4301:
representatives can cause them to search for less-democratic alternative forms of representation, like unelected individuals or interest groups. For racial and ethnic minorities, the risk of seeking alternative representation is especially acute, as lived experiences often lead to different political perspectives that can be difficult for white representatives to fully understand or adequately address. Moreover, studies have begun to increasingly show that people of all races and genders tend to prefer having members of
Congress who share their race or gender, which can also lead to more engagement between constituents and their representatives, as well as higher likelihoods of contacting or having faith in their congressperson. In addition to making it more likely that constituents will trust their representatives, having descriptive representation can help sustain an individual's positive perceptions of government. When considering women in particular, it has been suggested that broader economic and social equality could result from first working toward ensuring more equitable political representation for women, which would also help promote increased faith between women and their representatives.
4372:
Congress only represented about one-quarter of the total Latino population in the US. While there are many potential explanations for this disparity, including issues related to voter suppression, surveys of Latino voters have identified trends unique to their demographic—though survey data has still indicated that descriptive representation is important to
Hispanic and Latino voters. While descriptive representation may be considered important, an analysis of a 2004 national survey of Latinos revealed that political participation and substantive representation were strongly associated with each other, possibly indicating that voters mobilize more on behalf of candidates whose policy views reflect their own, rather than for those who share their ethnic background. Moreover, a breakdown of the rationale for emphasizing descriptive representation reveals additional factors behind supporting Latino candidates, such as the view that they may have a greater respect and appreciation for
4485:
from this practice. Identifying the source of unequal gender representation of individuals can be predicted along party and ideological lines. A survey of attitudes toward women candidates revealed that
Democrats are more likely to attribute systemic issues to gender inequalities in political representation, while Republicans are less likely to hold this perspective. While identifying an exact source of inequality may ultimately prove unlikely, some recent studies have suggested that the political ambitions of women may be influenced by the wide variety of proposed factors attributed to the underrepresentation of women. In contrast to attributing specific reasons to unequal representation, political party has also been identified as a way of predicting if a woman running for office is more likely to receive support, as women candidates are more likely to receive votes from members of their party and
4408:, and it has been used as a case study of representation. A 2017 study that conducted interviews of former state elected officials in South Dakota revealed that even though many felt that they were only able to implement a limited number of significant changes for tribal communities, they still considered it to be "absolutely essential" that Native Americans had at least some descriptive representation to prevent complete exclusion from the political process. Moreover, formerly elected state and local government officials asserted that ensuring that the issues and concerns of tribal nations were addressed and understood depended on politicians with Native backgrounds. Historically backed suspicion and skepticism of the predominantly white US government was also considered to be an important reason for having representatives that reflect the histories and views of Native Americans.
4534:. Within some racial and ethnic groups, social influences can also shape political engagement. Among Latinos, Latinas are more likely to partake in non-electoral activities, like community organizing, when compared to men. Despite differences in political activity and social pressures, elected women from both political parties have voiced their support for electing more women to Congress to increase the acceptance of their voices and experiences. Furthermore, studies have found that increasing the descriptive representation of women can provide positive social influences for democracy as a whole, such as improved perceptions of an individual's political efficacy and government's responsiveness to the needs of people. When women can vote for a woman candidate of the same party, studies have also found that these influences can be magnified.
4931:
4310:
4078:
who would publicly put the party's ballot into the voting box, or hand them to election judges through a window. The tickets indicated a vote for all of that party's slate of candidates, preventing "ticket splitting". (As of 1859 "nowhere in the United States ... did election officials provide ballots", i.e. they all came from political parties.) In cities voters often had to make their way through a throng of partisans who would try to prevent supporters of the opposing party from voting, a practice generally allowed unless it "clearly" appeared "that there was such a display of force as ought to have intimidated men of ordinary firmness." The practice was dangerous enough that in "the middle decades of the nineteenth century," several dozen (89) were killed in
Election Day riots.
4449:
4322:
4349:, can all hinder the likelihood of a black candidate winning an election or even choosing to enter into an election process. Demographics, in particular, are noted to have a large influence on black candidate success, as research has shown that the ratio of white-to-black voters can have a significant impact on a black candidate's chance of winning an election and that large black populations tend to increase the resources available to African American candidates. Despite the variety of obstacles that have contributed to the lack of proportional representation for African Americans, other factors have been found to increase the likelihood of a black candidate winning an election. Based on data from a study in
4549:
4461:
4274:—which refers to when political representatives share demographic backgrounds or characteristics with their constituents—do not match the racial and gender makeup of the US. Descriptive representation is noted to be beneficial because of its symbolic representative benefits as a source of emotional identification with one's representatives. Furthermore, descriptive representation can lead to more substantive and functional representation, as well as greater institutional power, which can result in minority constituents having both representatives with matching policy views and power in the political system. Serving as a
3121:
5211:
2852:
3995:
394:
41:
2452:, and this is where the county government offices are located and where the board of commissioners or supervisors meets. In small counties, boards are chosen by the county; in the larger ones, supervisors represent separate districts or townships. The board collects taxes for state and local governments; borrows and appropriates money; fixes the salaries of county employees; supervises elections; builds and maintains highways and bridges; and administers national, state, and county welfare programs. In very small counties, the executive and legislative power may lie entirely with a
461:
4345:
minorities in general—have not occurred at higher levels of government, but rather at sub-levels in federal and state governments. Additionally, congressional data from 2017 revealed that 35.7% of
African Americans nationwide had a congressperson of the same race, while the majority of black Americans were represented by members of Congress of a different race. Scholars have partially explained this discrepancy by focusing on the obstacles that black candidates face. Factors like election type, campaign costs, district demographics, and historical barriers, such as
1948:
5436:. And that the Iowa caucuses had been stolen from him. And that the 2020 election was stolen from him. And that the FBI search at Mar-a-Lago might have really been an effort to reclaim Hillary Clinton's email server. Conspiracy theories have a special appeal to Trump because they speak to the underlying appeal he has to his followers: The elites in the country are always up to something nefarious and they are trying to keep that fact from you. They want to keep you in the dark, but you are too smart for that, so you see through the stories they are telling you."
3368:
4010:" (i.e. liberal Republicans and conservative Democrats began to disappear); as well as a greater surge in ideological polarization, and affective polarization than comparable democracies, with a shift away from focus on political success, toward the abhorrence and domination ("owning") of supporters of the opposing party. This move away from the center and change in ideology has not been symmetrical, with Republicans moving farther to the right than Democrats have moved to the left (based on rankings of congressional roll-call votes). Republican strategist
2832:
4853:), in the 21st century it has "become a much more effective tool". Since 2010, detailed maps and high-speed computing have facilitated gerrymandering by political parties in the redistricting process, in order to gain control of state legislation and congressional representation and potentially to maintain that control over several decades, even against shifting political changes in a state's population. It allows the drawing of districts "with surgical precision". According to Julia Kirschenbaum and Michael Li of the Brennan Center
4094:
4746:) concluded that the U.S. government does not represent the interests of the majority of its citizens but instead is "ruled by those of the rich and powerful". The researchers after analyzing nearly 1,800 U.S. policies between 1981 and 2002, stated that government policies tend to favour special interests and lobbying organizations, and that whenever a majority of citizens disagrees with the economic elites, the elites tend to prevail in getting their way. While not characterizing the United States as an "oligarchy" or "
6492:
2273:
2178:
2595:
4060:". The "bedrock principle of democracy, that losing candidates and their supporters accept the results" was no longer supported by most Republicans. Not only did white southerners leave the Democratic party but eventually a large majority of rural and working class whites nationwide became the base of the Republican Party. Whereas for decades the college-educated voters skewed heavily toward the Republican party, eventually high educational attainment was a marker of Democratic support, (leading
466:
4885:
Since many states have no large or extensive urban areas the result is that there are many "red" states in the south and
Midwest, while coastal states which contain extensive urbanized areas tend to be "blue." Rural areas with a recreational focus such as ski resorts are an exception to the general rule. The polarization has been both ideological (differences between the policy positions) and affective (i.e. a dislike and distrust of opposing political groups), than comparable democracies.
5203:
1610:
5012:
get to question their elected leaders and those running to replace them". Replacing these are "safer spaces" for candidates, "partisan news outlets, fund-raisers with supporters, friendly local crowds", as the number of competitive House of
Representative districts and "swing voters" grows smaller, and candidates concentrate on mobilizing the party loyalists rather than appealing to undecided voters (appeals touching on compromise and bipartisanship angering party hardliners).
4530:
argue that women are actually just more "strategic" when trying to identify an election with favorable conditions. Other factors, like the overrepresentation of men, have been described as influencing perceptions of men as somehow inherently more effective as politicians or leaders, which some scholars argue could pressure women to stay out of elections. Others contend that the overrepresentation of men can actually result in "political momentum" for women, such as during the
5402:
left-leaning commitments of big business's younger customers and (especially) younger employees, ... As a consequence, today's G.O.P. is most clearly now the party of local capitalism—the small-business gentry, the family firms.... Much of the party elite wish to continue doing business with big business as before. But the party's base regards corporate institutions—especially in
Silicon Valley, but extending to more traditional capitalist powers—as cultural enemies ...
2967:
1622:
3535:
9422:, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (18 January 2024), pp. 17–19. " Biden's signature achievements as president securing large-scale investment in infrastructure and in the transition to a carbon-free economy... here has been a relentless decline in absolute mobility from one generation to the next..." (p. 18.) "With the promised bridge to a new generation as yet unbuilt, time is not on Biden's side, or on the side of American democracy." (p. 19.)
3016:
1843:
9510:
2513:, since their structure has no necessary relation to concentration of population, which is typical of municipalities elsewhere in the United States. In particular, towns in New England have considerably more power than most townships elsewhere and often function as legally equivalent to cities, typically exercising the full range of powers that are divided between counties, townships, and cities in other states.
4150:; fear that the interests of some are overrepresented, while others are underrepresented; a fear that certain features of the American political system make it less democratic, a fear that a small cultural elite has undermined traditional values, and whether policy and law-making is dominated by a small economic elite molding it to their interests. Greater representation given to small states in the
3240:) and separate campaign committees which work to elect candidates at a specific level, but do not direct candidates or their campaigns. In presidential elections, the party's candidate serves as the de facto party leader, whose popularity or lack thereof helps or hinders candidates further down the ballot. Midterm election are usually regarded as a referendum on the sitting president's performance.
3506:, and the relative power and activity of the elected bodies they could vote for. These dealt with land grants, commercial subsidies, taxation, the oversight of roads, poor relief, taverns, and schools. Courts, (private lawsuits were very common) also provided Americans with experience in public affairs and law, and gave interest groups such as merchants, landlords, petty farmers, artisans,
2817:, which were a series of 1901 Supreme Court cases that some consider to be reflective of imperialism and racist views held in the United States. Unequal access to political participation in US territories has also been criticized for affecting US citizens who move to territories, as such an action requires forfeiting the full voting rights that they would have held in the 50 states.
5060:(a Democratic nominee) for the Supreme Court, maintaining it was too close to the November 8, 2016 election (almost nine months away at the time), and would deny the American people a "voice" in the selection of the next justice. Four years later, with a Republican now president, a ceremony was held for the nomination of a conservative justice for Supreme Court (
4426:(AAPI) face different challenges related to political representation. Few congressional districts have a population that includes over 50% Asian Americans, which can elevate the likelihood of being represented by someone of a different race or ethnicity. As with other minorities, this can result in people feeling unrepresented by their member of Congress.
4731:, where a small economic elite overwhelmingly dominate policy and law. Some academic researchers suggest a drift toward oligarchy has been occurring by way of the influence of corporations, wealthy, and other special interest groups, leaving individual citizens with less impact than economic elites and organized interest groups in the political process.
3229:
who will be the party's candidate in the general election is usually done in primaries open to voters who register as
Democrats or Republicans. Furthermore, elected officials who fail to "toe the party line" because of constituent opposition to it, and "cross the aisle" to vote with the opposition, have (relatively) little to fear from their party.
4377:
overall. While it has been argued that unique district-related issues can take equal or greater precedence than Latino interests for
Hispanic and Latino members of Congress, studies have also shown that Latinos are more likely to support African American members of Congress—and vice versa—beyond just what is expected from shared party membership.
4580:
have also been hypothesized to inadvertently result in more anti-LGBT legislation, potentially as the result of backlash to their presence. Despite the risk of negative consequences, at least one study has concluded that the LGBT community receives net-benefits from increased openly LGBT representation. On the federal level, the presence of the
3875:(1896—1917). Progressive programs —municipal reforms, civil service reform, corrupt practices acts, and presidential primaries to replace the power of politicians at national conventions—strove to clean up politics, revitalize democracy, bringing to bear scientific solutions to social problems. Progressive leaders included Republicans
4950:) less than two months before the 2022 congressional election, a "majority of Republicans" in "important battleground" election campaigns, refused "to say they will accept the November election outcome". Six key Senate and gubernatorial Republican party nominees refused to commit to accepting the results of the November election:
4085:(despite fears it "would make any nation a nation of scoundrels"), and it eventually became the national standard. The secret ballot method ensured that the privacy of voters would be protected (hence government jobs could no longer be awarded to loyal voters), and each state would be responsible for creating one official ballot.
4677:
Senate and Electoral College had only a limited effect on national results". This is no longer the case. Rural areas are more uniformly conservative and urban areas liberal. More important is "the winner-take-all nature of the Electoral College" (all states except Maine and Nebraska), which gives greater bias to Republicans.
5775:
7101:"Biden's Approval Rating Surges After Hitting Low Mark In July, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Half Of Americans Say Trump Should Be Prosecuted On Criminal Charges Over His Handling Of Classified Documents. 21. Do you think the nation's democracy is in danger of collapse, or don't you think so?"
4521:
on the capability of women to run for office. For women in the LGBTQ community, some scholars have raised concern about the unequal attention paid to the needs of lesbians compared to transgender, bisexual, and queer women, with lesbian civil rights described as receiving more of a focus from politicians.
2627:(the laws of the city), and often is responsible for preparing the city's budget. The council passes city ordinances, sets the tax rate on property, and apportions money among the various city departments. As cities have grown, council seats have usually come to represent more than a single neighborhood.
5048:
tolerance for conflicts of interest in government. Public officials who are also businessmen (Donald Trump) accepting money for their business (Trump hotel in Washington) from foreign governments with interests before the United States. ("The Trump hotel in Washington is pitching foreign diplomats on
4758:
When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and/or with organized interests, they generally lose. Moreover, because of the strong status quo bias built into the US political system, even when fairly large majorities of Americans favor policy change, they generally do not get it. ... he
4579:
in state legislatures have provided a more nuanced analysis. Pro-LGBT bills tend to be introduced in higher numbers when more LGBT representatives are elected to state legislatures, which may also indicate an increased likelihood of substantive representation. Increases in openly LGBT state lawmakers
4376:
or a belief that Latinos are "linked" together, indicating the significance of shared cultural experiences and values. Although the reasons behind choosing to vote for Latino candidates are not monolithic, the election of Latinos to Congress has been identified as resulting in benefits for minorities
4287:
have rarely served as committee chairs, studies have shown that their presence has directly led to significantly higher likelihoods of minority issues being addressed. Given that racial and ethnic minorities of all backgrounds have historically been marginalized from participating in the US political
3926:
and other federal services — created a dramatic political shift in America. Roosevelt "forged a broad coalition—including small farmers, Northern city dwellers, organized labor, European immigrants, liberals, intellectuals, and reformers". The Democratic party became the dominant party—retaining the
3821:
In the 1850s, it was the Whigs' turn to disappear, undone by the issue of whether slavery should be allowed to expand into the country's new territories in the West. The Whigs were eventually replaced by the Republican Party which opposed slavery expansion and whose first successful candidate for the
3411:
The number of interest groups has mushroomed, with more and more of them operating offices in Washington, D.C., and representing themselves directly to Congress and federal agencies. Many organizations that keep an eye on Washington seek financial and moral support from ordinary citizens. Since many
3228:
Unlike in many other countries, the major political parties in America have no strong central organization that determines party positions and policies, rewards loyal members and officials or expels rebels. A party committee or convention may endorse a candidate for office, but the determination of
3167:
In partisan elections, candidates are nominated by a political party or seek public office as an independent. Each state has significant discretion in deciding how candidates are nominated, and thus eligible to appear on the election ballot. Typically, major party candidates are formally chosen in a
2710:
Special districts are authorized by state law to provide designated functions as established in the district's charter or other founding document, and with sufficient administrative and fiscal autonomy to qualify as separate governments; known by a variety of titles, including districts, authorities,
2698:
In addition to general-purpose government entities legislating at the state, county, and city level, special-purpose areas may exist as well, provide one or more specific services that are not being supplied by other existing governments. School districts are organized local entities providing public
8635:
Over the last decade, the Democratic Party has moved significantly to the left on almost every salient political issue... on social, cultural and religious issues, particularly those related to criminal justice, race, abortion and gender identity, the Democrats have taken up ideological stances that
4997:
In part the phenomenon is international, democracies are struggling in other parts of the world led by the forces of "digital media, cultural change, and economic stagnation in affluent countries". Leonhardt states that "many experts point out that it is still not clear how the country will escape a
4529:
Social pressures are another influence on women who run for office, often coinciding with sexism and discrimination. Some scholars have argued that views of discrimination have prompted a decrease in the supply of women willing to run for office, though this has been partially countered by those who
4511:
have been noted by scholars as influencing the electoral process for women. In a survey of attitudes toward women candidates, women respondents were far more likely to view the process of running for office as "hostile" to women than men, especially when considering public hesitancy to support women
4344:
Although African Americans have begun to continually win more elected positions and increase their overall political representation, they still lack proportional representation across a variety of different levels of government. Some estimates indicate that most gains for African Americans—and other
3420:
A survey of members of the American Economic Association (i.e. the association of professional economists) found the vast majority—regardless of political affiliation—felt the prevalence and influence of special interest groups in the political process led to benefit for the special interest groups
3416:
The amount of money spent by these special interests continues to grow, as campaigns become increasingly expensive. Many Americans have the feeling that these wealthy interests, whether corporations, unions or PACs, are so powerful that ordinary citizens can do little to counteract their influences.
2979:'s guarantee of free speech. Even when laws are upheld, the complication of compliance with the First Amendment requires careful and cautious drafting of legislation, leading to laws that are still fairly limited in scope, especially in comparison to those of other developed democracies such as the
2659:
plan has been adopted by a large number of cities. Under this plan, a small, elected council makes the city ordinances and sets policy, but hires a paid administrator, also called a city manager, to carry out its decisions. The manager draws up the city budget and supervises most of the departments.
