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Greek army returned, but Thoros remained in the country; though the traditions concerning this fact are different. Some say, Thoros withdrew himself quite alone, went by sea from
Antioch to Cilicia, and took possession of his dominions, finding means to gain at first the town of Amouda, and afterwards all the other places. But the emperor’s party say that Thoros, during the time the Greeks stayed in the country, lived with a lady who gave him a great sum of money; with these treasures he fled to the mountains, and discovered himself to a priest as the son of Leo, the true king of the country. The priest was exceedingly happy at these tidings, and Thoros hid himself under a shepherd’s disguise. There were many Armenians in this part of the country who, being barbarously treated by the Greeks, sighed for their former masters; to these men, as it is said, the priest imparted the joyful tidings; they instantly assembled and appointed Thoros their Baron; he gained possession of Vahka, and afterwards of many other places. Let this be as it may, it was certainly ordained by God that this man, who was carried away as a prisoner, should become the chief of the country of his forefathers, that he should take the government out of the hands of the Greeks, and destroy their armies.
265:, unhappy with Thoros's progress in the areas still claimed by the Byzantine Empire, sought peaceful means to settle his conflict with Thoros, but his attempts bore him no fruits. The recovery before 1150 of the Taurus fortresses by Thoros had not seriously affected Greek power, but his conquest of Mamistra in 1151 and the rest of Cilicia in 1152 had necessitated a great expedition. As a result, during the course of the next 20 years there were no fewer than three separate military campaigns launched by the emperor against Thoros, but each campaign was only able to produce a limited success.
339:, but at last found the situation hopeless, and surrendered himself to the conqueror; Thoros and his youngest brother, Roupen were also taken captive together with their father. They were dragged away to Constantinople, where Leo I died in imprisonment in 1141. Roupen, after being blinded, was assassinated by the Greeks.
616:
Having secured the land that he wanted, Raynald demanded his subsidies from the emperor who refused them, pointing out that the main task had yet to be done. Raynald quickly sided with Thoros and conspired to attack Cyprus; and the
Armenians attacked the few remaining Byzantine fortresses in Cilicia.
600:
After a short battle near
Alexendretta, Raynald drove the Armenian back into Cilicia; and he presented the re-conquered country to the Knights Templar. Other view is that after the battle Raynald was forced to return home, covered with humiliation; and later on, Thoros voluntarily surrendered to the
700:
Next day the
Emperor Manuel entered the Cilician plain; within a fortnight all the Cilician cities as far as Anazarbus were in his power. But Thoros himself still eluded him. While Byzantine detachments scoured the valleys he fled from hill-top to hill-top and at last found refuge on a crag called
625:
In the spring of 1156, Raynald of Châtillon and Thoros made a sudden landing on Cyprus. Thoros and
Raynald both conducted widespread plundering of the island. The Franks and Armenians marched up and down the island robbing and pillaging every building that they saw, churches and convents as well as
716:
intervened and successfully brokered a peace treaty between the emperor and Thoros: Thoros had to walk barefoot and bareheaded to the camp of the emperor; there he prostrated himself in the dust before the imperial platform. The pardon was accorded to him for his transgressions both in
Cilicia and
400:; the emperor then felt compassion for Thoros, took him out of prison, and received him into the imperial guards. Being now in the imperial palace, and a soldier among the soldiers, he very soon distinguished himself, and even the emperor looked upon him with benevolence. Before the end of the year
273:
Thoros was of a tall figure and of a strong mind: his compassion was universal; like the light of the sun he shone by his good works, and flourished by his faith; he was the shield of truth and the crown of righteousness; he was well versed in the Holy
Scriptures and in the profane sciences. It is
796:
Intermittent fighting erupted everywhere, harassing the Greek forces throughout
Cilicia. In 1168, emperor Manuel I, obsessed with his dilemma with Thoros, marched his armies into Cilicia for the third time under the command of Konstantinos Kalamanos. But Kalamanos was able to produce only limited
404:
the emperor left
