John II Komnenos - Knowledge

1108: 1694:, fearing that the emperor's presence with overwhelming military force would constrain him to make an act of homage and formally recognise Byzantine suzerainty over his kingdom, begged the emperor to bring only a modest escort. Fulk cited the inability of his largely barren kingdom to support the passage of a substantial army. This lukewarm response resulted in John II deciding to postpone his pilgrimage. John descended rapidly on northern Syria, forcing Joscelin II of Edessa to render hostages, including his daughter, as a guarantee of his good behaviour. He then advanced on Antioch demanding that the city and its citadel be surrendered to him. Raymond of Poitiers played for time, putting the proposal to the vote of the Antiochene general assembly. With the season well advanced John decided to take his army into winter quarters in Cilicia, proposing to renew his attack on Antioch the following year. 630:, gathering the support of the citizenry on the way. The palace guard at first refused to admit John without clear proof of his father's wishes, however, the mob surrounding the new emperor simply forced an entry. In the palace John was acclaimed emperor. Irene, taken by surprise, was unable either to persuade her son to step down, or to induce Nikephoros to contend for the throne. However, this account of events, in particular the involvement of John's sister, in any palace coup attempt during the days around Alexios' death, has been disputed in a recent biography of Anna. The weight of historical opinion remains that Anna tried at least twice to usurp her brother's throne, resulting in her eventual perennial 'house arrest'. Anna later complained that John and his successor, her nephew Emperor Manuel, kept her isolated from society for 30 years. 638:. Axouch wisely declined and his influence ensured that Anna's property was eventually returned to her and that John II and his sister became reconciled, at least to a degree. Irene retired to a monastery and Anna seems to have been effectively removed from public life, taking up the less active occupation of historian. However, Nikephoros remained on good terms with his brother-in-law. One of the very few records of John's own words concerns the plot against him; he says that after ascending the throne, God "destroyed the cunning plots of my visible and invisible enemies and rescued me from every trap subjecting all my enemies under my feet". To safeguard his own succession, John 524:, "John the Good" or "John the Beautiful"; the epithet referred to his character. Both his parents were unusually pious and John surpassed them. Members of his court were expected to restrict their conversation to serious subjects only. The food served at the emperor's table was very frugal and John lectured courtiers who lived in excessive luxury. His speech was dignified, but he engaged in repartee on occasion. All accounts agree that he was a faithful husband to his wife, an unusual trait in a medieval ruler. Despite his personal austerity, John had a high conception of the imperial role and would appear in full ceremonial splendour when this was advantageous. 2388: 953: 761: 323: 1788: 1443: 1218:; many Hungarian troops were killed when a bridge they were crossing collapsed as they were fleeing from a Byzantine attack. Following this the Hungarians renewed hostilities by attacking Braničevo, which was immediately rebuilt by John. Further Byzantine military successes, Choniates mentions several engagements, resulted in a restoration of peace. The Byzantines were confirmed in their control of Braničevo, Belgrade and Zemun and they also recovered the region of 837: 811:, the Prince of Cilician Armenia. That Isaac was seeking aid from these princes in a bid to take the Byzantine throne by force is highly likely. Such a coalition did not materialise, but Isaac seems to have retained strong support in Constantinople. In 1132 John had to return from campaign in haste, when news reached him that conspirators in Constantinople had made an appeal to Isaac to become their ruler. The triumph that John celebrated following his capture of 1703: 1554: 941: 622:, herself harboured obvious aspirations to power and the throne. During Alexios' final illness both