5244:
for term limits. However, the Term Limits Constitutional Amendment bill did not pass the 2/3 majority to move the bill forward and only passed with a simple majority of 227–204. It would have limited the House and Senate to 12 years total, six terms in the House, and two terms in the Senate. Today,
4680:
faster population growth of large (population) states than small states. The state with the largest population in 1790 was Virginia with approximately 13 times as many residents as the smallest (Delaware). Today, "California, which consistently votes for liberal candidates statewide, "has 68 times
4676:
geographical sorting by ideology. "Parts of the country granted outsize power by the Constitution" (i.e. less populated states), formerly voted more or less similarly to the large states and urban areas that were granted less power. Thus "the small-state bonus" giving disproportionate power in "the
4584:
has been identified as improving the ability of Congress to address the intersectional issues faced by the LGBT community, as well as provide a source of pressure other than constituency on members of Congress to address LGBT issues. Additionally, non-LGBT members of the caucus have been criticized
4520:
related to income and employment. Recent increases in woman-focused fundraising groups have started to alter this imbalance. Given that disproportionate levels of household labor often become the responsibility of women, discrimination within households has also been identified as a major influence
4077:
Later in the 19th century, voting was done by written paper ballot. A broadened franchise where many voters were illiterate or misspelling disqualified a vote, led to the use of printed ballots. Each political party would create its own ballot—preprinted "party tickets"—give them to supporters, and
3390:
advocate the cause of their specific constituency. Business organizations, for example, will favor low corporate taxes and restrictions on the right to strike, whereas labor unions will support minimum wage legislation and protection for collective bargaining. Other private interest groups, such as
2566:
About 28 percent of Americans live in cities of 100,000 or more population. Types of city governments vary widely across the nation. Almost all have a central council, elected by the voters, and an executive officer, assisted by various department heads, to manage the city's affairs. Cities in the
1796:
ones. Both parties have no formal central organization at the national level that controls membership, elected officials or political policies; thus, each party has traditionally had factions and individuals that deviated from party positions. Almost all public officials in America are elected from
1736:
has the power to make laws within its jurisdiction that are not granted to the federal government nor denied to the states in the U.S. Constitution. Each state also has a constitution following the pattern of the federal constitution but differing in details. Each has three branches: an executive
5427:
When conspiracy theories started appearing after the intruder attack with a hammer of 82-year-old Paul Pelvis, Chris Cillizza of CNN described them as "unfortunately, ... par for the course for the former president and the movement that he leads. The embrace of conspiracy theories sits at the very
5019:
Avoiding those tougher interactions cuts down on the opportunities for candidates' characters and limitations to be revealed, and for elected officials to be held accountable to those who elected them. For the politicians, it creates an artificial environment where their positions appear uniformly
5011:
In the 2022 elections observers have noted lack of participation in debates between candidates, and in the "retail politicking" that has been a political "cliché ... for generations" in American politics: pressing the flesh at "diners and state fairs ... town-hall-style meetings ... where citizens
4484:
seen in other countries. Additionally, even though gerrymandering and concentrated political representation can essentially ensure at least some representation for minority racial and ethnic groups, women—who are relatively evenly spread throughout the United States—do not receive similar benefits
4399:
often lack representation due to electoral policies. Gerrymandering, in particular, is noted as a method of concentrating Native voters in a limited number of districts to reduce their ability to influence multiple elections. Despite structural efforts to limit their political representation, some
4073:
In pre-colonial and post-revolutionary American times, voters went to the polls and publicly stated which candidate they supported, rather than voting secretly, which was considered "cowardly" and "underhanded". Originally, state laws required voters to be property owners, but "by the time Andrew
4014:
introduced a "Take No Prisoners" or "no-holds-barred" style in congress, that abandoned the norm whereby Democrats were opponents in elections but primarily colleagues to negotiate with in making good legislation. Gingrich taught that they were the enemy to be defeated, attacked as "traitors ...
2614:
This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and, until the beginning of the 20th century, was used by nearly all American cities. Its structure is like that of the state and national governments, with an elected mayor as chief of the executive branch and an elected council that
2550:
Municipal governments are organized local governments authorized in state constitutions and statutes, established to provide general government for a defined area, generally corresponding to a population center rather than one of a set of areas into which a county is divided. The category includes
4857:
In 2010, Republicans—in an effort to control the drawing of congressional maps—forged a campaign to win majorities in as many state legislatures as possible. It was wildly successful, giving them control over the drawing of 213 congressional districts. The redrawing of maps that followed produced
4295:
Political representation is also an essential part of making sure that citizens have faith that representatives, political institutions, and democracy take their interests into account. For women and minorities, this issue can occur even in the levels of government that are meant to be closest to
4177:
for the first time on record, polls show a majority of Americans dissatisfied with their system of government—a system of which they were once famously proud. Such levels of democratic dissatisfaction would not be unusual elsewhere. But for the United States, it marks an "end of exceptionalism"—a
3243:
Some (Lee Drutman, Daniel J. Hopkins writing before 2018) argue that in the 21st century, along with becoming overly partisan, America politics has become overly focused on national issues and "nationalized", so that even local offices, formerly dealing with local issues now often mention the
2249:
At the state and local level, the process of initiatives and referendums allow citizens to place new legislation on a popular ballot, or to place legislation that has recently been passed by a legislature on a ballot for a popular vote. Initiatives and referendums, along with recall elections and
5401:
The Republican Party in the Trump era remained a mostly pro-business party in its policies but its constituencies and rhetoric have tilted more working class and populist ... much of corporate America has swung culturally into liberalism's camp. ... accelerated by anti-Trump backlash, the more
4884:
Since the 1970s, the United States has grown more polarized, with rapid increases in polarization during the 2000s onward. As a general rule, urban areas and suburbs have become more "blue", Democratic or liberal, while agricultural rural areas have become more "red", Republican or conservative.
4300:
in the House of Representatives. Scholars have noted that in positions such as these, even close proximity to constituents does not necessarily translate to an understanding of their needs or experiences and that constituents can still feel unrepresented. In a democracy, a lack of faith in one's
3406:
or the presidency. PACs are limited in the amounts they can contribute directly to candidates in federal elections. There are no restrictions on the amounts PACs can spend independently to advocate a point of view or to urge the election of candidates to office. As of 2008, there were 4,292 PACs
2974:
Successful participation, especially in federal elections, often requires large amounts of money, especially for television advertising. This money can be very difficult to raise by appeals to a mass base, although appeals for small donations over the Internet have been successful. Opponents of
2882:
was passed, Senators were also elected indirectly, by state legislatures.) These presidential electors were originally expected to exercise their own judgement. In modern practice, though, the electors are chosen by their party and pledged to vote for that party's presidential candidate (in rare
2870:, in the U.S. Americans eligible to vote, vote for an individual candidate (there are sometimes exceptions in local government elections) and not a party list. The U.S. government being a federal government, officials are elected at the federal (national), state and local levels. All members of
2808:
The citizenship status of residents in US unincorporated territories has caused concern for their ability to influence and participate in the politics of the United States. In recent decades, the Supreme Court has established voting as a fundamental right of US citizens, even though residents of
7061:
By 1840, only three states retained a property qualification, North Carolina (for some state-wide offices only), Rhode Island, and Virginia. In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice. Tax-paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War, but they
5052:
partisan abuse of power. After a Democratic candidate for governor won, Republican majorities in the legislatures of North Carolina, and Wisconsin voted in 2018 to "strip the legitimate powers of newly elected Democratic governors" while the "defeated or outgoing Republican incumbents are still
4665:
Leonhardt points out that in one branch of the federal government—the Supreme Court—conservative legal decisions "both sweeping and, according to polls, unpopular" were delivered in 2022, what is likely the beginning of a reshaping of "American politics for years, if not decades" to come by the
4046:
had not emphasized, (cultural/attitudinal conservatism such as opposition to gay marriage, transgender rights). Themes it had not objected to (immigration from non-European countries) or had unequivocally supported (economic globalization and especially big business) were abandoned or attacked.
6975:
When looking ahead to the 2024 presidential election, it is remarkable that a bedrock principle of democracy — that losing candidates and their supporters accept the results — is not held by nearly two in three Republicans who say they will question the results if their candidate does not win.
4989:
as president, the hundreds of elected Republican officials throughout the United States that the 2020 presidential election was "rigged", some of whom "are running for statewide offices that would oversee future elections, potentially putting them in position to overturn an election in 2024 or
4371:
have become an increasingly important constituency that is spread throughout the United States. Despite also constituting 15% of the population in at least a quarter of House districts, Latino representation in Congress has not correspondingly increased. Furthermore, in 2017, Latino members of
3455:
have been particularly active within the broader Republican Party. This influence has often translated into the passing of laws related to morality and personal conduct. State alcohol and gambling laws, for example, have been found to be more restrictive in states with a higher percentage of
2635:
This combines both the legislative and executive functions in one group of officials, usually three or more in number, elected city-wide. Each commissioner supervises the work of one or more city departments. Commissioners also set policies and rules by which the city is operated. One is named
4977:
While the claim by a losing candidate that they won "despite clear evidence he lost", may have started with Donald Trump after his loss in 2020, during primaries leading up to the November 2022 general election, "candidates across the country have refused to concede—even in races that are not
2386:(which makes up about a half of the area of the state) does not operated under a county-level government at all. In areas that do not have any county governmental function and are simply a division of land, services are provided either by lower level townships or municipalities, or the state.
2332:
In 2010, there were 89,500 total local governments, including 3,033 counties, 19,492 municipalities, 16,500 townships, 13,000 school districts, and 37,000 other special districts. Local governments directly serve the needs of the people, providing everything from police and fire protection to
5081:
concerns have led to some academics on the other hand to warn that thanks in part to the rulings of the Supreme Court that exacerbated the flaws in these ancient institutions, the U.S. is already a one-party state, and no longer meets the minimum requirements to be considered a democracy.
4869:
In addition to giving one party power beyond its popular support, gerrymandering has been criticized for weakening the political power of minority voters by concentrated them into district(s) (though this process can also help ensure the election of a representative of the same race).
4754:, saying, "Winters has posited a comparative theory of 'Oligarchy,' in which the wealthiest citizens—even in a 'civil oligarchy' like the United States—dominate policy concerning crucial issues of wealth- and income-protection." In their study, Gilens and Page reached these conclusions:
4173:, 69 percent of Democrats and 69 percent of Republicans replied yes to the question "Do you think the nation's democracy is in danger of collapse". A 2020 study, "Global Satisfaction with Democracy" by the Bennett Institute for Public Policy at the University of Cambridge, found that
4858:
some of the most extreme gerrymanders in history. In battleground Pennsylvania, for example, the congressional map gave Republicans a virtual lock on 13 of the state's 18 congressional districts, even in elections where Democrats won the majority of the statewide congressional vote.
2737:. Citizens of these territories can vote for members of their own local governments, and some can also elect representatives to serve in Congress—though they only have observer status. The unincorporated territories of the U.S. include the permanently inhabited territories of
4288:
system, their political representation and access to policymaking has been limited. Similarly, women lack proportional representation in the United States, bringing into question the extent to which women's issues are adequately addressed. Other minority groups, such as the
2672:, which are areas of land not governed by any local authorities below that at the county level. Residents of unincorporated areas only need to pay taxes to the county, state and federal governments as opposed to the municipal government as well. A notable example of this is
4688:
while the House of Representatives would seem to have "a more equitable system for allocating political power"—dividing the country "into 435 districts, each with a broadly similar number of people" (760,000 as of 2022)—Leonhardt argues two features distort his equity:
4834:"Cracking" is the process of moving the boundaries of districts to spreads opposition voters thinly enough across many districts so that they constitute a safe margin below 50%. Cracking spreads opposition voters thinly across many districts to dilute their power.
4681:
as many residents as Wyoming; 53 times as many as Alaska; and at least 20 times as many as another 11 states". When a candidate wins a statewide election in California (or New York) by a landslide, these large numbers of popular votes mean nothing in the tally of
2245:
The constitutions of the various states differ in some details but generally follow a pattern similar to that of the federal Constitution, including a statement of the rights of the people and a plan for organizing the government, and are generally more detailed.
5385:
see also Sahil Chinoy: the Republican Party "leans much farther right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada", based on its party manifestos, while the Democratic Party is still close to other left-of-center parties in developed
3848:(1870s—1900s). After the defeat of the Confederacy, the Republican Party, associated with the successful military defense of the Union and often known as "the Grand Old Party", became the dominant party in America. The Democrats were dominant in the "
2485:
does not have any specific meaning; it is simply an informal term applied to populated places (both incorporated and unincorporated municipalities). Moreover, in some states, the term town is equivalent to how civil townships are used in other states.
3782:
emerged from Washington's immediate circle of advisers, including Hamilton and Madison. By the 1790s, different views of the new country's proper course had already developed, with those holding the same views banding together. The followers of
3642:
At the time of the United States' founding, the economy was predominantly one of agriculture and small private businesses, and state governments left welfare issues to private or local initiative. As in the UK and other industrialized countries,
5417:
argued that "the information age is transforming the American right. Conservatives have always inveighed against the cultural elite—the media, the universities, Hollywood. But in the Information Age, the purveyors of culture are now corporate
3336:
the 19th century innovation of printing "party tickets" to pass out to prospective voters to cast in ballot boxes (originally, voters went to the polls and publicly stated which candidate they supported), "consolidated the power of the major
4666:
court's "Republican appointees". This is despite the fact that the president appoints the nominees, and that presidential candidates of the Democratic Party have won the popular vote in seven out of eight last elections (from 1992 to 2020).
4292:, have also been disadvantaged by an absence of equitable representation—especially since scholars have noted their gradual shift from originally being perceived as more of a moral political issue to being considered an actual constituency.
8016:, Accessed April 26, 2014, "...The main problem to me is really the proper working of our democratic institutions. It's just not compatible with an extreme sort of oligarchy where 90 percent of the wealth belongs to a very tiny group ..."
8102:
When the preferences of economic elites and the stands of organized interest groups are controlled for, the preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact upon public
6888:
The Burkeans have been losing ground in the Republican Party for a while now. Too often their old conception of conservatism strikes others in the G.O.P. as a form of surrender or, at the very least, an acceptance of the liberal status
4574:
Although some scholars have disputed the benefits of descriptive representation, only a small number have argued that this form of representation actually has negative impacts on the group it represents. Studies of bills relating to
8029:, Accessed April 26, 2014, "...Although Hodge devotes a chapter to foreign policy, the main charge he levels against Obama is that, like all politicians in the United States, he serves at the pleasure of a financial oligarchy. ... "
2121:. The United States is one of the world's only developed countries where all additional parties have minimal or nonexistent influence and almost no representation at the national and state level. Causes for this mainly focus on the
2910:
law regulates most aspects of electoral law, including primaries, the eligibility of voters (beyond the basic constitutional definition), the running of each state's electoral college, and the running of state and local elections.
4019:
emphasized that elections are won by energizing the party "base" (core supporters), not reaching out to the persuadable or swing voter in the middle; attacking opponents strong points (for example running ads implying decorated
4278:
chair is considered to be a good example of this relationship, as chairs control which issues are addressed by committees, especially through hearings that bring substantial attention to certain issues. Though minorities like
4585:
for not sponsoring enough legislation, emphasizing the value of openly LGBT members of Congress. While descriptive representation has provided benefits overall, scholars have noted that some groups in the community, such as
2797:, and others. American Samoa is the only territory with a native resident population and is governed by a local authority. Despite the fact that an organic act was not passed in Congress, American Samoa established its own
2215:. Unlike the federal government, which only has those powers granted to it in the Constitution, a state government has inherent powers allowing it to act unless limited by a provision of the state or national constitution.
8040:
6771:
Newt Gingrich of Georgia, the Republican whip, who is described even by his friends as a bomb thrower, a pit bull, a guerrilla. ... the triumph of a militant style of Republican leadership that the House has not seen for
6211:
4912:, which is seen to have shifted the Democratic Party rightward on economic issues. Since the early 2010s, the party has shifted significantly to the left on social, cultural, and religious issues. According to the
5037:
was rejected by the U.S. Senate in 1986 for a federal judgeship because his history on racial issues was considered to be disqualifying, but served as U.S. attorney general from February 9, 2017, to November 7,
9331:
4234:
a significant disconnect between what the majority of Americans want and what its government does (in supreme court rulings, legislation, etc.). This has expanded since the 1990s due to systemic issues such as
4051:
conservatism. In the party base, not only had conservative (white) blue collar workers migrated to the Republican Party, but a business class that had been part of the Republican Party since the post-Civil War
5557:
9088:
2333:
sanitary codes, health regulations, education, public transportation, and housing. Typically local elections are nonpartisan — local activists suspend their party affiliations when campaigning and governing.
4916:, members of both parties who have unfavorable opinions of the opposing party have doubled since 1994, while those who have very unfavorable opinions of the opposing party are at record highs as of 2022.
8122:, Accessed April 26, 2014. "...Thus has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot."
3522:, Yankees, Yorkers, etc. control over matters left to the royal court, aristocratic families and the established church in Great Britain. Finally, Americans were interested in the political values of
4866:
in 2004 and its passing up of "numerous opportunities" in 2017 and 2018 "to decide upon the constitutional legality or illegality of gerrymandering" has "emboldened ever more partisan gerrymandering".
4353:, prior black incumbency, as well as running for an office that other black candidates had pursued in the past, increased the likelihood of African Americans entering into races and winning elections.
4166:, etc.—have in recent years had a more extreme effect and have begun to create a disconnect between what the government does (in legislation and court rulings) and what the majority of Americans want.
4786:
decisions, Dionne wrote: "Thus has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot."
7243:
Ellis, William Curtis; Wilson, Walter Clark (2013). "Minority Chairs and Congressional Attention to Minority Issues: The Effect of Descriptive Representation in Positions of Institutional Power".
4097:
U.S. presidential election popular vote totals as a percentage of the total U.S. population grew from 1-2% in the first American elections to over 40% by the 21st century. Note the surge in 1828 (
2805:
or independence is often debated in US territories, such as in Puerto Rico, but even if referendums on these issues are held, congressional approval is needed for changes in status to take place.
2366:, they are primarily used as judicial districts. In other states, counties have broad powers in housing, education, transportation and recreation. County government has been eliminated throughout
9402:, economic equality narrowed, except among Black Americans... But by the nineteen-eighties the Great Compression was over. As the rich grew richer than ever, they sought to turn their money into
3412:
of them focus on a narrow set of concerns or even on a single issue, and often a single issue of enormous emotional weight, they compete with the parties for citizens' dollars, time, and passion.
10461:
4925:
5903:
Americans shunned the opportunity to turn Tuesday's midterm elections into a referendum on President Bill Clinton's behavior, dashing Republican hopes of gaining seats in the House and Senate.
2733:, including 16 island territories across the globe. These are areas of land which are not under the jurisdiction of any state, and do not have a government established by Congress through an
11181:
3834:
In the 150+ years since the Democratic and Republican parties have been America's two major parties, though their policies, base of support and relative strength have changed considerably.
9406:; spending on politics soared." (p. 22.) "o democracy can function well if people are unwilling to lose power – if a generation of leaders... becomes so entrenched that it ages into
8403:
11673:
7038:
5376:
not to be confused with the American systems of having two senators representing each state, since the senator's elections in each state are staggered and do not run at the same time.
5250:
5225:
was a movement that gained a lot of traction in the early 1990s. 23 State Governments passed legislation that term limited US Congress representatives from each respective state. The
3958:" began the process of winning white Southerners away to the G.O.P., and within a few decades created a solidly Republican south. Republican conservatives became victorious with the
3856:
prevented the "newly enfranchised African Americans from voting". They celebrated "state's rights", a principle dear to the heart of segregationists. Nationwide democrats supported
2648:
is a response to the increasing complexity of urban problems that need management ability not often possessed by elected public officials. The answer has been to entrust most of the
2474:
to provide general government for a geographic subdivision of a county where there is no municipality. In New York, Wisconsin and New England, these county subdivisions are called
9548:
2945:
527:
9144:
7309:
English, Ashley; Pearson, Kathryn; Strolovitch, Dara Z. (2019). "Who Represents Me? Race, Gender, Partisan Congruence, and Representational Alternatives in a Polarized America".
5148:, stated his proposal for 8 to 10-year one-time term limits, he also said justices are supposed to be like umpires calling balls and strikes in the game but are acting more like
1764:
Officials are popularly elected at the federal, state and local levels, with the major exception being the President, who is instead elected indirectly by the people through the
790:
2809:
territories do not hold full voting rights. Despite this, residents must still abide by federal laws that they cannot equitably influence, as well as register for the national
11546:
4476:
for over forty years—making their lack of more proportional representation in the political system surprising. Some scholars have partially attributed this discrepancy to the
9410:; if one of two major parties denies the arithmetic of elections; if a cohort of the ruling class loses status that it once enjoyed and sets out to salvage it." (p. 23.)