Constantinople with a large army, and went to assist the Prince of Antioch, who was hard pressed by the Turks. Being on a hunting party in the valley of Anazarbus, one of his own poisoned arrows wounded him, and he fell dead on the spot; he thus met with his deserved fate (…) The
570:
and they themselves turned to flight, brother not waiting to help brother, nor comrade, comrade. They hamstrung many of the horses and fled on foot through difficult, marshy places, as though they were persecuting themselves. For at that time Thoros was not in his country. Rather, he had gone to
732:
Thoros, who had his own reasons for desiring
Stephen's murder, accused of Andronicus Euphorbenus of complicity and swept down on Mamistra, Anazarbus and Vahka, surprising and murdering the Greek garrisons. Eventually, reconciliation with the emperor was negotiated through the mediation of king
654:
without Thoros’ consent. Owing to this disturbance, Kilij Arslan came to the district of Kokison and pacified everyone, in no way blaming the inhabitants. Thence he went to Berdus, while Thoros, out of affection for the sultan, tricked his brother and surrendered Berdus to the sultan, against
562:, as though sent by God, swooped upon them at that place and slaughtered all of them, including their chief. When those in the sultan’s army heard about this, they were horrified. This was not all, for the wrath of God was visited upon them. Their horses perished from tapax
451:
armed conflict. Andronicus Comnenus's mission was such an opportunity but it was not an occasion for glory: many of their numbers were killed by Thoros's aggressive strategy, and many more were taken into captivity. Among the captives were the two illustrious members,
777:, near Artah. Ignoring a warning from Thoros, Bohemond attacked at once, and when the Muslims feigned flight rushed headlong after them, only to fall into an ambush. Thoros and his brother Mleh who had been more cautious, escaped from the battlefield.
729:, the Byzantine governor stationed in Tarsus, the opportunity to sabotage the treaty. Stephen was invited to a banquet held in the governor's residence where he was seized upon arrival, and his mutilated corpse was flung over the gates of Tarsus.
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between Mamistra and Adana. But Thoros had been forewarned. He furiously seized Mleh and interrogated him before the troops and the princes as to what he was hoping to accomplish. They reproached Mleh in their presence and he was shamed.
814:
Now his brother, Mleh, was a malicious and treacherous man, and planned to kill his brother, Thoros. Getting together some others of the same tendency, one day while they had gone out to hunt deer, Mleh wanted to slay his brother
696:
whom he had entertained came rushing back to his Court to tell him that he had seen Imperial troops only a day's march away. Thoros collected his family, his intimate friends and his treasure and fled at once to the mountains.
473:
and seized Duke Thomas. Duke Andronicus who was charged with protecting the land of the Cilicians by order of the Roman emperor, came to the city of Mamistra with 12,000 cavalry against Thoros. And he boasted, shouting out to
629:
The nightmare lasted about three weeks; then, on the rumor of an imperial fleet in the offing, Raynald gave the order for re-embarkation. The ships were loaded up with booty; and every Cypriot was forced to ransom himself.
773:, Thoros and Konstantinos Kalamanos to come to his rescue. At the news of their coming, Nur ad-Din raised the siege; as he retired, Bohemond decided to follow in pursuit. The armies made contact on 10 August 1164 at the
379:(now Nur Mountains in Turkey) and reached the mountainous Armenian strongholds in the Taurus Mountains where Thoros began gathering a new following. He recaptured the family stronghold of Vahka and two of his brothers,
460:. Oshin II was eventually released for a ransom but his son was kept as hostage; but Thoros arranged the marriage of his daughter to Hethum and returned half the ransom money to the groom's father Oshin II of Lampron.
589:, if the Franks of Antioch would fight for him against Thoros; he also promised a money-subsidy if the work were properly done. Raynald willingly complied as the Armenians had advanced into the district of
557:
So the sultan came to Anazarbus with many troops, but he was unable to accomplish anything. He sent one of his grandees, named Yaqub, to ravage the territory of Antioch. When they had crossed the gate, the
666:, but could not. (…) Now it happened that Sultan Kilij Arslan had a genuine fondness for Thoros. He sent an emissary to Jerusalem and Antioch to Thoros, and again strengthened that friendship with an oath.
