The Second World War (book series)

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Churchill excluded the part in the same memo where he wrote that a "strong France" would be a necessary British ally because he expected the United States to return to isolationism after the war and because Britain needed France as an ally as "the prospect of having no strong country on the map between England and Russia was not attractive". Churchill wanted an Anglo-American-Commonwealth federation after the war, but he believed that American isolationism was so strong that the United States would return to isolationism just it had after 1918. Churchill included his conviction that Roosevelt's belief that China would be a great power after the war was ridiculous as China was a backward, impoverished nation and always would be. Churchill did not mention his wartime belief that Roosevelt's plans to include China on the Security Council of the new United Nations was an American ploy to destroy the British Empire as he believed that having a non-white nation as a veto-holding member of the United Nations would inspire the non-white peoples in the British colonies to demand independence. A passage highly critical of

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special rapport with Hitler that would allow him to negotiate a favourable peace with Germany. As late as October 1940, Lloyd George was predicting that Britain would soon be defeated as he expected Churchill to fail as prime minister and that King George VI would be forced to make him prime minister again with a mandate to make peace. Churchill did admit that his position as prime minister was precarious for much of 1940 as he took over the leadership of the Conservative Party in October 1940 when Chamberlain resigned owing to the bowel cancer that would kill him within a month. Churchill wrote that whoever led the Conservative Party would be the real leader of the country, and that he had "only executive responsibility" as prime minister without being the Conservative party leader. Churchill did not mention that his real concern was that Lord Halifax would succeed Chamberlain as Conservative leader and that he wanted Halifax out of his cabinet as he believed that Halifax would bring him down as prime minister sooner or later. The opportunity finally came in December 1940 when

1568:. Menzies during his lengthy visit to London between 20 February and 20 May 1941 found himself playing devil's advocate as he questioned the assumptions behind the Greek expedition. Menzies thought that using Greek airfields to bomb the Romanian oilfields was a good plan, but pointed out that Hitler would reach the same conclusion and would invade Greece to thwart it. Churchill did not mention that Menzies thought that the forces being dispatched to Greece were not strong enough to hold out against the expected German invasion, giving the impression that no arguments were made against the Greek expedition. The fact that Churchill was not allowed to mention the Ultra programme did not allow him to defend himself from one of the charges made against him, namely that by sending the Australians and New Zealanders to Greece, he weakened the Commonwealth forces in Libya and Egypt. Churchill's assumption that he could pull forces out of North Africa to defend Greece was based upon his reading of the German codes and of Hitler's orders to 1721:

actively seeking out enemy targets instead of retreating. He did not urge bold action on Phillips the way he had on Cunningham earlier in the year. He wrote to Commodore Allen along these lines in response to Roskill’s criticisms in 1953. In his memoirs Churchill had claimed that a meeting, “mostly Admiralty”, was convened on the night of 9 December in the Cabinet War Room, and they decided to sleep on it before ordering Phillips to seek refuge with the US Fleet. Roskill could not find any evidence in the Chiefs of Staff and Defence Committee minutes to back this up, and concluded that “they never discussed “the disappearing strategy”” although he was careful to attribute this supposed untruth to Churchill’s memoirs rather than to Churchill himself. However, Churchill’s claim is confirmed by Alan Brooke’s diary, not available when Roskill was writing.

2348:" who was capable of anything on the grounds that de Gaulle might one day be president of France again. Churchill did print a memo from 1943 to Eden mentioning that Britain needed a "strong France" under anti-communist leadership to ensure the peace in the post-war world, which was the reason why Churchill tolerated de Gaulle during the war despite disliking him. In the same manner Churchill did not mention his wartime view expressed in a memo to Eden on 19 December 1944 that Tito was a "viper" who was only interested in power for himself. Churchill was offended by the way that Tito had accepted ample British aid, but told him quite bluntly that he was opposed to the British plans for landings in Dalmatia and would fight the British if they did indeed land. Churchill had chosen to cease support for the royalist 436: 1379:. Churchill insisted that he sacked Dowding in November 1940 only reluctantly and blamed the civil servants of the Air Ministry. Dowding was a shy, modest man virtually unknown to the British people during the Battle of Britain, and his sacking had attracted little media attention. It was after 1945 that Dowding came to be celebrated as a "quiet hero", hence Churchill's defensive tone about why he sacked him. In fact, Churchill had sacked Dowding because he believed that the narrow victory won by the Fighter Command was a sign of incompetence. Dowding's repeated statements during the Battle of Britain that the Luftwaffe was killing Fighter Command pilots faster than the Training Command could produce new pilots were viewed by Churchill at the time as a sign that Dowding was not fit to command. A key moment in 1034:, and because it was so small Chamberlain did not consider it a threat to his ministry. Dutton noted that Churchill was much more critical of Baldwin, who after the failed attempt to depose him in 1930-1931 always made it clear that he would never allow Churchill to serve in the cabinet again, than of Chamberlain who allowed Churchill to join his cabinet on 3 September 1939 as First Lord of the Admiralty (his old job from 1911-1915), despite the popular perception that Churchill had a chequered record as a politician associated with failures, most notably the Gallipoli campaign in 1915. This gave Churchill's career a major boost, and it was the perception that Churchill was a successful First Lord of the Admiralty in 1939-1940 that allowed him to become Prime Minister on 10 May 1940. In 2328:, the Chief of the RAF Staff, that if the British continued to delay Overlord, then the Americans might abandon their "Europe First" strategy in favour of an "Asia First" grand strategy. Churchill stated he was willing to accept an American switch to an "Asia First" strategy provided that the Americans continued to take part in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany, which Churchill regarded as the principal American contribution to the war effort. Ultimately, Churchill wanted the United States to be engaged in European affairs after the war as a counterweight to the Soviet Union, and it was the fear that an American "Asia First" strategy would cause the Americans to lose interest in Europe after the war that led Churchill to go on with Operation Overlord. 1551:, both of whom had major doubts about the wisdom of dispatching Australian and New Zealand soldiers to the defence of Greece in 1941. Menzies and Fraser both paid an extended visit to London in early 1941 to debate strategy with Churchill; Menzies's visit was only briefly mentioned while Fraser's visit was not mentioned at all. Churchill defended the decision to send an expedition to Greece on the grounds that it could have changed the course of the war by allowing British bombers to use Greek airfields to reach Romanian oil fields which supplied most of the oil used by the Wehrmacht. Churchill mentioned that he sent Eden on a visit to Turkey in January 1941 where he reported that President 1155:'s absolute refusal to accept the borders with Poland imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. In the Cold War, Churchill supported West German rearmament as an ally against the Soviet Union and he portrayed the Wehrmacht in a relatively favourable light. Another reason for Churchill portraying the Wehrmacht generals more as victims than followers of Hitler was his claim that if only he had been prime minister in 1938, the Second World War would have been avoided altogether. He presented as fact the self-serving claims made by Wehrmacht generals after 1945 that during the 1938 Sudetenland crisis they would have staged a military coup to overthrow Hitler, which was prevented by the 2185:

Churchill still had hopes as late as January 1943 that strategic bombing might induce the Wehrmacht generals to overthrow Hitler to obtain a peace treaty that did not destroy Germany as a great power. Churchill was opposed to the "unconditional surrender" formula as it would make it more difficult to turn the Wehrmacht generals against Hitler and implied an all-out struggle that would economically exhaust Britain, whose economy was already under serious strain. This was especially the case as Churchill expected the United States to return to isolationism after the war, leaving the Soviet Union as the dominant power in Europe with only France as a possible counterweight.

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should be willing to lose half the Mediterranean Fleet to save Crete. Off Crete Britain lost three cruisers and five destroyers with two battleships, one aircraft carrier, eight cruisers and seven destroyers damaged. Churchill also did not mention the memo he received from Cunningham after the Battle of Crete in May 1941 saying he never wanted to have Royal Navy warships without air cover again, and that the losses taken by the Royal Navy off Crete due to German and Italian aircraft were unacceptably high, very likely as it would have invited criticism of his deployment of capital ships to Singapore, where they were sunk by Japanese aircraft in December. Fortunately

1038:, Churchill turned Baldwin "man of Middle England" image against him to devastating effect as he portrayed Baldwin as a petty and provincial politician unfit to be prime minister. As Conservative leader, Baldwin had been often been photographed in rural settlings, dressed as a squire and smoking his pipe, to associate him with rural England, a positive image that Churchill turned into a negative one by writing that Baldwin was too provincial to conduct a proper foreign policy. Dutton wrote that the popular belief that Churchill became Prime Minister in May 1940 because he was an anti-appeaser is not true, and the real reason was the widespread belief that the 2387:, opened up a huge hole in the German lines on the Eastern Front and led to the Soviet Union taking control of Eastern Europe in 1944-1945. Churchill tended to focus on campaigns and battles involving Anglo-American forces, and his account of the summer of 1944 is largely concerned with the campaigns in France and Italy. Churchill's tendency to give greater attention to battles involving Anglo-American forces than those involving the Red Army gave the impression that it was Anglo-American forces who fought the really important and decisive battles while the battles on the Eastern Front were less important and less decisive. 442: 1875:, was highly sceptical about the claims being made by Harris and the other "bomber barons", leading to Churchill to Attlee a lengthy memo on 29 July 1942 saying that Britain's only hope of winning the war was via strategic bombing. In the same memo, Churchill wrote that both the British Army and the US Army were hopelessly inferior to the Wehrmacht in every respect and that "it will certainly be several years before British and American land forces will be capable of beating the Germans on even terms in the open field". None of Churchill's wartime statements about winning the war via bombing alone were included in 1782:. The very narrow Labour majority made Churchill's publishers keener than ever that he should finish the work. He managed a frenetic fortnight of work over the Easter Parliamentary Recess. The US publishers were not happy as only a quarter of the text was (in their words) “original writing” and there had also been a sharp drop off in sales because of excessive quotes from documents and minute details of military operations. Churchill dictated, but did not send, a sarcastic reply about what a “miracle” he had produced and how well the publishers had done out of it. After a visit to Chartwell 1949:

to kill him in 1943, and Churchill had noticed that he had much trouble paying attention at meetings. Churchill was normally quite ruthless about sacking generals, admirals and air marshals whom he believed had failed him, but he had a soft spot for Pound, whom he unsuccessfully tried to nudge into retirement. Churchill's defensive tone about PQ 17 was due to the fact that many in the Royal Navy believed that Pound should have been sacked as First Sea Lord in 1942 instead of being allowed to continue to serve, despite his failing health, until September 1943.

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campaigns on land instead of the war-winning campaign that it was envisioned of at the time. In fact, on 21 July 1942 Churchill told the war cabinet that he believed that it was possible to win the war via strategic bombing alone, a claim he repeated to Stalin during his summit in Moscow on 12 August 1942. During the Moscow summit, Churchill referred to the bombing raid on Cologne on 30 May 1942 that destroyed much of the city, and told Stalin he "hoped to shatter twenty German cities as we had shattered Cologne". During the war, the Deputy Prime Minister,

1343:, which linked India to China and was the principal means by which arms reached China. Lord Halifax wanted to reject the Japanese ultimatum and risk war with Japan while Churchill wanted to give in and close the Burma Road, saying that with Germany on the brink of invading Britain that this was no time for a war with Japan. A compromise was crafted and Britain closed the Burma Road until October 1940 over furious Chinese protests and adverse American comments. Churchill also did not mention his belief in 1940 that the pro-Allied neutrality of President 172: 1248:. Jonathan Rose suggests that Churchill may have deliberately embellished the story by omitting the presence of Margesson, exaggerating the length of a pause when Halifax declined to accept the premiership (other accounts suggest that Churchill may have been more aggressive in stating that he did not believe Halifax should be Prime Minister) and timing the meeting to coincide with the German attack on the Low Countries (in fact Chamberlain briefly tried to rescind his resignation, agreed the previous day, when the attack began). 1866:

British cities if Bomber Command could "dehouse" a sufficient number of German workers by destroying their homes, the resulting decline in productivity would cripple the German economy, and in this way Britain would win the war without fighting any costly battles on land. Lord Cherwell did not mention in his paper that "dehousing" bombing would probably often kill the people living in the destroyed houses. Churchill accepted Lord Cherwell's advice and on 22 February 1942 appointed the single-minded and ruthless Air Marshal

879:, still in force during Churchill's chancellorship (1924-29), had slowed defence research and long term planning. This was amended to stress that the rule was laid down by the Lloyd George government in 1919 and had the backing of the Cabinet and Committee of Imperial Defence. Churchill argued that he was not wrong to have kept the Rule in place until 1929, as war did take another ten years to break out, and he argued that Hitler could have been stopped without loss of life up to 1934 when he had started building the 2530:. On 30 September 1953 Churchill returned from the South of France and that day approved the preface which Denis Kelly had drafted for Volume 6, claiming that the work had been almost finished two years ago. Kelly later told Martin Gilbert (in March 1987) that Churchill had examined the preface for twenty minutes at Chequers and had insisted on adding the word that Nazi Germany had been not just occupied and partitioned but “crushed”. Volume 6 was published in the US on 30 November 1953 and in the UK in April 1954. 1218:

own statement to Halifax on 26 May that "if we could get out of this jam by giving up Malta and Gibraltar and some African colonies he would jump at it", though he went on to say that he doubted that it was possible to make any sort of reasonable peace with Hitler who had no reason to make concessions with Germany winning the war. Churchill ultimately dropped all references to the debate while mentioning that French Prime Minister Reynaud was willing to make concessions to Mussolini in exchange for brokering peace.

1080:'s government was very concerned that Japan might use a war in Europe to seize Britain's Asian colonies. Despite support for strategic bombing Churchill, judging by his "Memorandum on Sea-power" written on 25 March 1939, did not see air attacks on ships as a major danger. He also wrote that any threat from submarines had been "mastered". The major theme in Churchill's memo which was based on his previous experience as First Lord of the Admiralty (1911-1915) was that naval warfare would be decided by traditional 2272:

thence into Hungary in order to include as much of Eastern Europe into the Western sphere of influence as Churchill saw the Soviet Union as the future enemy in the post-war world. Churchill devoted more chapters to the campaign in Italy between 1943 and 1945 than any of the other campaigns in the war, which gave the impression that the Italian campaign was the decisive campaign of the war. It was no accident that Field Marshal Alexander-whom Churchill viewed as the most able of his generals-commanded the

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up Hess on his eccentric peace mission as a way to blackmail the United States into providing more aid. Churchill did not mention that he followed Eden's advice, which had the opposite effect from the one intended, not the least because Stalin thought that Britain was trying to make peace and took the British warnings about Operation Barbarossa as a part of an Anglo-German plot. However, Stalin had already long decided before Hess made his flight that Germany was not going to invade the Soviet Union. In

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hand accounts exist, but only records of what participants reported to others. Although the timing of and attendance at these meetings is unclear, there is broad consensus that Halifax, Chamberlain's preferred successor, probably could have been Prime Minister had he wanted the job, and that Labour were prepared to serve in coalition under Halifax or Churchill, but not Chamberlain. See Andrew Roberts biography of Halifax (“The Holy Fox” – 1991) and Nicholas Shakespeare “Six Days In May” (2017)

2672:, Churchill was greatly worried in the early 1950s about the prospect of a nuclear war that would be an end of humanity. When Volume One was published in 1948 Churchill had favoured a hardline stance towards the Soviet Union, but by the early 1950s he had changed his view (and the pursuit of a summit became an excuse for his clinging to office as his faculties decayed). In the later volumes Churchill played up the possibility of reaching an understanding with the Soviet Union and portrayed 39: 1586:

Freyberg of the Ultra secret just before the Battle of Crete and told him of the three airfields where the German paratroopers were going to drop, but also told him not to change the disposition of his forces as that might tip the Germans off that the British were reading their codes. Freyberg believed that Crete was not very important and was not informed that Hitler was obsessed with the fear that British bombers based in Crete would destroy the Romanian oilfields upon which the