wife and daughter exploited his physical weakness to apply pressure on him in support of their agenda for the succession. Alexios endured these constant demands without formally changing his intended successor. As Alexios lay dying in the monastery of the Mangana on 15 August 1118, John, relying on trusted relatives, especially his brother 58: 1751: 589: 501: 670:), upon the accession of John II. The Grand Domestic was the commander in chief of the Byzantine armies. It has been suggested that references to Axouch's possession of the imperial seal early in the reign of John's successor Manuel I meant that he was, in addition to his military duties, the head of the civil administration of the Empire. This was an unofficial position known at the time as the 1119:, which had given the Italian republic unique and generous trading rights within the Byzantine Empire. Yet the change in policy was not motivated by financial concerns. An incident involving the abuse of a member of the imperial family by Venetians led to a dangerous conflict, especially as Byzantium had depended on Venice for its naval strength. After a Byzantine retaliatory attack on 1767:. According to this view, John's campaigns benefited the Byzantine Empire because they protected the empire's heartland, which lacked reliable borders, while gradually extending its territory in Asia Minor. The Turks were forced onto the defensive, while John kept his diplomatic situation relatively simple by allying with the Holy Roman Emperor against the Normans of Sicily. 1726:. It has been suggested that John was assassinated by a conspiracy within the units of his army of Latin origins who were unhappy at fighting their co-religionists of Antioch, and who wanted to place his pro-western son Manuel on the throne. However, there is very little overt support for this hypothesis in the primary sources. John's final action as emperor was to choose 1742:, which foretold that John's successor should be one whose name began with an "M". Fittingly, John's close friend John Axouch, although he is recorded as having tried hard to persuade the dying emperor that Isaac was the better candidate to succeed, was instrumental in ensuring that Manuel's assumption of power was free from any overt opposition. 1779:. Also, though it was relatively easy to extract submission and admissions of vassalage from the Anatolian Turks, Serbs and Crusader States of the Levant, converting these relationships into concrete gains for the security of the Empire had proven elusive. These problems were left for his gifted and mercurial son, Manuel, to attempt to solve. 2436:, written by his daughter Anna Komnene, who mentions her brother, John II, very briefly. The works of Byzantine historians John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates both include very short chapters on the reign of John II, which act as prologues, before proceeding to much fuller accounts of later events, see Birkenmeier, pp. 2, 5–6, 15, 19. 717:, the latter two also became his sons-in-law. John's marriage policy, of bringing new families into the imperial orbit, may have been directed towards lessening the influence of certain prominent aristocratic clans, such as the Doukas, Diogenes and Melissenos families, some of which had produced emperors themselves in the past. 978:) in Constantinople. This monastery, with its three churches, has been described as one of the most important and influential architectural constructions of Middle Byzantine Constantinople. Attached to the monastery was a hospital, of 5 wards, open to people of all social classes. The hospital was staffed by trained 1656:. Latin and Muslim sources describe John's energy and personal courage in prosecuting the siege. The city was taken, but the citadel defied assault. The Emir of Shaizar offered to pay a large indemnity, become John's vassal, and pay yearly tribute. John had lost all confidence in his allies, and a Muslim army under 778:, Isaac later became estranged from his brother and became an active conspirator. With trusted advisors of his own choosing, such as John Axouch, and later the support of his son and co-emperor, Alexios, John II offered no meaningful role to Isaac in the governance of the empire. In the reign of Alexios I 1185:

