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1128:, and then spend a month attacking and capturing the British colonies in the West Indies. He was then to sail his entire force back to Europe, join Ganteaume at Brest and cover the invasion flotilla. The orders also noted that Nelson had sailed to Egypt in search of him. In fact Nelson was by now only two days away from Barbados, where he would anchor on 4 June. Villeneuve gathered his forces and pressed northwards towards Antigua, but on 7 June he came across a lightly defended convoy of British merchants, and captured several of them the following day. From them he discovered that Nelson had arrived at Barbados. A shocked Villeneuve decided to break off operations and head north and east again, back to Europe. The fleet got underway on 11 June, causing one of the army officers attached to the fleet, General
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of mistaken sightings, deliberate misinformation, and sheer coincidence kept Nelson heading south until 8 June, when more concrete information reached him that
Villeneuve was north of his position, and heading towards Antigua. He finally reached Antigua on 12 June, and learnt that Villeneuve had passed by the day before, headed for Europe. Nelson left in pursuit on 13 June, anticipating that his quarry would make either for Cádiz, or would attempt to re-enter the Mediterranean. Villeneuve was in fact heading for Ferrol, and by hoping to catch them at sea before they could make port, Nelson set his course too far to the south and missed them. He eventually arrived at Gibraltar on 19 July, after which he sailed his fleet to join the Channel Fleet under Cornwallis, before taking the
1224:, trailing in the rear. Fearing the British were attempting to cut off his rear, Villeneuve brought his fleet about and the Spanish van opened fire on the leading British ships at about 5.30 pm. The action quickly became general, but in the failing light, mist and gunsmoke both fleets soon became scattered. By the time the action broke off at 9.30 pm, two Spanish ships had been isolated and captured. Both fleets were still scattered the following day. They continued to observe each other, but neither made an attempt to resume the action, and despite more favourable winds on 24 July, Calder declined to give battle. By 25 July the fleets had drifted out of sight of each other, at which point Villeneuve sailed south to
1076:, and as Nelson hoped, set course to sail between the Balearic Islands and Sardinia. The frigates lost sight of the French fleet on 1 April, the same day that Villeneuve came across a Spanish merchant, and learnt that Nelson had been sighted off Sardinia. Realising that he was sailing into an ambush, Villeneuve turned west, passing to the west of the Balearics. With no visual contact with the French, Nelson was left in the dark as to their intentions. Villeneuve pressed on to Cartagena, but did not dare wait for the Spanish ships there after they declined to join him until orders from Madrid arrived. Instead he hurried on, passing through the Strait of Gibraltar on 8 April, observed by the British squadron under
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not easily be recalled, had become clear to him. Should a combined
Russian and Austrian force open a second front to the east, Napoleon would be hard pressed to deal with it. He decided to temporarily put his plans for invasion on hold, and developed a new strategy whereby his largely idle fleet could cause trouble for Britain. Villeneuve and Missiessy were ordered to embark troops and take their fleets to sea, where they would sail to the West Indies and attack the British possessions there. This would force the British to reallocate resources to defend them. Missiessy duly sailed from Rochefort on 11 January with five ships of the line, evaded Vice-Admiral
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1446:; from then on the largest engagements were fought between no more than a dozen ships. After 1805 the morale of the French navy was destroyed, while its continued blockade in port robbed it of efficiency and will. While Napoleon returned to the possibility of an invasion some years later, it was never with the same focus or determination. The failure of his navy to fulfil its objectives left him disillusioned, while the timidity of its commanders and the determination of the British to resist them, both factors clearly expressed at various stages throughout the Trafalgar campaign, left the navy with a lack of purpose and direction.
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British. But as he made his way out the weather changed suddenly, blowing away the fog and making it difficult to return to the anchorage. Temporarily trapped outside the port
Ganteaume reluctantly prepared for battle as Cotton's force approached. Cotton did not however risk an engagement with night closing, many shoals and with the enemy fleet under the guns of French shore batteries, and chose to merely observe and blockade Ganteaume. The following day the wind changed, allowing Ganteaume to return to port, where he spent the rest of the campaign.
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1041:. Meanwhile, Villeneuve was to have embarked 3000 troops and sailed from Toulon. He would break out into the Atlantic, and having collected another seven ships of the line from Cádiz, he would sail to the rendezvous in the West Indies. The three fleets—Ganteaume's 33 ships of the line; Missiessy's five ships of the line, if they were still in the area; and Villeneuve's 11 ships of the line—would unite and sail back across the Atlantic. Sweeping away any resistance, they would then cover the invasion flotilla.