1064:, aka "The Prof". Churchill wrote that Tizard sacked Cherwell from the Scientific Air Defence Committee in 1937 for being Churchill's friend, but in reality it was for his impassioned advocacy of the impractical weapon of "aerial mines", which made Cherwell a disruptive force on the committee. Cherwell served as Churchill's science adviser throughout the war, and Churchill found it embarrassing that some of his ideas were those of a crank. In a note he sent to research assistant 980:- who served twice as his Foreign Secretary in 1940-1945 and again in 1951-1955 - as an especially noble anti-appeaser when in fact he had regarded Eden in the 1930s, including his first time as Foreign Secretary between 1935 and 1938, as both an excessively ambitious political lightweight with bad judgement and until 1938 as an appeaser. Churchill portrayed Eden's resignation from the Chamberlain cabinet in February 1938 as the decisive turning point under which the appeaser 1418:, who commanded the Commonwealth forces in the Middle East. The first draft included the line: "All our military men disliked the Jews and loved the Arabs. General Wavell was no exception. Some of my trusted ministers like Lord Lloyd and of course, the Foreign Office, were all pro-Arab if they not actually anti-Semitic". Sir Norman Brook told Churchill to delete that sentence, saying it was not helpful towards Britain's image in the Middle East. Churchill wrote in 1645:(modern Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea). Churchill wrote that Wavell did not want to take action about the campaigns in Iraq and Syria, and that he to push him into action. By splitting the campaigns that involved Middle East Command into different chapters, Churchill downplayed the immense problems faced by Wavell who was in charge of campaigns in Egypt, Ethiopia, Crete and Iraq all at the same time. Churchill wrote that the British had a spy in the 1700:

invasion fleet heading towards Malaya (modern Malaysia), which resulted in Force Z being sunk by Japanese aircraft operating out of French Indochina (modern Vietnam). Churchill initially sought to explain Philips's folly as being due to aircraft having never sunk warships before, only to be told by his research assistants that they had indeed done so, which led him to exclude that argument from the final draft. Churchill took a defensive tone in

1174:, Churchill was seen as a dynamic war leader by the public, even though many senior political and naval colleagues took a dimmer view of his competence. In an early draft he had written “it was a marvel – I really do not know how - I survived and maintained my position in public esteem while all the blame was thrown on poor Mr Chamberlain”. This was excised from the published edition. Churchill's conduct of the campaign was later attacked by 513: 95: 665:

an advantage over other historians of the Second World War for many years. The gathered documents were placed in chronologies by his advisers, and this store of material was further supplemented by dictated recollections of key episodes, together with queries about chronology, location and personalities for his team to resolve. Churchill finally obtained Cabinet approval to quote from official documents after negotiations with the

965:, as being in the political "wilderness" in the 1930s because of his prescient opposition to the appeasement of Nazi Germany, but the real reason was that in Opposition in 1930–1931 he had led a backbenchers' rebellion trying to topple Baldwin (who supported Indian self-government) as Conservative leader; this disloyalty led to his exclusion from the National Government formed in 1931. He was later absolutely opposed to the 2526:, a move which Churchill had opposed. Despite his stroke he “tinkered” (Lough's description) with the text in summer 1953 and it was once again ready for the US Christmas market. In August 1953, still recovering from his serious stroke, he worked on the proofs of Volume 6 with Denis Kelly at Chequers, including an all-night session (till 4.45am) with Kelly and Commodore Allen polishing the detailed chapter on the 1478:

top-level talks with Roosevelt. Churchill had a mild stroke at Max Beaverbrook’s villa in the south of France and had to be rushed home privately. By autumn 1949, with a General Election looming, Churchill was conducting sporadic work on Volume 4 while still polishing Volume 3. Another working holiday was planned for late in the year but once again his interest was flagging. He had a discussion with Camrose of the

2425:(prompted by his secretary Miss Sturdee) and of his last meeting with Roosevelt on the Presidential yacht off Alexandria after the Yalta Conference. On holiday in Venice in August 1951 Churchill, who was rushing to get Volume 5 finished for the US publishers' deadline, was reluctant to deal with queries from Denis Kelly about the Americans wanting to clear up exactly when he had visited the 1671:, the image of the Soviet Union that Churchill painted was as a "burden" upon the British war effort as Churchill portrayed the Soviets as in constant need of British support. Churchill argued that the failed expedition to Greece in April–May 1941 had "saved" Moscow later in 1941 as he argued that the campaign in the Balkans had given the Soviet Union an extra five weeks by delaying 825:. Churchill later rejected other advice from Reves, to cut the number of lengthy direct quotes from documents and letters (many of which had been written with a view to eventual publication), and to include more detail in subsequent volumes about his first meetings with Eisenhower and Montgomery (very likely as this would have reduced the emphasis on Churchill's own central role). 1140:, which also reflected the politics of the Cold War. Churchill saw the Soviet Union as the principal enemy and West Germany, Italy and Japan as British allies, which led him to portray the origins of World War Two in very personalised terms. Churchill wrote in an almost admiring tone that Mussolini was one of the exceptional leaders able to bend history to his will, and portrayed 2054:, whom Churchill credited with more or less single-handedly stopping the Japanese from following up their conquest of Burma in the spring of 1942 with an invasion of India. Field Marshal Alan Brooke, who served as Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) for most of the war, is barely mentioned in the books and even the few mentions that made of him relate to his command of 1388:

contrast to Gamelin who was portrayed as broken and defeated, Park was portrayed as unbowed and determined. The same point about the French as useless allies is driven home by the contrast between the French using obsolescent technology which features prominently in the account of the meeting on 16 May and Fighter Command which was using highly advanced aircraft such as the

893:(31 Oct 1948) arguing that even after its repeal the Ten Year Rule had cast a baleful influence over defence planning. Hankey had a testy public exchange of letters with Churchill's assistant General Ismay, who wrote that it was unfair to blame Churchill for actions of governments when he was out of office after 1929. Hankey’s final letter (20 Nov 1948), which 2083:

fact his interest was “sporadic rather than constant”. Initially in 1940 he thought Britain had sufficient merchant ships and prioritised sending tanks and other war supplies to the Middle East, only to be forced to take an interest in the U-Boat war in the period from December 1940 to June 1941 (a period corresponding, with a time lag, to the so-called

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allowed take part in the D-Day landings, a demand to which was Churchill was opposed, and he instead misleadingly claimed that de Gaulle had refused to speak on the BBC on the eve of Operation Overlord. Churchill personally disliked de Gaulle, and was dissuaded from adding passages from his wartime memos disparaging him as a "combination of

2050:(patriarch), who was always giving sound advice. An additional reason for the favourable treatment was Smuts' support for Churchill's preference for operations in the Mediterranean at the expense of operations in France. Of the British Army generals in the war, the one who Churchill liked and respected the most was Field Marshal 2712: 2122:(1977)) criticised Churchill for prolonging the Battle of the Atlantic by instead deploying bombers to strategic bombing of German cities, which was then only of limited effectiveness. Bell writes that there is some truth in this, but that Churchill also went along, against his better judgement, with air activity in the 2377:. Nor did Churchill mention that he switched support because of his plans for landing in Dalmatia, which required that Germans force be tied down in guerrilla warfare over opposition from Eden who favoured supporting the Chetniks as a pro-Western force who would restore the Yugoslav monarchy after the war. 492:. Churchill labelled the "moral of the work" as follows: "In War: Resolution, In Defeat: Defiance, In Victory: Magnanimity, In Peace: Goodwill". These had been the words which he had suggested for the First World War memorial for a French municipality. His suggestion had not been accepted on that occasion. 2449:

on 7 November 1951, allowing him to spread his £60,000 fee across three years for tax purposes. A fortnight later Norman Brook urged him not to admit to writing the final volume in office, but to claim that it was already largely finished and just needed minor corrections after it had been checked by

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of Yugoslavia in order not to damage Anglo-French and Anglo-Yugoslav relations. Churchill removed any mention of his order in June 1944 that de Gaulle should be "shipped to Algiers in chains if necessary. He must not be allowed to enter France". The dispute had been caused by de Gaulle's demand to be

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in September 1943, which nearly ended in a German victory, Hitler had decided to hold all of Italy. Over the next two years, the Germans fought a skilful defensive campaign in Italy that forced the Allies to expend much blood and treasure on a slow advance up the Italian peninsula. Churchill's "Great

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had actually set sail or not, and kept looking for some evidence that would excuse Pound's decision to withdrew the escorts. Churchill was sensitive about PQ 17 as he been seeking to ease Pound into retirement since early 1942. By early 1942, Pound was visibly suffering from the brain cancer that was

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Churchill's wish to have the United States enter the war against Germany led him to be dragged into policies against Japan that would have preferred to have avoided. Because he was out of office from 1929 to 1939, Churchill was frank about the essential weakness of the Singapore strategy, namely that

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flew to Scotland to propose peace. Churchill had prepared a statement to the House of Commons saying that the British government was not interested in talking to Hess, but upon the advice of Eden he did not deliver it. Eden thought it best to leave the impression that Britain might be willing to take

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and a light cruiser; Cunningham thought this a waste of two good ships and their crews, as the Axis had already landed a lot of supplies and could land more through Vichy French Tunisia. Instead he obtained permission to bombard Tripoli on 21 April 1941 but warned that future attempts might not be so

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actually did sign an armistice with Germany. Churchill also gave the misleading impression that in 1940 he wanted to fight on until the total destruction of Nazi Germany while in fact he was open to a negotiated peace provided Hitler was overthrown. Churchill did not mention his 4 September 1940 memo

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rejected Halifax's approach, and were joined by Chamberlain. Churchill accused Halifax of being willing to "buy off" Mussolini by ceding to Italy Gibraltar, Malta and the Suez Canal and praised Chamberlain and Attlee as "very stiff and tough" in rejecting Halifax's suggestions. He did not mention his

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as a man who perverted Italian politics by preventing the "normal" course of Italian history from occurring. Likewise, Churchill portrayed Hitler very much as a "Great Man" able to bend history to his will owing to his determination and intelligence, which suggests that Nazism was only Hitlerism, and

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in the 1930s when he had already come to rely heavily on drafts written by specialist researchers. Churchill had the greatest personal input into Volume One. The barrister Denis Kelly was in charge of Churchill’s massive personal archive (Churchill would sometimes write on or even chop up documents).

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agreed to share the cost, but Houghton Mifflin declined. After the last of Churchill's expenses-paid working holidays in 1951 (Walter Graebner's suggestions of a final one in 1952 were rejected both by his US Head Office and by Downing Street, as Churchill was Prime Minister again by then), Time Life

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in Australia. Volume 1 was serialised in 80 magazines across the world, and was published in 50 countries in 26 languages. Along with other deals for the publication of his personal papers Churchill appears to have secured around £550,000 (approximately £17 million at 2012 prices). The books made him

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the succession of Churchill to Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister was decided at a series of meetings (one consisting of Chamberlain, Halifax and Churchill, and possibly also David Margesson and another with Clement Attlee and other senior Labour figures) of which neither formal minutes nor first

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that fought in Italy. Churchill was unable to mention one of his principal reasons for seeing Italy as the "soft underbelly" of the Axis, namely that the Allies were reading the German codes and that initially Hitler had planned only to hold northern Italy following the German occupation of Italy in

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a memo dated 22 May 1943 about his plans for a post-war era in which he envisioned some sort of Anglosphere federation linking the United States, the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth nations. This would have had joint institutions such as military chiefs of staff and perhaps a common citizenship.

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had set sail from her base in the far north of Norway. Without protection, the merchantmen of PQ 17 were defenceless against the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine, and 24 of the 35 merchantmen were sunk with the survivors dying in the freezing Arctic Ocean. Churchill seemed rather surprised that Pound had

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had been "lost" at Dieppe as only 18% of the men of the 2nd Division had been killed (by "losses" Churchill meant all the men killed, wounded or taken prisoner, which would have amounted to 70%). Mountbatten also insisted that Churchill say the Chiefs of Staff had approved the raid, though there was

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over control of the wartime economy, which ended with Lord Beaverbrook being dropped from the cabinet in 1942, was mentioned, but downplayed as the Bevin-Beaverbrook dispute did not present the Churchill cabinet in the best light. In domestic politics, Churchill directed most of his fire against Sir

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was active in the area, and preferred that Tripoli should be bombed by air from Egypt. Churchill deferred to his judgment, although Pound suggested stationing an old battleship at Malta to disrupt Axis convoys from Italy to Libya. Jock Colville (25 May 1941) recorded Churchill saying that Cunningham

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depended, a point he impressed on Churchill in his letters to him. Churchill made much of the Pyrrhic victory won by the Germans in the Battle of Crete as the elite Paratroop Corps was badly mauled by the ferocious resistance of the Anglo-Australian-New Zealander-Greek defenders, but exaggerated the

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In October 1949 Pownall and Kelly incorporated comments by the New Zealand War Historian on the Crete campaign and Cunningham the who criticised Churchill’s account of the bombardment of Tripoli, but otherwise thought the book “a fair picture of the doings of the Fleet”. The US publishers complained

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and Albert Goodwin, as the scientific "wizards" who had "broken the beams" (the radio beams that guided German bombers onto British cities) that was largely based upon notes from Goodwin and Jones. The portrayal of Jones and Goodwin as "wizards", rhetoric that invoked magic and sorcery revealed much

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where the Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax argued that France would soon be defeated and that Britain should use Mussolini as an "honest broker" to negotiate peace, but mentioned that Reynaud was willing to do so, thereby contrasting the supposedly craven and cowardly French and the stout and stalwart

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also fulfilled that role. Wood, similar in age to Churchill and long retired, was engaged after an early typo that the French Army was “the poop of the French nation”, Kelly wrote that this was “too near the truth to let it go” and that after a furious midnight call from Churchill to the publishers

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government which came to office in 1945. Attlee agreed to allow Churchill's research assistants access to all documents, provided that no official secrets were revealed and the documents were not used for party political purposes. Churchill's privileged access to documents and his knowledge gave him

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between 13 and 15 February 1945 by including a memo he had written right after the destruction of Dresden saying that such attacks were no longer necessary. Dresden had been regarded as a centre of culture and as one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, and its destruction was controversial even

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as a validation of the Raj as he wrote that India had played a major role in the British war effort. But at the same time Churchill denounced all the peoples and politicians of India as ungrateful for the Raj. Churchill portrayed the British as having sacrificed and suffered so much for the Indians

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that he should grant independence to India, which he portrayed in this volume as American meddling in the affairs of the British Empire, or "idealism at other people's expense". In a blunt passage, Churchill wrote that Roosevelt's comparison of the Indian struggle for independence with the American

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of 1940 to be correct, but found the timing of the allegation in April 1943, when the Red Army was doing the bulk of the fighting against the Wehrmacht, to be highly inconvenient. When writing the chapter on the Katyn Forest massacre, Deakin told Churchill that the Soviet claim that the Germans had

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was a powerful man related to the Royal family who would have likely sued for libel had the first draft been published. As a result, Churchill simply wrote that the raid had failed with no discussion as to why. Mountbatten wrote to Churchill in 1950 that he objected to the statement that 70% of the

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Churchill had planned to work on Volume 4 at Biarritz in September, but the US publishers insisted it be ready by 11 September so that they could publish for the Christmas market. Churchill had to cancel his writing holiday altogether because the Parliamentary Autumn Recess was postponed because of

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later attacked Churchill for sending Force Z to Singapore. Bell writes that much of such criticism is mistaken as Force Z was intended to deter Japan from going to war with in the first place. Bell writes that it is unclear what Churchill wanted to happen, but that privately he blamed Phillips for

1704:

about his appointment of Phillips, whom he described as a "trusted" friend, which presumably meant he was aware of Phillips's views about air power to command Force Z led . In fact, Churchill had had a falling-out with Phillips after he had opposed Churchill's plans to send an expedition to Greece,

1128:

for not trying harder to reach a Soviet alliance and for believing that Poland was a stronger ally than the Soviet Union. The principal problem during the "peace front" talks in 1939 was that the Poles absolutely refused to grant the incessant Soviet demands for Red Army transit rights into Poland.