226:
Unlike his father and brother, Thoros survived his incarceration in Constantinople and was able to escape in 1143. Whatever the conditions in which Thoros entered Cilicia, he found it occupied by many
440:
in 1152. As Andronicus Comnenus moved up to besiege Thoros at Mamistra, the Armenians made a sudden sortie and caught him unawares. His army was routed and he fled back in disgrace to Constantinople.
313:
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garrisons. He rallied around him the Armenians in the eastern parts of Cilicia and after a persistent and relentless pursuit of the Greeks, he successfully ousted the Byzantine garrisons from
1753:
709:; only his two most trusted servants knew where he lay hidden. Thus much of Cilicia was restored back to Byzantine control, but Thoros still held the mountainous regions in the north.
189:
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much of the inventory of his authority, horses, mules, weapons, and treasures. And they removed him from his district. Thus he received nothing in exchange for his wickedness. So
685:
In the summer of 1158, Manuel I Comnenus launched his second assault on Thoros; at the head of an army, he marched down the usual routes leading to Seleucia. There, with a small
646:
Thoros’ brother, Stephen, Leo’s son, motivated by his wicked nature and without his brother Thoros’ knowledge, arose with his brigade of troops and started to successfully retake
293:
Thoros was the second son of Leo I, lord of Armenian Cilicia. The name and the origin of his mother are not known with certainty. It is possible that she was a daughter of Count
536:, to attack Thoros and demand his submission to the Sultan's suzerainty. However, the ensuing Seljuk attack, which in fact was provoked by an Armenian raid into Seljuk lands in
478:
When valiant Thoros heard this, he was unable to bear the insult. Instead, placing his trust in God, he assembled his forces, breached Mamistra’s walls at night, and attacked
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851:
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Thoros's brother, Stephen, ignoring Thoros's official pledges to Manuel I. With the help of a few of his supporters, he continued attacking Greek garrisons thus giving
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and suggested the colonization of a large number of Armenians, but the Latin prelates forced Amalric I to refuse the offer by their insistence that they should pay the
886:
457:
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of horsemen and Seleucian troops, he launched a surprise attack on Thoros. Thoros was at Tarsus, suspecting nothing, when suddenly, one day in late October, a
436:
with an army to recover the territory lost to Thoros. But Thoros was well prepared for the unsuspecting Greeks and consequently won a decisive victory at the
453:
571:
Tsets. When he returned and saw what had unfolded everyone thanked God, for they had been defeated without the use of weapons and without a physical battle.
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Stephen’s wishes. The sultan in turn, because of his affection for Thoros, freed the inhabitants of the fortress unharmed. Then Stephen attempted to steal
274:
said that he was of such profound understanding, as to be able to explain the difficult expressions of the prophets – his explanations even still exist.
797:
successes which in the end induced Byzantium to renounce its right of possession of the whole of Cilicia so long as it had access to the ports of the
801:. Byzantium also disclaimed all rights to direct government of Cilicia and accepted in settlement only Thoros's recognition of Byzantine suzerainty.
254:. His victories were aided by the lack of Muslim attacks in Cilicia and from the setbacks the Greeks and the Crusaders suffered on the heels of the
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875:
388:
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In the early summer of 1137, Emperor John II Comnenus came to Cilicia with a full force on his way to take Antioch; his army successively retook
316:, was eventually captured and blinded by his brothers. After two months of confinement, Leo I obtained his liberty by consenting to harsh terms.
650:
districts. He took Kokison and Berdus. Sultan Kilij Arslan and Thoros had friendly relations with each other and Stephen, as we said, took these
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shops and private houses. The crops were burnt; the herds were rounded up, together with all the population, and driven down to the coast.