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951:. Nelson immediately rushed his fleet to sea, determining that considering the weather and the fact the French had embarked troops, that Villeneuve was heading east, perhaps to attack locations on the Italian coast, or the islands of Malta or Sardinia, or maybe even Greece or Egypt. He rushed south, hoping to intercept them south of Sardinia, but when they had not appeared by 25 January, he worried that he had missed them, and pressed further east, calling at Greece and then
1421:. Strachan led his ships in pursuit, coming in range and opening the attack on 4 November, despite one of his ships of the line not being with the squadron. Using his frigates to harass and wear down the enemy while avoiding their broadsides, Strachan used his larger ships to attack the enemy's rear and centre. He was eventually able to surround the French ships, and after four hours of close fighting all of the French ships were forced to surrender.
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1359:, and succeeded in cutting the line and causing the pell-mell battle he desired to break out. After several hours of fighting 17 French and Spanish ships had been captured and another destroyed, without the loss of a single British ship. Nelson was among the 449 British dead, having been mortally wounded by a French sharpshooter during the battle. Nine of the prizes were later scuttled or sunk in a storm that blew up the following day. A
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707:, who as a soldier rather than a sailor failed to consider the effects of weather, difficulties in communication, and the Royal Navy. Despite limited successes in achieving some elements of the plan the French commanders were unable to follow the main objective through to execution. The campaign, which took place over thousands of miles of ocean, was marked by several naval engagements, most significantly at the
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1442:. The continued failure of Napoleon to marshal his navies as he did his armies meant that the invasion of England never occurred. Already postponed several times, Villeneuve's defeat at Finisterre and his final failure to link up with the Rochefort and Brest fleets caused Napoleon to abandon his plans in favour of a march eastward. Trafalgar, with its 74 ships, became the last clash of its scale of the
1066:, he might avoid the patrolling British. In reality Nelson was preparing a trap, and having allowed himself to be observed off the Spanish coast, had withdrawn to a position south of Sardinia, hoping that in attempting to avoid the supposed location of the British fleet, Villeneuve would sail straight into them. Villeneuve put to sea on 30 March, observed by the British frigates
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1327:, Nelson decided to split his fleet into squadrons rather than forming it into a similar line parallel to the enemy. These squadrons would then cut the enemy's line in a number of places, allowing a pell-mell battle to develop in which the British ships could overwhelm and destroy parts of their opponents' formation, before the unengaged enemy ships could come to their aid.
1106:, Martinique on 14 May, and was joined over the next two days by the Spanish under Gravina. Having resupplied, he settled in to await the arrival of Ganteaume, who unbeknownst to him was still sitting blockaded in Brest. Initially reluctant to undertake any large scale assaults on the British possessions in the Caribbean without orders, he was finally persuaded by
1299:, and from 27 September by Vice-Admiral Nelson, who had arrived from England to take command. He spent the following weeks preparing and refining his tactics for the anticipated battle and dining with his captains to ensure they understood his intentions. Nelson had devised a plan of attack that anticipated the allied fleet would form up in a traditional
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1355:, before making port at Toulon. Villeneuve decided to sail the fleet out before his successor arrived. On 20 October the fleet was sighted making its way out of harbour by patrolling British frigates, and Nelson was informed that they appeared to be headed to the west. Nelson led his column of ships into battle aboard HMS
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had remained trapped in Toulon, and
Missiessey began to voyage back to France on 28 March. March 1805 brought a significant development for Napoleon, an assurance from the Austrians that they did not plan to make war on France. Napoleon resolved to return to his scheme for the invasion of Britain, and drew up a new plan.
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Finisterre and
Villeneuve's retreat became the decisive action of the campaign as far as the invasion of England went, for abandoning all hope of fulfilling his plans to secure control of the Channel Napoleon gathered the Armée d'Angleterre, now renamed the Grande Armée, and headed east to attack the Austrians in the
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cope with it. The error of the frigates leaving the fleet unobserved when they had rushed to report to Nelson meant that he had spent nearly six weeks sailing back and forth across the
Mediterranean through heavy seas while the French remained in port. A frustrated Nelson returned to resume the blockade.
