265:, were fully prepared to depose the Emperor, in favour of full constitutional freedom and liberal institutions. This knowledge, obtained with an adroitness and a precision quite peculiar to this celebrated Minister of Police, he made completely subservient to his own personal views. These had been, from the commencement of Napoleon's second reign, to coquet with the factions in such a manner as to induce each to consider him an indispensable instrument in the realisation of its hopes, and to exert this extraordinary influence either to support or to undermine the power of Napoleon, according as the fortunes of the latter might be in the ascendant or on the decline. The resolute attitude assumed by the allies soon satisfied him that, although the Emperor might once more dazzle the world with some brilliant feat of arms, he must eventually succumb to the fixed determination of the other sovereign powers to crush his usurped authority; and to the overwhelming masses with which Europe was preparing to subjugate the country. He had been, and was still, in secret communication with the ministers and advisers of
188:
presence in Paris confounded his critics. However, the sword that had raised and controlled the Empire, captivating and nearly conquering Europe itself, had slipped from his grasp, rendering him devoid of the might and will of imperial France. These powers had been delegated through the constitution to the national organs, the elected representatives of the people. He no longer possessed the administrative and executive authority personally but was subject to the control of the power he had feared more than the enemy he was about to faceâthe power of French public opinion, expressed legitimately. If he had keenly felt its influence prior to his defeat in battle, the task of calming its fervor and securing its support for renewed sacrifices must have seemed daunting, if not hopeless, when he suddenly arrived in Paris on June 21, just one week after assuming command of his army, to announce the disastrous outcome of his campaign.
78:
1016:
2336:
281:, in support of the force that yet remained available; the result would inevitably be anarchy and confusion in the capital, disorder and excesses throughout the whole country, renewed disasters to the nation, together with an awful and useless sacrifice of life. To prevent such a catastrophe (as Fouché thought it would be), it was necessary to lull Napoleon's suspicions of the intentions of the Chambers; with which, at the same time, Fouché was fully acquainted. Hence it was, that to gain sufficient time for the development of these intentions, Fouché gave to the Council the advice before mentioned.
216:, the annihilation of the enemy would follow; but that if, instead of ordering new levies and adopting extraordinary measures, the Chambers were to allow themselves to be drawn into debates, and to waste their time in disputation, all would be lost. "Now that the enemy is in France", he added, "it is necessary that I should be invested with extraordinary power, that of a temporary dictatorship. As a measure of safety for the country, I might assume this power; but it would be better and more national that it should be conferred upon me by the Chambers".
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mighty Armies to victory, and who had subjected powerful nations to his despotic sway, this sudden and energetic voice of the people, conveyed through the medium of their
Representatives, aroused him to a full sense of the wonderful change which had been effected in the public mind, and in his own individual position, through the intervention of a Constitution. He was alike indignant at what he conceived to be a daring presumption, and mortified at his own miscalculation in having convoked the Chambers.
252:, the Minister of Police, and the remaining ministers, remarked that the safety of the state did not depend upon any particular measure which might thus be proposed, but upon the Chambers of the Estates (Parliament); and upon their uniting with the head of the government: and that by manifesting towards them confidence and good faith, they would be induced to declare it to be their duty to unite with Napoleon in the adoption of energetic measures for securing the honour and independence of the nation.
1046:, on 3 July, the French Army, commanded by Marshal Davoust, quit Paris and proceeded on its march to the Loire. On 7 July, the two Coalition armies entered Paris. The Chamber of Peers, having received from the Provisional Government a notification of the course of events, terminated its sittings; the Chamber of Representatives protested, but in vain. Their President (Lanjuinais) resigned his Chair; and on the following day, the doors were closed, and the approaches guarded by foreign troops.
2919:
930:
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move that we adjourn for that time (This part of his speech was met with great disapprobation on the part of the
Chamber). Gentlemen! We all wish to save our country; but can we not reconcile this unanimous sentiment with the laudable desire that the Chamber should preserve the honour of the Chief of the State? (cries of "Yes! yes! ") If I requested that we should wait until this evening or tomorrow, some considerations might be opposed â but, one hour.
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Britain. Not only had most civil servants retained their positions, but even some ministers had survived the regime shifts. Consequently, many individuals were hesitant to risk their lives or property for any particular regime. This stood in stark contrast to the perceptions of the general populace during the initial revolution and
Napoleon's subsequent rise to power, which had brought about widespread upheaval and the terror.
195:, barely had time to express their elation before ominous rumors of sudden reversals in Napoleon's cause began to circulate. Soon, all doubts and suspense were dispelled by the unexpected arrival of Emperor Napoleon himself, fueling the darkest forebodings. Napoleon reached Paris a mere two hours after news of his defeat at Waterloo reached the city, temporarily causing those plotting against him to halt their schemes.
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again lead victorious Armies to the capital? Then, and under their auspices, will reappear the ancient Family. ("Never! never!" exclaimed several voices".) I freely express my opinion. What may be the consequences of these events? We have only one certain means left, which is, to engage the
Emperor, in the name of the safety of the State, in the sacred name of a suffering country, to declare his Abdication.
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24:
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678:, there can be no doubt; but the decided tone of the debates in the National Assembly, the solicitations of his friends, and the hope of securing the throne to his family, induced him to abandon all idea of such a project. It is, besides, more than probable that, aware as he was of the bad feeling that existed, to a great extent, both in the Chambers and in the country, towards King
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preserve to the
Chamber the honour of not having proposed an object which ought to be the free concession of the Monarch. I move that a deputation of five members shall be appointed to proceed to the Emperor, which deputation shall express to His Majesty the urgency of his decision. Their report will, I trust, satisfy at once the wish of the assembly, and that of the nation.
564:: an officer who, during the last five years, had been made to suffer the severest mortifications, arising from the hatred entertained towards him by Napoleon, in consequence of his refusal to be the servile instrument of his ambition; and, therefore, the curiosity of the Chamber was naturally excited to hear what course he was about to adopt. General Solignac said:
1142:. Resolutions were taken to force the Emperor to abdicate, when, in the midst of their debate, someone entered the chamber, and announced that Napoleon was in Paris. In an instant Mr. de Constant was left alone: the deliberators had shot off on every side like bubbles on the water, or frogs dispersed by the sudden falling of a stone amongst them" (
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limits to its means. The
Chambers cannot offer negotiations to the Allied Powers. The documents which have been communicated to us demonstrate that they have uniformly refused all the overtures which have been made to them; and they have declared that they will not treat with the French, as long as they shall have the Emperor at their head.
314:
This is the moment to rally round the national coloursâthe
Tricoloured Standard of 1788âthe standard of liberty, equality, and public order. It is you alone who can now protect the country from foreign attacks, and internal dissensions. It is you alone who can secure the independence and the honour of France.
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the
Imperial troops had succeeded in quelling the insurrection, â when, in addition to all this, it is considered how great, how extraordinary, was the influence induced by the prestige of Napoleon with the majority of the nation, dazzled as the latter had been by countless victories that outweighed,
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Since that is the case, I will not abdicate at all. The
Chamber is composed of a set of Jacobins, impracticables, and intriguers; who are seeking for disorder, or for place. I ought to have denounced them to the Nation, and given them their dismissal. The time that has been lost may yet be recovered.