4313:
There are 57 African American members of the US House (blue), 47 Hispanics and Latinos (red), 5 Native Americans (yellow), 18 Asian Americans (green), and 314 Whites (gray).
4325:
There are 3 African American members of the US Senate (blue), 7 Hispanics or Latinos (red), 0 Native Americans, 2 Asian Americans (green), and 88 European Americans(gray).
3258:"Third" political parties have appeared from time to time in American history but seldom lasted more than a decade. They have sometimes been the vehicle of an individual (
2813:, which has led some scholars to argue that residents of territories are essentially second-class citizens. The legal justifications for these discrepancies stem from the
2615:
represents the various neighborhoods forming the legislative branch. The mayor appoints heads of city departments and other officials (sometimes with the approval of the
11263:
4797:
The stark reality is that we have a society in which money is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few people. This threatens to make us a democracy in name only.
2470:
Town or township governments are organized local governments authorized in the state constitutions and statutes of 20 Northeastern and Midwestern states, established as
2433:
that are not part of any county; although it may still function as if it was a consolidated city-county, an independent city was legally separated from any county. Some
504:
493:
2425:—that is to say, these counties consist in their entirety of a single municipality whose city government also operates as the county government. Some counties, such as
11268:
8952:
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11363:
10703:
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to proclaim to supporters, "I love the poorly educated!"). Post-2012 has also been characterized by even political division and a lack of a dominant political party.
309:
9239:(2022) details on members of Congress, and the governors: their records and election results; also state and district politics; revised every two years since 1975.
8119:
5719:
Kömives, Lisa M. (2004). "Enfranchising a Discrete and Insular Minority: Extending Federal Voting Rights to American Citizens Living in United States Territories".
7718:
Schroedel, Jean Reith; Aslanian, Artour (2017). "A Case Study of Descriptive Representation: The Experience of Native American Elected Officials in South Dakota".
5886:
Bush and senior adviser Karl Rove tried to replicate that strategy this fall, hoping to keep the election from becoming a referendum on the president's leadership.
4669:
In the 2020 U.S. Senate, "50 Democratic senators effectively represent 186 million Americans, while the 50 Republican senators effectively represent 145 million".
4405:
4130:
1964-66: Civil Rights laws and Supreme Court rulings eliminate tax payment and wealth requirements and protect voter registration and voting for racial minorities.
3998:
One year after the election of Donald Trump as U.S. president, American Facebook users on the political right and political left shared almost no common interests.
1525:
775:
4028:—were actually treasonous). Conspiracy theories also began to become mainstream among Republicans during this time (for example accusing then Secretary of State
2218:
Like the federal government, state governments have three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The chief executive of a state is its popularly elected
11953:
10833:
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5173:
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its services, which might violate a clause of the U.S. Constitution that is supposed to ensure that foreign governments can't buy favor with federal officials.")
2879:
1653:
147:
4718:
12712:
11440:
11208:
11042:
10698:
4695:, i.e. the drawing of district boundaries by State legislatures for partisan advantage, something Republicans have been "more forceful" about in recent years.
662:
6457:
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showed that majorities in both the Republican and Democratic parties held increasingly negative views of major financial institutions and large corporations.
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11296:
11186:
5197:
5177:
4766:
described what he considers the effects of ideological and oligarchical interests on the judiciary. The journalist, columnist, and scholar interprets recent
4635:
A disconnect between "the power to set government policy" and political opinions of the general public has been noted by commentators and scholars (such as
785:
764:
482:
178:
12785:
11064:
6962:
2903:
9026:
5029:
Under the campaign and presidency of Donald Trump, observers (such as political scientist Brendan Nyhan) noted some erosion of political norms and ethics
12873:
12707:
11101:
8978:
6917:
6845:
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Women have made continual socioeconomic progress in many key areas of society, such as in employment and education, and in comparison to men, women have
4439:
4187:
6755:
11641:
11499:
6815:
6706:
5056:
Applying the rule of "Because we can". Announced on February 13, 2016, the Republican controlled senate refused to hold hearings on the appointment of
8150:
7151:
2489:
Like counties, the specific responsibilities to townships vary based on each state. Many states grant townships some governmental powers, making them
11203:
10990:
8479:
7419:
Dolan, Kathleen; Hansen, Michael (2018). "Blaming Women or Blaming the System? Public Perceptions of Women's Underrepresentation in Elected Office".
2976:
555:
11695:
11668:
10985:
5297:
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lack of a universal or single payer healthcare system, instead of the current system of reliance on employer provided for-profit private healthcare
2434:
2258:
1484:
1480:
1261:
4706:", leading to the overall nationwide proportion of votes for Democrats significantly less than the proportion of seats for Democrats in the House.
3597:/"Positive liberty"/"republican virtue": the responsibility to understand and support the government, participate in elections, pay taxes, oppose
12043:
12003:
10339:
4339:
4102:
2730:
2724:
2192:
747:
7365:
Jeong, Hoi Ok (2013). "Minority Policies and Political Participation Among Latinos: Exploring Latinos' Response to Substantive Representation".
11851:
10769:
10256:
8013:
5241:
4654:), and each served only a single term", while as of 2022 "two of the past four presidents have taken office despite losing the popular vote" -
3037:
2930:
2351:
is the administrative subdivision of the state, authorized by state constitutions and statutes. The county equivalents in Louisiana are called
2302:
conducts the Census of Governments every five years, categorizing four types of local governmental jurisdictions below the level of the state:
2075:
1864:
1806:
1785:
1211:
7045:
5679:
Guthunz, Ute (1997). "Beyond Decolonization and Beyond Statehood? Puerto Rico's Political Development in Association with the United States".
3348:
laws requiring a large number of petition signatures from citizens and giving the petitioners a short length of time to gather the signatures.
3088:
12660:
12065:
11301:
10508:
9975:
4994:, "There is the possibility, for the first time in American history, that a legitimately elected president will not be able to take office".
4837:"Packing" is the process of concentrating opposition voters in one or more (but always a minority of) districts, to "waste" opposition votes.
4702:", whereby the increasing concentration of Democratic voters in large metro areas means Democrats often win elections in these districts by "
3737:
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justices. Having documented the... difficulty of enacting constitutional change under the U.S. amendment process (the reform of which is
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5267:
5262:
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4386:
4003:
1824:
1646:
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780:
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Polarization among U.S. legislators is asymmetric, as it has primarily been driven by a substantial rightward shift among congressional
4759:
preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact upon public policy.
12633:
12148:
12143:
12133:
11506:
11235:
10483:
8521:
3970:" to the middle and lower classes (who might not benefit initially from these policies). The Republican party was now said to rest on "
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3067:
1583:
1578:
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p. 514: *"the risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed."
12802:
12745:
12638:
12467:
11909:
10412:
9001:
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A Luhrmann et al., Autocratization Surge–Resistance Grows: Democracy Report 2020 (Lindenberg: Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), 2020):
6816:"How the Republican Party came to embrace conspiracy theories and denialism [Interview by Terry Gross of Dana Milbank, author of
5342:
5312:
5103:
4362:
3966:, who campaigned on a theme of smaller government, free trade and tax cuts. These would stimulate economic growth which would then "
3558:
1915:
1588:
1224:
1126:
577:
566:
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churches and ethnic groups, are more concerned about broader issues of policy that can affect their organizations or their beliefs.
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Printed party "tickets" (ballots) were eventually replaced by uniform ballots provided by the state, when states began to adopt the
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12138:
11626:
11566:
11126:
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8811:
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Haider-Markel, Donald P. (2007). "Representation and Backlash: The Positive and Negative Influence of Descriptive Representation".
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4659:
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3591:: the authority and legitimacy of the government is dependent upon the assent of the people as expressed in free and fair elections
3133:
2855:
1887:
1401:
1256:
4250:"a growing movement inside one of the country's two major parties—the Republican Party—to refuse to accept defeat in an election";
3679:
describes as "greater divisiveness close, but bitterly fought elections." Since 2016, the United States has been recognized as a
2563:
from their statistics for this category, and the count of municipal governments excludes places that are governmentally inactive.
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Concerns about the American political system include how well it represents and serves the interests of Americans. They include:
3313:
The traditional American electoral format of single-member districts where the candidate with the most votes wins (known as the "
3263:
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3074:
1994:
1818:
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405:
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or convention, whereas candidates from minor parties and Independent candidates are required to complete a petitioning process.
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Wallace, Sophia J. (2014). "Examining Latino Support for Descriptive Representation: The Role of Identity and Discrimination".
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1868: Citizenship was guaranteed to all persons born or naturalized in the United States by the Fourteenth Amendment, although
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chairperson of the body and is often called the mayor, although their power is equivalent to that of the other commissioners.
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2254:; they are written into several state constitutions, particularly in the Western states, but not found at the federal level.
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Alber, Jens (1988). "Is there a crisis of the welfare state? Crossnational evidence from Europe, North America, and Japan".
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powers, including law enforcement and provision of services, to a highly trained and experienced professional city manager.
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or something similar. In most states, senators serve four-year terms, and members of the lower house serve two-year terms.
1798:
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4639:). The United States is "far and away the most countermajoritarian democracy in the world," according to Steven Levitsky.
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for candidates is also an area of inequality, as men donate at a higher rate than women—which is compounded by gender and
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the United States were 2023 the 27th most electoral democratic country and 3rd most participatory democracy in the world.
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expanded more than threefold after WWII, it held at 20% of GDP from the late 1970s to late 1980s. In the 21st century,
3344:. This gave state legislatures—dominated by Democrats and Republicans—the opportunity to hinder new rising parties with
3184:
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education which, under state law, have sufficient administrative and fiscal autonomy to qualify as separate governments.
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3659:" in the early 1980s, laissez-faire ideology once more became a powerful force in American politics. While the American
1901:
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3613:: laws that attach no special privilege to any citizen and hold government officials subject just as any other person.
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2008:
The federal government is divided into three branches, as per the specific terms articulated in the U.S. Constitution:
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12487:
12351:
12341:
12218:
12193:
12100:
12080:
11558:
11348:
11074:
10456:
10088:
9968:
9345:
6037:
5282:
5169:
4443:
4042:(2017—2021). After decades of dominance, "Reagan Revolution" rhetoric and policy, began to be replaced by new themes
3668:
3562:
3434:
3299:
3295:
3107:
2875:
2874:, and the offices at the state and local levels are directly elected, but the president is elected indirectly, by an
2712:
1934:
1793:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1461:
1436:
1397:
1288:
1231:
1196:
911:
413:
236:
6785:
3045:
1872:
12844:
12790:
12775:
12677:
12512:
11988:
11941:
11936:
11838:
11765:
11465:
11230:
10759:
9914:
9690:
9245:
8211:
5433:
5193:
5118:
5107:
4943:
4893:
4889:
4576:
4210:
4203:
4143:
3791:") favored a strong central government that would support the interests of commerce and industry. The followers of
3672:
3543:
3180:
3176:
2689:
2430:
2166:
2067:
2063:
1883:
1781:
1777:
1758:
1507:
1492:
1468:
1383:
1201:
1183:
1178:
6872:
6465:
5462:
4321:
3294:); or continued to run candidates for office to publicize some issue despite seldom winning even local elections (
12878:
12667:
12608:
12517:
12408:
12383:
11880:
11870:
11435:
11353:
11291:
11275:
11121:
11116:
10880:
10860:
10850:
10845:
10103:
9998:
9456:
9297:
9172:
6630:
5754:
4682:
4266:
Observations of historical trends and current governmental demographics have raised concerns about the equity of
4240:
4155:
3923:
2142:
1765:
1520:
1371:
1313:
1268:
1096:
755:
10188:
5338:
Such as in elections of members of boards where voters are asked to select more than one candidate for an office
3253:
12861:
12535:
12482:
12398:
12388:
12356:
12285:
12273:
12228:
12115:
12013:
11875:
11795:
11785:
11571:
11428:
11131:
11089:
11032:
10806:
10717:
10153:
9875:
8000:
5527:
5292:
3620:
3291:
3041:
2826:
2798:
2108:
1970:
1868:
1706:
1338:
1333:
833:
813:
636:
602:
216:
6197:
2280:
on the first Tuesday in November, citizens all around the United States vote for political offices. (Shown is
2222:, who typically holds office for a four-year term (although in some states the term is two years). Except for
12613:
12477:
12393:
12324:
12295:
12233:
12123:
12095:
11739:
11111:
10242:
6357:"Global freedoms have hit a 'dismal' record low, with pandemic restrictions making things worse, report says"
5161:
4897:
4368:
4284:
3358:
3237:
3233:
3081:
1318:
1303:
1021:
426:
9487:
on their prescriptive wish list), acknowledge the steep odds that such an undertaking faces." (p. 54.)
2944:, do not have the right to choose any political figure outside their respective areas and can only elect a
2925:
Who has the right to vote in the United States is regulated by the Constitution and federal and state laws.
2516:
Township functions are generally overseen by a governing board, whose name also varies from state to state.
12908:
12901:
12834:
12697:
12580:
12502:
12492:
12346:
12307:
12263:
12223:
12180:
12128:
12060:
12033:
11993:
11971:
11780:
11594:
11541:
11474:
11331:
11287:
11215:
11136:
11054:
10865:
10729:
10558:
10466:
10274:
9961:
9906:
9800:
9418:
8136:
7819:
7123:
7074:
4465:
4453:
4326:
4314:
3574:
2840:
2836:
2754:
2607:
2589:
2582:
2277:
1986:
760:
652:
253:
9525:
6656:; Mason, Lilliana; McGrath, Mary C.; Nyhan, Brendan; Rand, David G.; Skitka, Linda J. (October 30, 2020).
6052:
BERNSTEIN, ELIZABETH; JAKOBSEN, JANET R (2010). "Sex, Secularism and Religious Influence in US Politics".
5041:
intolerance of criticism. "Trump Threatens White House Protesters With 'Vicious Dogs' and 'Ominous Weapons
4934:
Signs reading "Stop the Steal" and "Off with their heads", photographed on the day of the January 6 attack
4548:
3164:" — have been a fundamental part of American politics since shortly after George Washington's presidency.
2193:
power to make laws on all subjects that are not granted to the federal government nor denied to the states
12829:
12780:
12595:
12497:
12420:
12302:
12198:
12023:
12008:
11946:
11581:
11536:
11343:
11225:
11079:
6992:
6396:
6224:
Weeks, J. (2007). Inequality Trends in Some Developed OECD Countries. In J. K. S. & J. Baudot (Eds.)
4417:
3927:
presidency until 1952 and controlling both houses of Congress for most of the period until the mid-1990s.
3796:
3717:
3690:
3371:
3330:
3283:
3192:
2352:
2299:
2035:
1722:
1593:
1407:
1191:
1116:
1061:
1026:
336:
8586:
The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century
7932:
7901:
5129:
would fade away if an election was going to decide the outcome. Thirty-three states already elect their
5125:, the United States could solve the contentious battle for when Supreme Court members unexpectedly die.
3447:
groups for historical and demographic reasons) have often become political pressure groups and parts of
3443:("Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion ..."), religious groups (primarily
12733:
12603:
12435:
12415:
12403:
12213:
12203:
11885:
11790:
11403:
11393:
10920:
10915:
10905:
10900:
10422:
10208:
9922:
9840:
9805:
9374:, 29 January 2024, pp. 18–23. "In the nineteen-twenties... American elites, some of whom feared a
8553:"Beyond US Neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus: The Challenge of Development Ethics for the USA"
6901:
5414:
4724:
4460:
4271:
4244:
4159:
4039:
3811:
3748:
3395:
3275:
3149:
2891:
2660:
Usually, there is no set term; the manager serves as long as the council is satisfied with their work.
2575:
2426:
2418:
2362:
The specific governmental powers of counties vary widely between the states. In some states, mainly in
2126:
2043:
1101:
1006:
188:
8185:
12312:
11618:
11423:
11418:
10980:
10434:
10203:
9984:
9880:
9785:
9745:
8611:
4543:
4267:
4257:
is "being committed by minority voters on a massive scale" preventing Republicans from being elected.
3971:
3943:
3807:
2555:), towns (except in Minnesota and Wisconsin), and villages. This concept corresponds roughly to the "
2442:
2081:
There are major differences between the political system of the United States and that of many other
1066:
1056:
1051:
1031:
9254:(20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries and at
8953:"Fact check: Senate Republicans moving to confirm Trump's Supreme Court nominee but blocked Obama's"
8306:
5968:
3818:, and known for celebrating "the common (white) man" and the expansion of suffrage to most of them.
1908:
12425:
11805:
11775:
11770:
11760:
11526:
11482:
11323:
11084:
10870:
10734:
10548:
10488:
10213:
9845:
9835:
9830:
9810:
9472:
7177:
4841:
Used almost since the founding of the United States (the term was coined in 1810 after a review of
4390:
4220:
whether policy and law-making is dominated by a small economic elite molding it to their interests;
3987:
3939:
3026:
2858:
parade in New York City in 1917, carrying placards with the signatures of more than a million women
2810:
2746:
2571:
2235:
2219:
2047:
1853:
1750:
1738:
1131:
981:
896:
421:
8733:
8636:
many of the college-educated voters who now make up a sizable portion of the party's base cheer...
7604:
Shah, Paru (2014). "It Takes a Black Candidate: A Supply-Side Theory of Minority Representation".
5993:
4942:) have expressed alarm at the "growing movement inside one of the country's two major parties—the
4642:
Before the 2000 election, only three candidates for president won "while losing the popular vote (
3629:: government that restricts neither through law nor action the non-violent speech of a citizen; a
3526:, which celebrated equal rights, civic virtue, and abhorred corruption, luxury, and aristocracy.
11919:
11655:
11413:
10380:
10183:
10093:
10043:
10003:
9937:
9760:
9675:
6313:
5898:
5226:
4743:
4620:
3860:, and opposed banking and tariffs. Another element in its coalition were mostly urban Catholics.
3698:
3610:
3588:
3394:
One type of private interest group that has grown in number and influence in recent years is the
3303:
3232:
Parties have state or federal committees that act as hubs for fundraising and campaigning, (See,
3030:
2541:
2537:
2356:
2281:
1857:
1016:
1011:
886:
9398:.'... Between the nineteen-thirties and the nineteen-seventies, a period that scholars call the
12917:
12371:
11721:
11531:
11511:
11313:
11168:
10963:
10910:
10895:
10739:
10427:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10023:
9795:
9790:
9665:
6030:
Davis, William L., and Bob Figgins. 2009. Do Economists Believe American Democracy Is Working?
5153:
4830:, i.e. every ten years. Gerrymandering involves what's commonly called "cracking and packing".
4782:
3967:
3888:
3694:
3570:
3519:
3503:
3403:
3188:
2871:
2802:
2649:
2348:
2342:
2306:
2158:
2149:
is the dominant feature of the American governmental system, as citizens are also subject to a
2013:
1982:
1828:
1742:
1702:
1497:
1106:
1071:
976:
951:
452:
444:
195:
86:
10158:
8517:
8274:
Jacob R. Brown; Ryan D. Enos; Enrico Cantoni; Vincent Pons; Emilie Sartre (January 17, 2022).
7747:
6638:
5277:
4093:
3994:
3120:
2578:. These are the pure forms; many cities have developed a combination of two or three of them.
2559:
places" that are recognized in by the U.S. Census Bureau, although the Census Bureau excludes
2328:
Special-purpose local governments, including both school districts and other special districts
2230:
legislature, all states have a bicameral legislature, with the upper house usually called the
12570:
12253:
11368:
10925:
10890:
10885:
10828:
10811:
10541:
10163:
10078:
10053:
9885:
9850:
9755:
9730:
9379:
9058:
Huq, Aziz Z. (January 2022). "The Supreme Court and the Dynamics of Democratic Backsliding".