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By early
November the combined fleet had been practically destroyed. Two ships of the line had been lost at Finisterre, twenty-one at Trafalgar and in the ensuing storm, and four at Cape Ortegal. No British ships had been lost in these engagements. Many of those that had survived in French or Spanish
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Nelson had arrived at
Barbados on 4 June, where he received fragmentary reports that the French had been seen a week earlier, sailing southwards. Nelson set off in pursuit, but the information was wrong, Villeneuve and his fleet were north of Barbados and heading farther north with each day. A series
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on 7 February. Finding no news of the French he turned westward, calling at Malta on 19 February, where he received news that the French were back in Toulon. Villeneuve had in fact turned to port just two days after setting out, forced back by the weather and the inability of his ships and sailors to
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in time to meet
Villeneuve and Missiessy's forces returning from the West Indies. With a combined force of nearly 40 ships of the line, the French would sweep up the Channel to Boulogne and effect the third and final part of the plan, the invasion of England. This plan, dependent on the weather, the
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was short of ships. If a combined Franco-Spanish fleet were to force the Navy from its station for even a short while, the French invasion force might succeed in crossing unmolested. The French aimed to achieve at least temporary control of the
Channel, while the British aimed to prevent this at all
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Nelson meanwhile had been alerted of the French departure, but having failed to make contact with them off Sardinia, was reduced to combing the area with his frigates for any news of them. After having finally determined that the entire force must have left the Mediterranean he himself beat through
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The strategic situation in Europe had altered considerably by January 1805. The Spanish had allied with France, but Napoleon was concerned about Austria and Russia, who appeared to be in negotiations with Britain. The danger of committing most of his forces across the Channel, from where they could
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after them. Latouche Tréville would then have a clear run into the Channel and up to Boulogne, where he would escort the invasion fleet safely across. The plan was complicated and depended on the unlikely events of favourable weather, the avoidance of Cochrane's and Nelson's fleets and the decoying
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Napoleon proposed a total of four different strategies between July 1804 and March 1805, each with the object of collecting a large force of ships and moving up the Channel. Common elements included the decoying of some or all of the blockading Royal Navy fleets away from the Channel, the combining
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under Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson. Each commander had a number of frigates, sloops and brigs at their disposal. Further afield, Missiessy, pursued by Cochrane, sailed around the West Indies, but without making contact with each other. Napoleon recalled Missiessy once it became clear the Villeneuve
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to escort the French invasion forces across the Channel, sighted the three British ships. Villeneuve mistook the British ships for scouts from the Channel Fleet and fled south to Cadiz to avoid an action. A furious Napoleon raged 'What a Navy! What an admiral! All those sacrifices for nought!'
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Calder then moved south to intercept, while Villeneuve assembled his force into the line of battle and began moving north. The two fleets moved slowly past each other, before Calder came about by tacking in succession and began to close on the enemy's rear. The action eventually began when the
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Ganteaume had got his fleet ready for sea by 24 March, but Brest was being closely blockaded by Vice-Admiral Cotton's 17 ships of the line. Ganteaume had orders to avoid battle, and waited until conditions seemed favourable on 26 March, when a fog came down that would help him to slip past the
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caused these plans to be shelved in 1802. The resumption of hostilities in 1803 led to their revival, and forces were gathered outside Boulogne in large military camps in preparation for the assembling of the invasion flotilla. The Royal Navy was the main obstacle to a successful invasion, but
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The fleet at Brest under Ganteaume was to embark 3,000 troops and sail to Ferrol, where he would chase away Calder's blockading squadron and unite with the French and Spanish forces in the port under Gourdon and Grandallana. Having amassed a force of 33 ships of the line, six frigates and two
1011:, three or four ships of the line at Rochefort, and four French ships of the line under Rear-Admiral Gourdon and eight Spanish ships of the line under Admiral Grandallana at Ferrol. Six Spanish ships of the line and one French one were in port at Cádiz, under the watchful eyes of Rear-Admiral
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While this was taking place Ganteaume and his 21 ships of the line carrying 18,000 troops were to have sailed from Brest on 23 November, passed through the English Channel and into the North Sea, and then sailed around the coast of Scotland. They would arrive at
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non-interference of the British and subject to the vagaries of communication over thousands of miles of ocean verged on the impossible. The plan was never attempted, as the British intercepted the orders sent to Ganteaume, and the project was called off.
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the straits, where he received confirmation on 8 May from one of Orde's ships that the French had sailed through the straits a month earlier, and had not headed north. Convinced that Villeneuve was headed for the West Indies Nelson set off in pursuit.