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I do not believe that the project proposed by the
Committee is capable of attaining the desired end. The greatness of our disasters cannot be denied: they are sufficiently proved by the presence of the Chief of our Armies in the capital. If there are no bounds to the energies of the nation, there are
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This Article, gentlemen, appears to me insufficient. It does not fulfil the object which the Chamber proposes to itself, because it is possible that your Deputation may not be admitted. I would not, therefore, urge the adoption of this measure, had I not reason to believe that you will soon receive a
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That the safety of the country required that the Emperor should consent to the nomination, by the two Chambers, of a Commission, charged to negotiate directly with the coalesced powers; stipulating only that they should respect the national independence, the territorial integrity, and the right which
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The Representatives met again at 09:30 the following morning (22 June). The utmost impatience was manifested for the report of the Committee. Two hours having elapsed, the Members became greatly excited. Some of them proposed that the exigencies of the state were such, that it was their duty to adopt
473:
Napoleon, being fully informed of the proceedings of the Chamber of Representatives, and of the general tenor of the debates, hesitated a long time whether to dissolve the Assembly or to abdicate the Imperial Crown. Some of his Ministers, on perceiving the direction of his views, assured him that the
386:
At 18:00 in the evening of 21 June, Lucien Bonaparte and the Ministers made their appearance in the Chamber of Representatives. Lucien announced that he had been sent there by Napoleon as a Commissioner Extraordinary, to concert with the Assembly measures of safety. He then placed in the hands of the
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The Message from the Chambers, conveying these resolutions, reached the Council in the midst of its deliberations. Napoleon was staggered by an act which he looked upon as an usurpation of the Sovereign Authority. To him, who had so long exercised an almost unlimited control in the State, who had led
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Representatives! For the first time during many years you hear a voice, which the old friends of liberty will yet recognize. I rise to address you concerning the dangers to which the country is exposed. The sinister reports which have been circulated during the last two days, are unhappily confirmed.
284:
Fouché strongly expressed his disapproval of the projected Dissolution of the Chambers, and assumption of the Dictatorship; declaring that any measures of that kind would only turn to distrust, and, not improbably, a general revolt. But, at the same time, his agents were making known throughout Paris
260:
This advice on the part of Fouché was an artful piece of dissimulation. No man in France possessed so intimate a knowledge of the secret workings of the public mind; he knew precisely the dispositions and views of the different factions, as also the character and temperament of their leaders. He knew
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With hindsight it seems that the chamber of representatives were mistake, if they wished to oppose the restoration of the Bourbons. They should have supported Lafayette and his party. At 15:00 indeed, on 22 June, the chamber of representatives was eager for Lafayette; but by 17:00 their opinions had
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That evening plenipotentiaries were set out to treat in the name of the nation, and to negotiate with the European powers for that peace which they have promised them, on a condition which has now been fulfilled (that Napoleon Bonaparte was no longer recognised by the French Government to be Emperor
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Solignac and other Representatives were then announced. They boldly declared to him that he had no other course open to him but that of submission to the desire entertained by the Representatives of the Nation. Solignac described to him the scene in the Chamber of Representatives, and the difficulty
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It is necessary that we should be certain of finding in the development of the national force, a defence sufficient to support our negotiations, and to enable us to treat with success concerning our honour and independence. Can that force be developed with sufficient rapidity? May not 'circumstances
535:
Duchesne was interrupted by the President, who announced that the message from the Emperor to which the reporter had referred would be received before 3:00 that afternoon. The interruption, however, at this most important point of the debate, renewed the tumult in the Chamber. Some exclaimed, "It is
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No one ventured to oppose these bold resolutionsâThe Imperialist Party was taken by surprise. The leading members were now elsewhere with Napoleon Bonaparte, and the others had not the courage to face the impending stormâand, after a brief discussion, in which their instant adoption was urged in the
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IV. The Minister of the Interior is invited to assemble the principal officers of the Parisian national Guard, in order to consult on the means of providing it with arms, and of completing this corps of citizens, whose tried patriotism and zeal offer a sure guarantee for the liberty, prosperity, and
288:
In thus concealing from his Master the real disposition of the great political Parties, and the true state of the public mind, Fouché, no doubt, betrayed the trust reposed in him; but, setting aside the question whether he was really influenced by patriotic motives, or merely acting upon a system of
202:
Mary, an English woman residing in France, arrived in Paris shortly after the defeat and observed that the French were growing accustomed to regime changes, having experienced two within 15 months. To many, these transitions seemed no more disruptive than a change in government in early 19th-century
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commission as the best security against the Bourbons. Hence FouchĂ© was entrusted with the reins of power in this critical period, and Lafayette was sent to lâlaguenau, whence he did not return until after the capitulation of Paris: otherwise it is believed by some, that he would have called out the
967:
To facilitate his departure from the country, the Provisional Government requested that a passport and assurances of safety might be accorded to Napoleon and his family, to enable them to pass to the United States of America. BlĂŒcher ignored the request, and Wellington referred the Commissioners to
953:
On 26 June the government transmitted to the chambers a bulletin tending to confirm the favourable accounts from the army, and to assure them, that their affairs were a more favourable aspect than at first could have been hoped; that they would neither exaggerate nor dissimulate the dangers, and in
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but, in this instance, the transition was attended by no circumstance more remarkable than the quietude with which it was effect. The cessation of the political existence of such a man would have been most naturally looked for as an event coincident only with the termination of a life which, if not
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I wish to propose an amendment to my motion. Several persons have intimated to me that we shall soon be informed of His Majesty's determination. I consequently think it necessary that we should wait for one hour, to receive the message; which it seems is to be addressed to the Chambers. I therefore
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and expressed their opinion, that by withholding the act of abdication, he might eventually deprive himself of the power of vacating the throne in favour of his son. Nevertheless, he appeared determined to defer this step to the very last moment; trusting in the meantime some favourable event might
407:
You know as well as we do, that it is against Napoleon alone that Europe has declared War. From this moment, separate the cause of Napoleon from that of the Nation. In my opinion, there exists but one individual who stands in the way between us and peace. Let him pronounce the word and the country
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Regnaud vainly endeavoured to fulfill his mission. However, the Representatives had lost all patience, and insisted upon the Ministers presenting themselves at the bar of the House. The latter at length obeyed the summons; Napoleon having consented, though with great reluctance, to their compliance
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from the Army which still sympathetic to Napoleon. The Chamber rejected a proposition to declare themselves a national or constituent assembly on the grounds that such a measure would be an usurpation of authority and destroy the constitution under which they were acting. So the Chamber decided to
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On 21 June the Commission of five Members consisting of the President and Vice Presidents of the Chamber of Representatives, to collect, in concert with the Cabinet and with a Committee from the Chamber of Peers, the fullest information upon the state of France, and to propose suitable measures of