952:

at a cabinet meeting: "A war with Japan! I do not believe there is the slightest chance of that in our lifetime" and he argued that the Royal Navy budget should be cut as Japan was the only naval power capable of challenging Britain in Asia and that the reduced expenditure should be used for social

703:

of 1939-40, and in the third week of May Churchill sent him a dictated account of the events leading up to the outbreak of war. Ismay replied with comments and some recollections of his own. By September 1946 Churchill was dictating some chapters on the Battle of France in 1940, which he planned to

622:

Cassells (who had paid Churchill £40,000 for the entire series) made £100,000 profit from the first volume alone. By 1953 the first five volumes had sold 1.75 million copies in the UK, 1.76 million in the USA and 77,000 in Canada. By April 1954 the six volumes had sold 2.2 million copies in the USA

2628:

By exaggerating the importance of battles in Italy and north-west Europe rather than battles on the Eastern Front, Churchill gave the impression that he had more leverage over Stalin than he actually did, and took a highly defensive tone in his account of his handling of the Polish question during

2545:

that he had ordered Montgomery to stack captured German arms so that they could be used against the Soviets. Shinwell thought this speech an odd way to obtain the Four-Power conference which Churchill now claimed to be seeking, and pointed out that the telegram, contrary to Churchill’s claims, did

2314:

a memo he had written on 19 October 1943 in which listed as the main British priorities for 1944 (in this order) as stopping the movement of British troops out of the Mediterranean; taking Rome; liberating Rhodes to bring Turkey into the war; British landings upon the Dalmatian coast of Yugoslavia

2309:

in September–December 1943 as a great "missed opportunity" that would have allowed the Western Allies to take control of Eastern Europe and thereby prevented the Red Army from advancing west. Throughout the volumes, Churchill consistently presented his Mediterranean strategy as the superior one to

2082:

of merchantmen and tankers were crucial for the survival of much of the British population, but Churchill did not seem to find the subject very interesting. Churchill wrote (Volume 2 p529) that “the only thing that ever really frightened me during the war was the U-Boat peril”. Bell writes that in

1870:

as the new commander of Bomber Command. Churchill played down his support for strategic bombing as many of the wartime claims made by the RAF leaders that strategic bombing alone could defeat Germany proved to be highly erroneous, and instead portrayed strategic bombing more as a supplement to the

1699:

to Singapore, that that he believed that Force Z would be sufficient to deter Japan, which he admitted had been a mistake. Admiral Philips-a convinced "battleship admiral" who had a dismissive attitude towards air power-took Force Z into the South China Sea without air cover to confront a Japanese

943:

and-which sought to promote peace by revising the Treaty in favour of Germany. Reynolds noted that Churchill did not mention that as Chancellor he had fought for greater social spending to combat the appeal of the British Communist Party to the British working class by cutting defence spending. In

848:

being “baseness in almost every aspect of their collective life” to “faults in almost every aspect of their governmental life”. Churchill's comment that "the heroic characteristics of the Polish race must not blind us to their record of folly and ingratitude...the Poles were glorious in revolt and

2271:

During the war Churchill had favoured a Mediterranean strategy, arguing that the Mediterranean was the decisive theatre of the war, and was opposed to American plans for an invasion of north-west Europe. For political reasons Churchill wanted the Allied armies in Italy to advance into Austria and

2184:

Churchill did not mention his disagreements with Roosevelt at the Casablanca conference in January 1943 where Roosevelt introduced the "unconditional surrender" formula saying he was not interested in any sort of negotiated peace and would only accept unconditional surrender from the Axis states.

1769:

In the summer of 1949 Churchill had another working holiday on Lake Garda in Italy. He had planned to work on Volume 4 but had to work on the Volume 3 draft in response to criticism from the US publishers. Back at Chartwell by autumn 1949, and recovering from a mild stroke with a General Election

1686:

on 28 July 1941 ordered the occupation of southern French Indochina, disregarding Roosevelt's long-standing warnings, Roosevelt imposed sanctions on Japan, most notably the oil embargo. Churchill did not mention that he opposed this, and barely mentioned that Britain followed the United States in

1477:

In the summer of 1949 Churchill had another working holiday on Lake Garda in Italy. He had planned to work on Volume 4 but was delayed by criticism from the US publishers that the Volume 3 draft contained too much detail about British campaigns in the Mediterranean. Reves urged him to discuss his

1426:

of New Zealand. Only the objections that Freyberg, who had never commanded anything larger than a division, did not have the personality for high command led him to retain Wavell despite his lack of confidence in him. An entire chapter is devoted to Churchill's decision in August 1940 to send 154

2774:

Callahan concluded that notwithstanding any changes to historians' understanding of the book, now that what Churchill wrote has been compared in detail to the released archives, Churchill "remains the arresting figure he has always been—dynamic, often wrong, but the indispensable leader" who led

1732:

for ordering the Australian troops serving in Egypt home to defend against the expected Japanese invasion, and for his famous appeal on 27 December 1941 for the United States to defend Australia from a Japanese invasion, which Churchill regarded as almost treason to the British Empire. Churchill

1455:

the British ambassador to the United States died, leading to Churchill to appoint Halifax as the new ambassador in Washington and make Eden his new Foreign Secretary. Besides the removal of a rival, Churchill felt that Eden as Foreign Secretary would be more capable than Halifax of executing the

1450:

that he tried to bring his old mentor in politics, David Lloyd George, into his cabinet as an elder statesmen, but he did not mention that Lloyd George refused his offer because he expected him to lose the war. Lloyd George had met Hitler several times in the 1930s, and he believed that he had a

791:

As various archives have been opened, several deficiencies of the work have become apparent. Some of these are inherent in the position Churchill occupied as a former prime minister and a serving politician. He could not reveal ongoing military secrets, such as the work of the code breakers at

1865:

by the Luftwaffe on 14–15 November 1940 that left most of the people of Coventry homeless, there had been a fall in productivity in war industries in the Coventry area. Cherwell professed in the "dehousing paper" to have worked out a precise formula based on the experience of Coventry and other

1406:

intended to stop the Italian invasion of Egypt and push into the Italian colony of Libya. In fact, Churchill was informed on 3 November 1940 of Wavell's plans, but in order to gain the War Cabinet's approval to send forces to Greece on 4 November he did not tell them about Wavell's plan until 8

1387:

who commanded the Number 11 Group of Fighter Command that covered south-eastern England on 15 September 1940. He claimed that he asked the same question of Park that he had asked of Gamelin on 16 May 1940 "where are the reserves?" and in both cases received the answer that there were none; in a

1201:

Churchill was briefly at a low ebb in June 1948 and asked his solicitor to check the contract to see if he could step down as the notional author of the work. The mood passed, helped in part by another “working holiday” in the South of France, once again paid for by Life and the New York Times.

836:

Magazine spent a month in England, making various suggestions for changes, most of which were accepted. In November 1947 Henry Luce complained that the book contained too many lengthy quotes from documents. Churchill had the first of several holidays, paid for by his publishers, at Marrakesh in

495:

Churchill compiled the book, with a team of assistants, using both his own notes and privileged access to official documents while still serving as Leader of the Opposition; the text was vetted by the Cabinet Secretary. Churchill was largely fair in his treatment, but wrote the history from his

2323:

the "legend" that he had favoured operations in the Mediterranean at the expense of Operation Overlord. In fact, Churchill in the fall of 1943 seemed to have envisioned Operation Overlord as a supplement to the on-going or planned campaigns in Italy and the Balkans. Churchill did not mention a

2073:

in 1941, but gave less attention to the campaign against the far more dangerous U-boats. In 1938, British farms provided only enough food to feed 30% of the British people with the rest imported on board merchantmen from all over the world, making the United Kingdom very vulnerable to a U-boat

1396:

in the meeting on 15 September. Churchill downplayed the importance of radar in the Battle of Britain largely because it was the Chamberlain government that had built the network of radar stations, but devoted an entire chapter to "The Wizard War". "The Wizard War" celebrated two young British

1008:

to win wars and in a speech in the House of Commons on 28 November 1934 he had predicted that Luftwaffe strategic bombing of London would kill between 30,000 and 40,000 Londoners in the first week. In July 1936 he claimed that a single Luftwaffe bombing raid on London would kill at least 5,000

2167:

as a necessary, but "barbaric" ally that would be an enemy after the war reflected his wartime thinking, which envisioned pushing British forces as far east as possible to keep as much of Eastern Europe into the Western sphere of influence as possible after the war. Churchill also included in

2126:

from June 1942 to the end of February 1943. This bombing sank seven U-Boats, less than one per month, whereas North East Atlantic air patrols sank seventeen U-boats for only a third of the flying time. Bell also comments that it was Churchill’s Anti-U-boat Warfare Committee which arranged for

1585:

who commanded the defence of Crete, where Freyberg presented the battle as a hopeless, but noble struggle, which thereby covered up the fact that Freyberg had ignored intelligence that the Germans were planning to invade Crete via the air instead of the sea as he expected. Wavell had informed

1347:

meant that the United States would enter the war later in 1940, which did not happen. Churchill's contacts in the United States were mostly with Anglophile upper-class, WASP "Eastern Establishment" Americans who had been educated at elite universities like Harvard, Yale and Princeton and were

1202:

Churchill worked in the South of France in late August 1948. Deakin helped Churchill with Volume Two in France in summer 1948, and a “starred final” version was ready for the printers after his return to Britain. Another working holiday, this time in Monte Carlo, was arranged for that winter.

2831:

The country of first publication was the United States, preceding publication in the United Kingdom by six months. This was a consequence of the many last minute changes which Churchill insisted be made to the London Cassell edition, which he considered definitive. It was also because the US

2488:, he told Jock Colville that he would have to pull his punches at the US letting the USSR seize so much of Central Europe, in order not to annoy Eisenhower. He worked on the last three chapters of Volume 6 in Jamaica in January 1953. On 28 March 1953 he sent a copy of Volume 6 to the Queen's 2246:

At the end of 1950 Churchill had another working holiday in Marrakesh. He began some preliminary work for Volume 6 until Deakin arrived and they were able to work on Volume 5 together until the end of January. In February 1951 Pownall sent Churchill the draft chapter on the “Preparations for

1675:. Operation Barbarossa was due to start on 21 May 1941, but was instead was launched on 22 June 1941. However, the reason for the delay was not the campaigns in the Balkans, but rather the heavy rains in the spring of 1941 that made the made the mud roads of Eastern Europe almost impassable. 871:

was published in the USA on 2 June 1948. The message of 'the book was that appeasement of dictators always leads to war as they escalate their demands in response to concessions, and Churchill made it quite clear in several speeches in 1948 that he was referring to Stalin as much as Hitler.

631:

When Churchill became Prime Minister in 1940, he intended to write a history of the war then beginning. He said several times: "I will leave judgements on this matter to history—but I will be one of the historians." To circumvent the rules against the use of official documents, he took the

2364:

led by Tito, largely because of Ultra intelligence which showed that the Chetniks at best were not resisting and at worse were collaborating. Churchill did not mention that the British were reading the German codes and were aware of the local truces the Chetniks made, instead crediting the

2107:

ships at sea perfect targets for the U-boats at night. In the chapter "The U-boat Paradise", Churchill grimly noted that the American shipping paid the price in first half of 1942 as the Americans refused to learn from British experience. Bell writes that Churchill actually had a period of

1013:

that in the 1930s he had made exaggerated claims about the killing capacity of Luftwaffe strategic bombing to spur the government to spend more on the Royal Air Force (RAF). David Dutton wrote that the popular image of British politics in the 1930s is of an epic feud between Churchill the

1084:

gunnery duels. Churchill also assumed that Italy would enter any war on the German side and argued that the Royal Navy should concentrate in the Mediterranean at the expense of Asia. Churchill assumed that Japan would enter the war on the Axis side, but dismissed the need to activate the

1473:

In May 1949 Churchill wrote to Deakin that he had largely finished Volume 3. In July 1949 Pownall wrote to him that he had spent some time with Field Marshal Wavell going through the parts of Volume 3 which concerned him. Wavell commented that “on the whole has been very kind to me”.

2595:

on 25 August 1944, was not part of the original plan and Eisenhower had at one point thought that Paris would be liberated sometime in 1945 as the Allies appeared to be stalemated in Normandy for much of the summer of 1944. Churchill strongly opposed Operatiom Anvil (later renamed

2262:

Churchill and Deakin did more work on Vol 5 in the Easter 1951 Parliamentary Recess. By May 1951 Churchill regarded Volume 5 as largely finished. Once again the US publishers insisted on a 13 September deadline (he missed it by five days from his latest working holiday in Venice).

1293:

noted that Churchill downplayed his own importance in seeking to continue the war in 1940. The picture that he painted of a British people solidly united under his leadership for victory over Nazi Germany was not true, and in May–June 1940 much of the British aristocracy including

771:. Brook took a close interest in the books and rewrote some sections to ensure that British interests were not harmed or the government embarrassed. Brook read three successive proofs of Volume One and became in David Reynolds’ words almost “an additional member of the Syndicate”. 2154:

was “safe arrival” of convoys. It was only in 1943, when the “Battle” was largely won through naval and air superiority and the US Navy, which did not have to prioritise carrying supplies for Britain, took a more offensive attitude, that sinking U-Boats became an end in itself.

547:

on his children), after which he would only be taxed on his income as ”editor” of any book written using them. By February 1946 Churchill’s tax advisors had drawn up a detailed plan along these lines. He returned to England in late March from the US, where he had delivered his

2633:

as he insisted that he achieved the best possible settlement for Poland that he could. Much to his dismay, Churchill found himself criticised, especially in the United States, for the "appeasement" of Stalin at Yalta as the concessions that he and Roosevelt made to have the

2196:

in August 1942, with "almost prophetic foresight" about the German plans for an invasion of Egypt, a statement that was not true as the British were reading the German codes, and served to make Montgomery appear as a general of almost superhuman skill. In his account of the

636:

and headed "Prime Minister's personal minutes". These were then stored at his home and Churchill wrote or dictated letters and memoranda with the intention of placing his views on the record, for later use as a historian. The arrangements became a source of controversy when

1271:

of France in contrast to the fighting spirit and courage of the British. Reynolds noted that the actual transcript of the summit showed that Gamelin was indeed depressed as Churchill portrayed him, but that Reynaud and Daladier-though worried by the German victory in the

1009:

people. In reality, German strategic bombing of British cities killed or wounded about 147,000 people between 1939 and 1945 and the major problem was not people being killed, but rather the homelessness caused by the destruction of houses and flats. Churchill admitted in

1576:

to stay on the defensive in Libya; he did not anticipate that Rommel, gambling that Hitler would not punish him for a successful offensive, would launch an unauthorised offensive which pushed the Commonwealth forces back to the Egyptian frontier. The chapter on the

2404:

By May 1951 Churchill regarded Volume 5 as largely finished and began work on Volume 6, parcelling out writing tasks to members of the Syndicate. Deakin wrote on the Balkans (where he had served during the war), Commodore Allen on the Burma Campaign, Ismay on the

1653:

in June 1941, for which Churchill sacked him. There was no such spy, but Churchill could not mention the secret Ultra intelligence; however, it is true that Churchill sacked Wavell believing that he should have been victorious given his intelligence advantage.

2546:

not actually appear in Volume 6. Churchill apologised to the House of Commons for his faulty memory and stated that the telegram, whatever the exact wording had been (no record of it had been found) had been precautionary and sent without Cabinet authority.

2617:, which was likely to stir up anti-German feelings. Churchill buried in the endnotes a memo he sent to Eden on 11 July 1944 calling the extermination of the Jews the "greatest crime" ever committed and ordering Bomber Command to bomb the rail-lines to the 2582:

within a day or two of the D-Day landings, but it was not taken until late July 1944. Churchill accepted Montgomery's post-war claims that he never intended to take Caen quickly, and was instead engaged in a "holding operation" to allow the Americans to

899:

declined to publish, argued that Churchill’s rearmament campaign in the 1930s had served merely to cause public dismay and encourage Hitler. Hankey prepared, but did not complete, a longer critique of Churchill’s interwar influence. He sent material to

1129:

Reynolds noted that during the Danzig crisis British leaders first confronted in embryonic form the problem that it was not really possible to be an ally both of Poland and the Soviet Union, a recurring problem during Churchill's wartime premiership.