8552:
8293:
5364:
5237:
5210:
5145:
5141:
4513:
3915:
3880:
3125:
2851:
2556:
2510:
2239:
2181:
1091:
1041:
996:
986:
971:
961:
946:
926:
901:
891:
881:
738:
106:
9451:
vestiges, advocate such modest reforms as the end of equal representation of states in the
6114:
Fairbanks, David (1977). "Religious Forces and "Morality" Policies in the American States".
5077:
The US doesn't recommend its own political system to its allies creating new constitutions.
4133:
1971: Adults aged 18 through 20 are granted the right to vote by the Twenty-sixth Amendment.
3950:—began the breaking off of the white segregationist Solid South from the Democratic party.
393:
40:
12922:
12050:
11924:
11815:
11193:
10625:
10605:
10553:
10503:
10444:
10375:
10128:
10063:
10033:
10008:
9870:
9820:
9775:
9765:
9750:
9740:
9725:
9705:
9680:
9670:
9660:
9448:
9375:
9186:
5165:
4827:
4735:
4562:
4151:
4098:
4033:
3884:
3630:
3598:
3554:
3440:
2867:
2509:
are included in this category by the Census Bureau, despite the fact that they are legally
2471:
2104:
2090:
2024:
1990:
1698:
1682:
1614:
1111:
1086:
991:
931:
906:
876:
866:
536:
263:
243:
123:
9596:
9368:, "Ruling-Class Rules: How to thrive in the power elite – while declaring it your enemy",
5064:) on September 26, 2020, a little more than one month (38 days) before Election Day, with
4127:
1920: Women are guaranteed the right to vote in all US states by the Nineteenth Amendment.
3607:: government answerable to citizens, who may change who represents them through elections.
1741:, a legislative body, and a judicial branch. At the local level, governments are found in
8:
12462:
12378:
12188:
11904:
11589:
11220:
10417:
10143:
10138:
10068:
10048:
9890:
9865:
9770:
9710:
9685:
9655:
9645:
8489:
6361:
5873:
5428:
heart of Trumpism. Remember that Trump once suggested, without evidence, that Texas Sen.
5409:: "Big Business is not our ally. They are eager culture warriors who use the language of
5130:
4913:
4802:
4557:
4481:
4435:
3983:
3979:
3904:
3680:
3652:
3616:
3495:
3211:
2669:
2379:
2082:
2051:
1046:
1001:
941:
916:
871:
9515:
9287:
Encyclopedia of American Political History: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas
6391:
4826:
for partisan advantage—those boundaries being reviewed and usually changed after every
4056:, began to leave. Added to the louder and growing number of conspiracy theories were "
3852:" (i.e. solidly Democratic) where "repressive legislation and physical intimidation" of
3206:, and increasingly since the 1960s, Democratic Party has generally positioned itself as
2929:
is nearly universal for citizens 18 years of age and older. Voting rights are sometimes
1947:
11702:
11690:
11408:
11398:
11375:
11358:
10754:
10498:
10493:
10365:
10083:
10073:
10018:
10013:
9825:
9780:
9720:
9695:
9650:
9219:
9130:
9075:
8384:
7801:
7751:
7743:
7689:
7637:
7629:
7577:
7569:
7501:
7452:
7444:
7390:
7342:
7334:
7268:
6604:
6295:
6139:
6093:
6077:
6032:
5932:"America has local political institutions but nationalized politics. This is a problem"
5759:
5736:
5696:
5639:
4823:
4751:
4297:
3932:
3876:
3865:
3841:
3784:
3760:
3578:
3448:
3326:
3279:
3259:
3207:
2545:
2071:
1978:
1773:
1714:
1241:
1076:
956:
921:
206:
9425:
Rosenfeld, Sam, "The Cracked Foundation: Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt explained
8979:"Politics 170-Plus Days And Counting: GOP Unlikely To End Supreme Court Blockade Soon"
8080:"Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens"
8041:"Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens"
7173:"Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens"
6652:
Finkel, Eli J.; Bail, Christopher A.; Cikara, Mina; Ditto, Peter H.; Iyengar, Shanto;
6226:
Flat world, big gaps: Economic liberalization, globalization, poverty & inequality
4774:
to influence political outcomes in their favor. In speaking about the Supreme Court's
4750:" outright, Gilens and Page give weight to the idea of a "civil oligarchy" as used by
4178:
profound shift in America's view of itself, and therefore, of its place in the world.
460:
12445:
11601:
10953:
10451:
10370:
10355:
10133:
10058:
9855:
9735:
9700:
9464:
9413:
9399:
9341:
9071:
9034:
8679:
8619:
8590:
8560:
8531:
8493:
8460:
8411:
8388:
8376:
8256:
8235:"From Backwaters to Major Policymakers: Policy Polarization in the States, 1970–2014"
8060:
7996:
7793:
7755:
7735:
7681:
7641:
7621:
7581:
7561:
7491:
7456:
7436:
7382:
7378:
7346:
7326:
7260:
6687:
6679:
6634:
6608:
6596:
6444:
6366:
6131:
6085:
6069:
5728:
5688:
5631:
5287:
5157:
5061:
4776:
4703:
4651:
4643:
4616:
4531:
4502:
4486:
4280:
4191:
4057:
3955:
3947:
3772:
3768:
3626:
3566:
3539:
3485:
3318:
2884:
2453:
2421:, where the municipality and the county have been merged into a unified, coterminous
2196:
2146:
2059:
1251:
1121:
1081:
1036:
936:
838:
733:
9255:
8650:"Which party is more to blame for political polarization? It depends on the measure"
8273:
7957:
6900:
Ross Douthat. "What Does the Right Do When Big Business Turns Against Republicans?"
6520:
6097:
5917:
The Increasingly United States: How and Why American Political Behavior Nationalized
5622:
EDICK, COLE (2015). "Relics of Colonialism: Overseas Territories Across the Globe".
4998:
larger crisis, such as an overturned election, at some point in the coming decade."
4862:
Attempts to appeal to the Supreme Court to disallow gerrymandering in cases such as
4400:
states with large Native American populations have higher levels of representation.
3210:
in American politics, while the Republican Party has generally positioned itself as
12361:
12208:
11914:
11734:
10744:
10585:
10568:
10563:
10402:
10028:
9927:
9900:
9860:
9815:
9715:
9480:
9443:
9067:
8704:
8485:
8450:
8368:
8320:
8246:
8091:
8052:
7846:
7785:
7731:
7727:
7673:
7613:
7551:
7483:
7428:
7374:
7318:
7252:
7186:
6669:
6588:
6440:
6291:
6123:
6061:
6014:
5820:
5583:
5360:
5246:
4763:
4647:
4477:
4373:
4214:
4147:
4007:
3951:
3919:
3806:
By 1828, the Federalists had disappeared as an organization, replaced first by the
3792:
3788:
3779:
3648:
3375:
3322:
3199:
3169:
3161:
3129:
2949:
2878:
whose electors represent their state and are elected by popular vote. (Before the
2844:
2704:
2673:
2603:
2560:
2498:
2130:
2122:
2115:
1966:
1769:
1678:
843:
51:
9145:"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)"
8898:"Trump Threatens White House Protesters With 'Vicious Dogs' and 'Ominous Weapons'"
7100:
4261:
2831:
2093:), with far more power than is found in equivalent bodies in most other countries;
2054:. This includes resolving disputes between the executive and legislative branches.
12070:
11846:
11744:
11516:
10816:
10749:
10518:
10439:
10385:
9543:
9430:
9403:
8893:
8580:
6065:
5657:
5065:
5057:
4947:
4946:—to refuse to accept defeat in an election". In a survey by journalists (of the
4939:
4636:
4624:
4195:
4029:
3975:
3872:
3823:
3752:
3705:
3685:
3511:
3153:
2693:
2656:
2624:
2599:
2494:
2272:
2262:
2251:
1754:
1626:
1246:
728:
711:
701:
644:
580:
507:
9321:
7933:"DEMOCRACY CHALLENGED 'A Crisis Coming': The Twin Threats to American Democracy"
7902:"DEMOCRACY CHALLENGED 'A Crisis Coming': The Twin Threats to American Democracy"
6419:
3175:
The current (informal) two-party system in the United States is made up of the
2177:
12540:
12440:
11823:
10958:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10610:
10473:
10407:
9434:
9370:
9200:
8584:
7982:
5584:
2002 Census of Governments, Vol 1, Number 1, Government Organization, GC02(1)-1
5020:
popular and opposing views are angrily denounced, making compromise seem risky.
4963:
4846:
4819:
4771:
4692:
4289:
4236:
3892:
3815:
3452:
3387:
3362:
3160:
opposed them; nonetheless, parties — specifically two competing parties or a "
2980:
2863:
2786:
2774:
2766:
2738:
2700:
2594:
2490:
2465:
2394:
2134:
2039:
1963:
1726:
1675:
1545:
1472:
8251:
8234:
8096:
8079:
8056:
7191:
7172:
5589:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. vii–viii
4719:
Income inequality in the United States § Effects on democracy and society
12937:
11521:
10821:
10630:
10265:
9538:
9468:
9391:
9038:
8683:
8623:
8464:
8380:
8260:
8064:
7992:
7797:
7789:
7739:
7685:
7625:
7617:
7565:
7440:
7432:
7386:
7330:
7322:
7264:
6756:"The House Bank; Gingrich Takes No Prisoners in the House's Sea of Gentility"
6683:
6600:
6370:
6135:
6073:
5732:
5692:
5635:
5233:
5149:
5122:
5034:
4951:
4901:
4842:
4739:
4121:
4117:
1792–1856: Abolition of property qualifications for white men were abolished.
4082:
4011:
3963:
3764:
3660:
3644:
3367:
3345:
3341:
2814:
2790:
2770:
2438:
2406:
2375:
1974:
1959:
1805:
is nearly universal for citizens 18 years of age and older, with the notable
1710:
1686:
1667:
627:
569:
547:
496:
465:
202:
133:
9953:
9027:"America's electoral system gives the Republicans advantages over Democrats"
8325:"The Resentment Fueling the Republican Party Is Not Coming From the Suburbs"
7925:
A professor of government at Harvard University and a co-author of the book
7832:
7505:
6674:
6657:
4367:
As the most populous minority demographic identified in the 2010 US Census,
4081:
It was not until the late nineteenth century that states began to adopt the
2676:, an unincorporated area where many of the casinos commonly associated with
2137:. This also results in both major parties having multiple internal factions.
11828:
11800:
10855:
9407:
9395:
9387:
9131:"A Role for the People in Judicial Selection | William J. Watkins, Jr"
8513:
6691:
6626:
6247:
6089:
5395:
5302:
5202:
5134:
4991:
4905:
4790:
4401:
4061:
4048:
3709:
3549:
Two pivotal political ideas in the establishment of the United States were
3444:
3399:
3137:
2782:
2778:
2762:
2645:
2525:
2506:
2422:
2398:
2371:
2322:
2208:
1788:. Since the mid-20th century, the Democratic Party has generally supported
1746:
723:
706:
694:
558:
485:
353:
174:
96:
9447:, December 2023, pp. 48–54. "In the name of jettisoning the system's
9439:
Tyranny of the Minority: Why American Democracy Reached the Breaking Point
6818:
The Destructionists: The Twenty-Five-Year Crack-Up Of The Republican Party
4630:
4480:
in the United States, as it does not provide a mechanism for the types of
4074:
Jackson was elected President, in 1828, nearly all white men could vote".
12105:
11636:
10973:
10875:
10615:
10478:
10234:
9476:
9383:
8372:
7556:
7539:
7487:
6958:
6653:
6592:
5773:
in this ballot voters are asked to vote for two school board candidates,
5406:
5232:
in 1995 invalidated the term limit legislation found in those 23 states.
5222:
4971:
4967:
4727:
reported that the political structure of the United States has become an
4699:
4590:
4586:
4553:
4021:
3849:
3800:
3656:
3507:
3195:
has achieved some minor representation at the national and state levels.
2937:
2794:
2750:
2734:
2533:
2493:, either independently or as a part of the county government. In others,
2449:
2367:
2363:
2118:
2017:
1998:
716:
299:
154:
113:
76:
9495:
9266:
9240:
8455:
8438:
8353:
8012:(French economist Thomas Piketty), Associated Press, December 23, 2017,
7820:
https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/f0/5d/f05d46d8-626f-4b20-8e4e-…
7805:
7693:
7633:
7573:
7448:
7394:
7338:
7272:
6573:
6081:
5740:
5700:
5643:
4270:
in the United States. In particular, scholars have noted that levels of
1621:
10968:
10774:
10600:
10595:
10513:
9365:
9158:
8555:. In Karagiannis, Nikolaos; Madjd-Sadjadi, Zagros; Sen, Swapan (eds.).
7677:
7256:
5466:
5218:
4909:
4850:
4747:
4053:
4025:
3857:
3845:
3713:
3594:
3267:
2966:
2907:
2502:
2227:
2204:
2002:
7036:
6143:
4452:
There are 122 women members of the US House (blue) and 319 men (gray).
4422:
Relative to other, larger minority demographics in the United States,
3651:. Between the 1930s and 1970s, fiscal policy was characterized by the
3534:
2058:
The federal government's layout is explained in the Constitution. Two
1801:(i.e. more than any other candidate, but not necessarily a majority).
12457:
12450:
9452:
9338:
Political Parties and Elections in the United States: an Encyclopedia
8557:
The US Economy and Neoliberalism: Alternative Strategies and Policies
8527:
6963:"Data shows GOP voters skeptical of 'bedrock principle of democracy'"
6707:"The polarization in today's Congress has roots that go back decades"
4986:
4728:
4464:
There are 24 women members of the US Senate (blue) and 76 men (gray).
4350:
4016:
3814:, while the Democratic Republicans evolved into the Democrats led by
3721:
3604:
2677:
2410:
2200:
2162:
2100:
that also has a wider scope of power than is found in most countries;
1951:
1690:
610:
316:
226:
8151:"Anti-corporate sentiment in U.S. is now widespread in both parties"
8025:
Alan Wolfe (book reviewer), October 24, 2010, The Washington Post,
7020:"A Shock to the System Is Coming. Which Party Will Be Ready for It?"
4926:
Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud
3402:
or set of issues, which contribute money to political campaigns for
3015:
1842:
10640:
10590:
9353:
American Political Parties and Elections: A Very Short Introduction
7961:
6846:"The Republican Party has lurched toward populism and illiberalism"
6627:"How Polarized Are Citizens? Measuring Ideology from the Ground-Up"
6127:
5535:
5429:
5068:
claiming, "I think it's very important that we have nine Justices."
4959:
4955:
3911:
3896:
3853:
3621:
government that neither supports nor suppresses any or all religion
3203:
2926:
2402:
2316:
2223:
1802:
1671:
9330:(2020 Presidential Election Edition; Pearson, 27th Edition, 2022)
9271:
Edwards, George C. Martin P. Wattenberg, and Robert L. Lineberry.
9060:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
8402:
Hacker, Jacob S.; Pierson, Paul (2015), Persily, Nathaniel (ed.),
6458:"Political Parties - The Founding Fathers & Political Parties"
5251:
Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution
9460:
8478:
Benkler, Yochai; Faris, Robert; Roberts, Hal (October 18, 2018).
5137:
4598:
4223:
whether a small cultural elite has undermined traditional values;
4006:(1990s—present). Since the 1990s, the U.S. has experienced more "
3727:
3515:
3379:
2616:
2023:
Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of Congress: the
9571:
7062:
survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.
3498:. The colonies were unique within the European world for their
9631:
9557:
8786:"Echoing Trump, These Republicans Won't Promise to Accept 2022"
5367:
the Democratic and Republican party candidates for U.S. Senate.
4508:
4262:
Underrepresentation by gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation
4209:
complete failure to represent other groups (citizens living in
2988:
2984:
2894:
defines (to a basic extent) how federal elections are held, in
2552:
2429:, do not have any additional subdivisions. Some states contain
2414:
2383:
2231:
8760:"Meet the Republicans who might not accept defeat in November"
7831:
Democracy Index 2020 (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2020):
7124:"Seven Years of Trump Has the Right Wing Taking the Long View"
4892:, alongside a much smaller leftward shift among congressional
2456:, who is assisted by boards to supervise taxes and elections.
9429:. But the problems went deeper than they thought" (review of
8551:
Marangos, John; Astroulakis, Nikos; Dafnomili, Maria (2013).
7170:
7152:"The US is not a democracy but an oligarchy, study concludes"
2448:
In most U.S. counties, one town or city is designated as the
2212:
1792:
policies, while the Republican Party has generally supported
9576:
8550:
6158:
A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York
5836:"Recession means there's less money for political campaigns"
2970:
Political donations by major donors in the US 2020 elections
2946:
non-voting delegate to serve in the House of Representatives
2551:
those governments designated as cities, boroughs (except in
9626:
9358:
O'Connor, Karen, Larry J. Sabato, and Alixandra B. Yanus.
8520:. In Springer, Simon; Birch, Kean; MacLeavy, Julie (eds.).
8352:
Boxell, Levi; Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. (2022).
8276:"The Increase in Partisan Segregation in the United States"
7958:"Did Clinton win more votes than any white man in history?"
6786:"How conservatism conquered America — and corrupted itself"
6572:
Boxell, Levi; Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. (2022).
5410:
4734:
An April 2014 study by political scientists Martin Gilens (
4103:
disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites
3704:
In foreign affairs, the United States generally pursued a
2941:
2742:
2620:
2570:
There are three general types of municipal government: the
2529:
2390:
2312:
1535:
9360:
American Government: American Government: Roots and Reform
7037:
Stanley L. Engerman; Kenneth L. Sokoloff (February 2005).
6993:"Tracing The Path Of The Modern GOP, From Reagan To Trump"
6951:
4919:
3918:
designed to deal with the disruption and suffering of the
9220:"U.S. Term Limits, Inc. V. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995)"
8812:"These candidates lost badly, but now are claiming fraud"
8410:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 59–70,
7895:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7308:
7039:"The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World"
6823:
6730:"What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?"
4594:
4032:
of ordering the military to not protect Americans at the
3398:
or PAC. These are independent groups, organized around a
1540:
9311:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History
9309:
Kazin, Michael, Rebecca Edwards, and Adam Rothman, eds.
8838:"As Campaign Norms Erode, Even Debates Are Under Debate"
8705:"Democracy Report 2022 Autocratization Changing Nature?"
7885:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7867:
5778:. Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State Steve Simon
4411:
3922:— raising of the minimum wage, the establishment of the
2711:
boards, commissions, etc., as specified in the enabling
2567:
West and South usually have nonpartisan local politics.
2250:
popular primary elections, are signature reforms of the
9328:
Government by the People: Structure, Action, and Impact
9263:
Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process
9173:"H. Rept. 104-67 - TERM LIMITS FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS"
8915:
8862:
8860:
8858:
6864:
4631:
Disconnect between public opinion and government policy
4512:
candidates, media coverage, and public discrimination.
4142:
Ongoing concerns include lack of representation in the
9581:
9318:
What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party
6937:"Donald Trump joins the Paul Pelosi conspiracy caucus"
6838:
6698:
4627:— "show an erosion of American democracy since 2016".
4429:
4099:
extension of suffrage to non-property-owning white men
3421:
and politicians at the expense of society as a whole.