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once again the Byzantine emperor Manuel sought to stoke Masud and he sent him twice the amount of treasure as previously, saying:
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and defeated and slew the Byzantine governor, Thomas, at the gates of Mamistra. Emperor Manuel I at once sent his cousin
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The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393)
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The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393)
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Thoros quarreled with his brother Mleh who attempting to assassinate him fled to Nur ed-Din and became a Muslim.
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486:, putting them to the sword. Among those who died in the great battle before the city gates was Sempad, lord of
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555:«Quench the burning of my heart toward the Armenian people, destroy their fortresses, and exterminate them.»
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1329:, Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII, Dumbarton Oaks: Trustees for Harvard University, 1987, Washington, D.C.;
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Thoros, weary after nearly quarter of a century of rule and warfare, abdicated in favor of his young son
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in the winter of 1154, was routed successfully by Thoros in collaboration with a contingent of the
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A History of the Crusades – Volume II.: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East: 1100–1187
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Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969) . "The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174". In
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vessel and then found his way to Antioch. He took refuge at the Court of his cousin, Count
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History Workshop: Armenian Historical Sources of the 5th–15th Centuries (Selected Works)
529:
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W. H. Rudt de Collenberg (1968), "L'empereur Isaac de Chypre et sa fille (1155–1207)",
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Then the emperor turned to Antioch for help; he offered to recognize the new prince,
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Thoros's accomplishments during his reign placed Armenian Cilicia on a firm footing.
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A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East
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1311:(Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press.
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761:, he struck at the Principality of Antioch and laid siege to the key fortress of
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Thoros escaped from Constantinople about the year 1143; he fled to the island of
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364:. From there, in the company of a few trusted comrades, he was assisted by a
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932:(2019): a video game containing a five-scenario campaign titled "Thoros II".
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in Turkey) which the Franks claimed as part of the Principality of Antioch.
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arose and went to Nur ed-Din, lord of Aleppo, and entered into his service.
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brethren the fortresses in question, and the Knights in turn took oath
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troops seized and despoiled the weak Roman forces and then let them go.
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were allowed to build a new cathedral in Antioch, at whose dedication
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In 1151, while the Byzantines were distracted by the Moslem attack on
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In the meantime, Thoros quickly established a friendly rapport with
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Cyprus, and still allowed to hold partial possession in Cilicia.
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1343:; RoutledgeCurzon (Taylor & Francis Group), 2000, Abingdon;
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joined him. He made friends with a neighboring Frankish lord,
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priest, who led them by night to a safe shelter by the river
243:
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1308:
A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years
1185:
The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174
878:(or, according to other views, Isabelle, daughter of Count
483:
469:
Leo's son, Thoros, took Mamistra and Tel Hamdoun from the
1259:
494:, Oshin, the lord of Partzepert, Vasil, and the lord of
312:. In his absence, his three sons quarreled; the eldest,
737:. Andronicus Euphorbenus was recalled and replaced by
356:, which was then under Byzantine suzerainty, aboard a
304:
In 1136, Leo I (Thoros's father) was made prisoner by
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Around that time (in 1164 or in 1167) Thoros visited
347:
523:
335:in Turkey) and Anazarbus. Leo I took refuge in the
1055:
744:
2126:
1234:Smbat Sparapet (Sempad the Constable) (2005).
885:Rita (c. 1150 – after 1168/1169), the wife of
854:. After his abdication, Thoros became a monk.
1451:
1281:"Age of Empires 2: Definitive Edition review"
27:Lord of Armenian Cilicia from c. 1145 to 1169
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792:The third Byzantine attack against Cilicia
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741:as the new Byzantine governor in Tarsus.