2201:

Churchill presented as Montgomery's triumph and did not mention that the battle though a clear British victory did not end in the way that Montgomery had planned for it to end. In contrast to the two chapters devoted to the Battle of El Alamein, the

2030:

of being a Hindu fundamentalist who wanted to oppress Muslims and as a pro-Nazi traitor who would have been all too willing to serve as a puppet Maharaja for the Japanese. This passage was removed from the final draft after Churchill was told by Sir

699:) he engaged William Deakin. Churchill met Deakin on 19 March 1946. In early April, whilst having more meetings with solicitors and tax advisors, Churchill met with Ismay. A year earlier Ismay had sent Churchill a printed copy of the minutes of the 2496:

for vetting, claiming that he was now ready to publish as the US elections were out of the way. He was granted permission to quote two messages to King George VI but agreed, in the interests of friendly relations, to tone down a comment about the

2440:

checking the chapters about strategic bombing but refused to do any more proof reading. Churchill wanted to retire as an author once again for tax purposes, so ordered his writing team to have Volume 6 ready by 26 October 1951, the day after the

1853:

was prime minister when the first volumes were being written, Churchill did not mention his disagreements with him over strategic bombing (to which Attlee was opposed) and over plans for a post-war welfare state (to which Churchill was opposed).

1494:

complained at dinner in front of Walter Graebner thar “I got so tired of the endless detail about unimportant battles and incidents. So much of the material is pedestrian”. Clementine persuaded him to tone down some criticism of the Royal Navy.

2600:), the landings in the south of France originally supposed to coincide with Overlord but postponed until 15 August 1944, as all of the Free French and many of the American forces were pulled out of Italy, weakening the Allied forces there. 2694:

but that Mr Wood could do this. More immediately, he also paid £20,000 for a 10,000 word epilogue, which he said that at £2 per word the most ever paid for a manuscript, covering the years 1945-57. The epilogue extracts were published in the

1402:

about Churchill's attitude towards science. When Italy invaded Greece on 28 October 1940, Churchill portrayed the opposition of Wavell to sending forces to Greece as a misunderstanding as he claimed he was unaware that Wavell had a plan for

1120:. Reynolds noted that "many historians" tended to agree with Churchill. During the Danzig crisis Churchill also believed that a "Grand Alliance" of Britain, France and the Soviet Union would have deterred Hitler from invading Poland, and in 2469:'s conduct of the campaigns in north-west Europe. On Friday 13 June 1952 Deakin visited Churchill at Chartwell with a summary of the progress which he, Pownall, Allen and Kelly had made on Volume 6. Cherwell and Deakin were writing up the 2517:

On 23 June 1953 Churchill suffered a serious stroke, which his doctors did not expect him to survive. Instead he made a remarkable recovery and by 21 July he was well enough to deal with Bedell Smith's comments on the diversion of US and

989:'s foreign policy. In fact at the time Churchill did not regard the appointment of Halifax as an important change. In the late 1940s as he waited with barely veiled impatience for Churchill to retire as Conservative leader Eden wanted to 2162:

a memo he wrote to Eden on 21 October 1942 in which he warned that it "would be a measureless disaster if Russian barbarism overlaid the culture and independence of the ancient states of Europe". The attitude towards the Soviet Union in

530:, at 6.36pm on the day of his resignation as Prime Minister. He initially declined as it would have meant losing his tax status as a “retired author” which exempted his earnings from previous books from the then 90% rate of income tax. 601:

However Walter Graebner of Life became concerned that insufficient progress was being made over the summer of 1947, during which time Volume One advanced from “Provisional Semi-Final” to “Provisional Final”. He bought Churchill a new

619:

executives calculated that these had cost $ 56,572.23 of which Time Life had paid around $ 35,000 and the New York Times the rest; on the whole they judged this to have been a good investment to get a major writing project finished.

503:

The book was a major commercial success in Britain and the United States. The first edition appeared in six volumes; later editions appeared in twelve and four volumes, and furthermore there is also a single-volume abridged version.

2603:

Churchill did not mention that there was a major disagreement in 1944 between the Americans who favoured an "oil plan" of bombing German oil facilities as the best way to cripple the Wehrmacht and the RAF who were committed to the

2608:" of German cities. The omission was to give the impression that there was no alterative to "area bombing", which became controversial after the war. In the same way, Churchill sought to distance himself from the Anglo-American 1093:, but cut out the parts where he wrote that Singapore would be "easy" to hold against the Japanese; that there was no threat from U-boats to British shipping; and that Axis aircraft were not capable of sinking British warships. 2131:

bombers to be deployed from late 1942, finally helping to win the Battle of the Atlantic. However, Bidwell and Graham comment that in his speeches and writings Churchill did much to popularise the idea that there had been a

1042:

proved Chamberlain to be an unsuccessful war leader while Churchill was seen as the best man to win the war. Appeasement only started to be seen as a disastrous foreign policy after the publication of the best-selling book

2445:(which Churchill won with a small majority, making him Prime Minister once again). The order was cancelled when it became clear that the book would not be ready on time. Churchill signed another contract with Camrose's 1310:

was invincible and favoured making peace while there was still time. Hastings wrote that the principal difference between the British and French experiences of the war in 1940 was that in France leaders such as Marshal

2298:. Churchill's prime concern with the post-war future of Italy was keeping the Italian Communists out of power, which explained his support for retaining the Italian monarchy and the lack of mention of Communist leader 1786:

recorded (23 August) that Churchill had lost interest in his memoirs and was just “stringing together masses of documents” and had let slip to his US publishers that he had not even written “certain chapters” himself.

1977:

executed 14,000 Polish POWs in 1941 was "incredible", a statement that Churchill changed to requiring "act of faith". Against the charge that he not done enough to champion the Polish case, Churchill merely stated in

774:

Churchill's personal input into the books declined over time and by 1951 the Syndicate were increasingly writing much of the work in Churchill's style. Peter Clarke uses the phrase "School of Churchill", referring to

927:, Churchill skipped over the 1920s as his actions then did not support his self-image as a leader who was far-sighted about the Axis threat. Churchill criticised the "follies" of the victors of 1918 in drafting the 1661:

featured a lengthy attack on the "error and vanity" of Joseph Stalin in ignoring repeated British warnings that Germany was going to invade the Soviet Union in the spring of 1941. On 14 May 1941, the Deputy Fuhrer

576:

which was begun the 1930s but not finished until the 1950s). He probably could have made more had he made a deal for royalties rather than a lump sum. However, lucrative deals were also signed for publication by

1628:

in the latter part of 1941 and a force of light cruisers and destroyers was able to be deployed to Malta; Churchill still felt that Cunningham was insufficiently aggressive but by November was distracted by the

1324:

arguing that strategic bombing would so damage the German economy that the Wehrmacht generals would overthrow Hitler to make a favourable peace with no need for major land battles, just as in 1918 Field Marshal

2319:, the codename for the Allied liberation of France. Because Operation Overlord turned out to be a far more decisive operation than Churchill believed it would be, he omitted this memo and instead denounced in 1636:

In contrast to his favourable treatment of Freyberg, Churchill made it clear that he regarded Wavell as incompetent. Churchill came close to accusing Wavell of cowardice as he wrote he had to push Wavell into

1443:. The first drafts had mentioned Dill's role, but Eden who was serving as the War Secretary at the time wanted to share credit for the bold decision to send the tanks to Egypt, and had Dill's role eliminated. 2509:

recorded him saying at the start of July 1953 that he did not want to include anything in Volume 6 that might annoy Eisenhower. On 1 July he sent chapters on Anglo-American strategic differences in 1944-5 to

984:

became Foreign Secretary. This account was written to please Eden, who had been Churchill's "heir apparent" since 1940, and who wanted to be remembered as an anti-appeaser who had resigned in protest against

2770:

The outlines of the story have long been known—Churchill wrote to put his own spin on the history of the war and give himself and his family financial security, and he wrote with a great deal of assistance.

1159:. Churchill was informed by his researchers that these claims were dubious at best, and were clearly meant to be a rationalisation for serving the Nazi regime by blaming the British and French governments. 2746:

can be read by students of the period as a memoir by a leading participant, rather than a comprehensive history by a professional and detached historian. The Second World War, particularly the period from

779:' system of delegating much of the work of painting to apprentices and outside experts. Churchill finally released the Syndicate, to whom he had been paying combined salaries of £5,000 per annum, in 1952. 1777:

for Volume 4. Early in 1950 Churchill was enjoying another paid holiday in Madeira and had worked on seventeen chapters of Volume 4 with Deakin and Pownall. He returned to Britain when Attlee called the

5974: 1115:

Churchill's account reflected his strong view that it would have been better for Britain to have gone to war for Czechoslovakia during the 1938 Sudetenland crisis rather than for Poland during the 1939

783:, the final volume, appeared in 1953 after Churchill had once again become Prime Minister, but for appearances’ sake it was pretended that Churchill had written it before his return to office in 1951. 1371:

that was published in March 1941 by the Air Ministry and sold over a million copies in the first week after its publication. In that chapter Churchill celebrated "the few" as he called the pilots of

459: 1100:

which was published in 1948 (before the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb), Churchill portrayed the Soviet Union as little better than the Axis states as reflected in his account of the

1795:, and a vital manuscript was lost in the transatlantic post, forcing Emery Reves to assemble a staff of twenty for three days around the clock work to make 1,000 changes to a previous draft. The 1510:

had been launched in June 1941 Churchill like many others had “grossly under-estimated the Russian powers of resistance” and it was “a downright falsehood” to claim otherwise. Churchill's former

1244:

Churchill's account of how he became Prime Minister is inaccurate. Deakin took the blame for misdating the meeting of Chamberlain, Halifax and Churchill and omitting the presence of Chief Whip

716:

in the evenings, to be worked on after dinner late into the night; he would sometimes take instructions from Churchill until after he had climbed into bed, turned out the light and removed his

566:

negotiated further finance deals. Churchill (who despite his large literary earnings throughout his life had been perennially short of money) wanted payment up front, and received £40,000 from

691:

and Commodore Gordon Allen. By February 1946 Churchill’s tax advisors had drawn up a detailed plan for his memoirs. Returning to England in late March from the US (where he had delivered his “

610:

and persuaded his employer to pay for the first of several “working holidays” in the Mediterranean, at a time when British people were only permitted to take £35 out of the country because of

849:

ruin; squalid and shameful in triumph " was given wide publicity by the Communist government in Warsaw as an example of the anti-Polish feelings of British leaders. The comments also annoyed

2505:(respectively the representatives in exile of the 1939 Polish government and Stalin’s puppet regime), which he did. He wrote to now-President Eisenhower on the same day. Churchill's doctor 1691:

Singapore was only a naval base and not the great fortress that it was presented as. Churchill wrote about the decision to activate a mini-version of the Singapore strategy, by sending out

1132:

Reviewers noted that Churchill, reflecting the "Great Man" view of history, gave readers the picture of "an almost stationary world upset by the wild ambitions of a few wicked men" such as

1879:

books, nor his hope that every home in Germany would be destroyed nor his statements that it was not possible to defeat the Wehrmacht in battle, making the strategic bombing only option.

1857:

During his time as wartime prime minister, Churchill believed that strategic bombing of German cities might be sufficient to win the war, and as such had devoted immense sums of money to

1705:

and the decision to appoint Phillips to command Force Z seems to have been as a punishment. Churchill suffered much guilt over the death of Phillips who went down with the battleship HMS

2813:'s war memoirs also offer a first-hand account of the war. Churchill's books were written collaboratively, as he solicited others involved in the war for their papers and reminiscences. 1543:

In order to uphold the unity of the Commonwealth, Churchill did not mention that he had serious disagreements about strategy in the first half of 1941 with the Australian prime minister

1284:

challenging Churchill's account of the meeting on 16 May 1940, stating that Churchill made him like the rest of the French cabinet appear very defeatist. Churchill did not mention the

2832:

publishers (David Lough comments that the Americans were increasingly calling the shots as they had in the real war) insisted that the later volumes be ready for the Christmas market.

1562:

in his 1947 memoirs that the Greek expedition had weakened the British offensive into Libya and thereby ended the chance to clear the Italians out of Libya before the arrival of the

948:, Churchill saw Soviet Russia as the principal enemy, but he viewed the Soviet challenge to Britain as ideological, not military. In December 1924 Churchill told the prime minister 1997:

deserved independence while India did not. Such criticism was rare as Roosevelt was a beloved figure in the United States, and Churchill did not want to damage the Anglo-American "

704:

send to Ismay for comments, whilst warning him that they would be further checked by the “young gentlemen” he would employ, and that they would not be published for several years.

1555:

might be open to joining the war on the Allied side, which led Churchill to hope for a league of Turkey, Greece and Yugoslavia which would tie down the Wehrmacht in the Balkans.

6090: 2775:

Britain to "its last, terribly costly, imperial victory." In Callahan's view, Churchill was guilty of "carefully reconstructing the story" to suit his postwar political goals.

2690:

On 20 Jan 1957 Emery Reves informed Churchill, no longer Prime Minister, that some proof reading for spelling and punctuation still needed to be done on Volumes 3 and 4 of the

1985:

of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, and his picture of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile was as positive as his picture of the Polish government-in-exile was negative.

500:

electronic intelligence, had to remain secret. From a historical point of view the book is therefore an incomplete memoir by a leading participant in the direction of the war.

2210:. Churchill defended this imbalance by saying he was only writing about events from his own personal vantage point as prime minister, but he included an entire chapter on the 2181:, was included in the first draft, but excluded from the published version in order not to offend American public opinion as Chiang was a popular figure in the United States. 1525: 2703:

in April 1958. The one volume abridged edition was published by Cassell on 5 February 1959, with Denis Kelly who had done much of the work acknowledged only by his initials.

1001:, whom he detested as much as liked Hitler, and it was foreign policy disagreements over Italy, not Germany, that prompted his resignation from the cabinet in February 1938. 2680:

that were originally titled "A Soviet Insult" and "A Soviet Trap" were retitled "Soviet Suspicions" and "Growing Friction with Russia" to tone down the anti-Soviet message.

1439:, thought the Mediterranean route was too dangerous, but he did not mention in the final draft the idea originated with the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, General Sir 2009:

whose views on grand strategy Churchill did not share. Churchill did not mention that many British leaders had a low opinion of the American military with for example King

1145:

that if Hitler had never lived, German history would have continued on as "normal". Churchill tended to downplay continuities in German history such as the imperialistic

2481:. Churchill finally released the Syndicate in 1952. Churchill spent a final summer holiday with Max Beaverbrook in 1952 “gently polishing” (in Lough's words) Volume 6. 2751:

when Britain fought with the support of the Empire and a few Allies, was the climax of Churchill's career and his inside story of those days is unique and invaluable.

2046:, the Dominion prime minister whom Churchill most liked and respected. Smuts was portrayed as the wise and benevolent old Boer general, the embodiment of an Afrikaner 1209:, in which Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax argued that Britain should use Mussolini as an "honest broker" to make peace before France was defeated. The Labour leaders 6763: 6080: 1682:

Churchill stated that Japan was in a "sinister twilight" in 1941, although he believed she could be deterred by forceful diplomacy. When the Japanese prime minister

2001:". Churchill genuinely liked Roosevelt as a man and his books he tended to portray Roosevelt as an excellent president misled by his "bad" advisers such as General 675:

The books were largely written by a team of writers known as “The Syndicate”. The name comes from horse racing, as Churchill had recently become a racehorse owner.