in Asia Minor to serve as military colonists. This was done partly to cow the Serbs into submission (Serbia was, at least nominally, a Byzantine protectorate), and partly to strengthen the Byzantine frontier in the east against the Turks. The Serbs were forced to acknowledge Byzantine suzerainty once

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John's penchant for interfering with his wife's family, the rulers of Hungary, was problematic. The welcome accorded to ousted claimants of the Hungarian throne in Constantinople was seen by the Byzantines as a useful insurance policy and source of political leverage. However, the Hungarians treated

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of the Levant it was generally admitted that the Byzantine claims over Antioch were legally valid, though it was pragmatically viewed that only when the Byzantine emperor was in a position to enforce them militarily were they likely to be recognised in practice. The high point of John's diplomacy in

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had wielded considerable power and Isaac would have had an expectation of a similar level of authority being devolved on himself. This thwarted ambition is probably what disillusioned Isaac with his brother's rule. Isaac aimed at replacing his brother as emperor. In 1130 John became aware of a plot

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The family intrigues that challenged his succession to the throne probably contributed to John's approach to rulership, which was to appoint men from outside the imperial family to high office. This was a radical departure from the methods of his father, who had used the imperial family and its many

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by the Patriarch. He was named John and his father then crowned him with a diadem". At a young age he was associated with his father as co-emperor, sometime between 1 September and early November, 1092. The first act in the name of both emperors was issued on 15 November 1092. The occasion of John's

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John was famed for his piety and his remarkably mild and just reign. He is considered an exceptional example of a moral ruler, at a time when cruelty was the norm. He is reputed never to have condemned anyone to death or mutilation. Charity was dispensed lavishly. For this reason, he has been called

1177:, then invaded Byzantium's Balkan provinces in 1127, with hostilities lasting until 1129; however, an alternative chronology has been suggested with the Hungarian attack and Byzantine retaliation taking place in 1125 with a renewal of hostilities in 1126. John launched a punitive raid against the 1492:

from 1130 to 1135. Thanks to his energetic campaigning, Turkish attempts at expansion in Asia Minor were halted, and John prepared to take the fight to the enemy. In order to restore the region to Byzantine control, he led a series of well planned and executed campaigns against the Turks, one of

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were recovered and garrisoned. Yet resistance, particularly from the Danishmends of the northeast, was strong, and the difficult nature of holding the new conquests is illustrated by the fact that Kastamonu was recaptured by the Turks even as John was in Constantinople celebrating its return to

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John II uncovered a conspiracy to overthrow him which implicated his mother and sister. Anna's husband Nikephoros had little sympathy with her ambitions, and it was his lack of support which doomed the conspiracy. Anna was stripped of her property, which was offered to the emperor's friend

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Alexios died the night following his son's decisive move to take power. John refused to attend his father's funeral, despite the pleas of his mother, because he feared a counter-coup. However, in the space of a few days, his position seemed secure. Within a year of his accession, however,

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or 'prime-minister.' Such an appointment was remarkable, and a radical departure from the nepotism that had characterised the reign of Alexios I. The imperial family harboured some degree of resentment at this decision, which was reinforced by the fact that they were required to make

572:, Macedonia. The question arises as to why the birth was not in Constantinople. It is reasonably supposed that John did not wish to leave his unsupported wife under the control of his mother, who would have had authority in Constantinople in the absence of both emperors. In 1108, the 720:

Despite his move away from close reliance on the imperial family and its connections, John's court and government had many similarities to that of his father, not least in its serious tone and piety. Indeed, an extant collection of political advice couched in poetic form, called the

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Overall, it is clear that John II Komnenos left the empire a great deal better off than he had found it. By the time of his death substantial territories had been recovered, and the goals of the recovery of control over central Anatolia and the re-establishment of a frontier on the

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The primary sources, Kinnamos and Choniates, give little detail about this campaign, no dates are specified, and what they do say differs considerably. The chronology presented here, 1127–1129, follows that of Angold and other scholars, Fine has the events taking place earlier, in

1609:, hastened northwards to pay homage to John, repeating the homage that his predecessor had given John's father in 1109. There then followed a joint campaign as John led the armies of Byzantium, Antioch, and Edessa against Muslim Syria. Aleppo proved too strong to attack during an 969:

and the church hierarchy. Only when religion impinged directly on imperial policy, as in relations with the papacy and the possible union of the Greek and Latin churches, did John take an active part. He organised a number of disputations between Greek and Latin theologians.

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he stresses the wisdom of John's approach to warfare, which focused on sieges rather than risking pitched battles. Birkenmeier argues that John's strategy of launching annual campaigns with limited, realistic objectives was a more sensible one than that followed by his son