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at the Admiralty, who instructed a reinforced fleet under Vice-Admiral Robert Calder to attempt to intercept the combined fleet as it arrived off Cape Finisterre. Calder duly received an extra five ships of the line under Rear-Admiral
1373:, but in doing so he lost three more of his ships, wrecked in the gale, while a fourth was captured by the British, but later wrecked. The British fleet and the surviving French prizes put into Gibraltar over the next few days.
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Napoleon declared that his fleet need only be masters of the Channel for six hours and the crossing could be effected. Though the intended departure points were known and were being closely blockaded by the Royal Navy,
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shadowed them, and determined that they were not heading for the Straits as Nelson had predicted, but were instead likely to arrive in the Bay of Biscay. The despatches and news of the latest sighting were rushed to
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Calder was court-martialled for his failure to 'do his utmost' to renew the engagement. He missed Trafalgar to attend, was found guilty and severely reprimanded. He never received another active command.
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away of Cornwallis. The plan was never put into operation. Latouche Tréville remained at Toulon rather than risk an encounter with Nelson, and died suddenly on 19 August, putting an end to the scheme.
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of the French fleets to lift the blockade of any ships that remained trapped in port, and the advancing of the fleet up the Channel to Boulogne, where they would escort the invasion force across.
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The revised invasion plan after the death of Latouche Tréville was considerably more ambitious, and consisted of three distinct operations. Latouche Tréville's successor at Toulon, Vice-Admiral
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Though the combined fleet had been decisively crushed at Trafalgar, the final action of the campaign was fought nearly a fortnight later, on 4 November. Four French ships under Rear-Admiral
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was to sail from Rochefort on 1 November with six ships of the line and 3,500 troops. Having evaded the British blockade he would sail to the West Indies, reinforce the French garrisons at
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Not of all of the ships saw action at any one time, or at all, but represent the strength of the main fleets positioned in European waters. Frigates and smaller vessels are not included.
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hands were badly damaged and would not be ready for service for some time. The British victory gave them unchallenged supremacy of the seas, securing British trade and sustaining the
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884:. Having achieved this Villeneuve and Missiessy would unite and combine forces, giving the French a fleet of 15 ships of the line and 5,000 men. With this force they would capture
1062:, hurried to ready the Toulon-based fleet for departure. Nelson had been spotted near Barcelona and Villeneuve hoped that by sailing due south from Toulon and passing east of the
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The French Navy was largely confined to port, blockaded by various fleets and commands of the Royal Navy, while the main invasion force of 93,000 men in four Army corps waited in
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on the north coast of Ireland and land the troops. While a full-scale invasion of Ireland was under way Ganteaume would sail around the west coast of Ireland, arriving in the
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with the rest of his force, while the two detached ships were assigned to fulfil one of the three operations included in the plan. They would sail to
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was carrying despatches instructing Rear-Admiral Allemand's five ships of the line to unite with the combined Franco-Spanish fleet under Villeneuve.
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Villeneuve finally sailed from Toulon on 18 January, heading into the teeth of a gale. Their departure was noted by the patrolling British frigates
1228:, while Calder headed east. Both admirals claimed a victory, with Villeneuve assuring Napoleon that he intended to sail north to rendezvous with
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Villeneuve's fleet underwent repairs in Cádiz, covered by a hastily assembled blockade of British warships, initially commanded by Rear-Admiral
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on 21 October, where the combined fleet was decisively defeated, and from which the campaign takes its name. A final mopping up action at the
838:, would board 5,600 troops and sail his 10 ships of the line into the Mediterranean on 21 October. Having evaded Nelson he would collect the
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We have been masters of the sea for three weeks with a landing force of 7000 to 8000 men and have not been able to attack a single island.
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was home to 11 French ships of the line under Vice-Admiral Villeneuve, who was being kept bottled up by the 12 ships of the line of the
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with 23 ships of the line and head out into the Atlantic, hopefully drawing the main British Channel Fleet under Admiral
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had escaped Trafalgar and headed north, hoping to reach Rochefort. On 2 November they came across the 36-gun frigate
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on 4 November completed the destruction of the combined fleet, and secured the supremacy of the Royal Navy at sea.