2473:

and Deakin was also writing “the American Interregnum” (the brief period of weak leadership from Washington during Truman's succession to Roosevelt) and also the

997:

on first meeting him in 1935 and felt Hitler's foreign policy was limited to revising the Treaty of Versailles. However Eden had favoured a tougher line against

2383:, the Red Army offensive launched on 22 June 1944 was mentioned only in passing despite its immense geopolitical significance: it saw the destruction of German 1076:

along with increasingly strident Japanese claims that all of Asia should be in their sphere of influence, which gave a distorted picture of British politics as

6680: 2591:. Churchill also did not mention that the triumphant end of the Normandy campaign in August 1944 with the Battle of the Falaise Gap, which was followed by the 1595: 1952:

Churchill had difficult wartime relations with the Polish government-in-exile and painted a negative and critical picture of their leaders except for General

6421: 1894:, Darlan had been depicted as a devious and dishonest leader, a corrupt pro-Nazi schemer whose word was unreliable. This was a justification for the British 2554:

Churchill treated the campaigns in north-west Europe in 1944–1945 in a cursory manner that suggested these campaigns were not of much interest to him. The

6153: 2099:, the Anglophobic commander of the U.S. Navy, refused to adopt the convoy system under the grounds that it was a British invention and likewise refused to 1861:. Churchill had been greatly influenced by a 1942 paper by his science adviser Lord Cherwell known as the "dehousing paper". Following the destruction of 6758: 732:

restoring a neglected and untidy garden figure to its true shape and proportions." Kelly was paid £1,200 per annum over the three year period of 1950-2.

466: 2824:

has been issued in editions of six, twelve and four volumes, as well as the abridged single-volume. Some volumes in these editions share names, such as

1348:

unrepresentative of the broader American public. Churchill wrongly assumed in 1940 that most Americans were Anglophiles who would be so outraged by the

800:. As stated in the author's introduction, the book concentrates on the British war effort. Other theatres of war are described largely as a background. 6476: 6433: 832:

gave permission to extend the book from 4 volumes to 5 (it would run to 6 in the end). Volume 1 was largely completed by July 1947. Daniel Longwell of

2621:. Churchill seems to have been embarrassed that the RAF leadership were so obsessed with the "area bombing" of German cities that they claimed it was 556:. In early April he had more meetings with solicitors and tax advisors. On 3 May 1946 Churchill met with Henry Luce and Walter Graebner of Time Life. 2325: 1961: 1849:, a leading figure on the left-wing of the Labour Party, who had angered Churchill during the war by his advocacy of independence for India. Because 598:

a rich man for the first time in his life. At the time the salary of the Prime Minister was £10,000 and that of the Leader of the Opposition £2,000.

441: 2231:

As Churchill recovered from his stroke at Chartwell in the autumn of 1949 the team worked on 1943 and in particular his persuading the Americans at

1498:

Dutch opinion was angry at Churchill's failure to mention the activities of their submarines in the Far East in December 1941 (under the command of

1910: 6753: 6674: 2035:

that it was false, inflammatory and likely to cause problems in Anglo-Indian relations. The attack on Gandhi was removed, but throughout all of '

1531:

had both thought that the Soviets would be lucky to last six weeks Churchill had been willing to bet “a Monkey to a Mousetrap” (£500 to £1 or a

6503: 6481: 931:, which he viewed as too harsh towards Germany, but then contradictorily defended the Treaty's disarmament clauses on the grounds that if the 2051: 2017:

that the British would "have to do all the fighting" as he felt the Americans were useless in combat. Churchill printed the King's letter in

1422:

that he wanted to sack Wavell as Middle East commander-in-chief in the summer of 1940 and to replace him with one of his favourite generals,

6132: 6075: 3251: 1018:

is not Chamberlain, but rather Baldwin, a man whom Churchill greatly hated. The "Churchill Camp" of anti-appeasers consisted of Churchill,

2625:

and he did not do much to ensure his orders were carried out. Despite Churchill's memo, the RAF never bombed the rail-lines to Auschwitz.

6342: 6047: 2558:

was only as a "daring stroke" that was "the greatest operation of its kind yet attempted". At least part of the reticence concerning the

1518: 2108:

complacency because of the entry of the US Navy into the war, followed by another period of concern between November 1942 and May 1943.

6445: 3193: 2430: 1591:

losses suffered by the Paratroop Corps. Churchill claimed 15, 000 German dead while in reality the Paratroopers lost only 5, 000 dead.

1061: 752:

had to be included explaining that the intended word had been “prop”; he commented that it was reminiscent of the newspaper account of

2294:

were not mentioned, nor was Churchill's opposition to bringing into Badoglio's cabinet politicians from the Liberal era such as Count

6596: 6545: 6411: 6287: 6097: 3008:, Churchill's history of Britain and its colonies from Caesar's invasions of Britain (55 BC) to the end of the Second Boer War (1902) 3004: 1915: 1836:, which was acknowledged, but rather downplayed as the Soviet Union was Britain's enemy in the Cold War. The intense dispute between 646: 426: 6450: 2458: 1602:

in April 1941, which Churchill wanted him to do to stop supply of Rommel’s forces from Italy. Admiral Dudley Pound suggested using

1353: 2465:" which he intended to establish (or re-establish) with the new president. Specifically, he did not express his real views about 6748: 6743: 6158: 2502: 2147: 1981:

that it was impossible to determine in 1943 who had committed the Katyn Forest massacre. Churchill got along well with President

1890:, whom Churchill gave the impression that he always suoported. The picture of Darlan varied from volume to volume. In volume 2, 1295: 1245: 1109: 611: 572: 2150:)” and entertained the public who wanted to read about exciting battles. In fact, they argue, the main focus of the British and 6107: 1299: 1222: 1105: 213: 632:

precaution throughout the war of having a weekly summary of correspondence, minutes, memoranda and other documents printed in

6498: 6486: 6186: 2542: 1452: 1236:

and late approval of his defence plans by the War Office and Colonial Office. Churchill agreed to amend subsequent editions.

1005: 901: 544: 228: 1886:

defected to the Allied side, bringing with him Algeria and Morocco, and at the time saw Darlan as a better French ally than

1807:(which wrote that the UN forces were fighting the “same old fight for freedom and the democratic life that Churchill led”). 712:

Kelly increasingly took on the role of a senior writer. He later recalled bringing proofs from the printers to Churchill at

2442: 2188:

In his account of the Middle East in 1942, Churchill credited General Bernard Law Montgomery, whom he appointed as the new

2021:, but excluded his criticism of the US Army which had angered American readers. Churchill praised the combat record of the 1816:(3 August 1951) commented on this volume that “as a chronicler of war, Mr Churchill has, hitherto, been disappointing” but 1779: 1638: 1582: 1423: 954: 379: 6738: 6733: 6428: 6085: 2032: 1167: 559: 223: 218: 1431:) through the shorter and more dangerous route through the Mediterranean rather the longer and more safer route via the 860: 6493: 3224: 3181: 3101: 3028: 2759: 2715:

1960s paperback edition in 12 volumes shared some titles with the first edition but for different portions of the work.

2489: 452: 285: 6650: 6406: 6368: 6122: 3293: 3205: 3171: 3152: 3133: 3059: 1944:

given the order to withdrew the escorts from PQ 17, especially when it emerged that it was not entirely clear if the

1841: 1796: 1696: 1535:) that the Soviets would be fighting victoriously in two years’ time. Colville commented “So much for Michael Foot”. 1415: 1233: 669: 70: 1096:

Reynolds also noted that Churchill's picture of the Soviet Union varied depending on the politics of the moment. In

6210: 2658: 2374: 2256: 2063: 2026:

who never expressed any thanks and kept unreasonably demanding independence. In the first draft, Churchill accused

981: 961:, as the moment that British foreign policy went off the rails. Reynolds noted that Churchill portrayed himself in 935:

had remained disarmed, the Second World War would never had happened. Churchill defended the foreign policy of the

884: 700: 1170:

to cancel his attack on the German fleet at Bergen shortly after the invasion. During that campaign, which led to

6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6586: 6378: 6250: 6102: 6070: 6040: 6019: 6007: 5995: 2996: 2646: 2506: 2114: 1758:

In July 1949 Pownall, who was writing up the North African campaign, wrote to Churchill that the sections on the

1713: 1285: 1206: 1184:

in 1954, although Churchill deferred to the advice of Commodore Allen and Norman Brook not to press for changes.

1180: 684: 6668: 6307: 6226: 3079: 2737: 2575: 2474: 1226: 1069: 642: 2310:

the American strategy of seeking the decisive battles in north-west Europe. Churchill considered adding in to

1820:

was “a breathtaking book” and that in its pages Churchill was “a romantic, as immortally young as the hero of

6555: 6328: 2725: 2650: 2087:

of the U-Boats). In the chapter of his memoirs "The U-boat Paradise" Churchill took a great interest in the "

1812: 1027: 650: 607: 327: 2781:

wrote in the 1985 introduction to the series that some deficiencies in the account stem from the secrecy of

2061:

Reflecting his traditional conception of naval war, Churchill devoted entire chapters to the pursuit of the

6394: 6373: 6314: 6165: 6112: 2653:

about the neglect of the campaigns in Burma in the earlier volumes, Churchill devoted an entire chapter of

2618: 2421:(where British troops had imposed a Monarchist regime to prevent communist partisans taking power), of the 2366: 2193: 1023: 966: 728:

down to 3 pages over the course of ten days' work, only for Churchill to sharpen his prose “like a skilled

369: 3726:. Vol. II of Diaries and Letters. New York: Atheneum. p. 205. Diary entry dated 14 January 1942. 2613:

in February 1945. Reflecting the theme of Anglo-German reconciliation, Churchill did not write much about

1255:

Churchill sometimes engaged in national stereotypes. In his account of his summit with the French Premier

707:

Clarke comments that the books were very much “a collaborative effort”, far more so even than Churchill's

6606: 6568: 6416: 6274: 6127: 6117: 2232: 2198: 2128: 940: 317: 312: 249: 20: 6638: 6335: 6033: 2665: 2498: 2291: 2189: 2069: 1957: 1909:

on 19 August 1942 that failed disastrously, but chose not as the man responsible for the raid, Admiral

1799:

demanded some excisions on security grounds. Extracts began to appear on 10 October, shortly after the

1368: 1339:

Churchill did not mention the crisis in July 1940 caused by the Japanese demand that Britain close the

853:

opinion, as did another about Poland “grovelling in villainy”, and were cut from the British edition.

721: 1895: 875:

An early draft of Volume One had conceded that there “may be some substance“ to the argument that the

6632: 6399: 6388: 2236: 2055: 1940: 1734: 1428: 1225:

in August 1940, which he described as “our only defeat at Italian hands”. This was at the request of

757: 578: 264: 137: 3556: 1410:

In the chapters on the Middle East, Churchill initially wrote that he wanted to arm the Jews of the

764: 666: 6170: 3047: 2622: 2406: 2014: 1707: 1532: 1073: 679:

writes that the Syndicate was run with “businesslike efficiency tempered by the author's whims” by

676: 390: 337: 5928: 2091:" between January and July 1942 when the U-boats wreaked havoc upon shipping off the Atlantic and 1072:

between Japan and China?" Churchill gave only very brief mentions of the crisis in Asia caused by

911:

complimented Churchill on his “impeccable sense of theatre”, eg. describing his last meeting with

821:

but changed the title at the insistence of his US publishers Houghton Mifflin, relayed to him via

6662: 6656: 6218: 4237: 2635: 2075: 1953: 936: 744: 527: 208: 2785:

intelligence. Keegan held that Churchill's account was unique, since none of the other leaders (

2562:

was to avoid flaming the fires of an Anglo-American historical dispute about the generalship of

6550: 6148: 2357: 2133: 1273: 1229: 912: 307: 244: 1276:-were nowhere near as defeatist as Churchill portrayed them. Reynaud wrote a lengthy reply in 6591: 6539: 6266: 4241: 2786: 2353: 1989: 1552: 1411: 1344: 364: 6349: 1770:

looming, Churchill was conducting sporadic work on Volume 4 while still polishing Volume 3.

52: 6614: 6258: 2782: 2669: 2571: 2527: 2462: 2454: 2426: 2302:

entering Badoglio's cabinet in March 1944, which he saw as a triumph for Soviet interests.

2203: 1998: 1759: 1672: 1658: 1625: 1603: 1491: 1393: 928: 736: 497: 496:

personal point of view. He was unable to reveal all the facts, as some, such as the use of

27: 1882:

Reynold noted that Churchill supported the "deal with Darlan" in 1942 under which Admiral

8: 6561: 6383: 6321: 3506: 2592: 2511: 2380: 2306: 2151: 2137: 2022: 1650: 1642: 1559: 1528: 1372: 1325: 1221:

In June 1950, the year after publication, Churchill agreed to tone down criticism of the

1125: 1077: 986: 590: 567: 2095:

coasts of the United States; this came across as an exercise in score-settling. Admiral

1905:

In the first draft, Churchill had planned to be more critical of Operation Jubilee, the

1264: 6626: 6456: 5948: 4788:

Lough's book book erroneously says 1950 – the error is clear from context and footnotes

3544: 2639: 2609: 2563: 2559: 2361: 2345: 2316: 2248: 2100: 1858: 1783: 1630: 1427:

tanks,-which were half of the entire tank force in the United Kingdom,-to Egypt (which

1303: 1163: 1089:

as they could never take Singapore. Churchill printed the "Memorandum on Sea-Power" in

1086: 945: 841: 586: 534: 374: 347: 322: 269: 254: 203: 1883: 1312: 803: 526:

Churchill received the first offer for his War Memoirs from a US newspaper syndicate,

6056: 5952: 5929:"In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (review)" 3289: 3282: 3220: 3201: 3167: 3148: 3129: 3097: 3075: 3055: 3024: 2597: 2523: 2466: 2434: 2384: 2332: 2299: 2278: 2240: 2088: 1994: 1887: 1511: 1432: 1403: 1360: 1101: 776: 661: 539: 516: 489: 400: 395: 352: 342: 259: 186: 108: 4459:

Lough's book book erroneously says 1950 – the error clear from context and footnotes

1711:, which was reflected in the chapter of the destruction of Force Z. In the Official 1486:

as a possible replacement as writer-in-chief of the work, but nothing came of this.

1166:

Churchill accepted the criticism that the Admiralty had been wrong to force Admiral

6439: 6234: 5940: 5623: 2794: 2630: 2605: 2555: 2422: 2390: 2305:

Churchill also devoted an entire chapter to the "Islands Lost" as he presented the

2283: 2252: 2211: 2142: 2084: 2039:, Churchill made clear his dislike of Gandhi and the Indian independence movement. 1800: 1389: 1214: 1156: 1137: 998: 958: 850: 696: 553: 520: 412: 359: 332: 127: 6013: 6001: 5989: 969:

which devolved much power to the Indians as a preparatory step towards ending the

171: 6620: 6581: 6523: 3719: 2828:, but the contents of the volumes differ, covering varying portions of the book. 2790: 2584: 2567: 2531: 2470: 2336: 2287: 2273: 2217: 2174: 2109: 2002: 1846: 1821: 1717: 1611: 1578: 1499: 1459: 1336:

to abdicate in order to make a peace which limited but not destroy German power.