1673:. Joscelin and Raymond conspired to delay the promised handover of Antioch's citadel to the emperor, stirring up popular unrest in the city directed at John and the local Greek community. John had little choice but to leave Syria with his ambitions only partially realised. 453:. John's campaigns fundamentally changed the balance of power in the east, forcing the Turks onto the defensive; they also led to the recapture of many towns, fortresses and cities across the Anatolian peninsula. In the southeast, John extended Byzantine control from the 1151:. Eventually John was forced to come to terms; the war was costing him more than it was worth, and he was not prepared to transfer funds from the imperial land forces to the navy for the construction of new ships. John re-confirmed the treaty of 1082, in August 1126. 815:

in 1133 can be seen as being a public affirmation of John's legitimacy as emperor embodied in the celebration of the defeat of external foes. The brothers were briefly reconciled in 1138, and Isaac returned to Constantinople; however, a year later Isaac was exiled to

1640:. The Crusader Princes were suspicious of each other and of John, and neither wanted the other to gain from participating in the campaign. Raymond also wanted to hold on to Antioch, which he had agreed to hand over to John if the campaign was successful in capturing 1046:

Though he fought a number of notable pitched battles, the military strategy of John II relied on taking and holding fortified settlements in order to construct defensible frontiers. John personally conducted approximately twenty five sieges during his reign.

532:. By the example of his personal morality and piety he effected a notable improvement in the manners of his age. Descriptions of him and his actions indicate that he had great self-control and personal courage, and was an excellent strategist and general. 903:

provided troops for John's attack on the Danishmend-held city of Kastamuni (reoccupied immediately after the Byzantine conquest of 1133), however, the alliance proved unreliable as the Seljuq troops abandoned the expedition, decamping during the night.

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in 1118. Despite his earlier coronation as co-emperor, the accession of John was contested. That Alexios I favoured John to succeed him is made obvious by the elevation of his son to the position of co-emperor. However, Alexios' influential wife,

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died of a fever. Having secured his route, John embarked on a new expedition into Syria determined to reduce Antioch to direct imperial rule. This expedition included a planned pilgrimage to Jerusalem on which he intended to take his army. King

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are addressed directly to John II and exhort him, amongst other things, to maintain justice during his reign and a full treasury. Alexios' advice on rulership therefore continued to be available to his son, even after the old emperor's death.

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John's unwillingness to allow his family to influence his government to any great extent was to remain constant for the rest of his reign. John appointed a number of his father's former officials to senior administrative posts, men such as

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The reign of John II was taken up with almost constant warfare and, unlike his father who delighted in active participation in theological and doctrinal disputes, John appears to have been content to leave ecclesiastical matters to the

1099:, employing their famous axes to hack their way in. The battle put an effective end to the Pechenegs as an independent people; many of the captives taken in the conflict were settled as soldier-farmers within the Byzantine frontier. 735:

The increase in military security and economic stability within Byzantine western Anatolia created by John II's campaigns allowed him to begin the establishment of a formal provincial system in these regions. The theme (province) of

560:. She was given the Greek name Irene, meaning 'peace', in Byzantium. This marriage sealed a political alliance, which would strengthen Byzantium's position in the Balkans and Adriatic. In 1106 Alexios I was campaigning against the 662:, who had been given as a gift to John's father. Emperor Alexios had thought him a good companion for his son, and so he had been brought up alongside the prince in the imperial household. Axouch was immediately appointed 702: 701:. These were men who had been politically eclipsed during the ascendancy exercised by John's mother in the later years of the reign of Alexios I. A number of 'new men' were raised to prominence by John II, these included 483:

Under John, the empire's population recovered to about 10 million people. The quarter-century of John II's reign is less well recorded by contemporary or near-contemporary writers than the reigns of either his father,

425:, where John is described as a ruler who, "... combined clever prudence with purposeful energy ... and high principled beyond his day." In the course of the quarter-century of his reign, John made alliances with the 5643: 1005:

heresies characterised the last few years of the reign of Alexios I. No records from the reign of John mention such persecution, though countermeasures against heresy by the Byzantine Church remained in force. A

1810:. She played little part in government, devoting herself to piety and their large brood of children. Irene died on 13 August, 1134, and was later venerated as Saint Irene. John II and Irene had 8 children: 1660:

was approaching to try to relieve the city, therefore the emperor reluctantly accepted the offer. The emperor was distracted by a Seljuq raid on Cilicia and developments in the west, where he was pursuing a

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John, alongside his wife who shared in his religious and charitable works, is known to have undertaken church building on a considerable scale, including construction of the Monastery of Christ Pantokrator

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seemed achievable. However some Greeks of the interior of Anatolia were becoming increasingly accustomed to Turkish rule and often found it preferable to that of Byzantium, as seen in the Battle of

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Two rather ambiguous Byzantine rhetorical allusions were the basis of this theory – all contemporary historical writing unanimously agrees on an accidental cause for the death of John II.

