218:
XIV's time, a war can only be started with the consent of the people. Gramsci has shown to what extent the cultural supremacy and the consent to government decisions are necessary. This approval is easy to win if the people believe that their freedom, their lives and their honor depend on this war. "For example, the goals of the First World War can be summarized in three points:" - to destroy militarism, - defend the smaller states, - prepare the world for democracy. These very honorable goals have since been repeated almost literally on the eve of each conflict, even though they do not fit the true purpose." "It is necessary to persuade public opinion that we, unlike our enemies, go to war for infinitely honorable motives." "For the
Yugoslav war, we find the same deviation of the official goals from the unacknowledged goals of the conflict." NATO officially intervenes in order to preserve the multi-ethnic nature of Kosovo and in order to prevent minorities from being abused, in order to establish democracy and thus in order to end the rule of a dictator. It is in the defense of the sacred concerns of human rights. But not only at the end of this war you can see that none of these goals have been achieved, you have moved remarkably far away from a multi - ethnic society and from violence against minorities, this time Serbs and Roma. This violence is part of everyday life, but you realize that the economic and geopolitical goals have been achieved that have never been never spoken of."
409:
themselves. This type of superficial criticism of the media has long since become an integral part of the infotainment machinery, Stöckman maintains. To those who are so "enlightened", but actually rather hardened to criticism, each war reporting must appear as propaganda as long as it is not based on a pacifist attitude. Morelli should have cleared up the confusing situation, Stockmann insists, instead of just recommending 'systematic doubt' as an 'antidote'. But its effectiveness is likely to be exhausted quickly, as the historian sees almost every piece of news contaminated by the poisonous products of the right way of thinking which are poured out by media every day.
204:'s popularity in their high schools wrote books on Foucault's private life. According to them, this "masochistic and crazy homosexual" practiced "unnatural, scandalous and unacceptable sexual practices." By disqualifying Foucault as a person, they could spare themselves the more difficult confrontation with the author's thinking or with the discourses of a political person and "refute" him on the basis of moral judgments.
321:
war appears in this view as a crusade against the "axis of evil", as the "fight of good against evil". It is seen as a duty to bring democracy to Iraq, a value that sprang directly from the will of God. Warfare was thus the realization of the divine will. Political decisions take on a biblical character that eliminates all social and economic issues. The reference to God is made in many ways (
435:
103:, when the opinion of the population was of little importance. "Thus, the French government mobilizes the army and announces at the same time that mobilization is not a war, but on the contrary the best way to secure peace." "If all the leaders are inspired by the same will to peace, one wonders why wars break out after all." The second principle provides an answer to this question.
200:", but highlights his abnormal mood swings, his morbid and brutal outbursts of anger: "When getting in rage, his face is distorted. But all of a sudden, he will regain his composure." Of course, this demonization is used for other purposes as well, as all tools of propaganda are. Pierre Bourdieu, for example, reports that in the US university teachers who disliked
45:"I will not put to test the purity of one or the other's intentions. I am not going to find out who is lying and who is telling the truth, who is believing what he says, and who does not. My only intention is to illustrate the principles of propaganda that are used and to describe their functioning." (P. 6)
255:
use of poison gas. Each warring party accused the other of having started it. Although both used gas as a weapon and had been doing research in this field, it was the symbolic expression of inhumane warfare. Therefore, Morelli concludes, it was attributed to the enemy as an indecent and deceitful weapon.