1329: 1260: 1175: 1152: 1019: 949: 864: 582: 485: 291: 239: 2711: 1982: 1151:

war aims towards both Western and Eastern Europe in the First World War and the

672:. Churchill also wrote to many fellow actors requesting documents and comments. 6686: 6575: 3112: 3089: 2720: 2588: 2538: 2493: 2485: 2370: 2178: 2096: 2092: 2027: 2006: 1973: 1872: 1850: 1763: 1744: 1683: 1599: 1544: 1352:

that public pressure would force Congress to declare war on Germany before the

1320: 1210: 1065: 793: 753: 680: 657: 594: 94: 1187: 543:

that he donate his papers to a family trust (thus reducing the impact of high

6702: 6533: 6242: 6202: 4176: 2798: 2673: 2614: 2433:, who Pownall complained wrote inaccurately from memory. Churchill agreed to 2410: 2123: 1965: 1867: 1514: 1171: 1147: 1117: 1039: 990: 876: 688: 653:, military and diplomatic records denied to other historians was questioned. 274: 1902:, Churchill portrayed Darlan as an honourable but misguided French patriot. 2802: 2676:

as someone who could more or less be trusted to keep his word. Chapters in

2295: 1936: 1928: 1920: 1837: 1832:

Churchill was on very friendly terms with the Anglophile Soviet ambassador

1738: 1569: 1564: 1548: 1503: 1436: 1376: 1316: 1290: 1256: 1133: 1057: 994: 977: 768: 740: 692: 633: 549: 5944: 3186:

In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War

2042:

Churchill wrote favourably about the South African prime minister General

6644: 2806: 2778: 2519: 2478: 2418: 2341: 1932: 1906: 1833: 1725: 1663: 1483: 970: 908: 822: 797: 563: 26:"Triumph and Tragedy" redirects here. For the 1999 punk EP by Grade, see 1502:), so he agreed to include a footnote in the Dutch edition of Volume 3. 1014:

anti-appeaser and Chamberlain the arch-appeaser, but the real target in

828:

In June 1947 while Churchill was recovering from a hernia operation the

3511:

Review of 'Mr Churchill's Profession' by Peter Clarke, Bloomsbury, 2012

2541:

attacked him in the House of Commons for having claimed in a speech at

2537:

On 1 December 1954, the day after his eightieth birthday, his opponent

2437: 2136:” divided into phases. In so doing he both “satisfied dyed in-the-wool 2104: 2013:

writing to Churchill in February 1943 after the American defeat in the

1792: 1398: 1384: 1340: 1333: 1081: 1045: 859:

began to appear serialised in the newspapers in April 1948 just as the

845: 533:

Churchill was eventually tempted in November 1945 by a suggestion from

2078:" of the U-boats against the Royal Navy destroyers that protected the 1737:) instead of asking for American help. By contrast Churchill praised 6528: 2810: 2414: 2074:

induced famine. The sea battles usually fought at night between the "

2043: 2010: 1964:

to be highly unrealistic, causing difficulties in his relations with

1762:

were largely finished but still needed checking by the Air Historian

1741:

for his "loyal" attitude in keeping the New Zealand troops in Egypt.

1607: 1521: 1440: 1349: 1031: 895: 889: 725: 713: 512: 6025: 1988:

During the war, Churchill was incensed by the advice from President

904:(the former Sir Samuel Hoare) whose memoirs were published in 1954. 2417:”. That same month Churchill dictated his own recollections of the 2349: 1924: 1919:

and still is no evidence in support of this claim. On 1 July 1942,

1862: 717: 2638:

later in 1945 seemed incomprehensible and naïve (and in the event

2315:

with the aim taking a port; and finally at the bottom of the list

1956:. Churchill had found the demands from the Polish leaders such as 1375:, but said almost nothing about their commander Air Chief Marshal 6194: 1692: 1435:. Churchill wrote correctly that the First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir 749: 729: 656:

It was not known at the time that Churchill had done a deal with

2570:, who had clashed a number of times with his commander, General 2324:

meeting in London on 19 October 1943 where he was warned by Sir

1490:

once again about too many long quotes from minutes and his wife

4240:

of the Axis powers did not become the Allied war aim until the

2331:

Churchill excluded several passages highly critical of General

2079: 603: 2356:

who were loyal to the government-in-exile in London headed by

1824:” but had “massive common sense” and “superhuman resilience”. 3000:, the official history commissioned by the British government 1610:. The next day the Admiralty ordered Cunningham to sacrifice 1053: 4980: 3476: 3474: 3472: 2453:

Churchill modified a number of passages when he learnt that

1935:

had its protection withdrawn by the First Sea Lord, Admiral

1286:

intense debate within the Cabinet between 26 and 28 May 1940

1207:

intense debate within the Cabinet between 26 and 28 May 1940

5661: 5659: 5559: 5557: 5443: 5441: 5126: 5124: 5063: 5061: 4514: 4512: 4510: 3708:. Vol. 1, The Gathering Storm. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 3639: 3637: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 2579: 2534:

wrote to tell Churchill that the last volume was the best.

1969: 1302:

along with a number of MPs including former prime minister

923:

British historian David Reynolds noted that in Volume One,

915:

in 1938 as “the last time I saw him before he was hanged”.

4387: 4385: 3372: 3370: 1606:, used as a target ship since the 1920s, as a sacrificial 846:

Polish seizure of Teschen from Czechoslovakia after Munich

649:, intending to return to office, so Churchill's access to 3622: 3469: 3387: 3385: 1205:

The first draft of Volume Two included an account of the

1068:

on 30 June 1947, Churchill asked: "Surely there was some

5656: 5554: 5438: 5121: 5058: 4507: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3634: 3587: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3340: 3338: 2290:

in 1943–1944. Badoglio's numerous war crimes during the

1733:

claimed that Curtin should have imposed conscription (a

5582: 5580: 5578: 5538: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5473: 5471: 5413: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5335: 5333: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5244: 5242: 5169: 5167: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5105: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5033: 5031: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4859: 4857: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4642: 4640: 4621: 4619: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4559: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4526: 4524: 4382: 3421: 3367: 2668:

along with the decision by both superpowers to develop

2148:

stressed the importance of sea superiority and blockade

1649:

and as such there was no excuse for Wavell's defeat in

1259:

on 16 May 1940, Churchill portrayed Reynaud along with

863:

and was published in book form in June and July as the

4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4399: 4397: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4293: 4291: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4197: 4195: 4072: 4070: 4051: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4007: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3915: 3913: 3894: 3892: 3873: 3871: 3682: 3649: 3610: 3575: 3563: 3486: 3409: 3397: 3382: 3066:(his career as a writer and financial aspects thereof) 1968:. Churchill believed the Polish claim that the Soviet 1558:

Churchill was sensitive to the charge made by General

3936: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3861: 3859: 3433: 3350: 3335: 2177:

as a weak man dominated by his scheming wife, Madame

1735:

politically toxic move for any government in Canberra

641:

began appearing in 1948. Churchill was a politician,

5575: 5533: 5521: 5507: 5468: 5408: 5396: 5330: 5298: 5278: 5239: 5164: 5133: 5100: 5088: 5028: 4935: 4923: 4907: 4893: 4854: 4759: 4725: 4684: 4661: 4649: 4637: 4616: 4593: 4554: 4542: 4521: 3670: 3445: 840:

Before publication, at the urging of his son-in-law

16:

History of World War II written by Winston Churchill

4415: 4394: 4366: 4325: 4309: 4288: 4265: 4192: 4067: 4046: 4032: 4002: 3990: 3910: 3889: 3880: 3868: 3457: 3323: 3311: 4079: 3922: 3856: 3281: 2645:In response to several letters from Field Marshal 2286:was to justify working with the regime of General 2277:September 1943. However following the hard-fought 1724:Churchill lashed out at Australian Prime Minister 1414:(modern Israel), but was blocked by Field Marshal 1354:presidential election due in November of that year 5926: 3219:. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. 2809:) wrote a firsthand account of the war. However, 2729:as “a novel with Winston Churchill as the hero”. 1234:collapse of the Vichy French in French Somaliland 1112:as equally savage and deserving of condemnation. 1060:while playing up the role of his science adviser 993:the fact that he had very much liked and admired 623:and another 2 million in Britain and the Empire. 6764:Memoirs of prime ministers of the United Kingdom 6700: 1267:as hopelessly defeatist figures, reflecting the 3539:. Vol. VI Triumph and tragedy. p. ix. 2754:American historian Raymond Callahan, reviewing 2661:, under the masterly command of General Slim". 484:is a history of the period from the end of the 3530: 3528: 3246: 3244: 1004:Churchill had a strong belief in the power of 606:to replace Rufus who had been run over at the 6041: 3217:The Literary Churchill: Author, Reader, Actor 3123: 3094:Never Despair: Winston S. Churchill 1945-1965 2461:, removing any remarks which might harm the " 1383:is the account of a meeting with Air Marshal 460: 3124:Graham, Dominick; Bidwell, Shelford (1993). 1962:restoring Poland's pre-war eastern frontiers 6343:Never was so much owed by so many to so few 3525: 3241: 6759:Series of history books about World War II 6048: 6034: 3507:"Winston Churchill, the author of victory" 3504: 3164:No More Champagne: Churchill and his Money 957:, which was won by the Labour Party under 817:Churchill wanted to call the first volume 763:The typescript was also vetted by the new 467: 453: 93: 6289:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples 3699: 3697: 3279: 3005:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples 427:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples 71:Learn how and when to remove this message 4986: 3718: 3480: 3180: 3142: 2886:Full paperback edition in twelve volumes 2841:First edition (hardcover) in six volumes 2710: 2636:Soviet Union enter the war against Japan 2429:with Roosevelt, and to read passages by 1993:Revolutionary War was wrong because the 1594:Churchill was dissatisfied with Admiral 1581:was heavily based upon notes written by 511: 48:lists the same citations more than once. 3655: 3643: 3628: 3616: 3581: 3492: 3403: 3376: 3361: 3192: 3111: 3088: 3012: 2692:History of the English Speaking Peoples 2578:. Montgomery's plans called for taking 2214:where no British forces were involved. 1939:, following erroneous reports that the 1657:The chapter "The Soviet Nemesis" about 1056:, Churchill downplayed the role of Sir 939:-of 1924 to 1929 in which he served as 861:Soviets were suppressing Czechoslovakia 581:in the United States, serialisation in 573:History of the English Speaking Peoples 6754:History books about the United Kingdom 6701: 6663:Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill 6466: 6412:Schools and higher education (various) 3703: 3694: 3604: 3534: 3439: 3391: 3126:Coalitions, Politicians & Generals 3069: 3046: 2666:exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949 1223:Italian invasion of British Somaliland 760:to the cheers of her loyal subjects”. 6188:The Story of the Malakand Field Force 6171:Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955 6055: 6029: 3704:Keegan, John (1985). "Introduction". 3688: 3676: 3569: 3505:Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (18 July 2012). 3451: 3427: 3415: 3344: 3329: 3317: 3275: 3273: 3161: 1773:Sir Norman Brook suggested the title 1517:provided oral testimony that whereas 1052:In the chapter on the development of 3463: 3288:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 3252:"The Books of Sir Winston Churchill" 3214: 3108:(Volume 8 of the Official Biography) 3037: 3018: 2835: 2484:On New Years Day 1953, on board the 2443:1951 United Kingdom general election 2360:over to their rivals, the Communist 1780:1950 United Kingdom general election 1350:German bombing of the British cities 955:1929 United Kingdom general election 953:programmes. Churchill portrayed the 299:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 32: 6275:"Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942) 3119:. New York: Macmillan. p. 879. 3096:. New York: William Heinemann Ltd. 3023:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2683: 2255:for comments on the role played by 2103:in American cities, thereby making 1803:, a coincidence remarked on by the 1547:and the New Zealand prime minister 1506:reviewed Volume 3 to say that when 1363:was based on a short book entitled 808:(covers up to 1940, published 1948) 19:For the book by Antony Beevor, see 13: 6166:Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945 3270: 1687:imposing an oil embargo on Japan. 14: 6775: 6434:Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel 6417:Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario 6369:Bibliography of Winston Churchill 6149:Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945 5983: 2955:Condensed edition in four volumes 2522:troops from the Italian Front to 1797:United States Department of State 1598:'s apparent reluctance to attack 1456:foreign policy he wanted to see. 1074:Japan's invasion of China in 1937 844:he toned down a reference to the 6212:London to Ladysmith via Pretoria 5968: 5959: 5927:Callahan, Raymond (April 2006). 5920: 5911: 5902: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5866: 5857: 5848: 5839: 5830: 5821: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5785: 5776: 5767: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5722: 5713: 5704: 5695: 5686: 5677: 5668: 5647: 5638: 5629: 5616: 5607: 5598: 5589: 5566: 5545: 5498: 5489: 5480: 5459: 5450: 5429: 5420: 5387: 5378: 5369: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5321: 5312: 5275:Bidwell & Graham 1993, p.291 5269: 5260: 5251: 5230: 5221: 5212: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5176: 5155: 5112: 5079: 5070: 5049: 5040: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4845: 4836: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4750: 4741: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4675: 4628: 4607: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4533: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4444: 2419:visit to Athens in December 1944 2395:(covers 1944-45, published 1953) 2222:(covers 1943-44, published 1951) 2058:in France in 1940, not as CIGS. 1766:(later a biographer of Portal). 1040:failure of the Norway expedition 701:Anglo-French Supreme War Council 440: 434: 170: 37: 6587:1940 British war cabinet crisis 6379:International Churchill Society 6252:Marlborough: His Life and Times 5933:The Journal of Military History 5622:26-27 November 1943 during the 4435: 4406: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4300: 4279: 4256: 4247: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4183: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4058: 4023: 4014: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3954: 3901: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3712: 3661: 3498: 3198:Churchill: Walking with Destiny 3040:Churchill: A Study in Greatness 2997:History of the Second World War 2719:Churchill's political opponent 2115:History of the Second World War 2067:in 1939 and the sinking of the 1714:History of the Second World War 1181:History of the Second World War 570:(double what they paid for the 6749:English non-fiction literature 6744:Book series introduced in 1948 6681:Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill 6384:Churchill War Rooms and Museum 6308:A total and unmitigated defeat 3302: 2738:1953 Nobel Prize in Literature 2576:President of the United States 2251:”; Commodore Allen sent it to 2206:received all of four pages in 1624:aircraft were diverted to the 786: 1: 6329:We shall fight on the beaches 6091:"Wilderness" years, 1929–1939 5975:Liner notes for BBC Audiobook 3147:. New York: Knopf Doubleday. 2651:Governor-General of Australia 2549: 2369:mission to Yugoslavia led by 2266: 1827: 1813:The Times Literary Supplement 1749:(covers 1942, published 1950) 1695:under the command of Admiral 1538: 1464:(covers 1941, published 1950) 1239: 1192:(covers 1940, published 1949) 1172:Chamberlain's fall from power 608:Conservative Party Conference 328:We shall fight on the beaches 55:to identify unique citations. 6395:Churchill College, Cambridge 6315:Blood, toil, tears and sweat 3234: 2642:far earlier than expected). 2623:impossible to bomb Auschwitz 2619:Auschwitz concentration camp 2399: 2367:Special Operations Executive 2226: 1753: 1468: 1196: 967:Government of India Act 1935 812: 7: 6569:Terminological inexactitude 5626:, according to that article 4228:Hastings 2010 p.32 & 55 3513:. Times Literary Supplement 3280:Churchill, Winston (1948). 2989: 2816: 2664:After the Soviet Union had 2199:Second Battle of El Alamein 2129:Consolidated B-24 Liberator 1512:Assistant Private Secretary 1359:Most of the chapter on the 1289:British. British historian 944:the decade or so after the 941:Chancellor of the Exchequer 918: 883:. Former Cabinet Secretary 735:Charles C Wood formerly of 313:British invasion of Iceland 281:Chancellor of the Exchequer 250:National Insurance Act 1911 21:The Second World War (book) 10: 6780: 6739:Books by Winston Churchill 6734:20th-century history books 6556:St Martin's Church, Bladon 6336:This was their finest hour 5764:Gilbert 1990, p.892, p.974 3019:Bell, Christopher (2012). 2736:Churchill was awarded the 2723:reviewed the work in the 2450:the relevant authorities. 2120:Churchill and the Admirals 2101:have the lights turned off 626: 507: 99:First edition in 6 volumes 25: 18: 6605: 6597:Honorary U.S. citizenship 6516: 6400:Churchill Archives Centre 6389:National Churchill Museum 6359: 6299: 6291:(1956–1958, four volumes) 6254:(1933–1938, four volumes) 6238:(1923–1931, five volumes) 6179: 6141: 6063: 3052:Mr Churchill's Profession 2732:In large part because of 2706: 2459:run for the US presidency 2455:General Dwight Eisenhower 1941:German battleship Tirpitz 1923:on the highly dangerous " 796:, or the planning of the 758:Clifton Suspension Bridge 720:. He recalled condensing 643:not an academic historian 488:to July 1945, written by 265:Irish War of Independence 153: 143: 133: 123: 115: 104: 92: 6283:(1948–1953, six volumes) 6081:Liberal Party, 1904–1924 5899:Gilbert 1990, pp.1229-30 3724:The War Years, 1939–1945 3166:. London: Head of Zeus. 2574:who by 1953 was now the 2407:Second Quebec Conference 2015:Battle of Kasserine Pass 647:Leader of the Opposition 338:Allied invasion of Italy 179:This article is part of 6657:Lord Randolph Churchill 6228:Lord Randolph Churchill 6098:World War II, 1939–1945 5863:Reynolds 2004 p.470-741 5845:Reynolds 2004 p.457-458 5809:Reynolds 2004 p.447-448 5782:Reynolds 2004 p.445-446 5773:Gilbert 1990, pp.1078-9 5719:Gilbert 1990, pp.810-11 5710:Gilbert 1990, pp.793-4 5665:Reynolds 2004 p.446-447 5613:Gilbert 1990, pp.622-30 5595:Reynolds 2004 p.309-310 5563:Reynolds 2004 p.412-413 5504:Reynolds 2004 p.380-381 5495:Reynolds 2004 p.384-385 5456:Reynolds 2004 p.410-411 5447:Reynolds 2004 p.375-376 5227:Reynolds 2004 p.318-319 5191:Reynolds 2004 p.378-379 5130:Reynolds 2004 p.335-336 5085:Reynolds 2004 p.1370138 5076:Reynolds 2004 p.341-345 5067:Reynolds 2004 p.341-342 5025:Reynolds 2004 p.346-347 5007:Reynolds 2004 p.345-346 4998:Reynolds 2004 p.345-347 4959:Reynolds 2004 p.321-322 4881:Reynolds 2004 p.320-321 4851:Gilbert 1990, pp.622-30 4779:Gilbert 1990, pp.479-80 4747:Reynolds 2004 p.266-267 4590:Reynolds 2004 p.240-241 4539:Reynolds 2004 p.232-233 4518:Reynolds 2004 p.246-247 4450:Gilbert 1990, pp.479-80 4412:Reynolds 2004 p.178-179 4391:Reynolds 2004 p.191-192 4354:Reynolds 2004 p.193-194 4345:Reynolds 2004 p.188-189 4285:Reynolds 2004 p.176-177 4262:Reynolds 2004 p.173-176 4238:Unconditional surrender 4219:Reynolds 2004 p.169-172 4157:Reynolds 2004 pp.169-72 3907:Reynolds 2004 p.106-107 3817:Gilbert 1990, pp.412-21 3799:Gilbert 1990, pp.412-21 3790:Reynolds 2004 p.137-138 3781:Gilbert 1990, pp.412-21 3772:Gilbert 1990, pp.376-96 3745:Gilbert 1990, pp.339-40 3215:Rose, Jonathan (2015). 3038:Best, Geoffrey (2002). 2649:who was serving as the 2118:and more openly in his 2112:later (in the official 1896:attack on Mers-el-Kébir 1446:Churchill mentioned in 1332:had forced the Emperor 1296:the Duke of Westminster 1251:Reynolds noted that in 1162:In his coverage of the 1124:he strongly criticised 937:Second Baldwin ministry 724:’s 150 page account of 6729:1953 non-fiction books 6724:1951 non-fiction books 6719:1950 non-fiction books 6714:1949 non-fiction books 6709:1948 non-fiction books 6675:John Spencer-Churchill 6551:Siege of Sidney Street 6076:In politics, 1900–1939 5755:Gilbert 1990, pp.877-9 5737:Gilbert 1990, pp.866-7 5728:Gilbert 1990, pp.856-8 5635:Gilbert 1990, pp.632-3 5366:Gilbert 1990, pp.596-8 5348:Gilbert 1990, p.488-9 5266:Bell 2013, p. 5, p.281 4815:Gilbert 1990, pp.550-2 4504:Gilbert 1990, pp.550-2 4495:Gilbert 1990, p.488-9 4486:Gilbert 1990, pp.493-5 4166:Gilbert 1990, pp.550-2 4139:Gilbert 1990, pp.426-9 3200:. London: Allen Lane. 3143:Hastings, Max (2010). 3070:Dutton, David (2001). 3054:. London: Bloomsbury. 3021:Churchill and Seapower 2961:Milestones to Disaster 2922:The Onslaught of Japan 2907:The Commonwealth Alone 2772: 2716: 2589:encirclement operation 2335:of France and Marshal 2233:Washington in May 1943 2158:Churchill included in 2134:Battle of the Atlantic 1931:to the Soviet city of 1911:Lord Louis Mountbatten 1868:Arthur "Bomber" Harris 1633:battle in the desert. 1274:Second Battle of Sedan 913:Joachim von Ribbentrop 523: 245:Siege of Sidney Street 51:Please consider using 6592:Bengal famine of 1943 6540:Operation Unthinkable 6477:Palace of Westminster 6268:Arms and the Covenant 6103:Later life, 1945–1965 6086:Chancellor, 1924–1929 6071:Early life, 1874–1904 5945:10.1353/jmh.2006.0082 4806:Lough 2015, pp.356-60 4756:Bell 2013, Pp.249-51 4477:Lough 2015, pp.356-60 4242:Casablanca Conference 4121:Bell 2013, pp.329-30 4094:Bell 2013, pp.329-30 3978:Reynolds 2004 p.96-87 3951:Dutton 2001 p.110-112 3853:Reynolds 2004 p.92-93 3763:Gilbert 1990, p.356-8 3535:Keegan, John (1985). 3188:. London: Allen Lane. 3162:Lough, David (2015). 2932:The Invasion of Italy 2787:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2768: 2756:In Command of History 2714: 2415:Pilotless Bombardment 2152:Royal Canadian Navies 1990:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1958:Stanisław Mikołajczyk 1916:2nd Canadian Division 1365:The Battle of Britain 1345:Franklin D. Roosevelt 515: 380:1945 general election 28:Triumph & Tragedy 6615:Clementine Churchill 6281:The Second World War 6260:Great Contemporaries 6220:Ian Hamilton's March 5965:Lough 2015, pp.362-4 5692:Lough 2015, pp.373-4 5683:Lough 2015, pp.373-4 5653:Lough 2015, pp.371-2 5393:Lough 2015, p.369-70 4842:Lough 2015, pp.362-4 4824:Lough 2015, pp.362-4 4797:Lough 2015, pp.358-9 4634:Bell 2013, pp.204-6 4613:Bell 2013, pp.204-6 4468:Lough 2015, pp.358-9 4103:Reynolds 2004, p.126 4064:Reynolds 2004 .71-72 3835:Bell 2013, Pp.323-6 3706:The Second World War 3667:Lough 2015, pp.345-6 3308:Gilbert 1990, p.1365 3256:winstonchurchill.org 3042:. London: Continuum. 3013:General bibliography 2937:Assault from the Air 2917:War Comes to America 2822:The Second World War 2764:The Second World War 2744:The Second World War 2734:The Second World War 2572:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2566:, the GOCinC of the 2528:Battle of Leyte Gulf 2475:events leading up to 2463:special relationship 2427:Great Sphinx of Giza 2292:conquest of Ethiopia 2204:Battle of Stalingrad 2037:The Second World War 1999:Special Relationship 1877:The Second World War 1791:the outbreak of the 1760:Battle of El Alamein 1673:Operation Barbarossa 1659:Operation Barbarossa 1394:Supermarine Spitfire 1104:which portrayed the 1049:in early July 1940. 976:Churchill portrayed 929:Treaty of Versailles 887:wrote in protest to 639:The Second World War 481:The Second World War 420:The Second World War 370:Caretaker Government 87:The Second World War 6562:Sword of Stalingrad 6451:Cultural depictions 6446:Sutherland portrait 6322:Be ye men of valour 5991:The Gathering Storm 5890:Reynolds 2004 p.441 5881:Reynolds 2004 p.460 5872:Reynolds 2004 p.469 5854:Reynolds 2004 p.458 5836:Reynolds 2004 p.457 5827:Reynolds 2004 p.485 5818:Reynolds 2004 p.448 5800:Reynolds 2004 p.447 5791:Reynolds 2004 p.446 5701:Gilbert 1990, p.788 5674:Gilbert 1990, p.735 5604:Gilbert 1990, p.609 5586:Reynolds 2004 p.459 5572:Reynolds 2004 p.413 5551:Reynolds 2004 p.463 5542:Reynolds 2004 p.414 5530:Reynolds 2004 p.415 5518:Reynolds 2004 p.381 5486:Reynolds 2004 p.384 5477:Reynolds 2004 p.379 5465:Reynolds 2004 p.411 5435:Reynolds 2004 p.375 5426:Reynolds 2004 p.300 5417:Reynolds 2004 p.451 5405:Reynolds 2004 p.452 5384:Gilbert 1990, p.609 5339:Reynolds 2004 p.311 5327:Reynolds 2004 p.309 5318:Reynolds 2004 p.308 5309:Reynolds 2004 p.335 5295:Reynolds 2004 p.334 5248:Reynolds 2004 p.319 5218:Reynolds 2004 p.318 5209:Reynolds 2004 p.408 5200:Reynolds 2004 p.299 5182:Reynolds 2004 p.378 5173:Reynolds 2004 p.332 5161:Reynolds 2004 p.416 5152:Reynolds 2004 p.336 5118:Reynolds 2004 p.328 5109:Reynolds 2004 p.327 5097:Reynolds 2004 p.138 5055:Reynolds 2004 p.341 5046:Reynolds 2004 p.343 5037:Reynolds 2004 p.345 5016:Reynolds 2004 p.346 4977:Reynolds 2004 p.196 4968:Reynolds 2004 p.330 4950:Reynolds 2004 p.322 4932:Reynolds 2004 p.321 4920:Reynolds 2004 p.484 4904:Hastings 2010 p.208 4890:Hastings 2010 p.209 4872:Reynolds 2004 p.339 4863:Reynolds 2004 p.337 4833:Gilbert 1990, p.546 4770:Reynolds 2004 p.297 4738:Reynolds 2004 p.265 4722:Reynolds 2004 p.294 4713:Reynolds 2004 p.262 4704:Reynolds 2004 p.254 4695:Reynolds 2004 p.252 4681:Reynolds 2004 p.251 4672:Reynolds 2004 p.250 4658:Reynolds 2004 p.244 4646:Reynolds 2004 p.243 4625:Reynolds 2004 p.267 4604:Reynolds 2004 p.241 4581:Reynolds 2004 p.238 4572:Reynolds 2004 p.237 4563:Reynolds 2004 p.236 4551:Reynolds 2004 p.246 4530:Reynolds 2004 p.232 4441:Gilbert 1990, p.474 4432:Reynolds 2004 p.179 4403:Reynolds 2004 p.192 4379:Reynolds 2004 p.191 4363:Reynolds 2004 p.194 4336:Reynolds 2004 p.185 4322:Reynolds 2004 p.188 4306:Reynolds 2004 p.186 4297:Reynolds 2004 p.177 4276:Reynolds 2004 p.190 4253:Reynolds 2004 p.172 4210:Reynolds 2004 p.206 4201:Reynolds 2004 p.167 4189:Rose 2015, pp.288-9 4076:Reynolds 2004 p.495 4055:Reynolds 2004 p.410 4043:Reynolds 2004 p.108 4029:Reynolds 2004 p.101 4020:Reynolds 2004 p.115 4011:Reynolds 2004 p.114 3999:Reynolds 2004 p.100 3960:Dutton 2001 p.70-72 3919:Reynolds 2004 p.107 3898:Reynolds 2004 p.106 3886:Reynolds 2004 p.104 3877:Reynolds 2004 p.103 3826:Reynolds 2004 p.133 3284:The Gathering Storm 3072:Neville Chamberlain 2976:Triumph and Tragedy 2947:Triumph and Tragedy 2942:The Tide of Victory 2912:Germany Drives East 2892:The Gathering Storm 2877:Triumph and Tragedy 2847:The Gathering Storm 2826:Triumph and Tragedy 2678:Triumph and Tragedy 2655:Triumph and Tragedy 2593:Liberation of Paris 2512:Walter Bedell Smith 2393:Triumph and Tragedy 2381:Operation Bagration 2375:Sir Fitzroy Maclean 2307:Dodecanese campaign 2257:Combined Operations 1810:The following year 1651:Operation Battleaxe 1643:Italian East Africa 1560:Francis de Guingand 1373:RAF Fighter Command 1326:Paul von Hindenburg 1278:The Daily Telegraph 1126:Neville Chamberlain 1122:The Gathering Storm 1098:The Gathering Storm 1091:The Gathering Storm 1078:Neville Chamberlain 1036:The Gathering Storm 1016:The Gathering Storm 1011:The Gathering Storm 987:Neville Chamberlain 963:The Gathering Storm 925:The Gathering Storm 902:Viscount Templewood 869:The Gathering Storm 857:The Gathering Storm 806:The Gathering Storm 781:Triumph And Tragedy 591:The Daily Telegraph 286:1926 General Strike 89: 6639:Marigold Churchill 6627:Randolph Churchill 6546:Political ideology 6457:Churchillian Drift 6391:(Fulton, Missouri) 6015:The Grand Alliance 5357:Lough 2015, pp.365 4989:, p. 396-397. 4085:Reynolds 2004 p.95 3987:Reynolds 2004 p.97 3969:Reynolds 2004 p.96 3933:Reynolds 2004 p.98 3865:Reynolds 2004 p.93 3631:, pp. 339–40. 3430:, pp. 369–70. 3074:. London: Arnold. 2971:The Grand Alliance 2902:The Fall of France 2859:The Grand Alliance 2762:about Churchill's 2717: 2610:Bombing of Dresden 2564:Bernard Montgomery 2362:Yugoslav Partisans 2317:Operation Overlord 1972:had committed the 1954:Władysław Sikorski 1859:RAF Bomber Command 1784:Malcolm Muggeridge 1730:The Grand Alliance 1702:The Grand Alliance 1680:The Grand Alliance 1669:The Grand Alliance 1631:Operation Crusader 1615:successful if the 1462:The Grand Alliance 1304:David Lloyd George 1282:The New York Times 1164:Norwegian campaign 1087:Singapore strategy 946:Russian Revolution 907:After publication 842:Christopher Soames 593:in the UK and the 587:The New York Times 535:Marshall Field III 524: 375:Potsdam Conference 348:Operation Overlord 270:Anglo-Irish Treaty 255:Gallipoli campaign 235:Liberal Government 209:Conservative Party 85: 6696: 6695: 6651:Winston Churchill 6512: 6511: 6482:Parliament Square 6133:Death and funeral 6108:Electoral history 6057:Winston Churchill 6003:Their Finest Hour 5917:Lough 2015, p.377 5746:Lough 2015, p.377 5644:Lough 2015, p.370 5375:Lough 2015, p.367 4148:Lough 2015, p.352 4130:Lough 2015, p.349 3808:Lough 2015, p.348 3754:Lough 2015, p.343 3691:, pp. 373–4. 