656:
22629:
22626:
22606:
22580:Essam Sharaf
22560:Ahmed Shafik
22536:
22511:
22496:
22445:
22415:
22360:
22340:
22330:
22315:
22260:
22245:
22205:Saudi Arabia
22122:
21909:
21872:
21698:Paul Robeson
21623:Frantz Fanon
21598:Aimé Césaire
21467:Modibo Keïta
21446:
21412:Dennis Akumu
21375:
21368:
21361:
21296:Afrocentrism
21147:
20840:
20824:
20759:
20752:
20648:
20459:
20411:
20399:
20387:
20318:
20298:
20149:
20148:no sign for
20094:Gabon (2023)
20087:Niger (2023)
20080:Sudan (2023)
20003:Niger (2021)
19964:Sudan (2019)
19957:Gabon (2019)
19943:Libya (2016)
19901:Libya (2014)
19880:Egypt (2013)
19859:Sudan (2012)
19824:Niger (2011)
19817:Niger (2010)
19785:Sudan (2008)
19722:Sudan (2004)
19627:Niger (1999)
19585:Niger (1996)
19508:Libya (1993)
19473:Sudan (1992)
19452:Venda (1990)
19417:Sudan (1990)
19399:Sudan (1989)
19364:Benin (1988)
19294:Sudan (1985)
19224:Kenya (1982)
19203:Ghana (1981)
19122:Ghana (1979)
19101:Ghana (1978)
19066:Sudan (1977)
19052:Benin (1977)
19045:Sudan (1976)
19003:Libya (1975)
18996:Sudan (1975)
18975:Niger (1974)
18933:Ghana (1972)
18919:Sudan (1971)
18859:Sudan (1969)
18810:Ghana (1967)
18768:Ghana (1966)
18712:Gabon (1964)
18633:Coups d'état
18592:Libya portal
18590:
18503:
18464:(fourth son)
18452:(second son)
18434:(first wife)
18394:
18387:
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18114:The Guardian
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17809:
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17761:
17744:(1): 61–84.
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17590:
17578:. Retrieved
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17507:
17489:(1): 59–73.
17486:
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17468:(1): 58–73.
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17382:
17363:
17349:(3): 17–44.
17346:
17343:Africa Today
17342:
17312:(1): 61–79.
17309:
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17134:
17126:Bibliography
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17046:Libya Herald
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16857:
16845:
16840:, p. 7.
16833:
16806:
16794:
16778:
16750:Bearman 1986
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16733:
16721:
16716:, p. 5.
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16574:, p. 6.
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16160:
16155:, p. 1.
16148:
16126:, p. 2.
16109:Bearman 1986
16077:, p. 6.
16066:
16054:
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15089:The Atlantic
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14986:
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14919:Agenzia Nova
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14645:, p. 8.
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13659:The Atlantic
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12616:, p. 3.
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5515:Bearman 1986
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5023:Google Ngram
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4379:antisemitism
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3439:
3356:
3339:Oujda Treaty
3332:
3320:
3295:
3264:
3239:
3185:Musa al-Sadr
3178:
3134:Billy Carter
3130:Jimmy Carter
3127:
3088:
3084:black market
3072:
3063:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3034:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2917:
2908:
2894:
2841:
2818:Sargodha AFB
2795:
2780:
2776:Aouzou Strip
2728:
2709:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2570:
2555:
2528:
2510:
2487:
2422:Red Brigades
2400:among other
2371:
2323:
2311:Palestinians
2308:
2259:
2255:Soviet Union
2248:
2217:
2205:
2173:
2169:Omar Mukhtar
2149:tuberculosis
2136:shanty towns
2132:
2123:minimum wage
2114:
2112:
2065:
2052:
2044:
2031:King Idris I
2000:
1997:
1974:
1964:
1960:
1950:to Tripoli.