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Permit a veteran in the sacred cause of liberty, in all times a stranger to the spirit of faction, to submit to you some resolutions which appear to him to be demanded by a sense of the public danger, and by the love of our country. They are such as, I feel persuaded, you will see the necessity of
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Napoleon's calculated return to Paris could be seen as a political mistake, as some perceived it as desertion of his men and even an act of cowardice. If he had remained in the field, the nation might have rallied, and fortune might have favoured him. Had the Chambers received news of his Waterloo
778:
Consequently, Carnot and Fouché were proclaimed two of the three members of the commission. During the second round of voting, a motion was made to make the sitting permanent. Grenier was chosen third member of the commission with 350 votes; and then the sitting was adjourned until 11:00 the next
402:
This Message was far from being favourably received. A stormy discussion ensued, in the course of which it was soon made manifest that the Representatives required a more explicit declaration of Napoleon's opinions and designs: one, in fact, more in accordance with the views which the majority of
187:
Although his commanders urged him to remain and continue leading the troops in the field, Napoleon reasoned that if he did so, the home front might surrender to the Coalition forces, thereby undermining any progress he had achieved on the battlefield. Napoleon had previously acknowledged that his
510:
This produced an extraordinary sensation in the Chamber. It was looked upon as an artful design upon the part of Napoleon to create delay by proposing to the Chambers a proceeding which he was well aware would prove unsuccessful; and to seize the first favourable opportunity of destroying their
469:
At 23:00 that evening La Fayette addressed the 10 members of the joint commission and put forward two motions, the first calling for the abdication of Napoleon and the second for a special commission to negotiate terms with the allied coalition. Both motions were carried and they agreed to allow
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to the Chamber of Representatives, in his capacity of Member, to soothe the irritation that prevailed, to relate that the army had been upon the point of gaining a great victory, when disaffected individuals created a panic; that the troops had since rallied; and that the Emperor had hastened to
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The Cabinet Council continued in discussion; some supporting, and others disapproving, the propositions of Napoleon: who, at length, yielding to the arguments of Fouché and Carnot, declared he would submit himself to the loyalty of the Chambers, and confer with them as to the measures which the
276:
When, therefore, Napoleon's enterprise had so signally failed, and the re-occupation of Paris appeared to be its necessary consequence: Fouché foresaw clearly, that were the proposed dictatorship to be assumed by means of a sudden and forced dissolution of the Chambers, implying that the recent
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Regnaud, however, urged him in the strongest manner to yield to imperious circumstances, and to renew the noble and generous sacrifice he made in 1814. He assured him that if he did not take this step, he would be accused by the Chamber, and even by the whole Nation, of having, out of personal
568:
And I also share in the uneasiness of him who has preceded me at this tribune. Yes! we ought to consider the safety of the Empire, and the maintenance of our liberal institutions; and, while the Government is inclined to present to you such measures as tend to this end, it appears important to
800:
The peers were informed what the Chamber of Representatives had decided. Prince Lucien and other Bonepartists who pointed out that Napoleon had abdicated in favour of his son and if his son was not recognised then the abdication could be considered void. The chamber decided not to support the
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considered it is impossible not to be struck by the firm, bold, and determined attitude assumed by the French Parliament, on this critical occasion, that it displayed one of the brightest examples the world had yet beheld of the force of constitutional legislation; and under all the attendant
665:
The resignation was the last great act of Napoleon's political life. Defeated and humbled by foreign enemies in the field, subdued and controlled by the Representatives of the Nation; he was forced to descend from a throne whence he had at one time swayed the destinies of sovereigns rendered
598:
A member asked if this was true in the light of reports that Coalition forces had penetrated as far as Laon? Davout denied the fact and repeated that in his expert view that the military situation not hopeless. Shortly after the conclusion of his address, at 11:00 the Chamber adjourned.
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Message in which the Emperor will declare his wish; that the effect of this should first be tried; and that, should he then prove an insuperable obstacle to the nation being permitted to treat for its independence, he will be ready to make whatever sacrifice may be demanded of him.
395:, and from the re-imposition of the yoke which it had thrown off. It stated, also, that it was desirable that the two Chambers should appoint a Commission of five Members, to concert with the Ministers the measures to be adopted for the public safety, and the means of treating for
1221:
Some sources replace these two sentences with: "Allow a veteran in the sacred cause of freedom, and a stranger to the spirit of faction, to submit to you some resolutions, which the dangers of the present crisis demand. I am assured that you will feel the necessity of adopting
994:
to destroy the bridge. Hence, Major von Colomb was very disappointed to find there was no passage at this point, which in fact was not more than 730 metres (800 yd) distant from the palace, in which Napoleon was yet remaining at the time of the arrival of the Prussians.
1177:). Many English language sources, ignore this change of name (as do English language primary sources) and call the Chamber of Representatives the Chamber of Deputies with an individual member being described as a deputy instead of a representative. Strictly speaking,
607:
In the meantime, Napoleon had been made acquainted with the disposition of the Chamber of Representatives, by Regnaud de Saint Jean d'Angely, who hastened to warn him that if he did not immediately abdicate, his deposition would, in all probability, be declared.
289:
deep duplicity and time serving expediency, there can also be no doubt that, by pursuing the line of conduct which he did on this important occasion, he became the means of preserving his country from the infliction of a still further accumulation of evils.
285:
the fullest extent of the disasters that had befallen Napoleon, and which had caused his sudden and unexpected return; and the Representatives were assembling in all haste, and in great numbers, to take a bold and decided step in the great national crisis.
211:
Napoleon immediately summoned a Cabinet Council. He frankly explained to his ministers the critical state of affairs; but, at the same time, with his usual confidence in his own resources, declared his conviction, that if the nation were called upon to rise
305:, the acknowledged Leader of the Liberal Party, having received intelligence of the subject of discussion in the Council, and aware that not a moment was to be lost in averting the blow with which their liberties were menaced, ascended the tribune, and
231:
and National Guards should be called to arms; that Paris should be placed in a stage of siege, and measures adopted for its defence; that at the last extremity the armed force should retire behind the Loire, and take up an entrenched position; that the
148:. Meanwhile, the Provisional Government deposed his son and attempted negotiating a conditional surrender with the Coalition powers. As they failed obtaining concessions from the Coalition, which insisted on a military surrender and the restoration of
325:
II. The Chamber declares its sittings permanent. Any attempt to dissolve it, shall be considered high treason. Whosoever shall render himself culpable of such an attempt shall be considered a traitor to his country, and immediately treated as
412:
Several of the members spoke in a similar strain, and the debate was kept up with great animation, until at length it was agreed, that in conformity with the terms of the Imperial Message, a Commission of five Members should be appointed.
183:
Following the defeat at Waterloo, the French people's initial fascination with Napoleon, which had been prevalent since his return from exile, quickly faded as several Coalition armies advanced into France, reaching the gates of Paris.
715:
Once the formalities of the Napoleon's abdication had been observed, the house debated what should be done next. Some supported a regency government under Napoleon II, others a republic, and while most were against the restoration of
342:
strongest manner, they were carried by acclamation, with the exception of the Fourth, which was suspended on account of the invidious distinction which it appeared to convey between the troops of the Line and the National Guards.