3646:, pp. 342–5. 3607:, p. 279-80. 3572:, pp. 330–1. 3418:, pp. 345–6. 3379:, pp. 234–7. 3347:, pp. 327–8. 3258:. 17 October 2008 3128:. Brasseys (UK). 3117:Churchill: A Life 2986: 2985: 2927:Victory in Africa 2865:The Hinge of Fate 2853:Their Finest Hour 2640:Japan surrendered 2598:Operation Dragoon 2560:Normandy campaign 2524:Operation Dragoon 2490:Private Secretary 2467:Dwight Eisenhower 2435:Air Chief Marshal 2385:Army Group Centre 2333:Charles de Gaulle 2300:Palmiro Togliatti 2279:Battle of Salerno 2241:Tunisian campaign 2208:The Hinge of Fate 2170:The Hinge of Fate 2165:The Hinge of Fate 2160:The Hinge of Fate 2089:Second Happy Time 2064:Admiral Graf Spee 2019:The Hinge of Fate 1995:Thirteen Colonies 1979:The Hinge of Fate 1900:The Hinge of Fate 1892:Their Finest Hour 1888:Charles de Gaulle 1818:The Hinge of Fate 1775:The Hinge of Fate 1747:The Hinge of Fate 1596:Andrew Cunningham 1482:about appointing 1448:Their Finest Hour 1433:Cape of Good Hope 1429:Italy had invaded 1420:Their Finest Hour 1412:Palestine Mandate 1381:Their Finest Hour 1361:Battle of Britain 1306:thought that the 1253:Their Finest Hour 1190:Their Finest Hour 1178:in the Official 1102:Spanish Civil War 1006:strategic bombing 777:Peter Paul Rubens 765:Cabinet Secretary 667:Cabinet Secretary 612:exchange controls 490:Winston Churchill 477: 476: 401:Malayan Emergency 396:Mau Mau rebellion 343:Tehran Conference 260:Russian Civil War 214:Electoral history 196: 195: 188:Winston Churchill 161: 160: 154:Publication place 109:Winston Churchill 81: 80: 73: 6771: 6504:Washington, D.C. 6464: 6463: 6440:The Roaring Lion 6236:The World Crisis 6050: 6043: 6036: 6027: 6026: 5977: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5924: 5918: 5915: 5909: 5908:Rose 2015, p.154 5906: 5900: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5855: 5852: 5846: 5843: 5837: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5738: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5666: 5663: 5654: 5651: 5645: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5627: 5624:Cairo Conference 5620: 5614: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5587: 5584: 5573: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5552: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5531: 5528: 5519: 5516: 5505: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5466: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5436: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5406: 5403: 5394: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5328: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5296: 5293: 5276: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5237: 5236:Bell 2013, p.281 5234: 5228: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5162: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5131: 5128: 5119: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5098: 5095: 5086: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5056: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5026: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5008: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4933: 4930: 4921: 4918: 4905: 4902: 4891: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4757: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4723: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4659: 4656: 4647: 4644: 4635: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4614: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4552: 4549: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4519: 4516: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4392: 4389: 4380: 4377: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4323: 4320: 4307: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4286: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4244:of January 1943. 4235: 4229: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4190: 4187: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4112:Bell 2013, p.373 4110: 4104: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4044: 4041: 4030: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4000: 3997: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3934: 3931: 3920: 3917: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3866: 3863: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3844:Rose 2015, p.414 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3736:Rose 2015, p.414 3734: 3728: 3727: 3720:Nicolson, Harold 3716: 3710: 3709: 3701: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3540: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3483:, pp. 86–89 3478: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3394:, p. 278-9. 3389: 3380: 3374: 3365: 3359: 3348: 3342: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3287: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3248: 3230: 3211: 3189: 3177: 3158: 3139: 3120: 3107: 3085: 3065: 3043: 3034: 2897:The Twilight War 2871:Closing the Ring 2836: 2795:Benito Mussolini 2750: 2685:Abridged Edition 2631:Yalta conference 2556:Battle of Arnhem 2423:Yalta Conference 2354:Draža Mihailović 2321:Closing the Ring 2312:Closing the Ring 2284:Benito Mussolini 2282:Man" picture of 2253:Lord Mountbatten 2220:Closing the Ring 2212:Battle of Midway 2143:guerre de course 2085:First Happy Time 2052:Harold Alexander 1927:run" though the 1842:Lord Beaverbrook 1583:Bernard Freyberg 1424:Bernard Freyberg 1416:Archibald Wavell 1390:Hawker Hurricane 1265:Édouard Daladier 1215:Arthur Greenwood 1157:Munich Agreement 1138:Benito Mussolini 1070:fighting in 1931 999:Benito Mussolini 959:Ramsay MacDonald 745:Sir Edward Marsh 697:Fulton, Missouri 683:. They included 579:Houghton Mifflin 554:Fulton, Missouri 521:Second World War 469: 462: 455: 444: 438: 437: 413:The World Crisis 360:Yalta Conference 333:Atlantic Charter 192: 191: 189: 182: 174: 167: 166: 163: 162: 145:Publication date 138:Houghton Mifflin 128:Second World War 97: 90: 84: 76: 69: 65: 62: 56: 53:named references 41: 40: 33: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6633:Sarah Churchill 6621:Diana Churchill 6601: 6582:Tonypandy riots 6524:Blenheim Palace 6508: 6462: 6407:Memorial Trusts 6361: 6355: 6295: 6175: 6137: 6059: 6054: 5986: 5981: 5980: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5299: 5294: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4908: 4903: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4662: 4657: 4650: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4326: 4321: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3937: 3932: 3923: 3918: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3717: 3713: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3679:, pp. 365. 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3552: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3351: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3278: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3227: 3208: 3194:Roberts, Andrew 3182:Reynolds, David 3174: 3155: 3136: 3113:Gilbert, Martin 3104: 3090:Gilbert, Martin 3082: 3062: 3031: 3015: 2992: 2987: 2819: 2791:Harry S. Truman 2748: 2709: 2697:Daily Telegraph 2688: 2659:Fourteenth Army 2657:to the "famous 2568:21st Army Group 2552: 2532:Brendan Bracken 2479:Fall of Trieste 2471:Morgenthau Plan 2447:Daily Telegraph 2402: 2397: 2352:led by General 2337:Josip Broz Tito 2288:Pietro Badoglio 2274:15th Army Group 2269: 2229: 2224: 2175:Chiang Kai-shek 2110:Stephen Roskill 2003:George Marshall 1946:Admiral Tirpitz 1884:François Darlan 1847:Stafford Cripps 1830: 1822:Treasure Island 1801:Inchon Landings 1756: 1751: 1718:Stephen Roskill 1708:Prince of Wales 1579:Battle of Crete 1541: 1500:Conrad Helfrich 1480:Daily Telegraph 1471: 1466: 1330:Wilhelm Groener 1313:Philippe Pétain 1261:Maurice Gamelin 1246:David Margesson 1242: 1232:who blamed the 1199: 1194: 1176:Stephen Roskill 1153:Weimar Republic 1020:Brendan Bracken 950:Stanley Baldwin 921: 865:Berlin Blockade 851:Polish American 837:December 1947. 830:Daily Telegraph 815: 810: 789: 739:was hired as a 629: 589:, in Camrose's 545:inheritance tax 510: 486:First World War 473: 435: 432: 408: 405: 387: 384: 304: 301: 300: 297: 292:British Gazette 282: 279: 240:Tonypandy riots 236: 233: 229:MP for Woodford 187: 185: 184: 183: 180: 178: 146: 100: 77: 66: 60: 57: 50: 42: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6777: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6687:Leonard Jerome 6684: 6678: 6672: 6669:Jack Churchill 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6611: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6576:The Other Club 6572: 6565: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6470: 6468: 6461: 6460: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6392: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6285: 6277: 6272: 6264: 6256: 6248: 6240: 6232: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6011: 5999: 5985: 5984:External links 5982: 5979: 5978: 5967: 5958: 5939:(2): 551–552. 5919: 5910: 5901: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5865: 5856: 5847: 5838: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5784: 5775: 5766: 5757: 5748: 5739: 5730: 5721: 5712: 5703: 5694: 5685: 5676: 5667: 5655: 5646: 5637: 5628: 5615: 5606: 5597: 5588: 5574: 5565: 5553: 5544: 5532: 5520: 5506: 5497: 5488: 5479: 5467: 5458: 5449: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5407: 5395: 5386: 5377: 5368: 5359: 5350: 5341: 5329: 5320: 5311: 5297: 5277: 5268: 5259: 5257:Bell 2013, p.5 5250: 5238: 5229: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5184: 5175: 5163: 5154: 5132: 5120: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5078: 5069: 5057: 5048: 5039: 5027: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4991: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4934: 4922: 4906: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4683: 4674: 4660: 4648: 4636: 4627: 4615: 4606: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4553: 4541: 4532: 4520: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4414: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4324: 4308: 4299: 4287: 4278: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4230: 4221: 4212: 4203: 4191: 4182: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4066: 4057: 4045: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4001: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3935: 3921: 3909: 3900: 3888: 3879: 3867: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3711: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3660: 3658:, p. 450. 3648: 3633: 3621: 3619:, p. 268. 3609: 3586: 3584:, p. 609. 3574: 3562: 3524: 3497: 3495:, p. 879. 3485: 3468: 3466:, p. 270. 3456: 3454:, p. 377. 3444: 3442:, p. 280. 3432: 3420: 3408: 3406:, p. 908. 3396: 3381: 3366: 3364:, p. 221. 3349: 3334: 3332:, p. 324. 3322: 3320:, p. 317. 3310: 3301: 3294: 3269: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3226:978-0300212341 3225: 3212: 3206: 3190: 3178: 3172: 3159: 3153: 3140: 3134: 3121: 3109: 3103:978-0749391041 3102: 3086: 3080: 3067: 3060: 3044: 3035: 3030:978-0199693573 3029: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3001: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2843: 2842: 2834: 2818: 2815: 2760:David Reynolds 2721:Manny Shinwell 2708: 2705: 2687: 2682: 2670:hydrogen bombs 2587:as part of an 2551: 2548: 2539:Manny Shinwell 2494:Alan Lascelles 2486:RMS Queen Mary 2401: 2398: 2396: 2389: 2371:William Deakin 2326:Charles Portal 2268: 2265: 2237:land in Sicily 2228: 2225: 2223: 2216: 2179:Soong Mei-ling 2140:who spurn the 2097:Ernest J. King 2093:Gulf of Mexico 2028:Mahatma Gandhi 2007:Ernest J. King 1974:Katyn massacre 1873:Clement Attlee 1851:Clement Attlee 1829: 1826: 1805:New York Times 1764:Denis Richards 1755: 1752: 1750: 1743: 1684:Fumimaro Konoe 1641:the colony of 1545:Robert Menzies 1540: 1537: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1460:Volume Three: 1458: 1369:Albert Goodwin 1321:Maxime Weygand 1319:, and General 1300:Lord Tavistock 1241: 1238: 1211:Clement Attlee 1198: 1195: 1193: 1186: 920: 917: 885:Maurice Hankey 814: 811: 809: 802: 794:Bletchley Park 788: 785: 756:“pissing over 754:Queen Victoria 685:Hastings Ismay 681:William Deakin 670:Edward Bridges 658:Clement Attlee 628: 625: 616:New York Times 509: 506: 475: 474: 472: 471: 464: 457: 449: 446: 445: 431: 430: 423: 416: 406: 404: 403: 398: 393: 385: 383: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 356: 355: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 302: 298: 296: 295: 288: 280: 278: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 234: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 198: 197: 194: 193: 181:a series about 177: 175: 159: 158: 157:United Kingdom 155: 151: 150: 147: 144: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 111:and assistants 106: 102: 101: 98: 79: 78: 45: 43: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6776: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6689:(grandfather) 6688: 6685: 6683:(grandmother) 6682: 6679: 6677:(grandfather) 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6535: 6534:Norway Debate 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6429:Epstein busts 6427: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6358: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6244:My Early Life 6241: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6204:The River War 6201: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6039: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5976: 5971: 5962: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5851: 5842: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5788: 5779: 5770: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5707: 5698: 5689: 5680: 5671: 5662: 5660: 5650: 5641: 5632: 5625: 5619: 5610: 5601: 5592: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5569: 5560: 5558: 5548: 5539: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5501: 5492: 5483: 5474: 5472: 5462: 5453: 5444: 5442: 5432: 5423: 5414: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5363: 5354: 5345: 5336: 5334: 5324: 5315: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5243: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5168: 5158: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5115: 5106: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5062: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5032: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4988: 4987:Reynolds 2004 4983: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4858: 4848: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4794: 4785: 4776: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4678: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4610: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4587: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4536: 4527: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4409: 4400: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4282: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4259: 4250: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4196: 4186: 4178: 4177:Norway Debate 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4071: 4061: 4052: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4026: 4017: 4008: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3904: 3895: 3893: 3883: 3874: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3707: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3630: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3583: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3558: 3546: 3538: 3531: 3529: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3481:Reynolds 2004 3477: 3475: 3473: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3305: 3297: 3295:0-395-41055-X 3291: 3286: 3285: 3276: 3274: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3240: 3228: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3207:9780241205631 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3173:9781784081812 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3154:9780307593122 3150: 3146: 3145:Winston's War 3141: 3137: 3135:1-85753-007-1 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3061:9781408831236 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048:Clarke, Peter 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2799:Joseph Stalin 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2674:Joseph Stalin 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615:the Holocaust 2611: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2514:for vetting. 2513: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2431:Lord Cherwell 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411:Duncan Sandys 2408: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2358:King Peter II 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2239:now that the 2238: 2234: 2221: 2218:Volume Five: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2124:Bay of Biscay 2121: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966:Joseph Stalin 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1898:in 1940. In 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1748: 1745:Volume Four: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1626:Russian Front 1623: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604:HMS Centurion 1601: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1526:US Ambassador 1523: 1520: 1516: 1515:Jock Colville 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1227:Major General 1224: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:Danzig crisis 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062:Lord Cherwell 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 947: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 916: 914: 910: 905: 903: 898: 897: 892: 891: 886: 882: 878: 877:Ten Year Rule 873: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 852: 847: 843: 838: 835: 831: 826: 824: 820: 819:Downward Path 807: 801: 799: 795: 784: 782: 778: 772: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 746: 742: 738: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 705: 702: 698: 694: 690: 689:Henry Pownall 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 668: 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 635: 624: 620: 617: 613: 609: 605: 599: 596: 595:Murdoch Press 592: 588: 584: 583:Life magazine 580: 575: 574: 569: 565: 561: 557: 555: 551: 546: 542: 541: 536: 531: 529: 528:King Features 522: 518: 514: 505: 501: 499: 493: 491: 487: 483: 482: 470: 465: 463: 458: 456: 451: 450: 448: 447: 443: 439: 429: 428: 424: 422: 421: 417: 415: 414: 410: 409: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 354: 351: 350: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 305: 294: 293: 289: 287: 284: 283: 276: 275:Chanak Crisis 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 230: 227: 225: 224:MP for Epping 222: 220: 219:MP for Dundee 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 204:Liberal Party 202: 201: 200: 199: 190: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 164: 156: 152: 148: 142: 139: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 107: 103: 96: 91: 88: 83: 75: 72: 64: 54: 49: 46:This article 44: 35: 34: 29: 22: 6438: 6350:Iron Curtain 6288: 6280: 6279: 6267: 6259: 6251: 6243: 6235: 6227: 6219: 6211: 6203: 6198:(1899 novel) 6195: 6187: 6123:Racial views 6113:As a painter 6014: 6002: 5990: 5970: 5961: 5936: 5932: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5859: 5850: 5841: 5832: 5823: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5787: 5778: 5769: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5715: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5670: 5649: 5640: 5631: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5591: 5568: 5547: 5500: 5491: 5482: 5461: 5452: 5431: 5422: 5389: 5380: 5371: 5362: 5353: 5344: 5323: 5314: 5271: 5262: 5253: 5232: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5157: 5114: 5081: 5072: 5051: 5042: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4955: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4752: 4743: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4677: 4630: 4609: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4535: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4408: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4302: 4281: 4258: 4249: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4185: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4060: 4025: 4016: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3903: 3882: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3684: 3672: 3663: 3656:Gilbert 1990 3651: 3644:Gilbert 1990 3629:Gilbert 1990 3624: 3617:Gilbert 1990 3612: 3582:Gilbert 1990 3577: 3565: 3537:Introduction 3536: 3515:. Retrieved 3510: 3500: 3493:Gilbert 1992 3488: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3411: 3404:Roberts 2018 3399: 3377:Gilbert 1990 3362:Gilbert 1990 3325: 3313: 3304: 3283: 3260:. 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The Second World War (book series)

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