2883:
occurrences they may violate their pledge, becoming a
9591:
9586:
9089:"Local Politics 101: The Role of a District Attorney"
8725:
8351:
8203:
8014:
Q&A: A French economist's grim view of wealth gap
7864:
6651:
6571:
5198:
Second Constitutional Convention of the United States
5164:
are elected and so could Supreme Court justices. The
3557:. Central documents of American thought include: the
3459:
2994:
2975:
campaign finance laws allege they interfere with the
2016:
is headed by the president and is independent of the
8855:
8831:
8829:
8210:
Li, Michael; Kirschenbaum, Julia (August 12, 2021).
8039:
Gilens, Martin; Page, Benjamin I. (September 2014).
8027:
Review of "The Mendacity of Hope," by Roger D. Hodge
6721:
4101:), the drop from 1890 to 1910 (when Southern states
3914:(1933—1938). These programs of Democratic president
3274:); had considerable strength in particular regions (
2890:
Both federal and state laws regulate elections. The
2683:
2034:
The judicial branch (or judiciary), composed of the
1797:
single-member districts and win office by winning a
9273:
Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy
8477:
7093:
6777:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5341:and in those few but growing number of areas where
4770:decisions as ones that allow wealthy elites to use
4440:
Women in the United States House of Representatives
4137:
3529:
2801:in 1967, and has self governed ever since. Seeking
8946:
8944:
8803:
8734:"How 'Stop the Steal' Captured the American Right"
7540:"Women's Underrepresentation in the U.S. Congress"
6019:The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life
5581:
5112:
5006:
4524:
4404:has a Native population of about 9% with multiple
3708:policy of "avoiding foreign entanglements" before
3309:Factors reinforcing the two party system include:
9382:... the U.S. raised taxes, took steps to protect
9103:"Op-Ed: Supreme Court Justices Should be Elected"
8826:
7717:
7199:
6515:
6513:
6505:The Republicans: A History of the Grand Old Party
6198:"THE AMERICAN FOUNDERS AND THEIR RELEVANCE TODAY"
6195:
6051:
5914:
5899:"Election '98 Lewinsky factor never materialized"
5721:The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review
5240:promised legislation in the first 100 days for a
5033:acceptable background for high level officials. (
3214:, although there are other factions within each.
791:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
12935:
11669:Native American recognition in the United States
8836:Lerer, Lisa; Ulloa, Jazmine (October 19, 2022).
8354:"Cross-Country Trends in Affective Polarization"
8319:
7121:
7115:
6747:
6574:"Cross-Country Trends in Affective Polarization"
5945:
5869:"A Voter Rebuke For Bush, the War And the Right"
5867:Baker, Peter; VandeHei, Jim (November 8, 2006).
5298:Initiatives and referendums in the United States
4537:
4356:
3490:The American political culture is rooted in the
2952:contribute to the electoral vote for president.
2259:Initiatives and referendums in the United States
9304:Parties, Politics, and Public Policy in America
8970:
8941:
8610:Zengerle, Jason; Metz, Justin (June 29, 2022).
7845:Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (Fall 2020).
7844:
6991:Bauman, Anna; Clayson, Jane (August 28, 2020).
6559:"Political Polarization in the American Public"
6546:Party of the People: A History of the Democrats
6417:
6327:"Economist Intelligence Unit. (July 11, 2007).
5001:
4492:
4340:African Americans in the United States Congress
3542:, a symbol of American freedom and openness to
2725:Unincorporated territories of the United States
2459:
2042:. The judiciary's function is to interpret the
9492:American Government: Institutions and Policies
9280:The Encyclopedia of American Political History
8672:"How Democrats and Republicans see each other"
8408:Solutions to Political Polarization in America
8209:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8173:
8171:
8149:Dunn, Amina; Cerda, Andy (November 17, 2022).
7146:
7144:
6986:
6984:
6934:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6510:
4849:noted that one of the districts looked like a
4845:'s redistricting maps of 1812 set by Governor
4822:is the practice of shaping the boundaries of
3728:Development and evolution of political parties
1725:and lower federal courts, and which exercises
12066:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
10250:
9983:
9969:
9612:
9278:Finkelman, Paul, and Peter Wallenstein, eds.
8869:"'An Erosion of Democratic Norms in America'"
8751:
8401:
7838:
7775:
7171:Martin Gilens & Benjamin I. Page (2014).
7166:
7164:
7162:
7017:
6990:
6918:"The Terrifying Future of the American Right"
6625:Draca, Mirko; Schwarz, Carlo (May 11, 2021).
5866:
5755:"Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue - 1917"
5465:. United States Census Bureau. Archived from
5413:to cover free-market capitalism." Journalist
5176:was passed in 1913 for them to be elected. A
5152:tinkering with starting lineups, and calling
4124:prevented most African Americans from voting.
3778:Nevertheless, the beginnings of the American
3775:leading to domestic conflict and stagnation.
3738:History of the United States Democratic Party
3734:History of the United States Republican Party
3464:
2718:
2070:, have dominated American politics since the
1993:reserved to the national government, and the
1647:
9302:Hetherington, Marc J., and Bruce A. Larson.
8609:
7208:"When the Myth of Voter Fraud Comes for You"
7103:. Qinnipiac University poll. August 31, 2022
6624:
6411:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5092:Campaign finance reform in the United States
4981:The trend has been manifest in the violent
3990:, and strong anti-communist military policy.
3829:
3352:
138:Vice President & President of the Senate
8993:
8697:
8589:. Princeton University Press. p. 416.
8186:"4 Reasons Gerrymandering Is Getting Worse"
8168:
7537:
7418:
7242:
7141:
6981:
6803:
6392:"Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge"
6171:The Rise of the legal profession in America
5929:
5268:Ethnocultural politics in the United States
5263:Democratic backsliding in the United States
5187:
5184:could be a way for this reform to proceed.
4880:Political polarization in the United States
4611:Democratic backsliding in the United States
4387:Native Americans in United States elections
4217:(for Congress), and felons in some states);
4113:Some key events of suffrage expansion are:
4004:Political polarization in the United States
3439:Despite the constitution's First Amendment
3044:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2936:The District, and other U.S. holdings like
2931:restricted as a result of felony conviction
2129:, used in most elections, which encourages
1871:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1825:United States federal executive departments
10264:
10257:
10243:
9976:
9962:
9619:
9605:
9479:and regularized appointment schedules for
9117:"Should we restructure the Supreme Court?"
8835:
8078:Gilens, Martin; Page, Benjamin I. (2014).
8077:
8038:
7159:
6909:
5821:"Public funding of presidential elections"
5493:State and Local Government: The Essentials
5432:'s father might have been involved in the
5343:ranked choice is used in the United States
5072:
4047:Populism replaced gentility, and prudent
3431:Religion and politics in the United States
3191:since at least 1856. From time to time, a
1654:
1640:
11679:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
8976:
8886:
8454:
8436:
8313:
8250:
8148:
8095:
7930:
7899:
7833:https://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index
7555:
7206:Newkirk, Vann R. II (December 14, 2021).
7190:
6783:
6673:
6645:
6319:
6270:Political economy: A comparative approach
6113:
5450:
5313:Political ideologies in the United States
5214:Percentage of Congress over the age of 70
5104:Marijuana law reform in the United States
4604:
4363:Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics
3108:Learn how and when to remove this message
2445:that are each coterminous with a county.
1935:Learn how and when to remove this message
9547:) is being considered for deletion. See
9475:affirming a positive right to vote; and
8924:"The Corruption of the Republican Party"
8892:
8579:
8518:"Neoliberalism and the End of Democracy"
8484:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
8267:
8232:
7030:
6704:
6620:
6618:
5491:Ann O'M. Bowman and Richard C. Kearney,
5209:
5201:
4983:January 6, 2021 attack on the US Capitol
4938:Many commentators and scholars (such as
4929:
4873:
4593:people, tend to receive less focus than
4547:
4459:
4447:
4320:
4308:
4092:
4068:
3993:
3938:The Break up of New Deal coalition. The
3837:Some eras in American politics include:
3716:, for many decades the country embraced
3533:
3366:
3119:
2965:
2850:
2830:
2729:The United States possesses a number of
2593:
2519:
2271:
2176:
1946:
11730:List of counties and county equivalents
9306:(11th edition, 2009), 301 pp; textbook
8783:
8647:
8184:Short, John Rennie (October 29, 2018).
7931:Leonhardt, David (September 17, 2022).
7900:Leonhardt, David (September 17, 2022).
7663:
7205:
7122:Thomas B. Edsall (September 28, 2022).
6354:
5718:
5678:
5100:Health care reform in the United States
4920:Concerns about refusal to accept defeat
4230:More recently, concerns have included:
4186:underrepresentation of certain groups (
3712:. After the war, when America became a
3224:Political party strength in U.S. states
2663:
2435:municipalities are in multiple counties
1819:Federal government of the United States
786:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
776:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel
375:This article is part of a series on the
179:Speaker of the House of Representatives
14:
12936:
9289:(3 vol. 1984), long essays by scholars
9201:"Final Vote Results for Roll Call 277"
8921:
8809:
8731:
8512:
8361:The Review of Economics and Statistics
7304:
7302:
6915:
6753:
6727:
6581:The Review of Economics and Statistics
6237:
6231:
6214:. Library of Congress. April 12, 2008.
6109:
6107:
6047:
6045:
5966:
5834:Mishak, Michael (September 28, 2009).
5833:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5318:Politics of the Southern United States
5273:Foreign relations of the United States
5249:campaigns for 34 states to call for a
4499:Sexism in American political elections
3751:never formally addressed the issue of
3471:Political culture of the United States
3152:never formally addressed the issue of
3057:"United States" political parties
3006:Political parties in the United States
1833:Federal judiciary of the United States
1689:which forms the legislative branch, a
327:Federal judiciary of the United States
10238:
9957:
9600:
9471:legislation under the aegis of a new
9261:Brewer, Mark D. and L. Sandy Maisel.
9237:The Almanac of American Politics 2022
9159:"Term Limits Convention Progress Map"
8999:
8977:Totenberg, Nina (September 6, 2016).
8866:
8471:
8430:
8404:"Confronting Asymmetric Polarization"
8395:
8212:"Explainer. Gerrymandering Explained"
8183:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7765:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7659:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7364:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7228:
6957:
6870:
6615:
6561:. Pew Research Center. June 12, 2014.
6281:
6275:
6262:
6218:
5797:Wolf, Zachary B. (November 3, 2020).
5621:
5508:, 3rd ed. (St. Paul: West, 2009), 30.
5096:Electoral reform in the United States
5015:Observers see a danger in candidates
4424:Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
4412:Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
4304:
3482:Colonial history of the United States
3217:
2962:Campaign finance in the United States
2290:Local government in the United States
1812:
1809:of registered felons in some states.
1146:Elections in the District of Columbia
9572:Official Constitution Party Web Site
9394:writes, 'were borne by the American
9052:
8922:Packer, George (December 14, 2018).
8784:Epstein, Reid (September 18, 2022).
8758:Knox, Olivier (September 19, 2022).
8757:
8603:
7603:
6873:"When Donald Trump Met Edmund Burke"
6355:Francis, Ellen (February 10, 2021).
6302:
6200:. Intercollegiate Studies Institute.
5796:
5357:Conservative Party of New York State
5253:to create a Term Limits amendment.
5085:
4615:At least two "well-regarded" global
4582:Congressional LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus
4333:
3637:
3456:conservative Protestant Christians.
3288:Conservative Party of New York State
3042:adding citations to reliable sources
3009:
2999:
2336:
2038:and lower federal courts, exercises
1954:of the U.S. federal political system
1869:adding citations to reliable sources
1836:
1768:. American politics is dominated by
1516:United States and the United Nations
748:Inferior Courts of the United States
9592:Official Libertarian Party Web Site
9002:"How the Senate Stopped Pretending"
8950:
7988:Capital in the Twenty-First Century
7018:Jamelle Bouie (November 11, 2022).
6935:Chris Cillizza (November 1, 2022).
6916:Brooks, David (November 18, 2021).
6754:Krauss, Clifford (March 17, 1992).
6658:"Political sectarianism in America"
6104:
6042:
5707:
5610:
5405:In the words of Republican Senator
5127:Packing the Supreme Court proposals
4815:Gerrymandering in the United States
4430:Gender and political representation
4406:federally recognized tribal nations
4380:
3475:
3451:. In recent decades, conservative
3424:
3382:for the American lobbying industry.
3247:
3187:since 1852 and have controlled the
3183:. These two parties have won every
2995:Political parties, pressure groups
2955:
2499:Towns in the six New England states
2355:, while those in Alaska are called
2294:Urban politics in the United States
2267:
2172:
620:Vice President of the United States
24:
9582:Official Republican Party Web Site
9577:Official Democratic Party Web Site
9230:
9187:"Term limits in the United States"
8867:Foran, Clare (November 22, 2016).
8648:Doherty, Carroll (June 17, 2014).
8490:10.1093/oso/9780190923624.003.0010
7847:"The Crisis of American Democracy"
7825:
7812:
7762:
7700:
7648:
7588:
7512:
7463:
7401:
7353:
7279:
7225:
6296:10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036484
5994:"Number of Federal PACs Increases"
5799:"The Electoral College, explained"
5230:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
4395:Similar to other minority groups,
3559:Declaration of Independence (1776)
3460:History, development and evolution
2921:Voting rights in the United States
2639:
2441:is uniquely partitioned into five
1674:functions within a framework of a
684:Supreme Court of the United States
392:
25:
12955:
11075:Director of National Intelligence
9551:to help reach a consensus. ›
9501:
8951:Cox, Chelsey (October 20, 2020).
8732:Homans, Charles (July 19, 2022).
8612:"The Vanishing Moderate Democrat"
8481:Polarization in American Politics
8114:E. J. Dionne Jr., April 6, 2014,
7929:, with Daniel Ziblatt. Quoted in
7480:LGBTQ Politics: A Critical Reader
7044:. pp. 16, 35. Archived from
6871:Lizza, Ryan (November 11, 2015).
6705:Desilver, Drew (March 10, 2022).
5283:Gun politics in the United States
4808:
4556:illuminated in the colors of the
4444:Women in the United States Senate
4253:a belief (without evidence) that
3724:and foster economic cooperation.
3435:Christianity in the United States
2684:Special-purpose local governments
2389:Counties may contain a number of
2155:various units of local government
2127:first-past-the-post voting system
1786:other parties have run candidates
414:Constitution of the United States
11231:Government Accountability Office
10099:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
9508:
9282:(2001), short essays by scholars
9246:The Almanac of American Politics
9212:
9193:
9179:
9165:
9151:
9137:
9123:
9109:
9095:
9081:
9019:
9000:Green, Emma (October 15, 2020).
8810:Fowler, Stephen (July 2, 2022).
8777:
8664:
8641:
8573:
8544:
8506:
8443:Journal of Economic Perspectives
8437:Bonica, Adam; Sen, Maya (2021).
8345:
8226:
8142:
8125:
8108:
8071:
7482:. Vol. 3. NYU Press. 2017.
7379:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00883.x
6784:Beauchamp, Zack (July 6, 2022).
6507:(Oxford University Press, 2014).
6490:
5967:Lepore, Jill (October 6, 2008).
5434:assassination of John F. Kennedy
5194:Term limits in the United States
5178:second constitutional convention
5108:Tort reform in the United States
4985:to prevent the certification of
4206:, and those under 60 years old);
4138:Concerns, problems and criticism
3946:—driven by Democratic president
3530:Concepts of the Founding Fathers
3500:(relatively) widespread suffrage
3333:found in some other democracies.
3014:
2690:Special district (United States)
2581:
2107:between the legislature and the
2089:an upper legislative house (the
1841:
1693:legislative body comprising the
1620:
1608:
859:Elections by State and Territory
464:
459:
39:
9378:, consented to reform... Under
8032:
8019:
8006:
7976:
7950:
7919:
7067:
7011:
6928:
6894:
6728:Chinoy, Sahil (June 26, 2019).
6631:Social Science Research Network
6565:
6551:
6538:
6497:
6480:
6450:
6433:
6384:
6348:
6329:United States: Political Forces
6228:(159-176). New York: Zed Books.
6204:
6189:
6176:
6163:
6150:
6116:The Western Political Quarterly
6024:
6008:
5986:
5923:
5908:
5891:
5860:
5846:
5827:
5813:
5790:
5767:
5747:
5672:
5650:
5421:
5389:
5379:
5370:
5349:
5330:
5113:Electing Supreme Court justices
5007:Abandonment of campaign debates
4625:Democracy Index (The Economist)
4525:Social pressures and influences
4241:United States Electoral College
4169:In an August 31, 2022, poll by
4083:Australian secret-ballot method
3647:was largely discredited during
3601:, and perform military service.
3342:Australian Secret Ballot Method
2481:In many other states, the term
2234:and the lower house called the
1745:, and beneath them individual
1521:United Nations Security Council
1424:District of Columbia Government
52:Constitutional federal republic
12874:Separation of church and state
11090:National Reconnaissance Office
11033:President of the United States
9275:(16th Edition, 2013), textbook
8439:"Estimating Judicial Ideology"
7748:10.5250/amerindiquar.41.3.0250
7732:10.5250/amerindiquar.41.3.0250
7150:Sevcik, J.C. (April 16, 2014)
7075:"America's new exceptionalism"
6310:Economics of the welfare state
6160:(Columbia U.P., 1971) pp 281-2
5919:. University of Chicago Press.
5601:
5575:
5550:
5520:
5511:
5498:
5485:
5473:
5308:Post–World War II anti-fascism
5293:Politics of the United Kingdom
5024:
4789:Nobel Prize–winning economist
4107:extension of suffrage to women
4105:), and another surge in 1920 (
3799:") preferred a decentralized
3579:Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address"
3327:multi-seat electoral districts
3317:" system), which according to
2827:Elections in the United States
1743:counties or county-equivalents
1709:, who serves as the country's
1707:president of the United States
1681:. The three distinct branches
637:United States Attorney General
603:President of the United States
13:
1:
12944:Politics of the United States
9628:Politics of the United States
9587:Official Green Party Web Site
9554:Politics of the United States
9536:
9526:Politics of the United States
8523:The Handbook of Neoliberalism
7778:Legislative Studies Quarterly
6487:Washington's Farewell Address
6238:Thomas, E. (March 10, 2008).
5443:
4904:policies including financial
4538:LGBT political representation
4369:Hispanic and Latino Americans
4357:Hispanic and Latino Americans
4088:
3742:
3693:, partially due to increased
3359:Lobbying in the United States
3238:Republican National Committee
3234:Democratic National Committee
2630:
1884:"United States" politics
781:Alien Terrorist Removal Court
33:Politics of the United States
11236:Government Publishing Office
10704:Technological and industrial
10224:United States Virgin Islands
9419:The New York Review of Books
9070::10.1177/00027162211061124.
7606:Political Research Quarterly
7421:Political Research Quarterly
7311:Political Research Quarterly
6284:European Sociological Review
6212:"Creating the United States"
6066:10.1080/01436597.2010.502739
5930:Lee Drutman (May 31, 2018).
5624:Harvard International Review
5463:"2012 Census of Governments"
5002:Deterioration of other norms
4712:
4493:Social inequality and sexism
4296:constituents, such as among
3720:, seeking allies to contain
3669:modern American conservatism
3584:Among the core tenets were:
3254:Causes of a two-party system
2835:Voters cast ballots for the
2820:
2460:Town or township governments
2284:commemorating the occasion.)
771:Court of International Trade
254:Cabinet of the United States
7:
12708:Women's reproductive health
11674:Federally recognized tribes
11537:Public utilities commission
11441:Public Health Service Corps
11344:Code of Federal Regulations
11226:Congressional Budget Office
11080:Central Intelligence Agency
10986:Water supply and sanitation
10413:Declaration of Independence
9985:Politics of North America
9348:), short essays by scholars
9252:American National Biography
8233:Grumbach, Jacob M. (2018).