1361:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1353:
1196:
1194:
1075:
528:Emperor Manuel I Comnenus persuaded the
490:. Among those captured were the lord of
169:; died February 6, 1169), also known as
2160:12th-century rulers of Armenian Cilicia
1380:(Kurkjian's History of Armenia, Ch. 27)
1300:
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297:, or she may have been the daughter of
14:
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1327:The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia
1200:
1173:
857:He died in 1169. He was buried in the
192:) was taken captive and imprisoned in
1465:
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929:Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition
921:
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413:The Rhymed Chronicle of Armenia Minor
282:The Rhymed Chronicle of Armenia Minor
1220:
1021:
1182:
757:, knew that Amalric I had left for
181:dynasty from 1144/1145 until 1169.
24:
348:The liberation of Armenian Cilicia
184:Thoros (together with his father,
25:
2171:
1366:
524:Wars with the Seljuks and Antioch
308:who sent him off to captivity in
219:). All of Cilicia remained under
2140:Christians of the Second Crusade
1056:Vahan M. Kurkjian (2005-04-05).
705:, near the sources of the river
234:(now Andırın in Turkey), Vahka,
2150:Monarchs of the Rubenid dynasty
1305:; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
1378:The Barony of Cilician Armenia
1273:
1253:
903:daughter of the future regent
745:In alliance with the crusaders
372:(now Ceyhan River in Turkey).
13:
1:
1242:. Robert Bedrosian’s Homepage
804:
428:, Thoros swept down into the
396:Leo died and was elevated to
391:, whose daughter he married.
288:
2145:12th-century Armenian people
936:
203:during his campaign against
18:Thoros II, Prince of Armenia
7:
502:on the side of the emperor.
327:, Tarsus, Mamistra, Adana,
10:
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1373:Smbat Sparapet's Chronicle
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1418:Lord of Armenian Cilicia
893:Isaac Komnenus of Cyprus
714:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
343:Lord of Armenian Cilicia
173:, was the sixth lord of
767:Bohemond III of Antioch
480:/the Byzantine troops/
209:Principality of Antioch
1058:"A History of Armenia"
865:Marriages and children
844:
771:Raymond III of Tripoli
739:Konstantinos Kalamanos
735:Amalric I of Jerusalem
727:Andronicus Euphorbenus
687:rapid deployment force
678:
583:
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417:
375:They then crossed the
286:
223:rule for eight years.
1201:Vahram (2008-09-10).
1183:Baldwin, Marshall W.
887:Hethum III of Lampron
880:Joscelin II of Edessa
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613:and Thoros assisted.
560:/the Knights Templar/
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443:In the meantime, the
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362:Joscelin II of Edessa
270:
1975:(prince, later king)
1339:Ghazarian, Jacob G:
1325:Edwards, Robert W.:
1165:Ghazarian, Jacob G.
910:Roupen II of Cilicia
859:monastery of Drazark
799:Gulf of Alexandretta
611:Constance of Antioch
587:Raynald of Châtillon
530:Seljuk sultan of Rûm
215:(currently, Feke in
2155:12th-century births
1903:1198–1375 (kingdom)
1878:Hovhannes-Smbat III
1287:. 12 November 2019.
891:Irene, the wife of
500:/all of whom were/
454:Oshin II of Lampron
434:Andronicus Comnenus
299:Gabriel of Melitene
33:Thoros II the Great
1759:Tiridates III (IV)
1303:Setton, Kenneth M.
1209:. Internet Archive
1022:Runciman, Steven.
922:In popular culture
769:called upon Count
642:In the year 606 AE
621:The sack of Cyprus
549:In the year 603 AE
438:Battle of Mamistra
411:Vahram of Edessa:
280:Vahram of Edessa:
196:in 1137 after the
151:Armenian Apostolic
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1425:Succeeded by
788:(a special tax).