1938:
1932:
1920:
1899:
1895:Queen Fatima
1866:centralizing
1863:
1857:
1852:
1819:British Army
1795:Beaconsfield
1792:
1781:
1766:
1745:Michel Aflaq
1717:
1712:
1654:
1648:
1620:
1584:
1575:David Blundy
1568:
1555:Tripolitania
1544:
1526:human rights
1510:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1413:
1380:monarchy of
1356:, to a poor
1347:
1311:rebel forces
1287:
1286:
1240:
1168:
1096:Armed Forces
1091:
1049:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
944:
860:Battles/wars
682:(deceased)
680:Saif al-Arab
671:(deceased)
521:(2011-10-20)
471:Succeeded by
448:
428:Succeeded by
405:
393:
376:Succeeded by
368:
341:
325:
321:Succeeded by
284:
265:
245:Succeeded by
236:
168:
149:
118:معمر القذافي
98:
85:
53:
36:
26009:2011 deaths
26004:1942 births
25563:Arab Ba'ath
25485:Salah Jadid
25342:Arabization
25189:Six-Day War
25184:Suez Crisis
25130:Arab Revolt
25109:Pan-Arabism
24973:Zenga Zenga
24420:Pro-Gaddafi
24256:Hamid Hassy
23870:Libyan Navy
23860:Libyan Army
23788:Arab Spring
23665:Joseph Kony
23564:Joshua Sang
23493:Ivory Coast
23456:Ali Kushayb
23450:Saleh Jerbo
22909:Azerbaijan
22675:Mohammed VI
22657:Mauritania:
22620:Samir Rifai
22565:Wael Ghonim
22555:Ahmed Nazif
22331:Mauritania:
22304:Shayfeencom
22113:Arab Spring
21760:Educational
21573:Marimba Ani
21497:Thabo Mbeki
21405:Politicians
21357:Black power
21168:Hailemariam
20709:al-Mangoush
20667:(1977–2011)
20637:(1969–1977)
20626:(1969–2011)
20564:al-Bakkoush
20512:(1951–1969)
20312:(1977–2011)
20292:(1969–1977)
20281:(1969–2011)
20217:(1951–1969)
20010:Mali (2021)
19989:Mali (2020)
19873:Chad (2013)
19757:Chad (2006)
19743:Togo (2005)
19715:Chad (2004)
19459:Mali (1991)
19438:Chad (1990)
19392:Chad (1989)
19322:Togo (1986)
19017:Chad (1975)
18838:Mali (1968)
18817:Togo (1967)
18705:Togo (1963)
18580:Yaki Kadafi
18482:(sixth son)
18470:(fifth son)
18458:(third son)
18446:(first son)
17941:(1): 1–21.
16931:Haynes 1990
16919:Castro 2011
16907:Zoubir 2009
16838:Bianco 1975
16500:Harris 1986
16482:8 September
16366:Cojean 2013
16291:Harris 1986
16267:Harris 1986
16252:14 February
16222:28 February
16191:28 February
16059:Harris 1986
15993:Hajjar 1982
15897:Harris 1986
15862:Harris 1986
15850:Harris 1986
15617:Harris 1986
15605:Haynes 1990
15593:Zoubir 2009
15557:Harris 1986
15541:Haynes 1990
15501:Harris 1986
15441:Harris 1986
15371:Harris 1986
15359:Harris 1986
15099:21 February
15068:21 February
15038:21 February
15007:21 February
14929:21 February
14898:21 February
14847:21 February
14817:21 February
14786:21 February
14756:21 February
14726:21 February
14670:21 February
14552:Castro 2011
14115:Cooley 1983
13534:Zoubir 2009
13522:Zoubir 2009
13494:Zoubir 2009
13389:Zoubir 2009
12765:21 December
12642:Martin 2002
12531:13 February
11983:12 February
11684:Harris 1986
11376:Harris 1986
11340:Harris 1986
11219:Haynes 1990
11195:Harris 1986
10959:A. Gérard,
10904:LibyaHerald
10809:Harris 1986
10765:Harris 1986
10745:Harris 1986
10705:Harris 1986
10199:Harris 1986
10175:Harris 1986
9815:11 February