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and set off across the Atlantic to the West Indies, followed by six Spanish ships of the line and a frigate under
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1003:. They were maintaining a tight blockade over the French Atlantic forces, consisting of 21 ships of the line at
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had arrived with orders. Villeneuve was instructed to await the arrival of two extra ships under Rear-Admiral
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Pierre-Charles-Jean-Baptiste-Silvestre de Villeneuve, commander of the French forces that broke out of Toulon
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gathering on the Channel coast in 1798. Napoleon's concentration on campaigns in Egypt and Austria, and the
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The Trafalgar Companion: A Guide to History's Most Famous Sea Battle and the Life of Admiral Lord Nelson
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where they would be joined by another six ships of the line. While this was taking place Vice-Admiral
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to go to Cádiz and take command of the fleet, sail it into the Mediterranean to land troops at
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during much of 1805. These were the culmination of French plans to force a passage through the
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had, on 19 June, spotted the combined Franco-Spanish fleet, sailing northwards from Antigua.
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Napoleon, increasingly dissatisfied with Villeneuve's performance, ordered Vice-Admiral
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squadron of 11 ships of the line. Neither squadron took part in the campaign. The main
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and his five ships of the line, with another six Spanish ships of line located at
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was a long and complicated series of fleet manoeuvres carried out by the combined
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1343:(oil on canvas, 1822–1824) combines events from several moments during the battle
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on 14 August. The following day the combined fleet under Villeneuve, heading for
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and the Irish coast under Admiral William Cornwallis and his deputy Vice-Admiral
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While sailing to Gibraltar with his prize in tow, Baker fell in with the 74-gun
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and capture the island from the British, before returning northwards to land at
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and on 22 July the enemy fleet was sighted heading westwards towards Ferrol.
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Detail from a modern reproduction of an 1805 poster commemorating the battle
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The Line Upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought At Sea Under Sail: 1793–1815
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took his forces in pursuit, and both fleets sailed to the West Indies.
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had been planning an invasion of England for some time, with the first
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lured them towards a squadron of five ships of the line under Captain
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Admiral Sir Robert Calder's action off Cape Finisterre, 23 July 1805
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Trafalgar: The Untold Story of the Greatest Sea Battle in History
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after two weeks of sitting idle at anchor. The small garrison
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blockading force and escaped into the Atlantic. Rear-Admiral
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and stir up trouble in West Africa. Meanwhile, Rear-Admiral
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Napoleon inspecting the Troops at Boulogne, 15 August 1804
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1805 naval campaign during the War of the Third Coalition
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led by some of the ships that managed to escape under
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of 10 ships of the line and 11 frigates under Admiral
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1080:. From Cádiz Villeneuve collected the French 74-gun
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725:Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom
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2702:Military campaigns involving the United Kingdom
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2540:Trafalgar: The Men, The Battle, The Storm
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1530:Trafalgar order of battle and casualties
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1032:The Trafalgar Campaign: The French plan
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1498:Both were Spanish vessels, the 80-gun
1284:
1044:
691:fleets; and the opposing moves of the
631:
2474:
1573:
1558:
1543:
1487:, carrying 850 soldiers between them.
1053:
761:Vice-Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson, by
605:
298:
2637:
2497:
1858:
1177:. While sailing across the Atlantic
876:and capture the British colonies of
2697:Military campaigns involving France
2454:
2358:
2328:
2295:
2280:
2265:
2245:
2230:
2191:
2150:
2100:
2063:
2028:
1984:
1946:
1880:
1843:
1804:
1789:
1733:
1609:
13:
2692:Military campaigns involving Spain
2642:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
2536:Clayton, Tim; Craig, Phil (2004).
2436:
2209:The Naval History of Great Britain
1522:
1511:
1492:
1469:
1458:
1247:captured the French 40-gun frigate
830:Plan II: October 1804 – early 1805
571:Anglo-Russian occupation of Naples
38:
14:
2728:
2658:
2406:
2391:
2376:
2343:
2313:
2206:
2176:
2135:
2120:
2085:
2048:
2010:
1966:
1924:
1900:
1828:
1774:
1718:
1698:
1650:
1367:managed to recapture the Spanish
1235:On 10 August off Cape Finesterre
1232:, before heading to the Channel.
960:Strategic situation in March 1805
2687:Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars
2664:
1748:
1624:
1594:
1579:
1564:
1549:
1162:Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)
268:
257:
246:
227:
207:
200:
190:
179:
172:
162:
143:
131:
120:
2602:Nelson – Britannia's God of War
2521:. Wordsworth Military Library.
1376:
1230:Allemand's force from Rochefort
1037:storeships, they would sail to
48:Click image to load the battle.