217:
wrote on
January 22, 1991: "The goals of this war are first and foremost the goals of the UN Security Council. We participate in this war for the reasons behind the decisions of the Security Council and the goal essentially is the liberation of Kuwait." "In our modern societies, different from Louis
132:
does not want war. He resolves on this with a heavy heart. But the decision on war and peace does not depend on him. It depends on Poland. In certain vital questions for the Reich, Poland has to give in and fulfill the demands that we can not do without. If Poland refuses, the responsibility for
98:
According to
Morelli, statesmen of all countries themselves have always solemnly assured that they do not want war. Wars are always undesired, only very rarely a war is seen positively by the population. With the emergence of democracy, the consent of the population becomes indispensable, so war must
229:
Morelli maintains that the stories about the atrocities of the enemy are an essential element of propaganda. Cruelties are part of all wars. But insisting on the view that only the enemy has committed atrocities and that the "humanitarian" army was loved by the population makes stories of atrocities
40:
The ten "commandments" of propaganda which Anne
Morelli elaborates in this work are, above all, an analytical framework for pedagogical purposes and for media analysis. Morelli does not want to take sides or defend "dictators", but show the regularity of use of the ten principles in the media and in
420:
writes after praising the relevance of the topic and the usefulness of her analysis, Morelli lacks clarification of whether "the media" themselves are acting independently, whether they follow political or commercial interests and if they consciously or only unreflectingly abuse the "good faith" of
320:
This criterion is understood by
Morelli in two different ways: in the literal sense, war presents itself as a crusade, backed by a divine mission. One must not escape the will of God, one must fulfill it. This view has gained new importance since George W. Bush took office, Morelli states. The Iraq
254:
Morelli views this principle as a complement to the previous one. "We do not commit atrocities but, on the contrary, we are going to war chivalrously, following the rules, as in a contest, of course, they are tough and masculine rules." There were furious protests in the First World War against the
347:
This last principle complements all others, Morelli explains. Whoever questions only one of the principles is necessarily a collaborator. There are only two areas, good and bad. You can only be for or against evil. The opponents of the Kosovo war are thus accomplices of Milošević. Whole groups are
111:
Morelli puts forward that this principle follows from the fact that each party assures to be compelled to declare war in order to prevent the adversary from "destroying our values", endangering our freedom, or destroying us altogether. It is the paradox of a war that is waged to prevent wars. This
263:
Morelli explains this principle or commandment as follows: "With rare exceptions, people tend to join the victorious cause. In the case of war, the preference of public opinion depends very much on the apparent results of the conflict. If the results are not good, the propaganda must disguise our
404:
German journalist Rudolf
Walther praises Morelli's theoretical framework: In his opinion, Morelli's publication works as an "intellectual instrument" for any newspaper reader or television viewer in order to "examine and criticize propaganda enforced by modern media". With much evidence from all
395:
According to
Morelli, this procedure was applied again in the Iraq war, although the world public was far more divided than in the Kosovo conflict. Being against the war meant advocating for Saddam Hussein. The same design was used in a completely different context, namely during the vote on the
284:
She refers to caricaturists that she thinks are used to justify the war and depict the "butcher" and his atrocities, while others with their camera in hand, produce heart-moving documents about
Albanian refugees, carefully selecting those that are most similar to the audience, such as the pretty
271:
Morelli sees the Iraq war as another example of the prohibiting the publication of photographs of the coffins of
American soldiers. The losses of the enemy, however, were gigantic, their army offered no resistance. "This type of information enhances morale in both camps and makes public opinion
408:
Jochen Stöckmann is more critical of
Morelli's investigation. He finds it startling "that Morelli does not describe how the gears of media interlock, she does not research into the mechanisms and details, but argues exclusively with quotes, basing her criticism on the products of propaganda
191:
Personalizing conflicts is typical of a particular view of history, according to which history is made by heroes, by "great people". Anne Morelli rejects this view of history and writes tirelessly about what official historiography conceals. The official account of history is idealistic and
160:
Morelli writes: "You can not hate a group of people altogether, not even as your enemies. It is therefore more effective to direct the hatred to the leading personality of the enemy country. This way, "the enemy" will have a face, and this face will naturally become the object of hatred."
233:
She sees hardly any differences in the way atrocities are described in different wars. For the period of the First World War, Ponsonby portrays the rendering of gang rape, murder, mistreatment and mutilation of children by German soldiers. Morelli shows how similar reports from wars
116:'s mythical phrase: "War is peace." In line with this understanding, the USA was forced to wage war against Iraq, because Iraq had left no other choice. They react only, defending themselves against provocations of the enemy, who is fully responsible for the outbreak of the war. "
280:
Morelli states that since the First World War, intellectuals have mostly massively supported their own camp. Each war party could count on the support of artists, writers and musicians who supported the concerns of their countries through initiatives in their fields of activity.