9690:Harris 1986
9604:Harris 1986
9498:Harris 1986
9413:India Today
9242:11 November
9202:Harris 1986
9154:Harris 1986
9062:Harris 1986
9034:Harris 1986
8968:Harris 1986
8824:10 February
8784:LibyaHerald
8763:10 February
8733:10 February
8633:10 February
8478:Harris 1986
8454:Harris 1986
8406:Harris 1986
8370:Harris 1986
8251:Harris 1986
8203:Harris 1986
7737:Harris 1986
7465:Harris 1986
7441:Harris 1986
6873:Harris 1986
6861:Harris 1986
6849:Harris 1986
6834:10 February
6808:10 February
6790:Der Spiegel
6769:10 February
6738:Harris 1986
6694:Harris 1986
6634:Harris 1986
6599:Harris 1986
6559:Harris 1986
6498:Harris 1986
6482:Simons 1996
6478:Harris 1986
6458:Simons 1996
6443:10 February
6433:LibyaHerald
6411:Simons 1996
6403:Harris 1986
6320:10 February
6290:10 February
6227:Simons 1996
6188:Harris 1986
6176:Simons 1996
6132:Simons 1996
6096:Simons 1996
6076:Simons 1996
6033:Simons 1996
6017:Simons 1996
5965:Harris 1986
5930:Simons 1996
5902:Simons 1996
5862:Simons 1996
5850:Simons 1996
5746:Simons 1996
5722:Simons 1996
5714:Bianco 1975
5690:Bianco 1975
5671:Bianco 1975
5628:Bianco 1975
5523:Simons 1996
5376:1 September
5344:22 February
5240:1 September
5096:Arab League
4734:Jamahiriyah
4628:Public life
4460:bourgeoisie
4456:proletariat
4374:imperialist
4360:Jamahiriyah
4351:pan-Arabist
4323:Sun Yat-sen
4121:Arab League
4095:no-fly zone
4067:laws of war
4040:food prices
4036:Jamahiriyah
4024:Arab Spring
3941:Jörg Haider
3834:Jiang Zemin
3715:Addis Ababa
3687:Thabo Mbeki
3570:Idriss Déby
3503:mustard gas
3454:Green Beret
3403:James Baker
3399:Edwin Meese
3379:White House
3373:two Libyan
3367:Warsaw Pact
3337:signed the
3197:Al-Zulfiqar
2938:(1977–2011)
2702:Salah Busir
2589:nationalism
2498:bourgeoisie
2494:bureaucracy
2458:colonialism
2454:Third World
2446:Philippines
2283:Dom Mintoff
2266:Libyan Jews
2251:Four Powers
2220:Anwar Sadat
2099:Anwar Sadat
2015:technocrats
1976:in absentia
1875:Six-Day War
1753:Sun Yat-sen
1693:colonialism
1673:Suez Crisis
1561:, who were
1497:, in which
1491:Arab Spring
1295: 1942
1169:Leadership
1150:(1986–1987)
1132:(1978–1987)
1085:(2009–2010)
1079:(1970–1972)
1073:(1969–1977)
1067:(1977–1979)
1061:(1979–2011)
826:Libyan Army
814:(1977–2011)
801:(1969–1977)
788:(1961–1969)
589:Fathia Nuri
572:(1977–2011)
570:Independent
566:(1971–1977)
502: 1942
459:Preceded by
416:Preceded by
364:Preceded by
308:Preceded by
232:Preceded by
76:subheadings
26189:Nasserists
25993:Categories
25727:Literature
25420:Tariq Aziz
25337:Arab world
25332:Arab Union
25261:Dhofar War
25037:Wikiquotes
24807:Casualties
24281:Ali Zeidan
24139:operations
23833:Opposition
23187:by country
22740:Adel Safar
22525:Ali Salman
22185:Mauritania
21673:Ali Mazrui
21583:Steve Biko
21397:Proponents
21208:Tshisekedi
21173:Abdel Aziz
21087:Bouteflika
20932:Boumédiène
20569:al-Qaddafi
20426:Abusahmain
20407:Abusahmain
18571:(Pakistan)
18559:(Tanzania)
18476:(daughter)
18304:2009–2010
18274:1977–2011
18262:New office
18248:1977–1979
18212:1970–1972
18178:1969–1977
18104:BBC Online
17707:(1): 1–3.