2561:Nelson: The man and the legend
2066:Nelson: The Man and the Legend
1949:Nelson: Britannia's God of War
1846:Nelson: Britannia's God of War
1612:Nelson: The Man and the Legend
1523:
1512:
1493:
1470:
1459:
1391:The Battle of Cape Ortegal by
701:invasion of the United Kingdom
699:, and so achieve a successful
1:
2467:
1098:Villeneuve in the West Indies
773:Plan I: July – September 1804
1536:
1118:, by which time the frigate
55:Clarkson Frederick Stanfield
7:
2604:. London: Faber and Faber.
1413:. They gave chase, but the
1110:to attack the British-held
809:. They would then make for
743:First Lord of the Admiralty
556:Planned invasion of Britain
10:
2733:
2717:War of the Third Coalition
2519:Nelson: The Essential Hero
2439:The War For All the Oceans
2331:Nelson, A Personal History
2298:Nelson, A Personal History
2268:Nelson, A Personal History
1861:Nelson: The Essential Hero
1792:Nelson, A Personal History
1380:
1288:
1159:
1108:the Governor of Martinique
722:
328:War of the Third Coalition
31:War of the Third Coalition
2623:. London: Vintage Books.
2583:Nelson A Personal History
1400:Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley
1141:Nelson in the West Indies
1060:Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley
888:and raid other Dutch and
643:
336:
280:
155:
113:
60:
36:
28:
23:
2600:Lambert, Andrew (2004).
2517:Bradford, Ernle (2005).
1449:
1425:Outcome and significance
2559:Coleman, Terry (2001).
2498:Best, Nicholas (2005).
2483:. London: Aurum Press.
2409:The Trafalgar Companion
2394:The Trafalgar Companion
2379:The Trafalgar Companion
2346:The Trafalgar Companion
2316:The Trafalgar Companion
2179:The Trafalgar Companion
2138:The Trafalgar Companion
2123:The Trafalgar Companion
2088:The Trafalgar Companion
2051:The Trafalgar Companion
2013:The Trafalgar Companion
1969:The Trafalgar Companion
1927:The Trafalgar Companion
1903:The Trafalgar Companion
1831:The Trafalgar Companion
1777:The Trafalgar Companion
1721:The Trafalgar Companion
1701:The Trafalgar Companion
1653:The Trafalgar Companion
1336:The Battle of Trafalgar
719:French and British aims
51:The Battle of Trafalgar
2619:Mostert, Noel (2008).
2457:The Line Upon the Wind
2361:The Line Upon the Wind
2283:The Line Upon the Wind
2248:The Line Upon the Wind
2233:The Line Upon the Wind
2194:The Line Upon the Wind
2153:The Line Upon the Wind
2103:The Line Upon the Wind
2031:The Line Upon the Wind
1987:The Line Upon the Wind
1883:The Line Upon the Wind
1807:The Line Upon the Wind
1736:The Line Upon the Wind
1434:
1409:, some forty miles of
1395:
1383:Battle of Cape Ortegal
1344:
1311:, and the examples of
1209:
1156:Villeneuve intercepted
1138:
1102:Villeneuve arrived at
930:
909:Plan III: January 1805
782:
765:
713:Battle of Cape Ortegal
566:Blanc-Nez and Gris-Nez
156:Commanders and leaders
44:
2638:Oman, Carola (1987).
2422:Clayton & Craig.
1432:
1390:
1333:
1201:
1134:
1130:Honoré Charles Reille
1116:surrendered on 2 June
983:, patrolling between
972:, covered by Admiral
928:
848:and pass through the
780:
763:Lemuel Francis Abbott
760:
753:Changing French plans
68:March – November 1805
42:
2673:at Wikimedia Commons
2579:Hibbert, Christopher
2475:Adkin, Mark (2007).
1419:Sir Richard Strachan
1297:Cuthbert Collingwood
581:Lippa and St. Mathia
289:56 ships of the line
286:70 ships of the line
253:Cuthbert Collingwood
2502:. London: Phoenix.
1291:Battle of Trafalgar
1285:Battle of Trafalgar
1045:Ganteaume blockaded
1025:Mediterranean Fleet
1007:under Vice-Admiral
890:British possessions
850:Strait of Gibraltar
709:Battle of Trafalgar
479:Castelfranco Veneto
43:Battle of Trafalgar
2671:Trafalgar campaign
2544:. London: Hodder.
1532:for more details.