306:Baldwin of Marash
263:Manuel I Comnenus
198:Byzantine Emperor
188:and his brother,
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98:Drazark monastery
88:(aged 58–59)
16:(Redirected from
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842:
838:Smbat Sparapet:
676:
672:Smbat Sparapet:
581:
577:Smbat Sparapet:
519:
465:In the same year
415:
337:Taurus Mountains
295:Hugh I of Rethel
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201:John II Comnenus
175:Armenian Cilicia
171:Thoros the Great
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115:
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84:February 6, 1169
42:Armenian Cilicia
30:
29:
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1987:
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1754:Tiridates (III)
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1528:
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1422:1144/1145–1169
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1393:House of Roupen
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2018:
2013:
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1995:
1989:
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1937:Constantine II
1934:
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876:Simon of Raban
866:
863:
835:
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755:emir of Aleppo
749:In 1164, when
746:
743:
722:
719:
682:
679:
669:
622:
619:
574:
525:
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513:Smbat Sparapet
509:
430:Cilician plain
421:
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389:Simon of Raban
349:
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194:Constantinople
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2031:Constantine I
2029:
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2019:
2017:
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2009:
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1616:Artavasdes IV
1614:
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1586:Artavades III
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1318:0-299-04834-9
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1064:. Bill Thayer
1063:
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869:
868:
862:
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853:
849:
841:
834:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:/at a place/
816:
810:
802:
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789:
787:
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778:
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764:
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756:
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718:
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695:
692:
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675:
668:
667:
663:
662:KahramanmaraĹź
659:
658:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
631:
627:
618:
614:
612:
608:
605:In 1156, the
604:
598:
596:
592:
588:
580:
573:
572:
567:
563:
559:
554:
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135:
132:
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113:
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103:
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91:
83:
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72:
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61:
58:
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50:
46:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1734:Tiridates II
1724:Vologases II
1631:Artaxias III
1611:Ariobarzanes
1604:Non-dynastic
1572:Tigranes III
1547:Artavasdes I
1416:
1412:(until 1137)
1391:
1358:
1340:
1326:
1307:
1284:
1275:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1244:. Retrieved
1239:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:Text Archive
1206:
1184:
1166:
1066:. Retrieved
1061:
1023:
927:
917:
900:
874:daughter of
871:
856:
845:
839:
831:
827:
826:/to T'oros/
823:
818:
813:
812:
808:
795:
785:
779:
748:
731:
724:
712:Eventually,
711:
702:
699:
684:
673:
665:
661:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:
632:
628:
624:
615:
602:
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594:
591:Alexandretta
584:
578:
569:
561:
556:
552:
548:
547:
527:
516:
505:
501:
481:
477:
468:
464:
463:
456:and his son
442:
423:
412:
403:
395:
394:
377:Amanus range
374:
351:
332:
318:
303:
292:
281:
272:
271:
267:
260:
225:
183:
170:
158:
157:
110:
86:(1169-02-06)
62:(until 1137)
2135:1169 deaths
1819:Artaxias IV
1764:Khosrov III
1704:Vologases I
1684:Tiridates I
1666:Tigranes VI
1661:Tiridates I
1656:Rhadamistus
1651:Mithridates
1641:Mithridates
1591:Tigranes IV
1577:Tigranes IV
1567:Artaxias II
1557:Tigranes II
1499:Orontes III
1236:"Chronicle"
1203:"Chronicle"
899:c. 1164 An
870:c. 1149 An
329:Tel Hamdoun
314:Constantine
232:Pardzerpert
56:Predecessor
35:ÔąŐ¸Ö€Ő¸Ő˝ Ô˛ Ő„ŐĄŐ®
2129:Categories
1973:Leo II (I)
1967:Roupen III
1804:Vramshapuh
1799:Khosrov IV
1789:Arshak III
1749:Khosrov II
1621:Tigranes V
1552:Tigranes I
1542:Artaxias I
1524:Orontes IV
1514:Arsames II
1494:Orontes II
1478:336 BC–428
1388:Thoros II
1246:2009-07-20
1213:2009-07-20
1068:2009-07-19
805:Last years
751:Nur ad-Din
664:in Turkey/
648:/certain/
595:Ä°skenderun
538:Cappadocia
504:/Thoros’/
333:Toprakkale
289:Early life
131:Roupenians
2036:Hethum II
2021:Hethum II
2011:Hethum II
1993:Hethumids
1955:Roupen II
1949:Thoros II
1863:Ashot III
1833:Bagratids
1809:Khosrov V
1774:Arshak II
1729:Khosrov I
1534:Artaxiads
1475:Antiquity
1428:Roupen II
1262:Byzantion
937:Footnotes
848:Roupen II
840:Chronicle
782:Jerusalem
765:. Prince
674:Chronicle
607:Jacobites
579:Chronicle
517:Chronicle
449:Roupenian
445:Hethumids
426:Turbessel
258:in 1144.