6397:Economist Intelligence Unit
5582:U.S. Census Bureau (2002).
5528:"Mayor and City Commission"
5355:In 1970 a candidate of the
5256:
4418:Asian Americans in politics
3691:Economist Intelligence Unit
3673:continuous political battle
3331:proportional representation
3284:Wisconsin Progressive Party
2914:
2300:United States Census Bureau
337:Courts of the United States
10:
12960:
11886:Red states and blue states
11791:City commission government
11786:Council–manager government
7538:Sanbonmatsu, Kira (2020).
6196:Robert P. Kraynak (2015).
5915:Daniel J. Hopkins (2018).
5504:Osborne M. Reynolds, Jr.,
5480:Statistical Abstract: 2010
5191:
5121:and holding elections for
5117:With an implementation of
5089:
5053:around to sign the bills".
4923:
4877:
4812:
4725:United Press International
4716:
4608:
4541:
4496:
4433:
4415:
4384:
4360:
4337:
4272:descriptive representation
4245:first-past-the-post voting
4040:Presidency of Donald Trump
3930:
3902:
3863:
3771:—opposed them as domestic
3749:United States Constitution
3731:
3665:modern American liberalism
3479:
3468:
3465:American political culture
3428:
3396:political action committee
3356:
3251:
3221:
3185:U.S. presidential election
3150:United States Constitution
3003:
2959:
2933:, depending on the state.
2918:
2892:United States Constitution
2824:
2731:unincorporated territories
2722:
2719:Unincorporated territories
2687:
2587:
2574:, the commission, and the
2523:
2463:
2427:Arlington County, Virginia
2419:consolidated city-counties
2340:
2287:
2256:
2076:other parties have existed
2044:United States Constitution
1822:
1816:
1732:Each of the 50 individual
189:First-past-the-post voting
12895:
12721:
12594:
12526:
12179:
12175:
12166:
12114:
11979:
11970:
11866:
11837:
11814:
11753:
11720:
11711:
11654:
11642:Comparison of governments
11617:
11580:
11557:
11473:
11453:
11384:
11322:
11244:
11167:
11025:
11016:
11012:
11003:
10725:
10716:
10661:
10621:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
10462:drafting and ratification
10435:Articles of Confederation
10348:
10282:
10273:
10199:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
10117:
9991:
9913:
9899:
9638:
9490:Wilson, James Q., et al.
9441:, Crown, 2023, 384 pp.),
9326:Magleby, David B. et al.
9294:Party Politics in America
8559:. Routledge. p. 58.
8252:10.1017/S153759271700425X
8139:, Accessed April 26, 2014
8137:Oligarchy, American Style
8097:10.1017/S1537592714001595
8057:10.1017/S1537592714001595
7720:American Indian Quarterly
7192:10.1017/S1537592714001595
5901:. CNN. November 4, 1998.
5133:. William Watkins Jr., a
4801:A November 2022 study by
4544:LGBT in the United States
4034:U.S. compound in Benghazi
3944:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3830:Democratic and Republican
3808:National Republican Party
3502:provided to white male
3353:Political pressure groups
3325:. This is in contrast to
2534:Town § United States
1705:, which is headed by the
1212:List of political parties
359:
349:
342:
332:
322:
315:
305:
295:
287:
277:
269:
259:
249:
242:
232:
222:
212:
201:
194:
184:
170:
160:
153:
143:
129:
119:
112:
102:
92:
82:
75:
57:
47:
38:
31:
12661:Prescription drug prices
11781:Mayor–council government
11771:Coterminous municipality
11761:Consolidated city-county
11527:Agriculture commissioner
11177:House of Representatives
11085:National Security Agency
10735:Contiguous United States
10219:Turks and Caicos Islands
9933:Northern Mariana Islands
9549:templates for discussion
9473:constitutional amendment
9463:reform to eliminate the
9340:2 vol (Garland, 1991). (
8239:Perspectives on Politics
8084:Perspectives on Politics
8045:Perspectives on Politics
7790:10.3162/036298007X202001
7666:Social Science Quarterly
7618:10.1177/1065912913498827
7433:10.1177/1065912918755972
7367:Social Science Quarterly
7323:10.1177/1065912918806048
7245:Social Science Quarterly
7178:Perspectives on Politics
6976:(pollster Lee Miringoff)
6418:V-Dem Institute (2023).
6272:. Westport, CT: Preager.
5323:
5242:constitutional amendment
5188:Term limits for congress
5168:used to be appointed by
4391:Native American Politics
4268:political representation
3940:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3755:, primarily because the
3675:, characterized by what
3156:, primarily because the
2811:Selective Service System
2747:Northern Mariana Islands
2608:mayor–council government
2590:Mayor–council government
2397:. Some cities—including
2236:House of Representatives
2029:House of Representatives
1695:House of Representatives
1615:United States portal
1127:Northern Mariana Islands
475:House of Representatives
165:House of Representatives
12746:Criticism of government
12091:Social welfare programs
11684:State-recognized tribes
10669:Outline of U.S. history
10381:Continental Association
9564:Official party websites
6675:10.1126/science.abe1715
6441:Federalist Papers No. 9
6314:Oxford University Press
5969:"Rock, Paper, Scissors"
5206:Average Age of Congress
5073:Antiquated institutions
4744:Northwestern University
4621:V-Dem Democracy indices
4276:congressional committee
3699:V-Dem Democracy indices
3611:Equality before the law
3589:Consent of the governed
3453:evangelical Protestants
3304:Peace and Freedom Party
3244:presidential election.
2542:Borough (United States)
2538:Village (United States)
2282:San Francisco City Hall
1799:plurality of votes cast
1344:Individualist anarchism
516:Congressional districts
63:; 235 years ago
12808:Environmental movement
12651:Health insurance costs
12546:Educational attainment
12071:Federal Reserve System
12029:Science and technology
11532:Insurance commissioner
11070:Intelligence Community
10765:minor outlying islands
10528:Civil rights movement
10149:British Virgin Islands
9416:, "Eldest Statesmen",
9336:Maisel, L. Sandy, ed.
9292:Hershey, Marjorie R.
8301:Cite journal requires
6240:"He knew he was right"
5854:"Connect with America"
5687:(3/4 (67/68)): 42–55.
5404:
5227:Supreme Court decision
5215:
5207:
5182:amend the Constitution
5123:Supreme Court justices
5079:Democratic backsliding
5022:
4990:beyond". According to
4935:
4860:
4799:
4783:Citizens United v. FEC
4761:
4685:votes or Senate seats.
4672:Explanations include:
4656:George W. Bush in 2000
4605:Democratic backsliding
4571:
4507:Social inequality and
4469:
4457:
4330:
4318:
4180:
4110:
3999:
3889:William Jennings Bryan
3797:Democratic-Republicans
3695:political polarization
3645:laissez-faire ideology
3571:Anti-Federalist Papers
3546:
3414:
3404:United States Congress
3383:
3140:
2971:
2859:
2848:
2759:minor outlying islands
2611:
2511:municipal corporations
2497:are non-governmental.
2393:, towns, villages, or
2343:County (United States)
2285:
2185:
2114:a political landscape
1955:
1829:United States Congress
1481:Diplomatic missions of
1359:Political polarization
829:Presidential elections
453:United States Congress
397:
364:Supreme Court Building
18:United States politics
12634:Immigrant health care
12149:Transportation safety
12144:Transportation policy
12134:Public transportation
11204:President pro tempore
11060:Executive departments
10829:National Park Service
10484:Territorial evolution
10089:Saint Kitts and Nevis
9380:Franklin D. Roosevelt
9296:(18th Edition, 2021)
9285:Greene, Jack P., ed.
9147:. September 15, 2021.
8652:. Pew Research Center
6709:. Pew Research Center
6054:Third World Quarterly
5469:on December 20, 2012.
5399:
5238:Contract with America
5213:
5205:
5146:National Public Radio
5142:Independent Institute
5017:
4933:
4924:Further information:
4874:Polarization increase
4855:
4795:
4756:
4717:Further information:
4551:
4514:Political fundraising
4474:voted at higher rates
4463:
4451:
4324:
4312:
4175:
4171:Quinnipiac University
4160:"first-past-the-post"
4096:
4069:Development of voting
4015:liars ... cheaters".
3997:
3916:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3881:Robert M. La Follette
3537:
3409:
3407:operating in the US.
3370:
3123:
2969:
2948:. All states and the
2880:Seventeenth Amendment
2868:parliamentary systems
2866:and in other similar
2854:
2841:Roosevelt High School
2834:
2825:Further information:
2597:
2520:Municipal governments
2472:minor civil divisions
2275:
2182:New York State Senate
2180:
2116:dominated by only two
1950:
556:President Pro Tempore
396:
12803:Environmental issues
12468:Political ideologies
12367:Indigenous languages
11567:List of legislatures
11364:separation of powers
11065:Independent agencies
10991:World Heritage Sites
10626:September 11 attacks
10549:Spanish–American War
10489:Mexican–American War
10445:Confederation period
10376:Continental Congress
9449:counter-majoritarian
9386:, and established a
9376:Bolshevik revolution
8373:10.1162/rest_a_01160
8323:(January 25, 2023).
8135:, November 3, 2011,
7557:10.1162/daed_a_01772
7488:10.2307/j.ctt1pwt8jh
6961:(November 2, 2021).
6593:10.1162/rest_a_01160
6173:(2 vol 1965), vol 1.
6156:Patricia U. Bonomi,
5538:on September 3, 2011
5506:Local Government Law
5398:explained the shift:
5166:United States Senate
5131:state supreme courts
4828:United States census
4736:Princeton University
4660:Donald Trump in 2016
4563:Obergefell v. Hodges
4148:District of Columbia
3885:Charles Evans Hughes
3649:the Great Depression
3631:marketplace of ideas
3599:political corruption
3555:classical liberalism
3449:political coalitions
3441:Establishment Clause
3038:improve this section
2950:District of Columbia
2670:unincorporated areas
2668:Some states contain
2664:Unincorporated areas
2619:), has the power to
2105:separation of powers
1865:improve this section
1485:in the United States
1225:Political ideologies
849:Presidential primary
264:Cabinet of Joe Biden
12646:Health care finance
12139:Rail transportation
11905:Imperial presidency
11627:State constitutions
11572:List of legislators
11522:Auditor/Comptroller
11495:Lieutenant governor
11221:Library of Congress
11112:Diplomatic Security
10755:Indian reservations
10418:American Revolution
10104:Trinidad and Tobago
9999:Antigua and Barbuda
9943:U.S. Virgin Islands
9455:; abolition of the
9427:How Democracies Die
9205:Office of the Clerk
8764:The Washington Post
8678:. August 17, 2022.
8456:10.1257/jep.35.1.97
8155:Pew Research Center
8116:The Washington Post
7964:. December 12, 2016
7927:How Democracies Die
6468:on January 12, 2019
6420:"The V-Dem Dataset"
6362:The Washington Post
5874:The Washington Post
5223:members of Congress
4962:in North Carolina,
4914:Pew Research Center
4824:electoral districts
4803:Pew Research Center
4698:the phenomenon of "
4518:racial inequalities
4436:Gender and politics
4298:members of Congress
3984:fiscal conservatism
3980:Social conservatism
3905:Fourth Party System
3697:. According to the
3653:Keynesian consensus
3617:Freedom of religion
3563:Constitution (1787)
3496:American Revolution
3492:colonial experience
3315:first-past-the-post
2856:Women's suffragists
2755:U.S. Virgin Islands
2380:Unorganized Borough
2083:developed countries
1737:branch headed by a
1627:Politics portal
1462:Department of State
1137:U.S. Virgin Islands
12756:affirmative action
12729:Capital punishment
12688:Poverty and health
12683:Physician shortage
12656:Health care prices
12586:Standard of living
12269:standard of living
12076:Financial position
11703:Hawaiian home land
11691:Indian reservation
11664:Tribal sovereignty
11507:Secretary of state
11376:United States Code
11292:Territorial courts
11264:Associate Justices
11149:Inspector generals
10636:War in Afghanistan
10499:Reconstruction era
10366:Stamp Act Congress
10039:Dominican Republic
9351:Maisel, L. Sandy.
8902:The New York Times
8842:The New York Times
8790:The New York Times
8738:The New York Times
8616:The New York Times
8332:The New York Times
8133:The New York Times
7937:The New York Times
7906:The New York Times
7678:10.1111/ssqu.12038
7257:10.1111/ssqu.12023
7128:The New York Times
7024:The New York Times
6852:. October 31, 2020
6760:The New York Times
6734:The New York Times
6521:"Democratic party"
6268:Clark, B. (1998).
6033:Econ Journal Watch
5760:The New York Times
5216:
5208:
5170:state legislatures
5158:district attorneys
4974:in Massachusetts.
4936:
4864:Vieth v. Jubelirer
4752:Jeffrey A. Winters
4572:
4470:
4458:
4331:
4319:
4305:Race and ethnicity
4111:
4000:
3933:Fifth Party System
3877:Theodore Roosevelt
3866:Third Party System
3842:Reconstruction era
3785:Alexander Hamilton
3773:political factions
3761:Alexander Hamilton
3706:noninterventionist
3575:the Bill of Rights
3547:
3384:
3280:Farmer-Labor Party
3264:"Bull Moose" party
3260:Theodore Roosevelt
3218:Party organization
3141:
3126:2017 Women's March
2972:
2860:
2849:
2612:
2546:Plantation (Maine)
2431:independent cities
2374:, and in parts of
2286:
2186:
2072:American Civil War
1995:federal government
1979:head of government
1956:
1813:Federal government
1774:American Civil War
1772:, which since the
1721:, composed of the
1469:Secretary of State
839:Off-year elections
821:National Elections
528:Non-voting members
406:Federal government
398:
77:Legislative branch
61:March 4, 1789
12931:
12930:
12891:
12890:
12887:
12886:
12857:National security
12566:Income inequality
12446:Statue of Liberty
12249:income inequality
12162:
12161:
12154:Trucking industry
11966:
11965:
11962:
11961:
11893:Foreign relations
11881:Electoral College
11862:
11861:
11650:
11649:
11602:District attorney
11449:
11448:
11276:Courts of appeals
10999:
10998:
10712:
10711:
10653:COVID-19 pandemic
10606:Feminist Movement
10452:American frontier
10371:Thirteen Colonies
10232:
10231:
10121:other territories
9951:
9950:
9465:Senate filibuster
9457:Electoral College
9400:Great Compression
9256:Knowledge Library
9207:. March 29, 1995.
8499:978-0-19-092362-4
8417:978-1-107-45191-9
8120:Supreme oligarchy
7851:American Educator
7497:978-1-4798-9387-4
7051:on March 10, 2016
6668:(6516): 533–536.
6308:Barr, N. (2004).
6184:A Factious People
6017:in his 1998 book
5288:Politics of India
5180:of the states to
5086:Suggested reforms
5062:Amy Coney Barrett
4978:remotely close".
4777:McCutcheon v. FEC
4683:Electoral College
4652:Benjamin Harrison
4644:John Quincy Adams
4617:democracy indices
4568:same-sex marriage
4566:ruling legalized
4532:Year of the Woman
4503:Gender inequality
4347:voter suppression
4334:African Americans
4281:African Americans
4156:Electoral College
4058:alternative facts
3956:Southern strategy
3948:Lyndon B. Johnson
3769:George Washington
3753:political parties
3671:are engaged in a
3657:Reagan revolution
3638:Post–World War II
3627:Freedom of speech
3540:Statue of Liberty
3486:Thirteen Colonies
3300:Natural Law Party
3296:Libertarian Party
3154:political parties
3118:
3117:
3110:
3092:
3000:Political parties
2885:faithless elector
2876:Electoral College
2713:state legislation
2561:New England towns
2501:and townships in
2454:sole commissioner
2337:County government
2197:U.S. Constitution
2189:State governments
2167:special districts
2147:U.S. Constitution
2060:political parties
1945:
1944:
1937:
1919:
1766:Electoral College
1759:special districts
1734:state governments
1664:
1663:
1503:Visa requirements
1455:Foreign relations
1354:Political culture
1294:Constitutionalism
1172:Political parties
1157:List of Elections
844:Primary elections
834:Midterm elections
756:Courts of appeals
384:
369:
368:
237:Electoral College
171:Presiding officer
130:Presiding officer
16:(Redirected from
12951:
12911:
12904:
12791:African American
12673:Health insurance
12561:Household income
12431:National symbols
12362:American English
12335:Federal holidays
12244:household income
12177:
12176:
12173:
12172:
11977:
11976:
11915:Anti-Americanism
11839:Special district
11766:Independent city
11735:County executive
11718:
11717:
11512:Attorney general
11471:
11470:
11460:Federal District
11043:Executive Office
11023:
11022:
11014:
11013:
11010:
11009:
10770:populated places
10750:federal enclaves
10745:federal district
10723:
10722:
10586:American Century
10569:Great Depression
10564:Roaring Twenties
10524:Women's suffrage
10403:Halifax Resolves
10396:Founding Fathers
10391:military history
10356:Pre-colonial era
10280:
10279:
10259:
10252:
10245:
10236:
10235:
10189:Saint Barthélemy
10119:Dependencies and
9992:Sovereign states
9978:
9971:
9964:
9955:
9954:
9907:Washington, D.C.
9901:Federal district
9621:
9614:
9607:
9598:
9597:
9512:
9511:
9494:(16th ed. 2018)
9444:The New Republic
9316:Kazin, Michael.
9224:
9223:
9216:
9210:
9208:
9197:
9191:
9190:
9183:
9177:
9176:
9169:
9163:
9162:
9161:. June 16, 2018.
9155:
9149:
9148:
9141:
9135:
9134:
9127:
9121:
9120:
9119:. March 2, 2020.
9113:
9107:
9106:
9099:
9093:
9092:
9085:
9079:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9023:
9017:
9016:
9014:
9012:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8974:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8963:
8948:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8908:
8896:(May 30, 2020).
8894:Haberman, Maggie
8890:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8879:
8864:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8848:
8833:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8807:
8801:
8800:
8798:
8796:
8781:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8755:
8749:
8748:
8746:
8744:
8729:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8718:
8709:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8668:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8632:
8630:
8607:
8601:
8600:
8581:Scheidel, Walter
8577:
8571:
8570:
8548:
8542:
8541:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8458:
8434:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8399:
8393:
8392:
8358:
8349:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8329:
8321:Thomas B. Edsall
8317:
8311:
8310:
8304:
8299:
8297:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8280:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8254:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8214:. Brennan Center
8207:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8181:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8146:
8140:
8129:
8123:
8112:
8106:
8105:
8099:
8075:
8069:
8068:
8036:
8030:
8023:
8017:
8010:
8004:
7980:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7969:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7897:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7842:
7836:
7829:
7823:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7773:
7760:
7759:
7715:
7698:
7697:
7661:
7646:
7645:
7601:
7586:
7585:
7559:
7535:
7510:
7509:
7476:
7461:
7460:
7416:
7399:
7398:
7373:(5): 1245–1260.
7362:
7351:
7350:
7306:
7277:
7276:
7251:(5): 1207–1221.
7240:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7168:
7157:
7148:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7058:
7056:
7050:
7043:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7015:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6988:
6979:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6913:
6907:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6885:
6883:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6826:. August 9, 2022
6812:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6768:
6766:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6677:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6622:
6613:
6612:
6578:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6555:
6549:
6544:Jules Witcover,
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6517:
6508:
6503:Lewis L. Gould,
6501:
6495:
6494:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6464:. Archived from
6454:
6448:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6323:
6317:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6279:
6273:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6250:on April 5, 2008
6246:. Archived from
6235:
6229:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6193:
6187:
6180:
6174:
6167:
6161:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6111:
6102:
6101:
6060:(6): 1023–1039.