782:
The house of peers met about 13:30 and Carnot read out the abdication proclamation. This was listen to quietly, but when the count then reported on the state of the army a heated debate took place with Marshal Nay stating that:
491:
At length, in the midst of the agitation and tumult which prevailed, General Grenier, the reporter of the Committee, suddenly made his appearance. He stated that, after a deliberation of five hours, the Committee had resolved:
306:
636:
When the paroxysm of rage, to which these representations gave rise, had subsided, Napoleon announced his determination to abdicate in favour of his son; and, desiring his brother Lucien to take a pen, he dictated to him a
1049:
On 8 July, the French King, Louis XVIII, made his public entry into his capital, amidst the acclamations of the people, and again occupied the throne. Also that day, Napoleon Bonaparte embarked, at Rochefort, on board the
682:; as also of the conflicting principles of the different factions, he calculated upon the chances of an Involution productive of anarchy and confusion, which he yet might be called upon to reduce to order and submission.
445:
At 20:30 Lucien Bonaparte, now presented himself, in the same capacity of Commissioner Extraordinary, to the Chamber of Peers. After hearing the message, the latter also appointed a Committee, which consisted of Generals
1072:
On 10 July, the wind became favourable, but a British fleet made its appearance; and Napoleon, seeing the difficulty of eluding the vigilance of its cruisers, resolved, after having previously communicated with Captain
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his note of 26 June on the proposed Suspension of Hostilities; and stated that, with regard to the passport for Napoleon, he had no authority from his Government, or from the Allies, to give any answer to such demand.
998:
Napoleon at length yielded to what he considered to be his destiny, and the preparations for travelling having been completed, he entered his carriage at about 17:00 on 29 June, accompanied by Generals Bertrand,
625:
he had experienced in inducing the latter to suspend, even for one hour, their decision; which, if not anticipated by a voluntary Abdication, would entail upon him the disgrace of forfeiture. Even his brothers,
555:
I cannot hope to arrive at any result, unless the agitation of the Assembly be repressed. The safely of the country depends on the decision of this day. I entreat the Chamber to wait for the Emperor's message.
958:
that explained how the law was to operate "In the name of the French people" instead of in the name of Napoleon II, and thus, after a reign of three days, Napoleon II has been replaced by the French people.
791:
collect sixty thousand men. That number can not be brought together on the northern frontier. Marchal Grouchy, for his part, has been able to rally only seven of eight thousand men. The Dule of Dalmatia has
725:
elect a commission of government to authorise a new government under the constitution and decided not to communicate with the Coalition armies but to allow the new executive arm of the government to do so.
375:
Paris to concert, with the Ministers and the Chambers, such measures for the public safety as circumstances seemed to require. Carnot was directed to make a similar communication to the Chamber of Peers.
223:
to pronounce a direct approval of this step; but Napoleon, perceiving their hesitation, called upon them to express their opinion upon the measures of public safety required by existing circumstances.
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dependent on his mighty will. Almost all the previous changes and gradations in his extraordinary career had been preluded or accompanied by some magnificent scene of dramatic effect, or a violent
656:
carried the declaration to the house and the President read it out. It was heard in respectful silence by all, and with considerable relief by those opposition members who had feared a last minute
240:
in the south, should be recalled: and the enemy checked until sufficient force could be united and organised for the assumption of a vigorous offensive, by which he should be driven out of France.
914:
638:
975:, repaired to his residence, and explained to him that Wellington and BlĂŒcher had refused to give him any safeguard or passport, and that he had now only to take his immediate departure.
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2084:
A full and circumstantial account of the memorable battle of Waterloo: the second restoration of Louis XVIII; and the deportation of Napoleon Buonaparte to the island of St. Helena, ...
523:
329:
III. The Army of the Line, and the National Guards, who have fought, and still fight, for the liberty, the independence, and the territory of France, have merited well of the country.
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belongs to every people of adopting such constitutions as it may think proper; and that these negotiations should be supported by the prompt development of the national force.
942:
889:
On 24 June, the Provisional Government in Paris, which had been appointed on the previous day after a stormy discussion in both Chambers on the subject of the recognition of
371:
245:
1138:"The authentic news of the fatal battle had reached Paris about two hours before Napoleon came back; and immediately on its arrival a meeting assembled at the house of
1089:
978:
Napoleon narrowly escaped falling into the hands of the Prussians, whilst at Malmaison. BlĂŒcher, hearing that he was living there in retirement, had despatched Major
971:
The commissioners appointed by the government to communicate its wishes to Napoleon, no longer hesitated in arranging his departure. The minister of the marine, and
261:
also that the great parties in the Chambers, with the exception of the imperialists, who were in the minority but whom he secretly flattered with the prospect of a
866:
548:
No sooner was this word pronounced than the entire Assembly rose; and amidst the clamour that ensued were heard a hundred voices exclaiming, "Seconded! seconded!".
690:
237:
536:
a concerted plan to make us lose time". Others cried out, "Some plot is concerting"; and the majority vociferated, "Proceed, proceed; there is no middle course".
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them evidently entertained, and was apparently determined to enforce. One of their number significantly remarked, as he addressed himself to the Ministers,
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2421:
573:
This proposition was most favourably received, and the President was on the point of putting it to the vote, when Solagnac again appeared in the tribune:
862:
2023:
The Substance of Some Letters Written from Paris During the Last Reign of the Emperor Napoleon: And Addressed Principally to the Right Hon. Lord Byron
874:
2480:
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1240:
in some sources: "Whosoever shall render himself culpable of such an attempt shall be considered a traitor to his country, and condemned as such".
594:
that a deceleration of treason against every national guard or soldier of the line who should desert his colours might yet save the country.
336:
V. The Ministers of War, of Foreign Affairs, of Police, and of the Interior are invited to repair immediately to the sittings of the Chamber.
2374:
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of 1814 under which Napoleon and his family were excluded from the throne.) The commissioners sent to treat with the allies were Messrs.
301:
In the meantime, the Representatives had met, early on 21 June 1815, and commenced their deliberations on the existing state of affairs.
42:
809:, Baron Quinnette gained 48 votes and was named the fifth member of the commission. The peers finally adjourned at 2:30am on 23 June.
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was falling back upon Paris, where it would concentrate its strength and be reinforced from Regimental Depots; and, further, that the
501:
This statement excited general murmurs of disapprobation. But General Grenier, aware of the expectations of the Chamber, continued:
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President the Message of which he was the bearer from his brother. It contained a succinct recital of the disasters experienced at
2810:
858:
752:
427:
302:
893:, and which consisted five men, two of whom were appointed by the Chamber of Peers and three by the Chamber of Representatives:
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1173:
122:. Assuming his political base to be secured, he aspired to continue the war. However, the parliament (formed according to the
898:
802:
645:
396:
127:
1084:, which vessel he accordingly reached on 15 July. On the following day, Captain Maitland sailed for England; and arrived at
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they realised that they were going to have to reach an accommodation with the Coalition powers, but did to want to spark a
671:
closed upon the pinnacle of glory, would be sought for amidst the shock of battle, or in the vortex of a state convulsion.