17529:4 December
16963:20 October
16862:First 1974
16799:First 1974
16628:4 February
16595:21 October
16456:4 February
16425:4 February
16394:25 October
16386:. London.
15889:First 1974
15781:First 1974
15405:28 October
15329:3 February
15279:18 October
15149:3 November
14976:22 October
14588:. London.
14537:21 January
14213:13 January
14182:13 January
14151:13 January
14047:Kamel 2016
13996:4 February
13966:4 February
13936:4 February
13905:4 February
13875:4 February
13845:4 February
13814:4 February
13719:MercoPress
13699:4 February
13669:4 February
13510:Kamel 2016
13345:Kamel 2016
13314:3 February
13288:3 February
13257:3 February
13141:4 February
13111:4 February
13081:4 February
13051:4 February
13021:4 February
12991:4 February
12961:4 February
12931:4 February
12892:4 February
12859:4 February
12849:EgyptToday
12829:4 February
12799:4 February
12409:6 February
12378:6 February
12337:Sunday Sun
12272:18 October
12164:8 February
12081:3 February
12052:3 February
11633:7 February
11594:7 February
11555:7 February
11301:2 February
11270:2 February
11058:3 February
10945:7 February
10914:7 February
10883:7 February
10849:7 February
10515:15 January
10457:2 February
10394:7 February
10355:7 February
10317:7 February
10307:InsideHook
10287:7 February
9423:6 February
9347:6 February
9308:6 February
9015:2 February
8855:2 February
8794:2 February
8703:2 February
8350:Davis 1982
8148:2 February
7770:0253332028
7230:3 February
7192:3 February
6353:9 February
5480:5 December
5266:20 October
5210:Al Jazeera
5178:. London.
5119:References
4877:-ə-mar gə-
4675:Ruth First
4403:secularist
4170:Bani Walid
4164:After the
3854:Tony Blair
3549:, and the
3539:Bani Walid
3387:OPEC siege
3307:Toyota War
3224:President
3156:involving
3003:Yugoslavia
2977:Jamahiriya
2957:Jamahiriya
2950:Jamahiriya
2918:Jamahiriya
2783:Omar Bongo
2748:King Idris
2585:Mao Zedong
2577:capitalism
2532:Ba'athists
2466:terrorists
2440:, and the
2424:, and the
2357:, and the
2319:Arab world
2208:recognized
1823:Piccadilly
1735:, and the
1705:capitalism
1661:Arab world
1454:Jamahiriya
1348:Born near
1148:Toyota War
962:Early life
882:Toyota War
772:Allegiance
733:Alma mater
714:(adopted)
698:Daughters
72:condensing
25971:Socialism
25947:Biography
25760:Symbolism
25104:Nasserism
25099:Ba'athism
24689:Ali Treki
24527:Ali Kanna
24331:Abu Oweis
23896:Cyrenaica
23686: (*)
23648: (*)
23640: (*)
23406: (*)
23378: (*)
23370: (*)
23185:Timelines
23117:civil war
23018:2011–2012
22200:Palestine
21781:Political
21663:Malcolm X
21658:Fela Kuti
21502:Tom Mboya
21363:Négritude
21326:Sankarism
21321:Nkrumaism
21316:Garveyism
21223:Ghazouani
21218:Assoumani
21203:Ramaphosa
21153:Mutharika
21102:Mwanawasa
21047:Babangida
20972:Ramgoolam
20952:Hassan II
20806:al-Ghawil
20795:al-Sarraj
20787:al-Ghawil
20674:al-Obeidi
20529:Ben Halim
20434:al-Sarraj
20344:az-Zanati
20324:al-Obeidi
20142:self-coup
18550:Namesakes
18506:newspaper
18084:from the
18061:153625134
17955:155823080
17886:219626768
17838:145692912
17729:153609561
17611:144642774
17580:27 August
17567:156529941
17462:Paradigms
17430:154903399
17334:144831599
17229:1743-8586
17213:: 73–97.
17113:6 October
17056:9 January
16953:USA Today
16694:0190-8286
16659:0190-8286
16327:. Malta.