6049:
6040:
6028:
6022:
6015:Michael Schudson
6012:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5964:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5881:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5716:
5705:
5704:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5658:"American Samoa"
5654:
5648:
5647:
5619:
5608:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5588:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5534:. Archived from
5524:
5518:
5515:
5509:
5502:
5496:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5459:
5437:
5425:
5419:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5368:
5361:James L. Buckley
5353:
5347:
5334:
5278:Gödel's Loophole
5247:U.S. Term Limits
5044:
4970:in Michigan and
4944:Republican Party
4764:E. J. Dionne Jr.
4648:Rutherford Hayes
4478:electoral system
4397:Native Americans
4381:Native Americans
4200:Native Americans
4144:U.S. territories
4008:partisan sorting
3988:small government
3952:Richard M. Nixon
3920:Great Depression
3844:(1865—1877) and
3810:and then by the
3793:Thomas Jefferson
3780:two-party system
3757:Founding Fathers
3718:internationalism
3681:flawed democracy
3476:Colonial origins
3425:Religious groups
3376:Washington, D.C.
3323:two-party system
3248:Two-party system
3200:Great Depression
3181:Republican Party
3177:Democratic Party
3162:two-party system
3158:Founding Fathers
3132:, protested the
3130:Washington, D.C.
3113:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3050:
3018:
3010:
2956:Campaign finance
2845:Des Moines, Iowa
2674:Paradise, Nevada
2604:Boston City Hall
2598:The seat of the
2495:survey townships
2268:Local government
2199:. These include
2173:State government
2151:state government
2133:and discourages
2131:strategic voting
2068:Republican Party
2064:Democratic Party
2014:executive branch
1967:federal republic
1940:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1877:
1845:
1837:
1782:Republican Party
1778:Democratic Party
1755:school districts
1703:executive branch
1679:federal republic
1656:
1649:
1642:
1625:
1624:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1432:District Council
1415:Local government
1299:Environmentalism
663:Executive Office
658:Federal agencies
468:
463:
383:Politics of the
382:
371:
370:
196:Executive branch
71:
69:
64:
43:
29:
28:
21:
12959:
12958:
12954:
12953:
12952:
12950:
12949:
12948:
12934:
12933:
12932:
12927:
12914:
12907:
12900:
12883:
12869:Opioid epidemic
12786:Native American
12766:intersex rights
12717:
12713:Life expectancy
12703:Medical deserts
12693:Race and health
12590:
12576:Personal income
12522:
12426:National anthem
12259:personal income
12224:Economic issues
12158:
12110:
11958:
11858:
11847:School district
11833:
11816:Minor divisions
11810:
11749:
11707:
11646:
11632:Statutory codes
11613:
11576:
11553:
11463:
11458:
11445:
11380:
11337:civil liberties
11318:
11309:Other tribunals
11288:District courts
11240:
11199:current members
11182:current members
11163:
11097:Law enforcement
10995:
10708:
10657:
10648:Great Recession
10519:Progressive Era
10509:Native genocide
10440:Perpetual Union
10428:Treaty of Paris
10386:United Colonies
10344:
10269:
10263:
10233:
10228:
10122:
10120:
10113:
9987:
9982:
9952:
9947:
9909:
9895:
9634:
9625:
9552:
9533:
9532:
9531:
9513:
9509:
9504:
9467:; sweeping new
9431:Steven Levitsky
9414:O'Toole, Fintan
9404:political power
9362:(11th ed. 2011)
9265:(9th ed. 2020)
9233:
9231:Further reading
9228:
9227:
9218:
9217:
9213:
9199:
9198:
9194:
9185:
9184:
9180:
9171:
9170:
9166:
9157:
9156:
9152:
9143:
9142:
9138:
9129:
9128:
9124:
9115:
9114:
9110:
9101:
9100:
9096:
9087:
9086:
9082:
9057:
9053:
9043:
9041:
9025:
9024:
9020:
9010:
9008:
8998:
8994:
8984:
8982:
8975:
8971:
8961:
8959:
8949:
8942:
8932:
8930:
8920:
8916:
8906:
8904:
8891:
8887:
8877:
8875:
8865:
8856:
8846:
8844:
8834:
8827:
8817:
8815:
8808:
8804:
8794:
8792:
8782:
8778:
8768:
8766:
8756:
8752:
8742:
8740:
8730:
8726:
8716:
8714:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8698:
8688:
8686:
8670:
8669:
8665:
8655:
8653:
8646:
8642:
8628:
8626:
8608:
8604:
8597:
8578:
8574:
8567:
8549:
8545:
8538:
8530:. p. 144.
8511:
8507:
8500:
8476:
8472:
8435:
8431:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8400:
8396:
8356:
8350:
8346:
8336:
8334:
8327:
8318:
8314:
8302:
8300:
8291:
8290:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8272:
8268:
8231:
8227:
8217:
8215:
8208:
8204:
8194:
8192:
8182:
8169:
8159:
8157:
8147:
8143:
8130:
8126:
8113:
8109:
8076:
8072:
8037:
8033:
8024:
8020:
8011:
8007:
7983:Piketty, Thomas
7981:
7977:
7967:
7965:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7941:
7939:
7924:
7920:
7910:
7908:
7898:
7865:
7855:
7853:
7843:
7839:
7830:
7826:
7817:
7813:
7774:
7763:
7716:
7701:
7662:
7649:
7602:
7589:
7536:
7513:
7498:
7478:
7477:
7464:
7417:
7402:
7363:
7354:
7307:
7280:
7241:
7226:
7216:
7214:
7204:
7200:
7169:
7160:
7149:
7142:
7132:
7130:
7120:
7116:
7106:
7104:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7084:
7082:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7041:
7035:
7031:
7016:
7012:
7002:
7000:
6989:
6982:
6968:
6966:
6956:
6952:
6942:
6940:
6933:
6929:
6914:
6910:
6899:
6895:
6881:
6879:
6869:
6865:
6855:
6853:
6844:
6843:
6839:
6829:
6827:
6814:
6813:
6804:
6794:
6792:
6782:
6778:
6764:
6762:
6752:
6748:
6738:
6736:
6726:
6722:
6712:
6710:
6703:
6699:
6650:
6646:
6623:
6616:
6576:
6570:
6566:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6543:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6519:
6518:
6511:
6502:
6498:
6485:
6481:
6471:
6469:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6447:, respectively
6438:
6434:
6424:
6422:
6416:
6412:
6402:
6400:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6375:
6373:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6337:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6307:
6303:
6280:
6276:
6267:
6263:
6253:
6251:
6236:
6232:
6223:
6219:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6194:
6190:
6181:
6177:
6169:Anton-Hermann,
6168:
6164:
6155:
6151:
6112:
6105:
6050:
6043:
6036:6(2): 195-202.
6029:
6025:
6013:
6009:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5975:
5965:
5946:
5936:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5913:
5909:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5879:
5877:
5865:
5861:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5832:
5828:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5802:
5795:
5791:
5781:
5779:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5717:
5708:
5677:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5660:. June 11, 2015
5656:
5655:
5651:
5620:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5539:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5503:
5499:
5490:
5486:
5478:
5474:
5461:
5460:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5440:
5426:
5422:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5354:
5350:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5259:
5200:
5192:Main articles:
5190:
5162:county sheriffs
5115:
5110:
5088:
5075:
5066:Mitch McConnell
5058:Merrick Garland
5042:
5027:
5009:
5004:
4948:Washington Post
4940:David Leonhardt
4928:
4922:
4882:
4876:
4817:
4811:
4721:
4715:
4637:David Leonhardt
4633:
4613:
4607:
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4307:
4290:LGBTQ community
4264:
4196:Latin Americans
4140:
4091:
4071:
4030:Hillary Clinton
3976:Christian right
3935:
3924:Social Security
3907:
3873:Progressive Era
3868:
3832:
3824:Abraham Lincoln
3822:presidency was
3745:
3740:
3730:
3686:Democracy Index
3640:
3532:
3504:property owners
3488:
3480:Main articles:
3478:
3473:
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3462:
3437:
3427:
3388:interest groups
3378:, has become a
3365:
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3276:Socialist Party
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3114:
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2977:First Amendment
2964:
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2696:
2694:School district
2688:Main articles:
2686:
2666:
2657:council-manager
2642:
2640:Council-manager
2633:
2606:. Boston has a
2600:mayor of Boston
2592:
2586:
2576:council-manager
2548:
2524:Main articles:
2522:
2491:civil townships
2468:
2462:
2345:
2339:
2296:
2288:Main articles:
2270:
2265:
2263:Recall election
2252:Progressive Era
2175:
2145:created by the
1969:, in which the
1941:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1878:
1876:
1862:
1846:
1835:
1821:
1815:
1719:judicial branch
1660:
1631:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1550:
1532:
1512:
1493:Nationality law
1489:
1477:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1419:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1350:
1285:
1227:
1217:
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1208:
1188:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1151:
1141:
863:
855:
825:
816:
806:
805:
800:Other tribunals
795:
761:District courts
743:
678:
668:
667:
649:
645:Merrick Garland
597:
587:
586:
581:Mitch McConnell
578:Minority Leader
567:Majority Leader
532:
508:Hakeem Jeffries
505:Minority Leader
494:Majority Leader
470:
447:
437:
436:
408:
385:
317:Judicial branch
260:Current cabinet
148:Direct Election
67:
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12813:Climate change
12810:
12800:
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12783:
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12751:Discrimination
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12541:American Dream
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12508:Transportation
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12441:Mount Rushmore
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12061:Federal budget
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12021:
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11999:Communications
11996:
11991:
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11920:exceptionalism
11917:
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11902:
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11900:
11898:foreign policy
11890:
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11597:
11595:Chief justices
11590:Supreme courts
11586:
11584:
11578:
11577:
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11574:
11569:
11563:
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11468:
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11444:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11432:
11431:
11429:National Guard
11426:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11390:
11388:
11382:
11381:
11379:
11378:
11373:
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11356:
11346:
11341:
11340:
11339:
11332:Bill of Rights
11328:
11326:
11320:
11319:
11317:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11305:
11304:
11302:list of judges
11299:
11297:list of courts
11285:
11284:
11283:
11281:list of judges
11273:
11272:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11250:
11248:
11242:
11241:
11239:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11216:Capitol Police
11213:
11212:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11191:
11190:
11189:
11184:
11173:
11171:
11165:
11164:
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11146:
11145:
11144:
11139:
11137:Secret Service
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11094:
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11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11050:Vice President
11047:
11046:
11045:
11040:
11029:
11027:
11020:
11007:
11001:
11000:
10997:
10996:
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10863:
10858:
10853:
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10838:
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10836:
10834:National Parks
10826:
10825:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10794:
10789:
10787:Extreme points
10784:
10779:
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10762:
10757:
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10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10474:Federalist Era
10471:
10470:
10469:
10467:Bill of Rights
10464:
10454:
10449:
10448:
10447:
10442:
10432:
10431:
10430:
10425:
10415:
10410:
10408:Lee Resolution
10405:
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10399:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
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10350:
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10261:
10254:
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10230:
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10216:
10211:
10209:Sint Eustatius
10206:
10201:
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10176:
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10156:
10154:Cayman Islands
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9925:
9923:American Samoa
9919:
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9911:
9910:
9905:
9903:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9841:South Carolina
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9806:North Carolina
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
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9579:
9574:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9561:
9560:
9514:
9507:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9502:External links
9500:
9499:
9498:
9488:
9435:Daniel Ziblatt
9423:
9411:
9371:The New Yorker
9363:
9356:
9355:(2007), 144 pp
9349:
9334:
9324:
9314:
9307:
9300:
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9283:
9276:
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8914:
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8854:
8825:
8802:
8776:
8750:
8724:
8696:
8663:
8640:
8602:
8596:978-0691165028
8595:
8572:
8566:978-1138904910
8565:
8543:
8537:978-1138844001
8536:
8505:
8498:
8470:
8429:
8416:
8394:
8367:(2): 557–565.
8344:
8312:
8303:|journal=
8266:
8245:(2): 416–435.
8225:
8202:
8167:
8141:
8131:Paul Krugman,
8124:
8107:
8090:(3): 564–581.
8070:
8051:(3): 564–581.
8031:
8018:
8005:
7975:
7949:
7918:
7863:
7837:
7824:
7811:
7784:(1): 107–133.
7761:
7726:(3): 250–286.
7699:
7672:(2): 311–327.
7647:
7612:(2): 266–279.
7587:
7511:
7496:
7462:
7427:(3): 668–680.
7400:
7352:
7317:(4): 785–804.
7278:
7224:
7198:
7185:(3): 564–581.
7158:
7140:
7114:
7092:
7081:. July 7, 2022
7066:
7029:
7010:
6980:
6950:
6927:
6908:
6905:April 27, 2022
6903:New York Times
6893:
6877:The New Yorker
6863:
6837:
6802:
6776:
6746:
6720:
6697:
6644:
6614:
6587:(2): 557–565.
6564:
6550:
6537:
6509:
6496:
6479:
6449:
6432:
6410:
6383:
6347:
6318:
6301:
6290:(3): 181–205.
6274:
6261:
6230:
6217:
6203:
6188:
6175:
6162:
6149:
6128:10.2307/447941
6122:(3): 411–417.
6103:
6041:
6038:Econjwatch.org
6023:
6007:
5985:
5973:The New Yorker
5944:
5922:
5907:
5890:
5859:
5845:
5826:
5812:
5789:
5766:
5746:
5727:(1): 115–138.
5706:
5681:Iberoamericana
5671:
5649:
5609:
5600:
5574:
5549:
5519:
5510:
5497:
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5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5258:
5255:
5189:
5186:
5174:17th Amendment
5135:constitutional
5114:
5111:
5087:
5084:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5026:
5023:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4964:Kelly Tshibaka
4958:in Ohio, Rep.
4921:
4918:
4900:advocated for
4878:Main article:
4875:
4872:
4847:Elbridge Gerry
4839:
4838:
4835:
4820:Gerrymandering
4813:Main article:
4810:
4809:Gerrymandering
4807:
4772:economic power
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4696:
4693:gerrymandering
4686:
4678:
4632:
4629:
4609:Main article:
4606:
4603:
4539:
4536:
4526:
4523:
4494:
4491:
4466:117th Congress
4454:117th Congress
4431:
4428:
4413:
4410:
4382:
4379:
4358:
4355:
4335:
4332:
4327:117th Congress
4315:117th Congress
4306:
4303:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4248:
4237:gerrymandering
4228:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4207:
4164:gerrymandering
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4118:
4090:
4087:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4037:
3992:
3991:
3931:Main article:
3929:
3928:
3903:Main article:
3901:
3900:
3893:Woodrow Wilson
3864:Main article:
3862:
3861:
3831:
3828:
3816:Andrew Jackson
3744:
3741:
3729:
3726:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3624:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3592:
3573:(1787–1790s),
3531:
3528:
3477:
3474:
3469:Main article:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3426:
3423:
3363:Advocacy group
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3338:
3334:
3319:Duverger's law
3292:Populist Party
3249:
3246:
3219:
3216:
3146:
3145:
3116:
3115:
3022:
3020:
3013:
3004:Main article:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2981:United Kingdom
2960:Main article:
2957:
2954:
2919:Main article:
2916:
2913:
2864:United Kingdom
2837:2020 elections
2822:
2819:
2787:Navassa Island
2775:Johnston Atoll
2767:Howland Island
2739:American Samoa
2723:Main article:
2720:
2717:
2685:
2682:
2680:are situated.
2665:
2662:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2588:Main article:
2585:
2580:
2521:
2518:
2466:Civil township
2464:Main article:
2461:
2458:
2341:Main article:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2310:
2269:
2266:
2174:
2171:
2163:municipalities
2143:federal entity
2139:
2138:
2135:vote splitting
2112:
2101:
2094:
2056:
2055:
2040:judicial power
2032:
2021:
1964:constitutional
1943:
1942:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1817:Main article:
1814:
1811:
1776:have been the
1747:municipalities
1727:judicial power
1676:constitutional
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1584:European Union
1581:
1579:United Kingdom
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1473:Antony Blinken
1465:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:Superior Court
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1309:Libertarianism
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1262:Traditionalist
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1117:American Samoa
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1062:South Carolina
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1027:North Carolina
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
862:
861:
854:
853:
852:
851:
841:
836:
831:
824:
823:
817:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
758:
752:
751:
742:
741:
736:
731:
726:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
698:
697:
688:
687:
679:
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
660:
655:
648:
647:
641:
640:
632:
631:
624:
623:
615:
614:
607:
606:
598:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
574:
573:
563:
562:
552:
551:
541:
540:
531:
530:
524:
523:
512:
511:
501:
500:
490:
489:
479:
478:
457:
456:
448:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
429:
424:
418:
417:
409:
404:
403:
400:
399:
389:
388:
378:
377:
367:
366:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
346:
340:
339:
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
319:
313:
312:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
292:
289:
285:
284:
282:Vice President
279:
275:
274:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
199:
198:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
73:
72:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
36:
35:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12956:
12945:
12942:
12941:
12939:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12915:
12910:
12906:
12903:
12899:
12898:
12894:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12863:
12860:
12859:
12858:
12855:
12851:
12848:
12847:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12805:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12798:Energy policy
12796:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12753:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12740:
12739:incarceration
12737:
12736:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12726:
12724:
12720:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12648:
12647:
12644:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12624:Prenatal care
12622:
12620:
12619:Birth control
12617:
12615:
12612:
12611:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12601:
12599:
12597:
12593:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12556:Homeownership
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12533:
12531:
12529:
12525:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12452:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12442:
12439:
12437:
12434:
12433:
12432:
12429:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12414:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12386:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12359:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12336:
12333:
12332:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12319:
12316:
12315:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12288:
12287:
12284:
12280:
12279:working class
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12239:homeownership
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12226:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12186:
12184:
12182:
12178:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12165:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12121:
12119:
12117:
12113:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12019:Manufacturing
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11986:
11985:
11982:
11981:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11969:
11955:
11952:
11948:
11947:Third parties
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11934:
11933:
11930:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11912:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11899:
11896:
11895:
11894:
11891:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11878:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11868:
11865:
11853:
11850:
11849:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11842:
11840:
11836:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11821:
11819:
11817:
11813:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11758:
11756:
11752:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11723:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11710:
11704:
11701:
11697:
11694:
11693:
11692:
11689:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11671:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11661:
11659:
11657:
11653:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11624:
11622:
11620:
11616:
11608:
11605:
11604:
11603:
11600:
11596:
11593:
11592:
11591:
11588:
11587:
11585:
11583:
11579:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11564:
11562:
11560:
11556:
11548:
11545:
11544:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11501:
11498:
11497:
11496:
11493:
11489:
11486:
11485:
11484:
11481:
11480:
11478:
11476:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11461:
11456:
11452:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11396:
11395:
11392:
11391:
11389:
11387:
11383:
11377:
11374:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11338:
11335:
11334:
11333:
11330:
11329:
11327:
11325:
11321:
11315:
11314:U.S. attorney
11312:
11310:
11307:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11294:
11293:
11289:
11286:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11277:
11274:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11259:Chief Justice
11257:
11256:
11255:
11254:Supreme Court
11252:
11251:
11249:
11247:
11243:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11196:
11195:
11192:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11179:
11178:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11170:
11166:
11160:
11159:Public policy
11157:
11155:
11154:Civil service
11152:
11150:
11147:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11095:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11072:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11035:
11034:
11031:
11030:
11028:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11015:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11002:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10936:
10935:
10931:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10843:
10842:
10839:
10835:
10832:
10831:
10830:
10827:
10823:
10822:Sierra Nevada
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10799:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10760:insular zones
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10732:
10731:
10728:
10727:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10715:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10666:
10664:
10660:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10633:
10632:
10631:War on Terror
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10611:LGBT Movement
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10459:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10437:
10436:
10433:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10420:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10363:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10347:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10272:
10267:
10266:United States
10260:
10255:
10253:
10248:
10246:
10241:
10240:
10237:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10124:
10116:
10110:
10109:United States
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9996:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9979:
9974:
9972:
9967:
9965:
9960:
9959:
9956:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9904:
9902:
9898:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9881:West Virginia
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9786:New Hampshire
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9746:Massachusetts
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9622:
9617:
9615:
9610:
9608:
9603:
9602:
9599:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9569:
9566:
9563:
9562:
9559:
9555:
9550:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9534:
9529:
9528:
9527:
9521:
9517:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9486:
9482:
9481:Supreme Court
9478:
9474:
9470:
9469:voting rights
9466:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9445:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9415:
9412:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9390:. The costs,
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9372:
9367:
9364:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9350:
9347:
9346:0-8240-7975-2
9343:
9339:
9335:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9312:
9308:
9305:
9301:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9288:
9284:
9281:
9277:
9274:
9270:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9247:
9242:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9221:
9215:
9206:
9202:
9196:
9188:
9182:
9174:
9168:
9160:
9154:
9146:
9140:
9132:
9126:
9118:
9112:
9104:
9098:
9090:
9084:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9055:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9031:The Economist
9028:
9022:
9007:
9003:
8996:
8980:
8973:
8958:
8954:
8947:
8945:
8929:
8925:
8918:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8889:
8874:
8870:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8843:
8839:
8832:
8830:
8818:September 22,
8813:
8806:
8795:September 22,
8791:
8787:
8780:
8769:September 22,
8765:
8761:
8754:
8743:September 20,
8739:
8735:
8728:
8717:September 20,
8713:
8706:
8700:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8676:The Economist
8673:
8667:
8651:
8644:
8637:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8606:
8598:
8592:
8588:
8587:
8582:
8576:
8568:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8547:
8539:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8524:
8519:
8515:
8514:Hickel, Jason
8509:
8501:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8482:
8474:
8466:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8449:(1): 97–118.