212:
Morelli analyzes that the economic and geopolitical goals of war must be masked by an ideal, by moral and legitimate values. Thus, George W. Bush declared, "There are people who will never understand this. The fight is not for oil, the fight is against brutal aggression".
405:
major conflicts since the First World War, Morelli has examined the mechanisms of the warring parties, with which they manage to present their point of view as a just cause. Morelli, has succinctly summarized the basics of Ponsonby and Georges Demartial.
195:
The opponent is characterized by all conceivable ills and evils. They range from the physical appearance to sexual life. Thus, Le Vif in L'Express on April 8, 1999, depicts the "terrible Milosevic", she quotes no statement or written document of the "ruler of
192:
metaphysical in that it assumes that history is the result of great ideas and great people. She opposes this view with a dialectical and materialistic one, in which history is explained from the basis of the relations between people and from social movements.
187:
The first step in the process of demonization, according to Morelli, is the reduction of a whole country to a single person, as if nobody lived in Iraq, except Saddam Hussein with his "scary" Republican guards and his "frightful" weapons of mass destruction.
391:
Therefore, Morelli says, it is made impossible to give a dissenting opinion without running the risk of a "lynching process of the media". The normal pluralism of opinions no longer exists, all opposition is silenced and discredited by fake arguments.
267:
She cites the fact that already in the First World War the losses accumulated within the first month and rose to 313,000 casualties. But the Supreme Command never even reported the loss of a horse and did not publish a list of the dead.
141:: "The peace that the whole world desires more than anything else, can not be built on simple concessions to an act of piracy." The same is true of the Iraq war, because before the war broke out, on September 12, 2002
49:
Nonetheless, it seems undeniable to the author that after the wars that characterize our epoch (Kosovo, Second Gulf War, Afghanistan War, Iraq War), Western democracies and their media must be discussed.
230:
part of the propaganda. Moreover, Morelli goes on, war propaganda is not content with the actual incidents, it needs to invent inhuman atrocities in order to make the enemy look like Hitler's alter ego.
421:
the citizens. "Precisely because she uses the entire tenth chapter to show how important media stick to their 'own side', further and clearer explanations would have been desirable."
124:-:' Germany has already refused to respond to the people with a good heart at this time have raised their voice for peace in the world. We wage the war because they force it on us. '"
164:
She comments: "The victor will always portray himself as a pacifist who loves peaceful agreements and mutual understanding, but is forced into war by the opposing camp, as
312:
against the "new totalitarianism" of Islamism. These groups of intellectuals, artists and distinguished personalities justify the actions of their respective state power.
33: published in 2001. It has not been translated into English. The subtitle recommends its "usability in case of cold, hot or lukewarm war" (
657:
133:
a conflict lies with her and not with Germany. "(p. 16 in the French original) In the same sense, on January 9, 1991, we could read about the
60:
473:
73:
about propaganda in the First World War, systematizes them in the form of ten principles, and applies them to both world wars, the
574:
120:
assures in his 'Call to the Nation' on September 3, 1939 - taking over the responsibility of France for the consequences of the
224:
78:
221:
Morelli adds: "The principle has a complement: that the enemy is a bloodthirsty monster representing a barbaric society."
741:
59:
shows, Morelli in this work adapts the typical forms of various contents of propaganda to news of her time. She takes up
239:
689:
496:
761:
751:
746:
756:
469:
570:
Anne Morelli: « L’histoire selon les vainqueurs, l’histoire selon les vaincus. » 8 décembre 2003 in:
519:"Buch im Gespräch: Schlichte Schwarz-Weiß-Mythologie: Wie die Propaganda in Zeiten des Krieges funktioniert"
225:
5. The enemy is purposefully committing atrocities; if we are making mistakes this happens without intention
417:
766:
717:
618:
285:
blonde Albanian child with homesickness in the eye, who should remind us of the Albanian victims.
771:
736:
679:
385:
339:, ...) and serves to justify the actions of the sovereign without any chance of contradiction.
396:
European Constitution. To be against the Constitution was seen to mean to be against Europe.