240:Anazarbus
221:Byzantine
177:from the
159:Thoros II
119:Roupen II
71:Roupen II
67:Successor
2102:Lusignan
2061:Lusignan
2026:Smbat IV
2001:Hethum I
1979:Isabella
1969:(prince)
1963:(prince)
1957:(prince)
1951:(prince)
1945:(prince)
1939:(prince)
1933:(prince)
1931:Thoros I
1927:(prince)
1921:(prince)
1919:Roupen I
1911:Rubenids
1888:Gagik II
1883:Ashot IV
1868:Smbat II
1853:Ashot II
1836:884–1045
1784:Varazdat
1719:Sohaemus
1709:Sohaemus
1694:Axidares
1689:Sanatruk
1676:Arsacids
1636:Arshak I
1486:Orontids
1357:(1952).
1285:PC Gamer
1268:(1): 130
836:—
670:—
652:/areas/
575:—
566:diarrhea
558:Brothers
510:—
498:, Tigran
488:Barbaron
409:—
358:Venetian
321:Seleucia
278:—
261:Emperor
248:Mamistra
207:and the
163:Armenian
147:Religion
40:Lord of
2041:Leo III
1898:Cilicia
1873:Gagik I
1848:Smbat I
1843:Ashot I
1626:Vonones
1509:Arsames
1295:Sources
1062:Website
901:unnamed
872:unnamed
830:/Mleh/
822:/Mleh/
694:pilgrim
660:/today
644:/1157/
551:/1154/
534:Mesud I
492:Lampron
482:like a
474:Thoros:
467:/1151/
402:/1141/
381:Stephen
370:Pyramus
325:Korikos
310:Antioch
205:Cilicia
179:Rubenid
167:ÔąŐ¸Ö€Ő¸Ő˝ Ô˛
2079:Neghir
2051:Leo IV
2016:Thoros
2006:Leo II
1983:Philip
1981:&
1858:Abas I
1814:Shapur
1744:Narseh
1646:Orodes
1593:&
1579:&
1519:Xerxes
1347:
1333:
1315:
905:Thomas
852:Thomas
763:Harenc
753:, the
707:Cydnus
703:Dadjog
657:Marash
496:Prakan
471:Romans
458:Hethum
398:Christ
366:Syrian
354:Cyprus
252:Tarsus
217:Turkey
190:Roupen
137:Father
112:Detail
93:Burial
2110:Leo V
2046:Oshin
1943:Leo I
1769:Tiran
1595:Erato
1581:Erato
1504:Sames
1409:Leo I
815:there
759:Egypt
691:Latin
593:(now
331:(now
244:Adana
228:Greek
213:Vahka
186:Leo I
141:Leo I
126:House
106:Issue
60:Leo I
48:Reign
1961:Mleh
1345:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1313:ISBN
824:gave
820:Then
786:dime
484:lion
385:Mleh
383:and
81:Died
1779:Pap
236:Sis
2131::
1283:.
1266:38
1264:,
1238:.
1222:^
1205:.
1193:^
1175:^
1077:^
1060:.
1032:^
944:^
882:)
861:.
568:/
544:.
532:,
515::
323:,
301:.
246:,
242:,
165::
1459:e
1452:t
1445:v
1321:.
1270:.
1249:.
1216:.
1187:.
1169:.
1071:.
1026:.
564:/
161:(
20:)
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