345:
They were then transmitted to the Chamber of Peers; where, after a short discussion, they were adopted without amendment.
46:
34:
1092:, Napoleon was not permitted to land in England (the British Government having decided upon sending him to the island of
972:
801:
Bonepartists and agreed to send two of their members to sit as commissioners of government. In the first round of voting
431:
220:
100:
2563:
2190:
2017:
1976:
227:, the Minister of the Interior, conceived it to lie essential that the country should be declared in danger; that the
2107:
1115:
979:
771:
728:
There were five hundred and eleven members present at the first round of voting for the commissioners of government:
77:
64:
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902:
2748:
1997:
Histoire parlementaire de la Révolution française, ou Journal des assemblées nationales, depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1815
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2448:
826:
455:
1058:
2453:
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451:
765:
435:
2382:
1007:, whither two French frigates had been ordered for the embarkation of himself and his entourage for America.
391:: and recommended the Representatives to unite with the Head of the State in preserving the country from the
277:
reverses had been produced by treachery on the part of the Representatives; and were new levies to be raised
2771:
685:
When it is considered that the great mass of the Army of the Line was devoted to Napoleon; that the rallied
2392:
1164:
1004:
694:
423:
233:
199:
defeat and moved to depose him, their decrees might not have been met with a nation still armed and ready.
2087:
842:
167:. The British Government refused Napoleon to set foot in England and arranged for his exile to the remote
2597:
2513:
2055:
1051:
1024:
1020:
796:
been able to make any stand at Rocroy. You have no other means of saving your country but by negotiation.
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686:
85:
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1101:
463:
392:
2716:
2649:
1074:
698:
in its estimation, those fatal disasters which it ascribed solely to the united power of the great
157:
145:
2335:
2043:, vol. 2 (2nd, in two volumes ed.), Piccadilly, London: Redgeways, pp. 72â73, 76â77
991:
370:
After some reflection, Napoleon determined, if possible, to temporize with the Chambers. He sent
88:. Orchardson depicts the morning of 23 July 1815, as Napoleon watches the French shoreline recede.
2955:
2781:
1043:
515:. The tumult had reached a fearful height. Many members exclaimed vehemently against the report.
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2528:
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910:
854:
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161:
137:
2099:
2075:
2063:
2041:
The substance of some letters written from Paris during the last reign of the Emperor Napoleon
2027:
2010:
1212:
Some sources replace this sentence with "The country is in danger, and you alone can save it".
582:
This speech was met with cries of "Yes! Yes! To the vote!" (the general exclamation). Marshal
383:, as an Extraordinary Commissioner, appointed to reply to the Interrogatories of the Chamber.
2965:
2877:
2699:
2307:
2036:
1031:
119:
2021:
870:
853:
had pointed out in a heated debate in the Chamber, the coalition were in arms to secure the
707:
circumstances, it was a remarkable triumph of free institutions over monarchical despotism.
2980:
2591:
2458:
850:
649:
583:
2615:
2007:
The History of the War, from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Present Time
982:, on 28 June, with the 8th Hussars and two battalions of infantry to secure the bridge at
191:
The imperialists in the capital, who had harbored extravagant hopes following news of the
8:
2975:
2894:
2644:
2426:
2364:
2223:
2071:
2049:
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that Napoleon was abdicating for the "peace and that of the World" in favour of his son
141:
2134:
1264:
With the acceptance of this motion the Chamber broke with the former Emperor's position.
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2867:
2832:
2817:
2731:
2666:
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2443:
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2234:
990:, when he ascertained that the Prussians were nearing the capital, had ordered General
822:
644:
The sitting of the house of Chambers had resumed at midday and at 13:00 Joseph Fouché,
587:
388:
333:
tranquillity of the capital, and for the inviolability of the national representatives.
107:
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551:
When, at length, the President succeeded in restoring some degree of order, he said:
270:
269:; and was consequently in full possession of the general plans and intentions of the
219:
The ministers were too well acquainted with the general views and disposition of the
2541:
2465:
1255:
federates and the national guards to oppose the unconditional entry of Louis XVIII.
658:
474:
Chamber had acquired too firm a hold of the public opinion to submit to any violent
132:
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I. The Chamber of Deputies declares that the independence of the nation is menaced.
986:, lower down the Seine, leading directly to the house. Fortunately, for Napoleon,
954:
all emergencies would stand true to their country. On the same day the government
894:
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249:
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825:, Prince of Essling was named commander in chief of the Parisian National Guard,
703:
526:, ascended the tribune, and spoke in the following energetic and decided manner:
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123:
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941:(15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of the centre of Paris). From there he issued
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with the mandate. He required them, however, to be accompanied by his brother
2944:
2786:
2128:
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island. Napoleon remained a captive on Saint Helena until his death in 1821.
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independence, and re-establishing his despotism â to re-enact, in short, the
224:
884:
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Napoleon was enraged at the idea of this contemplated violence, and stated
439:
172:
586:
then came to the Chamber and read an extract from a dispatch from Marshal
2845:
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717:
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641:
in favour of his son under the title Napoleon II, Emperor of the French.
266:
262:
149:
96:
1108:
1100:, and there he remained for several days. On 4 August, he was moved to
929:
153:
111:
140:, but ultimately discarded this idea. On 25 June, after a stay at the
805:, Duke of Vicenza was elected with 51 votes, and in the second round
633:, now gave their opinion that the moment for resistance had passed.
621:
considerations alone, prevented the possibility of obtaining peace.
590:, and concluded that the situation was grave but no hopeless adding
130:
and demanded Napoleon's abdication. Napoleon initially considered a
103:
then proclaimed his abdication to France and the rest of the world.
2199:
1251:
1097:
519:
488:
immediate and decisive measures, without waiting for the report.
2127:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1191:
962:
837:
was chosen minister, provisionally, for foreign affairs, General
812:
702:
established against France, â the contemporary British historian
479:
occur, tending to modify the present disposition of the Chamber.
1994:
Buchez, Philippe-Joseph-Benjamin; Roux, Prosper Charles (1838),
693:
were still holding their respective positions, and that even in
296:
1085:
983:
710:
560:
The proposition of Duchesne was instantly supported by General
937:
On 25 June, Napoleon withdrew from the capital to the country
1955:
1953:
1464:
1462:
1118:, in which ship he sailed to his incarceration on the remote
309:, amidst the most profound silence, and breathless suspense:
144:, Napoleon left Paris towards the coast, hoping to reach the
115:
1038:
to make sketches, from which he later painted this portrait.
365:
118:, seeking to maintain political backing for his position as
2168:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1700:
1061:, in which was his small entourage, to an anchorage in the
1950:
1846:
1844:
1724:
1664:
1618:
1558:
1459:
1420:
925:
Napoleon leaves Paris for the Palace of Malmaison, 25 June
470:
Napoleon one hour in which to respond to their ultimatum.
1940:
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885:
Paris Proclamation of the Provisional Government, 24 June
881:
as secretary; they left Paris in the evening of 24 June.
293:
critical position of the country might render necessary.