381:
342:
65:
478:
121:
632:"Schlichte Schwarz-WeiĂź-Mythologie: Wie die Propaganda in Zeiten des Krieges funktioniert"
8:
81:. Four of the following principles, according to Walther just emanate directly from the
705:
617:
Anne Morelli: « les 10 commandements de Ponsonby », sur le site de Zaléa TV:
329:
155:
685:
571:
526:
207:
369:
578:
349:
323:
201:
353:
463:
301:
258:
181:
165:
148:
377:
730:
530:
365:
113:
82:
74:
293:
275:
361:
357:
335:
305:
297:
30:
343:
10. Whoever casts doubt on our propaganda helps the enemy and is a traitor
100:
93:
518:
631:
413:
243:
169:
125:
106:
450:
184:), (...) which challenges us and from which one must free humanity."
177:
173:
26:
292:, aiming at supporting France in the First World War, was signed by
172:
did." "The enemy camp is most certainly run by a maniac, a monster (
156:
3. Our adversary's leader is inherently evil and resembles the devil
99:
be rejected and everyone must be a pacifist at heart, unlike in the
235:
214:
197:
134:
117:
55:
129:
208:
4. We are defending a noble cause, not our particular interests!
373:
444:
259:
7. We suffer few losses, the enemy's losses are considerable
249:
456:
288:
Everywhere, Morelli writes, "manifests" are published. The
276:
8. Recognized intellectuals and artists support our cause
94:
1. We don't want war, we are only defending ourselves!
85:
and simplistic thinking in terms of black and white.
107:
2. Our adversary is solely responsible for this war!
35:
Utilisables en cas de guerre froide, chaude ou tiède
658:"Anne Morelli: Die Prinzipien der Kriegspropaganda"
572:http://www.brusselstribunal.org/8dec_fulltexts.htm
71:La mobilisation des consciences. La guerre de 1914
272:convinced of the effectiveness of the conflict."
128:justified the war against Poland by saying:" The
83:principle of friend or foe, "we and them" mindset
22:(Principes élémentaires de propagande de guerre)
728:
655:
681:A. Morelli: Die Prinzipien der Kriegspropaganda
629:
264:losses and exaggerate those of the enemy."
677:
497:Learn how and when to remove this message
315:
250:6. The enemy makes use of illegal weapons
399:
516:
20:The basic principles of war propaganda
729:
416:on June 29, 2005, Lars Klein from the
468:, as they are easily broken. Please
428:
53:As Rudolph Walther in his review in
13:
14:
783:
380:... and their press organs, i.e.
368:. The "pacifist family" includes
433:
671:
656:Jochen Stöckmann (2004-12-06).
649:
560:« attention médias !
308:. Closer to the present is the
623:
611:
602:
593:
590:Anne Morelli, op. cit., S. 27.
584:
564:
552:
543:
517:Walther, Rudolf (2004-11-18).
510:
16:2001 monograph by Anne Morelli
1:
630:Rudolf Walther (2004-11-18).
482:), or an abbreviated title.
424:
660:(in German). Deutschlandfunk
7:
400:Reviews and reception
88:
10:
788:
742:Mass media of the military
348:considered anti-American,
684:(in German). zu Klampen.
678:Lars Klein (2005-06-29).
290:Manifesto of the Hundred
762:World War II propaganda
752:Political science books
747:Criticism of journalism
472:by replacing them with
464:Knowledge's style guide
418:University of Göttingen
69:and George Demartial's
757:World War I propaganda
316:9. Our cause is sacred
382:Le Monde Diplomatique
66:Falsehood in War-Time
470:improve this article
122:Treaty of Versailles
442:Constructs such as
310:Manifesto of the 12
112:leads us almost to
577:2022-12-01 at the
330:God Save the Queen
79:war in Afghanistan
75:war in the Balkans
714:|periodical=
507:
506:
499:
412:In his review in
151:prepares for war.