16325:The Times
15820:30 August
14888:0362-4331
14746:France 24
14716:0190-8286
13895:France 24
13865:France 24
13449:0362-4331
13131:France 24
12921:0362-4331
12794:0190-8286
12521:0190-8286
12224:0362-4331
12154:0362-4331
11978:0190-8286
11623:0190-8286
11584:0362-4331
11131:26 August
11048:0882-7729
10878:0190-8286
10839:0362-4331
10447:0190-8286
10384:0040-781X
10345:0362-4331
9805:0307-1235
9275:2 October
8138:0362-4331
7220:0362-4331
7182:0362-4331
6948:0362-4331
6910:0362-4331
6798:2195-1349
6343:Arab News
6280:0040-781X
5409:6 October
5152:6 October
5124:Citations
5059:Qadhdhāfī
4990:romanized
4936:romanized
4647:Max Weber
4495:Beethoven
4444:Karl Marx
4408:modernist
4383:Hitlerian
4301:Nasserism
4182:Ali Kanna
3916:. At the
3590:Lockerbie
3371:shot down
3352:Abu Nidal
3335:Hassan II
3205:Shahnawaz
3191:to spare
2540:Islamists
2406:Apartheid
2386:Tupamaros
2359:Abu Nidal
2351:As-Sa'iqa
2080:H.L. Hunt
2078:, son of
2055:crude oil
1903:Cyrenaica
1709:socialism
1641:Egyptian
1559:Qadhadhfa
1530:terrorism
1495:civil war
1485:; he was
1451:called a
1386:1969 coup
1339:Nasserism
1092:Military
977:Nasserism
835:1961–2011
755:Signature
722:Residence
449:In office
406:In office
342:In office
266:In office
150:In office
80:talk page
68:splitting
66:Consider
25902:Category
25844:Islamism
25553:Al-Fatat
25320:Concepts
25087:Ideology
25025:Wikinews
25001:Category
24885:Timeline
24834:Refugees
23795:Timeline
23252:Category
23000:Portugal
22975:Maldives
22832:UAE Five
22777:Tunisia:
22672:Morocco:
22512:Bahrain:
22497:Algeria:
22454:Al-Islah
22416:Tunisia:
22249:Al Wefaq
22246:Bahrain:
22150:Djibouti
21936:Dynamics
21417:Idi Amin
21345:Concepts
21279:Variants
21272:Ideology
21128:Obasanjo
21123:Chissano
21082:Compaoré
21042:Museveni
21007:Mengistu
20922:Selassie
20902:Selassie
20884:and the
20821:Bashagha
20802:al-Theni
20783:al-Hassi
20772:al-Theni
20754:Tarhouni
20704:al-Qa′ud
20689:at-Talhi
20679:at-Talhi
20644:Maghribi
20559:al-Badri
20449:al-Menfi
20395:Magariaf
20339:as-Sawsa
18504:Al-Shams
17782:(2003).
17760:(1996).
17621:(2011).
17571:Archived
17523:Archived
17505:(2012).
17326:44483404
17285:(1983).
17178:(1987).
17107:Archived
17087:22 March
17081:Archived
17050:Archived
16988:Archived
16957:Archived
16622:Archived
16589:Archived
16551:Archived
16476:Archived
16450:Archived
16419:Archived
16388:Archived
16345:Archived
16329:Archived
16246:Archived
16216:Archived
16185:Archived
15814:Archived
15697:28 April
15691:Archived
15399:Archived
15323:Archived
15235:Archived
15202:Archived
15169:Archived
15143:Archived
15093:Archived
15062:Archived
15058:BBC News
15032:Archived
15001:Archived
14970:Archived
14923:Archived
14892:Archived
14841:Archived
14837:BBC News
14811:Archived
14780:Archived
14750:Archived
14720:Archived
14664:Archived
14590:Archived
14531:Archived
14237:Archived
14207:Archived
14176:Archived
14172:CNNMoney
14145:Archived
13990:Archived
13960:Archived
13930:Archived
13899:Archived
13869:Archived
13839:Archived
13835:euronews
13808:Archived
13804:BBC News
13766:Archived
13723:Archived
13693:Archived
13663:Archived
13453:Archived
13308:Archived
13282:Archived
13251:Archived
13161:Archived
13135:Archived
13105:Archived
13075:Archived
13045:Archived
13015:Archived
12985:Archived
12955:Archived
12925:Archived
12886:Archived
12853:Archived
12823:Archived
12759:Archived
12682:13 March
12676:Archived
12525:Archived
12403:Archived
12372:Archived
12266:Archived
12234:20 April
12228:Archived
12195:20 April
12189:Archived
12158:Archived
12075:Archived
12046:Archived
12007:Archived
12003:ABC News
11627:Archived
11588:Archived
11549:Archived
11295:Archived
11264:Archived
11164:14 March
11158:Archived
11125:Archived
11077:Archived
11052:Archived
11013:Archived
10963:, p. 119
10939:Archived
10908:Archived
10843:Archived
10646:9 August
10613:9 August
10533:Archived
10509:Archived
10451:Archived
10388:Archived
10349:Archived
10311:Archived
10281:Archived
9809:Archived
9766:(1987).