1435:
1396:
1345:
1210:
1054:Villeneuve escapes
931:
920:Alexander Cochrane
902:Western Approaches
823:William Cornwallis
799:Alexander Cochrane
783:
766:
681:Trafalgar campaign
635:Trafalgar campaign
520:Trafalgar campaign
486:Invasion of Naples
45:
24:Trafalgar campaign
2707:Conflicts in 1805
2669:Media related to
2630:978-0-7126-0927-2
2490:978-1-84513-018-3
805:and entering the
791:Latouche Tréville
676:
675:
599:
598:
591:Atlantic campaign
576:Wonau and Stecken
373:Haslach-Jungingen
293:
292:
169:Pierre Villeneuve
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1696:
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1648:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1599:. pp. 55–7.
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1571:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1527:
1516:
1497:
1474:
1463:
1393:Thomas Whitcombe
1207:William Anderson
1193:Charles Stirling
1170:aboard the brig
1088:Federico Gravina
1064:Balearic Islands
817:would sail from
638:
636:
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619:
612:
603:
602:
474:Caldiero pursuit
453:Italian campaign
331:
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275:Richard Strachan
273:
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186:Honoré Ganteaume
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2593:
2585:. Basic Books.
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1544:
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1534:
1518:
1507:
1502:and the 74-gun
1488:
1465:
1452:
1444:Napoleonic Wars
1427:
1385:
1379:
1349:François Rosily
1341:J. M. W. Turner
1293:
1287:
1272:and then on to
1164:
1158:
1143:
1100:
1056:
1047:
1034:
962:
916:Thomas Graves's
911:
832:
775:
755:
738:Peace of Amiens
734:Army of England
727:
721:
697:English Channel
677:
672:
653:Cape Finisterre
639:
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532:Cape Finisterre
340:German campaign
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105:British victory
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2660:
2659:External links
2657:
2655:
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2575:
2569:
2563:. Bloomsbury.
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2459:. p. 515.
2444:
2441:. p. 171.
2429:
2426:. p. 372.
2414:
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2018:
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1381:Main article:
1378:
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1301:line of battle
1289:Main article:
1286:
1283:
1242:under Captain
1160:Main article:
1157:
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1142:
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1104:Fort de France
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2015:. p. 51.
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998:
997:Robert Calder
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:Channel Fleet
978:
975:
971:
967:
957:
954:
950:
946:
945:
939:
938:
927:
923:
921:
917:
906:
903:
899:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:
837:
827:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:Bay of Biscay
804:
801:'s fleet off
800:
796:
792:
788:
779:
770:
764:
759:
750:
747:
746:Lord Melville
744:
739:
735:
731:
726:
716:
714:
710:
706:
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698:
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690:
686:
682:
669:
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664:
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637:
627:
622:
620:
615:
613:
608:
607:
604:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
550:Other battles
549:
548:
545:
542:
540:
539:
535:
533:
530:
528:
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524:
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518:
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320:
315:
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308:
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297:
288:
285:
284:
279:
276:
271:
265:
264:Robert Calder
260:
254:
249:
243:
241:
235:
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104:
101:
100:
90:
87:
85:
84:Caribbean Sea
82:
81:
79:
78:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
52:
41:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2639:
2620:
2601:
2582:
2560:
2539:
2518:
2499:
2478:
2456:
2438:
2432:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2378:
2360:
2354:
2345:
2339:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2297:
2291:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2247:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2193:
2187:
2178:
2152:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2102:
2096:
2087:
2065:
2059:
2050:
2030:
2012:
1986:
1968:
1948:
1926:
1902:
1882:
1860:
1854:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1750:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1700:
1652:
1626:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1436:
1414:
1411:Cape Ortegal
1405:
1397:
1377:Cape Ortegal
1369:
1356:
1346:
1334:
1294:
1279:Ulm Campaign
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:Thomas Baker
1238:
1234:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1202:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1120:
1112:Diamond Rock
1101:
1092:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1057:
1048:
1035:
974:Lord Keith's
963:
949:La Maddalena
943:
936:
932:
912:
898:Lough Swilly
894:
858:Saint Helena
840:
833:
784:
767:
728:
680:
678:
668:Cape Ortegal
648:Diamond Rock
633:
544:Cape Ortegal
537:
527:Diamond Rock
519:
498:Campo Tenese
445:
430:Schöngrabern
352:Ulm campaign
351:
239:
219:
114:Belligerents
50:
29:Part of the
18:
1188:Lord Barham
999:blockading
970:Netherlands
854:West Indies
2681:Categories
2468:References
1859:Bradford.