779:
767:Public relations
722:
721:
715:
711:
709:
701:
699:
698:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
653:
647:
646:
644:
643:
627:
621:
615:
609:
606:
600:
597:
591:
588:
582:
568:
562:
556:
550:
547:
541:
540:
538:
537:
514:
502:
495:
491:
488:
474:named references
437:
436:
429:
787:
786:
782:
781:
780:
778:
777:
776:
727:
726:
725:
713:
712:
703:
702:
696:
694:
692:
676:
672:
663:
661:
654:
650:
641:
639:
628:
624:
616:
612:
607:
603:
598:
594:
589:
585:
579:Wayback Machine
569:
565:
558:Michel Collon:
557:
553:
548:
544:
535:
533:
515:
511:
503:
492:
486:
483:
462:discouraged by
438:
434:
427:
402:
350:Pierre Bourdieu
345:
324:In God We Trust
318:
278:
261:
252:
227:
210:
202:Michel Foucault
158:
109:
96:
91:
61:Arthur Ponsonby
17:
12:
11:
5:
785:
775:
774:
772:War propaganda
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
737:2001 documents
724:
723:
690:
670:
648:
622:
610:
601:
592:
583:
563:
551:
542:
508:
505:
504:
441:
439:
432:
426:
423:
401:
398:
344:
341:
317:
314:
302:Claude Debussy
277:
274:
260:
257:
251:
248:
226:
223:
209:
206:
182:Saddam Hussein
157:
154:
108:
105:
95:
92:
90:
87:
47:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
784:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
732:
719:
707:
693:
691:9783934920439
687:
683:
682:
674:
659:
652:
637:
633:
626:
619:
614:
605:
596:
587:
580:
576:
573:
567:
561:
555:
546:
532:
528:
525:(in German).
524:
520:
513:
509:
501:
498:
490:
481:
480:
475:
471:
467:
466:for footnotes
465:
459:
458:
453:
452:
447:
446:
440:
431:
430:
422:
419:
415:
410:
406:
397:
393:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Gisèle Halimi
367:
366:Harold Pinter
363:
359:
355:
351:
340:
338:
337:
332:
331:
326:
325:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
282:
273:
269:
265:
256:
247:
245:
241:
237:
231:
222:
219:
216:
205:
203:
199:
193:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
153:
152:
150:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:George Orwell
104:
102:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
51:
44:
43:
42:
38:
36:
32:
28:
24:
23:
695:. Retrieved
680:
673:
662:. Retrieved
651:
640:. Retrieved
635:
625:
613:
608:Ibid, S. 56.
604:
599:Ibid, S. 34.
595:
586:
566:
559:
554:
549:Ibid, S. 14.
545:
534:. Retrieved
522:
512:
493:
487:October 2019
484:
477:
461:
455:
449:
443:
411:
407:
403:
394:
390:
362:Noam Chomsky
358:Serge Halimi
354:RĂ©gis Debray
346:
336:Gott mit uns
334:
328:
322:
319:
309:
306:Paul Claudel
298:Claude Monet
289:
287:
283:
279:
270:
266:
262:
253:
232:
228:
220:
211:
194:
190:
186:
163:
159:
146:
142:
138:
110:
97:
70:
64:
54:
52:
48:
39:
34:
31:Anne Morelli
21:
19:
18:
638:(in German)
479:quick guide
378:Abbé Pierre
240:Afghanistan
143:Le Parisien
101:Middle Ages
731:Categories
697:2015-12-05
664:2015-12-05
642:2015-12-05
536:2019-02-24
425:References
414:H-Soz-Kult
294:André Gide
126:Ribbentrop
77:, and the
716:ignored (
706:cite book
531:0044-2070
451:loc. cit.
178:Bin Laden
174:Milosevic
41:society:
27:monograph
575:Archived
523:Die Zeit
384:and the
215:Le Monde
198:Belgrade
145:titled:
135:Gulf War
118:Daladier
89:Contents
56:Die Zeit
29:by
636:Zeit.de
236:in Iraq
139:Le Soir
130:Fuehrer
688:
529:
374:Renaud
244:Kosovo
149:Saddam
445:ibid.
246:are.
170:Blair
25:is a
718:help
686:ISBN
527:ISSN
460:are
457:idem
454:and
304:and
242:and
166:Bush
147:How
386:PCF
364:or
168:or
137:in
63:'s
37:).
733::
710::
708:}}
704:{{
634:.
521:.
448:,
388:.
376:,
372:,
360:,
356:,
352:,
333:,
327:,
300:,
296:,
238:,
180:,
176:,
720:)
700:.
667:.
645:.
620:.
581:.
539:.
500:)
494:(
489:)
485:(
476:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.