8448:
8444:
8440:
8433:
8419:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8398:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8355:
8348:
8333:
8326:
8322:
8316:
8308:
8295:
8277:
8270:
8262:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8229:
8218:September 27,
8213:
8206:
8195:September 27,
8191:
8190:UMBC Magazine
8187:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8156:
8152:
8145:
8138:
8134:
8128:
8121:
8117:
8111:
8104:
8098:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8074:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8022:
8015:
8009:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7993:Belknap Press
7991:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7963:
7959:
7953:
7942:September 20,
7938:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7911:September 20,
7907:
7903:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7852:
7848:
7841:
7834:
7828:
7821:
7815:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
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7667:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7600:
7598:
7596:
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7592:
7583:
7579:
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7563:
7558:
7553:
7549:
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7534:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7524:
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7518:
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7507:
7503:
7499:
7493:
7489:
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7481:
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7473:
7471:
7469:
7467:
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7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
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7415:
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7411:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7213:
7209:
7202:
7193:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7156:
7153:
7147:
7145:
7133:September 30,
7129:
7125:
7118:
7107:September 20,
7102:
7096:
7080:
7079:The Economist
7076:
7070:
7063:
7055:September 29,
7047:
7040:
7033:
7025:
7021:
7014:
7003:September 28,
6998:
6994:
6987:
6985:
6977:
6964:
6960:
6954:
6938:
6931:
6923:
6919:
6912:
6906:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6878:
6874:
6867:
6851:
6850:The Economist
6847:
6841:
6825:
6821:
6819:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6791:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6761:
6757:
6750:
6735:
6731:
6724:
6708:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6648:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6621:
6619:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6575:
6568:
6560:
6554:
6547:
6541:
6530:September 28,
6526:
6522:
6516:
6514:
6506:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6421:
6414:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6351:
6336:
6335:The Economist
6332:
6330:
6322:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6265:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6221:
6213:
6207:
6199:
6192:
6186:, pp. 281-286
6185:
6179:
6172:
6166:
6159:
6153:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6110:
6108:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6048:
6046:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6027:
6020:
6016:
6011:
5995:
5989:
5978:September 26,
5974:
5970:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5937:September 27,
5933:
5926:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5887:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5863:
5855:
5849:
5841:
5840:Las Vegas Sun
5837:
5830:
5822:
5816:
5800:
5793:
5782:September 28,
5777:
5770:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5715:
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5711:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5659:
5653:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5607:Reynolds, 31.
5604:
5585:
5578:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5542:September 26,
5537:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5517:Reynolds, 24.
5514:
5507:
5501:
5494:
5488:
5481:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5392:
5382:
5373:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5234:Newt Gingrich
5231:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5083:
5080:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5036:
5035:Jeff Sessions
5032:
5031:
5030:
5021:
5016:
5013:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4952:Blake Masters
4949:
4945:
4941:
4932:
4927:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4898:New Democrats
4895:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4843:Massachusetts
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4768:Supreme Court
4765:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4740:Benjamin Page
4737:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4640:
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4628:
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4622:
4618:
4612:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4535:
4533:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4488:
4483:
4482:gender quotas
4479:
4475:
4467:
4462:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4328:
4323:
4316:
4311:
4302:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4122:Jim Crow laws
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4012:Newt Gingrich
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3964:Ronald Reagan
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3898:
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3890:
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3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3859:
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3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3765:James Madison
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3677:The Economist
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3661:welfare state
3658:
3655:. After the "
3654:
3650:
3646:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3551:Republicanism
3545:
3541:
3536:
3527:
3525:
3524:Republicanism
3521:
3517:
3513:
3512:Presbyterians
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3472:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3347:
3346:ballot access
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3170:party primary
3165:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3136:of President
3135:
3134:2016 election
3131:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3109:
3101:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059: –
3058:
3054:
3053:Find sources:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3023:This section
3021:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2815:Insular Cases
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:Palmyra Atoll
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:Jarvis Island
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:; as well as
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2583:Mayor-council
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:mayor-council
2568:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:New York City
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:San Francisco
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:Massachusetts
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:Supreme Court
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:, including:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:Supreme Court
2033:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:governments.
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:head of state
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1960:United States
1953:
1949:
1939:
1936:
1928:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886: –
1885:
1881:
1880:Find sources:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1850:This section
1848:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1794:right-leaning
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:Supreme Court
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:head of state
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:U.S. Congress
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:United States
1657:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Latin America
1587:
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1572:
1570:
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1360:
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1355:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:Republicanism
1327:
1325:
1324:Protectionism
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:Progressivism
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
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1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1192:Third parties
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:West Virginia
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
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1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:New Hampshire
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
967:Massachusetts
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
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923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
860:
857:
856:
850:
847:
846:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
822:
819:
818:
815:
810:
809:
802:
801:
797:
796:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
766:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
745:
744:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
696:
693:
692:Chief Justice
690:
689:
686:
685:
681:
680:
677:
672:
671:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
634:
633:
629:
628:Kamala Harris
626:
625:
622:
621:
617:
616:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
600:
599:
596:
591:
590:
582:
579:
576:
575:
571:
570:Chuck Schumer
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
554:
553:
549:
548:Kamala Harris
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
534:
533:
529:
526:
525:
521:
517:
514:
513:
509:
506:
503:
502:
498:
497:Steve Scalise
495:
492:
491:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
469:
467:
462:
455:
454:
450:
449:
446:
441:
440:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
411:
410:
407:
402:
401:
395:
391:
390:
387:
386:United States
380:
379:
376:
373:
372:
365:
362:
358:
355:
352:
348:
345:
344:Supreme Court
341:
338:
335:
331:
328:
325:
321:
318:
314:
311:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
280:
278:Deputy leader
276:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
228:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
208:
204:
203:Head of state
200:
197:
193:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
134:Kamala Harris
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:Meeting place
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
42:
37:
30:
27:
19:
12840:Human rights
12820:Gun politics
12771:Islamophobia
12761:antisemitism
12629:Hospice care
12571:Middle class
12551:Homelessness
12528:Social class
12488:Social class
12352:Human rights
12342:Homelessness
12254:middle class
12219:Demographics
12194:Architecture
12101:Unemployment
12081:Labor unions
11829:Town meeting
11806:City council
11801:City manager
11542:State police
11404:Marine Corps
11394:Armed Forces
11369:civil rights
11349:Constitution
11004:
10921:Southwestern
10916:Southeastern
10906:Northwestern
10901:Northeastern
10866:Mid-Atlantic
10856:Great Plains
10574:World War II
10457:Constitution
10361:Colonial era
10340:2008–present
10214:Sint Maarten
10194:Saint Martin
10108:
9938:Puerto Rico
9846:South Dakota
9836:Rhode Island
9831:Pennsylvania
9811:North Dakota
9627:
9542:
9524:
9523:
9522:profile for
9519:
9491:
9484:
9442:
9438:
9426:
9417:
9408:gerontocracy
9396:ruling class
9388:minimum wage
9369:
9359:
9352:
9337:
9327:
9317:
9313:(2 vol 2009)
9310:
9303:
9293:
9286:
9279:
9272:
9262:
9251:
9244:
9236:
9214:
9204:
9195:
9181:
9167:
9153:
9139:
9125:
9111:
9097:
9083:
9066:(1): 50–65.
9063:
9059:
9054:
9042:. Retrieved
9030:
9021:
9009:. Retrieved
9006:The Atlantic
9005:
8995:
8983:. Retrieved
8972:
8960:. Retrieved
8956:
8931:. Retrieved
8928:The Atlantic
8927:
8917:
8905:. Retrieved
8901:
8888:
8876:. Retrieved
8873:The Atlantic
8872:
8845:. Retrieved
8841:
8816:. Retrieved
8805:
8793:. Retrieved
8789:
8779:
8767:. Retrieved
8763:
8753:
8741:. Retrieved
8737:
8727:
8715:. Retrieved
8711:
8699:
8687:. Retrieved
8675:
8666:
8654:. Retrieved
8643:
8634:
8627:. Retrieved
8615:
8605:
8585:
8575:
8556:
8546:
8522:
8508:
8480:
8473:
8446:
8442:
8432:
8421:, retrieved
8407:
8397:
8364:
8360:
8347:
8335:. Retrieved
8331:
8315:
8294:cite journal
8282:. Retrieved
8269:
8242:
8238:
8228:
8216:. Retrieved
8205:
8193:. Retrieved
8189:
8160:November 28,
8158:. Retrieved
8154:
8144:
8132:
8127:
8115:
8110:
8101:
8087:
8083:
8073:
8048:
8044:
8034:
8021:
8008:
7986:
7978:
7968:September 9,
7966:. Retrieved
7952:
7940:. Retrieved
7936:
7926:
7921:
7909:. Retrieved
7905:
7854:. Retrieved
7850:
7840:
7827:
7814:
7781:
7777:
7723:
7719:
7669:
7665:
7609:
7605:
7550:(1): 40–55.
7547:
7543:
7506:j.ctt1pwt8jh
7479:
7424:
7420:
7370:
7366:
7314:
7310:
7248:
7244:
7215:. Retrieved
7212:The Atlantic
7211:
7201:
7182:
7176:
7154:
7131:. Retrieved
7127:
7117:
7105:. Retrieved
7095:
7083:. Retrieved
7078:
7069:
7060:
7053:. Retrieved
7046:the original
7032:
7023:
7013:
7001:. Retrieved
6996:
6974:
6967:. Retrieved
6959:Benen, Steve
6953:
6941:. Retrieved
6930:
6921:
6911:
6902:
6896:
6887:
6880:. Retrieved
6876:
6866:
6854:. Retrieved
6849:
6840:
6828:. Retrieved
6817:
6793:. Retrieved
6789:
6779:
6770:
6763:. Retrieved
6759:
6749:
6737:. Retrieved
6733:
6723:
6713:November 10,
6711:. Retrieved
6700:
6665:
6661:
6654:Klar, Samara
6647:
6584:
6580:
6567:
6553:
6545:
6540:
6528:. Retrieved
6524:
6504:
6499:
6482:
6472:February 25,
6470:. Retrieved
6466:the original
6461:
6452:
6435:
6423:. Retrieved
6413:
6403:February 16,
6401:. Retrieved
6395:
6386:
6376:February 16,
6374:. Retrieved
6360:
6350:
6338:. Retrieved
6334:
6328:
6321:
6312:. New York:
6309:
6304:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6269:
6264:
6252:. Retrieved
6248:the original
6243:
6233:
6225:
6220:
6206:
6191:
6183:
6178:
6170:
6165:
6157:
6152:
6119:
6115:
6057:
6053:
6031:
6026:
6018:
6010:
5998:. Retrieved
5988:
5976:. Retrieved
5972:
5935:. Retrieved
5925:
5916:
5910:
5902:
5893:
5885:
5878:. Retrieved
5872:
5862:
5848:
5839:
5829:
5815:
5803:. Retrieved
5792:
5780:. Retrieved
5769:
5758:
5749:
5724:
5720:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5662:. Retrieved
5652:
5630:(1): 11–12.
5627:
5623:
5603:
5591:. Retrieved
5577:
5565:. Retrieved
5561:
5552:
5540:. Retrieved
5536:the original
5531:
5522:
5513:
5505:
5500:
5495:(2008) p. 78
5492:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5467:the original
5423:
5415:David Brooks
5400:
5396:Ross Douthat
5391:
5386:democracies.
5381:
5372:
5351:
5332:
5303:Anti-fascism
5217:
5154:hit and runs
5116:
5076:
5028:
5018:
5014:
5010:
4996:
4992:Yascha Mounk
4980:
4976:
4954:in Arizona,
4937:
4906:deregulation
4887:
4883:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4840:
4818:
4800:
4796:
4791:Paul Krugman
4788:
4781:
4775:
4762:
4757:
4733:
4722:
4700:wasted votes
4671:
4668:
4664:
4641:
4634:
4614:
4573:
4561:
4558:rainbow flag
4528:
4506:
4487:Independents
4471:
4421:
4402:South Dakota
4394:
4366:
4343:
4317:(2021-2023)
4294:
4265:
4229:
4192:Black people
4181:
4176:
4168:
4141:
4112:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4062:Donald Trump
4049:Edmund Burke
3968:trickle down
3960:1980 victory
3887:; Democrats
3836:
3833:
3820:
3805:
3777:
3746:
3710:World War II
3703:
3684:
3676:
3641:
3583:
3577:(1791), and
3548:
3520:Scotch Irish
3489:
3438:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3400:single issue
3393:
3385:
3308:
3272:Reform Party
3257:
3242:
3231:
3227:
3212:center-right
3197:
3189:U.S.Congress
3174:
3166:
3147:
3138:Donald Trump
3104:
3095:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3052:
3036:Please help
3024:
2973:
2935:
2924:
2902:and various
2889:
2861:
2807:
2799:constitution
2783:Midway Atoll
2779:Kingman Reef
2763:Baker Island
2728:
2709:
2697:
2667:
2654:
2646:city manager
2643:
2634:
2613:
2569:
2565:
2557:incorporated
2549:
2526:Municipality
2515:
2507:Pennsylvania
2488:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2447:
2423:jurisdiction
2399:Philadelphia
2388:
2378:; while the
2372:Rhode Island
2361:
2346:
2331:
2297:
2278:Election Day
2248:
2244:
2226:, which has
2217:
2209:contract law
2187:
2140:
2119:main parties
2080:
2057:
2048:federal laws
2007:
1957:
1931:
1922:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1879:
1863:Please help
1851:
1790:left-leaning
1763:
1731:
1683:share powers
1665:
1422:
1398:Legislatures
1378:
1289:Abolitionism
1232:Conservatism
1154:
1144:
1067:South Dakota
1057:Rhode Island
1052:Pennsylvania
1032:North Dakota
858:
820:
798:
746:
695:John Roberts
682:
635:
618:
601:
559:Patty Murray
535:
486:Mike Johnson
473:
458:
451:
412:
381:
374:
354:John Roberts
296:Headquarters
175:Mike Johnson
26:
12845:Immigration
12776:LGBT rights
12678:Food safety
12513:Video games
12106:Wall Street
12086:Public debt
11989:Agriculture
11925:nationalism
11637:Uniform act
11559:Legislative
11466:Territorial
11424:Coast Guard
11419:Space Force
11169:Legislative
10964:Red (South)
10954:Mississippi
10876:New England
10812:Appalachian
10782:Earthquakes
10679:Discoveries
10674:Demographic
10616:Vietnam War
10559:World War I
10554:Imperialism
10504:Indian Wars
10479:War of 1812
10184:Puerto Rico
10094:Saint Lucia
10044:El Salvador
9915:Territories
9761:Mississippi
9676:Connecticut
9537:‹ The
9477:term limits
9366:Osnos, Evan
9074:0002-7162.
9044:February 6,
9011:October 19,
8985:October 19,
8962:October 19,
8933:October 19,
8907:October 19,
8878:October 19,
8847:October 19,
8423:February 4,
8337:January 26,
8284:January 26,
7856:October 19,
7085:October 17,
7022:. Opinion.
6969:November 9,
6943:November 2,
6882:November 9,
6856:November 9,
6795:November 5,
6765:November 9,
6739:November 5,
6425:October 14,
5776:"My Ballot"
5407:Marco Rubio
5219:Term limits
5172:before the
5119:term limits
5025:Other norms
4972:Geoff Diehl
4968:Tudor Dixon
4966:in Alaska,
4890:Republicans
4587:transgender
4577:LGBT rights
4554:White House
4468:(2021-2023)
4456:(2021-2023)
4329:(2021-2023)
4255:voter fraud
4211:territories
4204:LGBT people
4022:Max Cleland
3858:cheap-money
3850:Solid South
3544:immigration
3518:, Germans,
3321:favors the
3208:center-left
3193:third party
2938:Puerto Rico
2900:Article Two
2896:Article One
2795:Wake Island
2751:Puerto Rico
2735:organic act
2450:county seat
2368:Connecticut
2364:New England
2325:governments
2319:governments
2309:governments
2211:, and most
2074:, although
2052:regulations
2018:legislature
1999:sovereignty
1784:, although
1770:two parties
1594:Arab League
1508:Visa policy
1384:Territorial
1197:Libertarian
1132:Puerto Rico
982:Mississippi
897:Connecticut
445:Legislature
350:Chief judge
300:White House
155:Lower house
114:Upper house
48:Polity type
12879:Xenophobia
12668:Disability
12609:Healthcare
12518:Visual art
12463:Philosophy
12409:television
12399:newspapers
12389:journalism
12379:Literature
12291:attainment
11942:Republican
11937:Democratic
11910:Ideologies
11871:Corruption
11436:NOAA Corps
11359:preemption
11354:federalism
10969:Rio Grande
10871:Midwestern
10851:West Coast
10846:East Coast
10689:Inventions
10601:Space Race
10596:Korean War
10579:home front
10514:Gilded Age
10179:Montserrat
10174:Martinique
10169:Guadeloupe
10024:Costa Rica
9876:Washington
9796:New Mexico
9791:New Jersey
9666:California
9078:247499952.
8689:August 18,
8656:August 14,
8001:067443000X
7217:October 2,
6830:October 3,
6525:Britannica
5558:"Paradise"
5532:Talgov.com
5444:References
5090:See also:
4910:free trade
4902:neoliberal
4851:salamander
4748:plutocracy
4704:landslides
4570:nationally
4560:after the
4542:See also:
4497:See also:
4434:See also:
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