480:; yet despite the great vigour with which he pressed the campaign, John's hopes were disappointed by the evasiveness of his Crusader allies and their reluctance to fight alongside his forces. 872:, was also party to the alliance of Lothair and John II. However, this alliance proved unable to resist Roger, who extracted by force a recognition of his royal title from the Pope in 1139 ( 580:

to " ... the great Emperor Kyr Alexios Komnenos and of your thrice-loved son, Emperor Kyr John born in the purple". This leaves no doubt as to John's status as co-emperor and heir apparent.

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was hard-fought, John was wounded in the leg by an arrow, but by the end of the day the Byzantine army had won a crushing victory. The decisive moment of the battle was when John led the

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Although John fought hard for the Christian cause in the campaign in Syria, his allies Prince Raymond of Antioch and Count Joscelin II of Edessa remained in their camp playing

1545:, in 1140. The Byzantines were defeated by the conditions rather than by the Turks: the weather was very bad, large numbers of the army's horses died, and provisions became scarce. 1107: 1257: 884:, Conrad's sister-in-law, was chosen and despatched to Byzantium. At much the same time Roger II applied to John II for an imperial bride for his son, but was unsuccessful. 6086: 1501:. John quickly earned a formidable reputation as a wall-breaker, taking one stronghold after another from his enemies. Regions that had been lost to the empire since the 723: 1480:

Following the end of hostilities with Hungary, John was able to concentrate on Asia Minor during most of his remaining years. He undertook annual campaigns against the

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Early in John's reign the Turks were pressing forward against the Byzantine frontier in western Asia Minor. In 1119, the Seljuqs had cut the land route to the city of

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doctors rather than monks. The central of the three churches was the Komnenian funerary chapel, dedicated to St. Michael. It had twin domes, and is described in the

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this interference as a fighting matter. A Hungarian alliance with the Serbs produced serious consequences for continued Byzantine dominance in the western Balkans.

3874: 1087:, tricked them into believing that he would grant them a favourable treaty, and then launched a devastating surprise attack upon their fortified camp. The ensuing 1222:(called Frangochorion in Choniates), which had been Hungarian since the 1060s. The Hungarian pretender Álmos died in 1129, removing the major source of friction. 848:). This was necessary to limit the threat posed by the Normans of southern Italy to Byzantine territory in the Balkans. This threat became especially acute after 824:

status and his relationship with his imperial father, Alexios I, but he made little or no reference to his relationship to his brother John, or to the title of

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by storm in 1120, re-opening land communication with Attaleia. This route was especially important as it also led to Cilicia and the Crusader states of Syria.

924:. The Byzantine desire to be seen as holding a level of suzerainty over all of the Crusader states was taken seriously, as evidenced by the alarm shown in the 1034:). Adrian had become a monk, adopting the monastic name John, and had accompanied the emperor on his campaigns of 1138. Soon afterwards, Adrian was appointed 2445:

The coronation of Alexios as co-emperor is usually dated to 1122, but contemporary documents indicate that he was crowned between 12 July and 7 October 1119.