236:, where the Civil War had nearly terminated, as also the
1364:
1362:
1311:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1187:, but the word is conventionally (mis)translated to its
1171:) was briefly replaced by a Chamber of Representatives (
1904:
1856:
1841:
1781:
1096:). On 26 July, Bellerophon received orders to sail for
422:
safety, was created. The Committee consisted of Messrs
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817:
On the morning of 23 June the commissioners appointed
248:, the Secretary of State, supported this opinion; but
1408:
1359:
1323:
1284:
1159:) return of Napoleon in 1815, under the terms of the
1077:, upon placing himself under his protection on board
360:
que jaurais du congédier ces gens-Ià avant mon départ
2074:
and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst and others, p.
1868:
1505:
901:, Duke of Vicenza, the Minister of Foreign Affairs;
1088:, with his illustrious charge, on 24 July. Despite
1974:
1771:
1010:
1003:, and other devoted friends, and took the road to
2026:, vol. 1, Philadelphia: M. Thomas, pp.
1161:Additional Act to the Constitutions of the Empire
1069:, with the intention of setting sail to America.
945:in which he encouraged the soldiers to fight on.
2942:
2051:1815: La seconde abdication - la Terreur blanche
602:
2151:Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de (2002) ,
948:
897:, Duke of Otranto, the Minister of the Police;
518:At length, one of them, the Representative for
963:Napoleon leaves Malmaison for America, 29 June
829:commander of the first military division, and
813:Formation of a Provisional Government, 23 June
348:
160:, placing himself under his protection aboard
2184:
787:Marshal Grouchy and the Duke of Dalmatia can
297:Resolutions of the Chamber of Representatives
2096:One Hundred Days:Napoleon's Road to Waterloo
821:, Duke of Otranto as its president. Marshal
711:Selection of the commissioners of government
416:
178:
152:, Napoleon realised he could not evade the
2191:
2177:
1993:
1775:
849:of the French â however as Representative
175:, where he lived until his death in 1821.
2139:(4th ed.), Westminster: A. Constable
1231:some sources do not include "of Deputies"
366:Napoleon's message to the Representatives
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
2047:
2034:
2016:
2000:(in French), vol. 40, Paris: Paulin
1977:"France: Commission of Government: 1815"
1910:
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1835:
1823:
1811:
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206:
76:
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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1959:
1944:
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1385:
1368:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1293:
753:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
2943:
2422:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
2068:The Edinburgh Annual Register for 1815
2009:, vol. 3, T. Kinnersley, p.
2004:
1414:
1034:, 1815. Eastlake was rowed out to the
95:on 22 June 1815, in favour of his son
2172:
2093:
2081:
1874:
1511:
426:(President of the Chamber of Peers),
2927:
2054:(in French), Paris, Perrin, p.
905:, Minister of the Interior; General
17:
2098:, Oxford University Press, p.
1975:Archontology staff (26 June 2009),
13:
2564:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
2161:The Memoirs of Napoleon, V14, 1815
2144:
1250:changed, and they resolved upon a
255:
33:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
2992:
2863:"China is a sleeping giant" quote
82:Napoleon on Board the Bellerophon
2926:
2918:
2917:
2334:
2164:(11 ed.), Project Gutenberg
2122:
2035:Hobhouse, John Cam, ed. (1817),
1057:, and proceeded, accompanied by
244:, the Minister of the Navy, and
47:guide to writing better articles
22:
2805:Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
1765:
1258:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1149:
1011:Capture by the British, 10 July
397:peace with the Coalition Powers
2062:Jeffrey, Francis, ed. (1817),
1132:
739:Joseph Fouché, Duke of Otranto
691:armies on the Eastern Frontier
372:Regnaud de Saint Jean d'Angely
246:Regnaud de Saint Jean d'Angely
86:Sir William Quiller Orchardson
1:
1968:
603:Abdication, afternoon 22 June
2198:
2086:, London: T. Kelly, p.
1778:, pp. 237â238, 246â247.
956:issued a public proclamation
949:Napoleon II deposed, 26 June
7:
2598:War of the Fourth Coalition
2136:The Waterloo Campaign, 1815
2082:Kelly, Christopher (1817),
2037:"Letter XXVI Paris June 28"
1203:"Gentlemen" in some sources
674:That he meditated a second
349:Further Cabinet discussions
156:and surrendered to Captain
10:
2997:
2907:Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
2772:Column of the Grande Armée
2634:War of the Sixth Coalition
2610:War of the Fifth Coalition
2586:War of the Third Coalition
221:Chamber of Representatives
2915:
2831:
2759:
2737:Saint-Domingue expedition
2675:
2622:French invasion of Russia
2523:French Revolutionary Wars
2512:
2343:
2332:
2233:
2206:
2158:, in Phipps, R.W. (ed.),
2133:Siborne, William (1848),
1174:Chambre des représentants
1155:During the Hundred Days (
1114:, under Rear Admiral Sir
1032:Sir Charles Lock Eastlake
639:declaration of abdication
584:Davout, Prince of EckmĂŒhl
417:Commission of ten members
179:Return to Paris, 21 June
2650:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
2246:Joséphine de Beauharnais
2048:Houssaye, Henry (1905),
1125:
933:The ChĂąteau de Malmaison
843:Count Pelet de la LozĂšre
146:United States of America
106:After his defeat at the
2782:Palace of Fontainebleau
2005:Clarke, Hewson (1816),
1772:Archontology staff 2009
1044:Convention of St. Cloud
833:of the Imperial Guard.
588:Soult, Duke of Dalmatia
225:Lazare, Count of Carnot
84:, exhibited in 1880 by
2570:Battle of the Pyramids
2375:Assassination attempts
2277:Carlo Maria Buonaparte
1776:Buchez & Roux 1838
1039:
943:an address to the army
934:
798:
676:Eighteenth of Brumaire
618:
596:
580:
571:
558:
546:
533:
513:Eighteenth of Brumaire
508:
499:
410:
339:
138:Eighteenth of Brumaire
128:Provisional Government
101:Provisional Government
89:
1018:
932:
841:of the interior, and
785:
613:
592:
575:
566:
553:
541:
528:
503:
494:
483:Morning of 22 of June
405:
311:
307:addressed the Chamber
207:Cabinet deliberations
120:Emperor of the French
80:
2592:Battle of Austerlitz
2449:Weaponry and warfare
2094:Schom, Alan (1993),
1709:, pp. 674, 675.
733:Lazare, Count Carnot
539:Duchesne continued:
303:Marquis de Lafayette
238:Corps of Observation
2851:Cultural depictions
2645:Battle of Vauchamps
2365:Coup of 18 Brumaire
2224:First French Empire
2153:"Chapter VII, 1815"
2072:Archibald Constable
1838:, pp. 122â123.
1826:, pp. 101â105.
1814:, pp. 100â101.
1733:, pp. 675â676.
1673:, pp. 673â674.
1627:, pp. 672â673.
1567:, pp. 670â671.
1429:, pp. 666â667.
1356:, pp. 663â664.
1344:, pp. 662â663.