9417:Archived
9378:9 August
9341:Archived
9302:Archived
9269:Archived
9236:Archived
9009:Archived
8849:Archived
8818:Archived
8788:Archived
8757:Archived
8727:Archived
8694:Archived
8627:Archived
8623:Refworld
8142:Archived
7775:Archived
7224:Archived
7186:Archived
6952:Archived
6914:Archived
6802:Archived
6763:Archived
6437:Archived
6347:Archived
6314:Archived
6310:adst.org
6284:Archived
5474:Archived
5334:ABC News
5307:Archived
5305:. 1986.
5260:Archived
5234:Archived
5180:Archived
5146:Archived
5142:BBC News
5002:, while
4752:See also
4667:populist
4491:football
4356:nativist
4307:, which
4225:AlHadath
4206:Arrai TV
4194:Mutassim
3895:Benghazi
3883:Brussels
3881:(EU) in
3842:Iraq War
3822:al-Qaeda
3730:Gulf War
3527:Warfalla
3510:and the
3267:FROLINAT
3226:Idi Amin
3154:dogfight
3011:Romanian
2694:cold war
2678:Islamic
2610:flogging
2546:and the
2536:Marxists
2496:and the
2392:and the
2303:newsreel
2287:Cold War
2240:Khartoum
2212:pan-Arab
2145:trachoma
2041:(right).
1948:al-Beida
1939:de facto
1815:football
1773:Benghazi
1376:-backed
850:Commands
675:Hannibal
669:Mutassim
664:Al-Saadi
654:Muhammad
638:Children
285:See list
169:See list
56:too long
25921:Portals
25548:Al-Awda
25123:History
25013:Commons
24986:Italics
23887:Battles
23701:Ukraine
23466:Georgia
23303:Italics
23194:Bahrain
23139:Tunisia
23104:Bahrain
23014:Turkey
22984:Mexico
22925:Belarus
22905:Armenia
22900:Albania
22607:Jordan:
22464:Houthis
22424:Ennahda
22220:Tunisia
22190:Morocco
22175:Lebanon
22145:Bahrain
22140:Algeria
21999:Kwanzaa
21967:Related
21898:Symbols
21885:ZANU–PF
21148:Gaddafi
21143:Kikwete
21133:Nguesso
21097:Chiluba
21092:Eyadéma
21062:Ben Ali
21057:Mubarak
21037:Mubarak
21022:Nguesso
21012:Nyerere
20997:Stevens
20992:Senghor
20987:Tolbert
20982:Nimeiry
20912:Nkrumah
20841:Italics
20814:Dbeibeh
20779:Maiteeq
20761:El-Keib
20724:Mahmudi
20714:Shamekh
20654:Jalloud
20649:Gaddafi
20524:Sakizli
20460:Italics
20359:al-Zwai
20354:Shamekh
20319:Gaddafi
20299:Gaddafi
18541:Isratin
18402:Killing
18227:Himself
18183:Himself
18142:YouTube
17709:Bibcode
17355:4186243
17025:17 July
16994:29 June
16699:25 June
16664:25 June
16557:13 July
16531:13 July
16351:15 June
15208:13 July
15175:13 July
14776:Reuters
14596:26 June
14233:Reuters
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