1500:San Rafael
1317:Camperdown
1309:Copenhagen
1126:René Magon
1039:Martinique
953:Alexandria
874:Guadeloupe
870:Martinique
836:Villeneuve
693:Royal Navy
586:Blaauwberg
446:Austerlitz
420:DĂĽrenstein
358:Donauwörth
2455:Mostert.
2424:Trafalgar
2359:Mostert.
2329:Hibbert.
2296:Hibbert.
2281:Mostert.
2266:Hibbert.
2246:Mostert.
2231:Mostert.
2192:Mostert.
2151:Mostert.
2101:Mostert.
2064:Coleman.
2029:Mostert.
1985:Mostert.
1947:Lambert.
1881:Mostert.
1844:Lambert.
1805:Mostert.
1790:Hibbert.
1734:Mostert.
1610:Coleman.
1597:Trafalgar
1582:Trafalgar
1567:Trafalgar
1552:Trafalgar
1537:Citations
1478:Algésiras
1404:HMS
1370:Santa Ana
1263:HMS
1237:HMS
1215:HMS
1172:HMS
1168:Admiralty
1017:Cartagena
1013:John Orde
1009:Ganteaume
993:Rochefort
942:HMS
935:HMS
866:Missiessy
815:Ganteaume
811:Rochefort
663:Trafalgar
538:Trafalgar
415:Mariazell
410:Amstetten
395:Mehrnbach
383:Elchingen
378:Memmingen
363:Wertingen
2581:(1994).
2437:Adkins.
1274:Boulogne
1213:frigate
1132:to note
966:Boulogne
937:Seahorse
882:St Lucia
878:Dominica
730:Napoleon
705:Napoleon
561:Boulogne
508:Calabria
464:Caldiero
425:Dornbirn
368:GĂĽnzburg
281:Strength
73:Location
2407:Adkin.
2392:Adkin.
2377:Adkin.
2344:Adkin.
2314:Adkin.
2207:James.
2177:Adkin.
2136:Adkin.
2121:Adkin.
2086:Adkin.
2049:Adkin.
2011:Adkin.
1967:Adkin.
1925:Adkin.
1901:Adkin.
1829:Adkin.
1775:Adkin.
1719:Adkin.
1699:Adkin.
1651:Adkin.
1484:Achille
1415:Phoenix
1406:Phoenix
1357:Victory
1325:Saintes
1323:at the
1239:Phoenix
1183:Curieux
1179:Curieux
1174:Curieux
1152:into .
1149:Victory
886:Surinam
862:Senegal
749:costs.
689:Spanish
440:Wischau
435:Hanover
400:Lambach
346:Bavaria
240:†
220:†
2646:
2640:Nelson
2627:
2608:
2589:
2567:
2548:
2525:
2506:
2487:
1751:Nelson
1749:Oman.
1627:Nelson
1625:Oman.
1595:Best.
1580:Best.
1565:Best.
1550:Best.
1440:Empire
1361:sortie
1353:Naples
1321:Rodney
1313:Duncan
1265:Dragon
1222:Siréne
1217:Sirius
1073:Phoebe
1068:Active
1021:Toulon
1001:Ferrol
985:Ushant
944:Active
803:Ferrol
787:Toulon
685:French
513:Mileto
469:Forano
459:Verona
236:
216:
199:
171:
127:France
102:Result
1504:Firme
1450:Notes
1270:Brest
1256:Didon
1251:Didon
1205:, by
1121:Didon
1083:Aigle
1005:Brest
977:Downs
846:Cádiz
844:from
841:Aigle
819:Brest
503:Maida
493:Gaeta
405:Steyr
138:Spain
53:, by
2644:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2587:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2546:ISBN
2523:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2485:ISBN
1528:See
1481:and
1319:and
1307:and
1305:Nile
1226:Vigo
1070:and
940:and
880:and
872:and
687:and
679:The
65:Date
1339:by
1315:at
388:Ulm
2683::
2447:^
2369:^
2306:^
2256:^
2161:^
2111:^
2074:^
2039:^
2021:^
1995:^
1977:^
1957:^
1935:^
1911:^
1891:^
1869:^
1815:^
1759:^
1709:^
1661:^
1635:^
1520:e.
1509:d.
1490:c.
1467:b.
1456:a.
1281:.
1254:.
1090:.
2652:.
2633:.
2614:.
2595:.
2573:.
2554:.
2531:.
2512:.
2493:.
1506:.
625:e
618:t
611:v
318:e
311:t
304:v
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