1169:Chambre des députés
1165:Chamber of Deputies
939:Palace of Malmaison
899:Armand Caulaincourt
803:Armand Caulaincourt
356:J'avais bien, pensé
142:Palace of Malmaison
2889:Retour des cendres
2868:German Romanticism
2818:Rue de la Victoire
2732:Law of 20 May 1802
2667:Battle of Waterloo
2628:Battle of Borodino
2316:Caroline Bonaparte
2264:Alexandre Walewski
2018:Hobhouse, John Cam
1962:, p. 757â758.
1471:, p. 668â669.
1040:
935:
875:Count Pontecoulant
772:Charles Lambrechts
766:Pierre Flaugergues
762:received 137 votes
755:received 142 votes
748:received 204 votes
741:received 293 votes
735:received 304 votes
700:European Coalition
108:Battle of Waterloo
99:. On 24 June, the
93:Napoleon abdicated
90:
45:. See Knowledge's
2938:
2937:
2833:Legacy and memory
2777:Equestrian statue
2760:Homes and honours
2688:Concordat of 1801
2640:Battle of Leipzig
2616:Battle of EckmĂŒhl
2580:Battle of Marengo
2553:Battle of Bassano
2535:French Revolution
2417:Sale of Louisiana
2321:Pauline Bonaparte
1745:, pp. 98â99.
1320:, pp. 72â73.
1308:, pp. 76â77.
1281:, pp. 77â78.
1090:his protestations
1042:As agreed in the
879:Benjamin Constant
774:received 42 votes
768:received 46 votes
760:Jacques MacDonald
687:Army of the North
234:Army of La Vendee
75:
74:
67:
37:used on Knowledge
35:encyclopedic tone
2988:
2971:June 1815 events
2961:1815 in politics
2930:
2929:
2921:
2920:
2856:Napoleon complex
2798:Maison Bonaparte
2752:
2722:Organic Articles
2558:Battle of Rivoli
2514:Battles and wars
2498:
2484:
2433:Mesures usuelles
2361:
2338:
2308:JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte
2298:Lucien Bonaparte
2293:Joseph Bonaparte
2285:Letizia Ramolino
2193:
2186:
2179:
2170:
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2165:
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2125:
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1990:
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1981:Archontology.org
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1195:
1153:
1147:
1146:, pp. 133).
1136:
1112:ship of the line
1021:Napoleon on the
911:Nicolas Quinette
807:Nicolas Quinette
524:Antoine Duchesne
432:Dupont de l'Eure
381:Lucien Bonaparte
271:coalition powers
193:victory at Ligny
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
49:for suggestions.
26:
25:
18:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2911:
2873:Napoleonic Code
2827:
2823:Warsaw monument
2767:Arc de Triomphe
2755:
2746:
2710:Infamous Decree
2705:Grand Sanhedrin
2683:Catholic Church
2671:
2662:Battle of Ligny
2604:Battle of Eylau
2529:Siege of Toulon
2508:
2492:
2478:
2406:Napoleonic Wars
2355:
2353:Stay in Auxonne
2345:Life and career
2339:
2330:
2326:Elisa Bonaparte
2303:Louis Bonaparte
2229:
2228:
2202:
2197:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2145:Further reading
2123:
2110:
1985:
1983:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1917:
1909:
1905:
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1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1600:
1592:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1392:
1384:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1154:
1150:
1140:Mr. de Constant
1137:
1133:
1128:
1116:George Cockburn
1052:French frigate
1013:
965:
951:
927:
887:
855:Treaty of Paris
845:of the police.
827:Count Andreossy
815:
713:
704:William Siborne
605:
485:
460:Boissy d'Anglas
419:
408:will be saved!
368:
358:, he remarked,
351:
299:
258:
256:Fouché's policy
209:
181:
124:Charter of 1815
71:
60:
54:
51:
40:
31:This article's
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2956:1815 in France
2953:
2936:
2935:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2841:Bank of France
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2794:
2792:Longwood House
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2575:Siege of Jaffa
2572:
2567:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:Battle of Lodi
2545:
2542:13 Vendémiaire
2538:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2471:2nd abdication
2468:
2466:Route Napoléon
2463:
2462:
2461:
2454:1st abdication
2451:
2446:
2441:
2439:Looting of art
2436:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:Constitutions
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2253:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2212:Napoleonic era
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2091:
2079:
2059:
2045:
2032:
2020:, ed. (1816),
2014:
2002:
1991:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1949:
1947:, p. 757.
1934:
1932:, p. 720.
1915:
1913:, p. 261.
1903:
1901:, p. 688.
1891:
1889:, p. 684.
1879:
1877:, p. 175.
1867:
1865:, p. 114.
1855:
1853:, p. 123.
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1790:, p. 107.
1780:
1764:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1721:, p. 675.
1711:
1699:
1687:
1685:, p. 674.
1675:
1663:
1648:
1646:, p. 673.
1629:
1617:
1615:, p. 672.
1598:
1596:, p. 671.
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1543:, p. 670.
1528:
1526:, p. 262.
1516:
1514:, p. 301.
1504:
1492:
1490:, p. 669.
1473:
1458:
1456:, p. 668.
1446:
1444:, p. 667.
1431:
1419:
1417:, p. 313.
1407:
1405:, p. 666.
1390:
1388:, p. 665.
1373:
1371:, p. 664.
1358:
1346:
1334:
1332:, p. 662.
1322:
1310:
1298:
1296:, p. 661.
1283:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1183:translates as
1157:les cent jours
1148:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1120:South Atlantic
1104:Northumberland
1012:
1009:
988:Marshal Davout
964:
961:
950:
947:
926:
923:
915:a proclamation
886:
883:
877:, attended by
814:
811:
776:
775:
769:
763:
756:
749:
742:
736:
712:
709:
604:
601:
484:
481:
418:
415:
393:fate of Poland
367:
364:
350:
347:
338:
337:
334:
330:
327:
323:
298:
295:
257:
254:
208:
205:
180:
177:
169:South Atlantic
73:
72:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2993:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2933:
2924:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Les Invalides
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:Jewish people
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2129:public domain
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2109:9780199923496
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:, Edinburgh:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1911:Hobhouse 1816
1907:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1863:Hobhouse 1817
1859:
1852:
1851:Hobhouse 1817
1847:
1845:
1837:
1836:Hobhouse 1817
1832:
1825:
1824:Hobhouse 1817
1820:
1813:
1812:Hobhouse 1817
1808:
1802:, p. 99.
1801:
1800:Hobhouse 1817
1796:
1789:
1788:Hobhouse 1817
1784:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1762:, p. 98.
1761:
1760:Hobhouse 1817
1756:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:Hobhouse 1817
1739:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1697:, p. 94.
1696:
1695:Hobhouse 1817
1691:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1661:, p. 92.
1660:
1659:Hobhouse 1817
1655:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1579:, p. 91.
1578:
1577:Hobhouse 1817
1573:
1566:
1561:
1555:, p. 54.
1554:
1553:Houssaye 1905
1549:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1502:, p. 90.