564:, most probably accompanied by his son John. At this time John's wife was heavily pregnant, she was with her husband on campaign, giving birth to twins, 1250: 783:

involving Isaac and other magnates as he was leaving to campaign against the Turks. When John tried to seize Isaac, the latter escaped and fled to the

698: 1730:, the younger of his surviving sons, to be his successor. John is recorded as citing two main reasons for choosing Manuel over his older brother 626:, gained entry into the monastery and obtained the imperial signet ring from his father. He then assembled his armed followers and rode to the 1173:. In giving asylum to Álmos, a blinded claimant to the Hungarian throne, John aroused the suspicion of the Hungarians. The Hungarians, led by 1509:

In the spring of 1139, the emperor campaigned with success against Turks, probably nomadic Turkomans, who were raiding the regions along the

1243: 1123:, John exiled the Venetian merchants from Constantinople. But this produced further retaliation, and a Venetian fleet of 72 ships plundered 231: 5391: 549:

elevation was celebrated by a special issue of coins with his parents depicted on the reverse and John crowned by Christ on the obverse.

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had Byzantine backing, including a large financial subsidy, for his invasion of Norman territory in 1136, which reached as far south as

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again. The Serbian campaign may have taken place between two distinct phases in the war against Hungary. The Hungarians attacked

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describes John's birth, "And then a son was born to the emperor, who was honoured with the holy baptism in the holy church of

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John was born on 13 September 1087, the third child and first son of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and his wife Irene Doukaina.

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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

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which had been circulating in certain monasteries. These works were ordered to be burnt by the Patriarch of Constantinople,

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John Axouch was John II's closest adviser and was his only intimate friend. Axouch was a Turk captured as a child at the

639: 86: 5377: 1430: 1405: 820:, where he remained for the rest of John's life. In the extensive artwork that Isaac commissioned, he made much of his 504:

John II Komnenos – a conjectural digital replacement of facial features damaged on the original mosaic in Hagia Sophia

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The central tenet of the foreign policy of John II in the West was to maintain an alliance with the German emperors (

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John has been assessed as the greatest of the Komnenian emperors. This view became entrenched due to its espousal by

410:. John was a pious and dedicated monarch who was determined to undo the damage his empire had suffered following the 3246: 6061: 5616: 5355: 1681:

In early 1142 John campaigned against the Seljuqs of Iconium to secure his lines of communication through Attalia (

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Alexios I arranged a dynastic marriage for John. In 1104 or early 1105 John was married to the Hungarian princess

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in 1122, he was superseded in the succession in favour of Manuel in 1143; married twice and had several children.

1846: 1731: 1513:, striking their means of subsistence by driving off their herds. He then marched for the final time against the 853: 619: 237: 5453: 5088: 4880: 4842: 4802: 4769: 627: 31: 5560: 5303: 5129: 4956: 4922: 4886: 4775: 3954: 3490:), translated by E. A. Babock and A. C. Krey (Columbia University Press, 1943). See the original text in the 1814: 1686: 643: 565: 225: 122: 1021:

One of the few members of the imperial family to be placed in an important position by John was his cousin,

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John II (left) and his eldest son Alexios, crowned by Christ. Byzantine manuscript, early 12th century

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Neville, L. (2016) "Anna Komnene: The Life & Work of a Medieval Historian", Oxford University Press.

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Historian John Birkenmeier argued that John's reign was the most successful of the Komnenian period. In

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John II directs the Siege of Shaizar while his allies sit inactive in their camp, French manuscript 1338

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described John as short and unusually ugly, with eyes, hair and complexion so dark he was known as 'the

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in the east. In an effort to demonstrate the Byzantine ideal of the emperor's role as the leader of the

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Having prepared his army for a renewed attack on Antioch, John amused himself by hunting wild boar on

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as John IV of Ohrid. Bulgaria was an autocephalous see and required a prestigious man as archbishop.

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In the East John attempted, like his father, to exploit the differences between the Seljuq Sultan of

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and most of his family were brought as captives to Constantinople. This opened the route to the

1454:, Konya. The naturalism of the sculpture looks more Greek than Syrian or Iranian in workmanship. 5953: 5923: 5840: 5694: 5583: 5370: 5330: 5309: 5215: 4005: 3575:, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 55, pp. 1–7, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University 1840: 1803: 1610: 1353: 1281: 1111:

John II in full imperial regalia, Byzantine low relief sculpture in marble, early 12th century.