1501:
1500:Hobhouse 1817
1496:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1318:Hobhouse 1817
1314:
1307:
1306:Hobhouse 1817
1302:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1279:Hobhouse 1817
1275:
1271:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1144:Hobhouse 1817
1141:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
969:
960:
957:
946:
944:
940:
931:
922:
920:
916:
913:; issued the
912:
908:
904:
903:Lazare Carnot
900:
896:
895:Joseph Fouché
892:
882:
880:
876:
872:
871:Count LaforĂȘt
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:André Masséna
820:
819:Joseph Fouché
810:
808:
804:
797:
795:
790:
784:
780:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
730:
729:
726:
723:
719:
708:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
672:
669:
663:
661:
660:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
634:
632:
628:
622:
617:
612:
609:
600:
595:
591:
589:
585:
579:
574:
570:
565:
563:
557:
552:
549:
545:
540:
537:
532:
527:
525:
521:
516:
514:
507:
502:
498:
493:
489:
480:
477:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
414:
409:
404:
400:
398:
394:
390:
384:
382:
376:
373:
363:
361:
357:
346:
343:
335:
331:
328:
324:
321:
320:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
294:
290:
286:
282:
280:
274:
272:
268:
264:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
204:
200:
196:
194:
189:
185:
176:
174:
170:
166:
165:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
87:
83:
79:
69:
66:
58:
55:November 2023
48:
44:
38:
36:
29:
20:
19:
16:
2966:Hundred Days
2925: /
2887:
2803:
2796:
2656:Hundred Days
2654:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2562:
2540:
2533:
2521:
2470:
2431:
2404:
2312:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2259:Charles LĂ©on
2255:
2251:Marie Louise
2242:
2160:
2135:
2117:Attribution:
2116:
2115:
2095:
2083:
2067:
2050:
2040:
2022:
2006:
1996:
1986:25 September
1984:, retrieved
1980:
1960:Siborne 1848
1945:Siborne 1848
1930:Siborne 1848
1906:
1899:Siborne 1848
1894:
1887:Siborne 1848
1882:
1870:
1858:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1767:
1738:
1731:Siborne 1848
1726:
1719:Siborne 1848
1714:
1707:Siborne 1848
1702:
1690:
1683:Siborne 1848
1678:
1671:Siborne 1848
1666:
1644:Siborne 1848
1625:Siborne 1848
1620:
1613:Siborne 1848
1594:Siborne 1848
1572:
1565:Siborne 1848
1560:
1548:
1541:Siborne 1848
1524:Jeffrey 1817
1519:
1507:
1495:
1488:Siborne 1848
1469:Siborne 1848
1454:Siborne 1848
1449:
1442:Siborne 1848
1427:Siborne 1848
1422:
1410:
1403:Siborne 1848
1386:Siborne 1848
1369:Siborne 1848
1354:Siborne 1848
1349:
1342:Siborne 1848
1337:
1330:Siborne 1848
1325:
1313:
1301:
1294:Siborne 1848
1274:
1260:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1189:etymological
1184:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1156:
1151:
1134:
1103:
1094:Saint Helena
1080:
1071:
1063:Basque Roads
1053:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1026:
1019:
997:
977:
973:Count Boulay
970:
966:
952:
936:
907:Paul Grenier
888:
847:
835:Baron Bignon
831:Count Drouot
816:
799:
793:
788:
786:
781:
777:
746:Paul Grenier
727:
721:
714:
684:
673:
667:
664:
657:
646:Caulaincourt
643:
635:
623:
619:
614:
610:
606:
597:
593:
581:
576:
572:
567:
559:
554:
550:
547:
542:
538:
534:
529:
517:
509:
504:
500:
495:
490:
486:
475:
472:
468:
444:
420:
411:
406:
401:
389:Mont St Jean
385:
377:
369:
359:
355:
352:
344:
340:
316:
312:
300:
291:
287:
283:
278:
275:
259:
228:
218:
213:
210:
201:
197:
190:
186:
182:
173:Saint Helena
163:
131:
126:) created a
114:returned to
105:
92:
91:
81:
61:
52:
32:
15:
2981:Napoleon II
2846:Bonapartism
2747: [
2717:Protestants
2493: [
2479: [
2356: [
2269:Napoleon II
1415:Clarke 1816
1194:"deputies".
1081:Bellerophon
1067:Isle of Aix
1036:Bellerophon
1027:at Plymouth
1025:Bellerophon
919:Napoleon II
891:Napoleon II
722:Coup d'Ă©tat
718:Louis XVIII
680:Louis XVIII
668:Coup d'Ă©tat
659:coup d'Ă©tat
476:coup d'Ă©tat
458:and Messrs
436:Flaugergues
267:Louis XVIII
263:Napoleon II
164:Bellerophon
150:Louis XVIII
136:similar to
133:coup d'Ă©tat
97:Napoleon II
2976:Abdication
2945:Categories
2878:Propaganda
2412:Coronation
1969:References
1875:Kelly 1817
1512:Schom 1993
1109:third-rate
980:von Colomb
867:DâArgenson
863:Sebastiani
464:Thibaudeau
428:La Fayette
424:Lanjuinais
318:adopting:
171:island of
154:Royal Navy
112:Napoleon I
2476:2nd exile
2459:1st exile
2370:Consulate
2290:Brothers:
2256:Children:
1185:delegates
1005:Rochefort
859:Lafayette
779:morning.
695:La Vendée
456:Andreossy
162:HMS
43:talk page
2951:Napoleon
2923:Category
2728:Slavery
2313:Sisters:
2217:timeline
2200:Napoleon
1252:regicide
1098:Plymouth
1075:Maitland
1065:off the
1001:Gourgaud
851:Bigonnet
758:Marshal
751:General
744:General
562:Solignac
279:en masse
214:en masse
158:Maitland
2932:Commons
2902:Studies
2444:Tactics
2427:Holland
2282:Mother:
2274:Father:
1192:cognate
1180:députés
440:Grenier
229:Fédérés
2243:Wives:
2235:Family
2131::
2106:
1774:cites
1163:, the
1086:Torbay
1059:MĂ©duse
992:Becker
984:Chatou
909:; and
873:, and
839:Carnot
654:Carnot
652:, and
650:Davout
631:Joseph
627:Lucien
452:Dejean
448:Drouot
438:, and
250:Fouché
242:DecrĂšs
2895:Penis
2811:Milan
2751:]
2744:Women
2693:Tiara
2676:Views
2497:]
2490:Death
2483:]
2360:]
2156:(PDF)
2064:"XVI"
2030:, 262
1222:them"
1126:Notes
1054:Saale
1030:, by
520:IsĂšre
326:such.
116:Paris
2883:Tomb
2502:mask
2398:1815
2393:1804
2388:1802
2383:1799
2104:ISBN
1988:2016
1107:, a
1102:HMS
1079:HMS
629:and
462:and
2100:301
2088:175
2076:262
2028:261
2011:313
794:not
789:not
2947::
2749:fr
2495:fr
2481:fr
2358:fr
2102:,
2066:,
2056:54
2039:,
1979:,
1952:^
1937:^
1918:^
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