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brought back under direct imperial control. John then besieged but failed to take the city of

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in 1104; the marriage was intended as compensation for the loss of some territories to King

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After his accession, John II had refused to confirm his father's 1082 treaty with the

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dynasty controlling the northeastern, inland, parts of Anatolia. In 1134 the Seljuq sultan

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The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

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In the Levant, the emperor sought to reinforce Byzantine claims to suzerainty over the

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Byzantine rule. John persevered, however, and Kastamonu soon changed hands once more.

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Seljuq period architectural fragment from Konya, showing Seljuq appropriation of the

1385: 1076: 929: 921: 873: 845: 714: 489: 426: 245: 220: 112: 71: 5385: 492:. In particular little is known of the history of John's domestic rule or policies. 5815: 5506: 5431: 5320: 5297: 5200: 5173: 5158: 5050: 5010: 5000: 4725: 4652: 4622: 4485: 4440: 4435: 4307: 3824: 1959: 1637: 1622: 1598: 1410: 1088: 1022: 917: 892: 817: 804: 311: 213: 142: 1776: 1215: 4961: 4951: 4860: 4647: 4555: 4543: 4537: 4389: 4210: 4180: 4123: 4103: 3828: 3785: 3707: 3614: 3583: 3479: 3437: 1425: 1420: 1343: 1211: 1092: 908: 706: 659: 573: 541: 529: 513: 477: 3528:

Cambridge University Press.Poetry and its Contexts in Eleventh-century Byzantium

880:

was approached in 1140 for a royal German bride for John's youngest son Manuel.

791:, who received him, and later sent him to the breakaway Byzantine regime of the 5998: 5947: 5687: 4855: 4819: 4764: 4657: 4580: 4478: 4472: 4404: 4384: 4138: 4098: 3703: 3655: 3521: 3504: 2406: 2243: 2073: 2048: 1719: 1702: 1562: 663: 607: 602: 509: 446: 395: 371: 339: 301: 138: 3771:

Ousterhhout, R. (2016) "Architecture and patronage in the age of John II", in

3491: 3414:, translated by Sewter, E. R. A., Penguin Classics, Harmondsworth, pp, 522-523 1894:(28 November 1118 – 21 September 1180), became emperor, and reigned 1143–1180. 1462:

on the southern coast of Anatolia. John II and Axouch the Grand Domestic

912:

the Levant was in 1137 when he extracted formal homage from the rulers of the

852:

made himself supreme in southern Italy and assumed the title of king. Emperor

6015: 6001:

who are independently notable are shown. Rulers and co-rulers are denoted in

5986: 5325: 5285: 4829: 4637: 4445: 3882: 3456: 3242: 2482: 1871: 1787: 1739: 1734:: Isaac's irascibility, and the courage that Manuel had shown on campaign at 1566: 1510: 1027: 1007: 975: 945: 774: 710: 462: 197: 3809:

Stathakopoulos, D. (2016) "John II Komnenos: a historiographical essay", in

5511: 5070: 4865: 4797: 4792: 4782: 4605: 4467: 4108: 1792: 1711: 1481: 1202:

in Thrace, counterattacked, supported by a naval flotilla operating on the

1056: 998: 896: 618:. Anna, who in infancy had been betrothed to her father's first co-emperor 615: 569: 545: 63: 2596:, Vol. V, Ed. William Harrison De Puy, (The Christian Herald, 1908), 3654. 1553: 1493:

which resulted in the reconquest of the ancestral home of the Komnenoi at

1442: 4934: 4809: 4759: 4684: 4258: 4205: 4148: 3610: 1735: 1723: 1542: 1526: 1514: 1015: 957: 861: 836: 655:

connections to fill almost all senior administrative and military posts.

635: 1235: 1226:

War of attrition against the Anatolian Turks (1119–20, 1130–35, 1139–40)

741: 4990: 4905: 4870: 4835: 4747: 4662: 4422: 4415: 4362: 4342: 4287: 4252: 4245: 4190: 4155: 4018: 3811: