5753:. Marx described the Paris Commune as the prototype for a revolutionary government of the future, "the form at last discovered" for the emancipation of the proletariat. Engels noted that "all officials, high or low, were paid only the wages received by other workers. In this way, an effective barrier to place-hunting and careerism was set up". Commenting on the nature of the state, Engels continued: "From the outset, the Commune was compelled to recognize that the working class, once come to power, could not manage with the old state machine". In order not to be overthrown once having conquered power, Engels argues that the working class "must, on the one hand, do away with all the old repressive machinery previously used against it itself, and, on the other, safeguard itself against its own deputies and officials, by declaring them all, without exception, subject to recall at any moment". Engels argued such a state would be a temporary affair and suggested a new generation brought up in "new and free social conditions" will be able to "throw the entire lumber of the state on the scrap-heap".
7122:. "The scholars in camp of democratic socialism believe that China should draw on the Sweden experience, which is suitable not only for the West but also for China. In the post-Mao China, the Chinese intellectuals are confronted with a variety of models. The liberals favor the American model and share the view that the Soviet model has become archaic and should be totally abandoned. Meanwhile, democratic socialism in Sweden provided an alternative model. Its sustained economic development and extensive welfare programs fascinated many. Numerous scholars within the democratic socialist camp argue that China should model itself politically and economically on Sweden, which is viewed as more genuinely socialist than China. There is a growing consensus among them that in the Nordic countries the welfare state has been extraordinarily successful in eliminating poverty."
5734:
would be concerned with directing processes of production in a socialist society, essentially ceasing to be a state. Although Marx never referred to a socialist state, he argued that the working class would have to take control of the state apparatus and machinery of government in order to transition out of capitalism and to socialism. The dictatorship of the proletariat would represent this transitional state and would involve working class interests dominating government policy in the same manner that capitalist class interests dominate government policy under capitalism (the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie). Engels argued that as socialism developed, the state would change in form and function. Under socialism, it is not a "government of people, but the administration of things", thereby ceasing to be a state by the traditional definition. With the fall of the
6681:(1 January 1987): "Liberty, justice, respect for the dignity of the human person, political and social pluralism, the recognition of the distinct identity of the indigenous peoples and those of African descent within the framework of a unitary and indivisible state, the recognition of different forms of property, free international cooperation and respect for the free self-determination of peoples, Christian values, socialist ideals, and practices based on solidarity, and the values and ideals of the Nicaraguan culture and identity, are the principles of the Nicaraguan nation. The socialist ideals promote the common good over individual egoism, seeking to create an ever more inclusive, just and fair society, promoting an economic democracy which redistributes national wealth and eliminates exploitation among human beings".
6233:—were characterized by the gradual absence of money, the market, and so on, the difference between them being that earlier in the first stage, a system of rationing would be used to allocate goods to people, while in communism this could be abandoned in favour of full free access. This view distinguished Bordiga from Marxist–Leninists, who tended, and still tend, to telescope the first two stages and so have money and the other exchange categories surviving into socialism. But Bordiga would have none of this. For him, no society in which money, buying and selling, and the rest survived could be regarded as either socialist or communist—these exchange categories would die out before the socialist rather than the communist stage was reached. Stalin made the claim that the
2504:, the political perspective that the working class needs to use state power and government policy to establish a socialised economic system. The term can vary in its use from meaning a political system to adopting terms of a welfare state. This may either mean a system where the means of production, distribution, and exchange are nationalised or under state ownership, or simply a system in which social values or workers' interests have economic priority. However, the concept of a socialist state is mainly advocated by Marxist–Leninists and most socialist states have been established by political parties adhering to Marxism–Leninism or some national variation thereof such as
5933:
8573:(4): 116–122. "Trotsky argues that the Soviet Union was, at that time, a "deformed workers' state" or degenerated workers' state, and not a socialist republic or state, because the "bureaucracy wrested the power from the hands of mass organizations," thereby necessitating only political revolution rather than a completely new social revolution, for workers' political control (i.e. state democracy) to be reclaimed. He argued that it remained, at base, a workers' state because the capitalists and landlords had been expropriated". Retrieved 27 December 2019.
5897:" as strong centralized control progressively reduces as local communities gain more empowerment. As he put it succinctly, "o long as the state exists, there is no freedom. When there will be freedom, there will be no state". In this way, Lenin was thereby proposing a classically dynamic view of progressive social structure which, during his own short period of governance, emerged as a defensive and preliminary bureaucratic centralist stage. He regarded this structural paradox as the necessary preparation for and antithesis of the desired
5910:
5745:
division of labor originates from the days of absolute monarchy, serving nascent middle class society as a mighty weapon in its struggle against feudalism". In other words, "the centralized state power inherited by the bourgeoisie from the absolute monarchy necessarily assumes, in the course of the intensifying struggles between capital and labor, 'more and more the character of the national power of capital over labour, of a public organized for social enslavement, of an engine of class despotism'".
6616:(28 November 1996): "Gathered in the national movement and later within the National Front of Liberation, the Algerian people have made great sacrifices to assume their collective destiny in the framework of recovered freedom and cultural identity and to build authentic people's democratic constitutional institutions. The National Front of Liberation crowned the sacrifices of the best sons of Algeria during the people's war of liberation with independence and built a modern and full sovereign State".
6391:
5418:
1503:
6278:, Lenin did not call the Soviet Union a socialist state, nor did he claim that it had achieved socialism. He adopted state capitalist policies, defending them from left-wing criticism, but arguing that they were necessary for the future development of socialism and not socialist in themselves. On seeing the Soviet Union's growing coercive power, Lenin was quoted as saying that Russia had reverted to "a bourgeois tsarist machine barely varnished with socialism".
6405:
5430:
3842:
2337:
6315:, also reject the concept of a socialist state for being antithetical to socialism, but they believe that socialism can only be established through revolution and dissolving the existence of the state. Within the socialist movement, there is criticism towards the use of the term socialist states in relation to countries such as China and previously of Soviet Union and Eastern and Central European states before what some term the "collapse of
4044:
57:
9244:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. "State capitalism would be a step forward as compared with the present state of affairs in our Soviet Republic. If in approximately six months' time state capitalism became established in our Republic, this would be a great success and a sure guarantee that within a year socialism will have gained a permanently firm hold and will have become invincible in this country."
3828:
6419:
5442:
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1486:
9198:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. "No one, I think, in studying the question of the economic system of Russia, has denied its transitional character. Nor, I think, has any Communist denied that the term Soviet Socialist Republic implies the determination of the Soviet power to achieve the transition to socialism, and not that the existing economic system is recognised as a socialist order."
2968:
7096:, sometimes referred to as democratic socialism—an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections. For example, government ownership in Sweden is limited primarily to railroads, mineral resources, a public bank, and liquor and tobacco operations."
5632:(although they do not use this term to refer to themselves), despite the fact that these countries never claimed to have achieved communism in their countries—rather, they claim to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism and the development towards communism thereafter in their countries. Terms used by communist states include
6629:(4 November 1972): "Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process, a socialist society free from exploitation, a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedoms, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens".
8940:
According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories, such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent. Rather, it would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognized the
7402:
From the
Preamble: "On 2 July 1976, the National Assembly of reunified Vietnam decided to change the country's name to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; the country entered a period of transition to socialism, strove for national construction, and unyieldingly defended its frontiers while fulfilling
6286:
A variety of non-state, libertarian communist and socialist positions reject the concept of a socialist state altogether, believing that the modern state is a byproduct of capitalism and cannot be used for the establishment of a socialist system. They reason that a socialist state is antithetical to
5801:
In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway
8825:
By 1888, the term 'socialism' was in general use among
Marxists, who had dropped 'communism', now considered an old fashioned term meaning the same as 'socialism'. At the turn of the century, Marxists called themselves socialists. The definition of socialism and communism as successive stages was
8326:
In 1816, he declares that politics is the science of production, and foretells the complete absorption of politics by economics. The knowledge that economic conditions are the basis of political institutions appears here only in embryo. Yet what is here already very plainly expressed is the idea of
7423:
From
Article 5: "The Communist Party of Cuba, a follower of Martí's ideas and of Marxism–Leninism, and the organized vanguard of the Cuban nation, is the highest leading force of society and of the state, which organizes and guides the common effort toward the goals of the construction of socialism
6486:
Contrary to
Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance
6205:
and has been described as being "more
Leninist than Lenin", did not distinguish between the two in the same way Marxist–Leninists do. Both Lenin and Bordiga did not see socialism as a separate mode of production from communism, but rather, just as how communism looks as it emerges out of capitalism
8610:
It should not be forgotten, however, that in the period of the Second
International, some of the reformist currents of Marxism, as well as some of the extreme left-wing ones, not to speak of the anarchist groups, had already criticised the view that State ownership and central planning is the best
3944:
The
National Health service and the Welfare State have come to be used as interchangeable terms, and in the mouths of some people, as terms of reproach. Why this is so it is not difficult to understand, if you view everything from the angle of a strictly individualistic competitive society. A free
7548:
Article 13: Political parties and other organizations whose programmes are based upon totalitarian methods and the modes of activity of nazism, fascism and communism, as well as those whose programmes or activities sanction racial or national hatred, the application of violence for the purpose of
6592:
The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the
Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist
6322:
Anti-authoritarian communists and socialists such as anarchists, other democratic and libertarian socialists, as well as revolutionary syndicalists and left communists claim that the so-called socialist states actually presided over state capitalist economies and cannot be called socialist. Those
5733:
theorized the nature of the state would change during the transition to socialism. Both Saint-Simon and Engels described a transformation of the state from an entity primarily concerned with political rule over people (via coercion and law creation) to a scientific "administration of things" that
2922:
in their names include the
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, while a number of countries make references to socialism in their constitutions, but not in their names. These include India and Portugal. In addition, countries such as Belarus, Colombia,
6872:
But there are still others (concepts and institutions) which by virtue of their nature cannot stand transplantation and always carry the flavor of a particular institutional framework. It is extremely dangerous, in fact it amounts to a distortion of historical description, to use them beyond the
7454:
stated: "The
Constituent Assembly affirms the Portuguese people's decision to defend their national independence, safeguard the fundamental rights of citizens, establish the basic principles of democracy, secure the primacy of the rule of law in a democratic state, and open the way to socialist
5744:
that "the working class cannot simply lay hold of the ready-made state machinery, and wield it for its own purposes. The centralized state power, with its ubiquitous organs of standing army, police, bureaucracy, clergy, and judicature—organs wrought after the plan of a systematic and hierarchic
6550:
Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always
5975:
and democratic participation in the management of the economy. Because these authoritarian political measures were inconsistent with the organizational precepts of socialism, Trotsky characterized the Soviet Union as a deformed workers' state that would not be able to effectively transition to
5781:
Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate result, but in the ever expanding union of the workers. t ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the
2873:
A number of countries make references to socialism in their constitutions that are not single-party states embracing Marxism–Leninism and planned economies. In most cases, these are constitutional references to the building of a socialist society and political principles that have little to no
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consolidated their power and sought to control and direct the social and economic affairs of the state and broader Russian society to safeguard against counterrevolutionary insurrection, foreign invasion, and to promote socialist consciousness among the Russian population while simultaneously
2886:
states that the Portuguese state has, as one of its goals, opening "the way to socialist society". Another broad example is that of Slovenia, which defines itself as a "state governed by the rule of law and a social state". Algeria, the Congo, India, and Sri Lanka have directly used the term
5790:
conception, these battles eventually reach a point where a revolutionary movement arises. A revolutionary movement is required in the view of Marxists to sweep away the capitalist state and the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, which must be abolished and replaced with a dictatorship of the
6327:. This leads them to consider state socialism a form of state capitalism (an economy based on centralized management, capital accumulation and wage labor, but with the state owning the means of production) which Engels stated would be the final form of capitalism rather than socialism.
6518:
Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at
6694:(7 September 1978): "o constitute Sri Lanka into a democratic socialist republic whilst ratifying the immutable republican principles of representative democracy, and assuring to all peoples freedom, equality, justice, fundamental human rights and the independence of the judiciary".
9510:
A new phrase, state-capitalism, has been widely used in mC20, with precedents from eC20, to describe forms of state ownership in which the original conditions of the definition – centralized ownership of the means of production, leading to a system of wage-labour – have not really
7335:. Quote: "A close reading of the text reveals ... that the speech does not re-interpret Marxism-Leninism ... In fact, it neither deviates from the Marxism-Leninism of its day nor does it exceed levels of patriotism that were then considered acceptable throughout the East Bloc."
6873:
social world or culture whose denizens they are. Now ownership or property – also, so I believe, taxation – are such denizens of the world of commercial society, exactly as knights and fiefs are denizens of the feudal world. But so is the state (a denizen of commercial society).
6323:
socialists who oppose any system of state control whatsoever believe in a more decentralized approach which puts the means of production directly into the hands of the workers rather than indirectly through state bureaucracies which they claim represent a new elite or
6642:(20 February 1980): "Convinced that the organisation of the State and society on socialist principles is the only means of ensuring social and economic justice for all of the people of Guyana; and, therefore, being motivated and guided by the principles of socialism".
5692:
to the emergence of capitalism as a dominant mode of production, with its organizational precepts and functions designed specifically to manage and regulate the affairs of a capitalist economy. Because this involves governance and laws passed in the interest of the
8941:
need for money and prices (at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism), socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilize the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.
5687:
tradition conceive of the state as representing the interests of the ruling class, partially out of material necessity for the smooth operation of the modes of production it presides over. Marxists trace the formation of the contemporary form of the
6047:. Those socialists believe there is no need for a state in a socialist system because there would be no class to suppress and no need for an institution based on coercion and therefore, regard the state being a remnant of capitalism. They hold that
3957:
dominated the economy, some political commentators claimed that during the post-war period, when socialist parties were in power, countries such as Britain and France were democratic socialist states and the same is now applied to the
5748:
One of the most influential modern visions of a transitional state representing proletarian interests was based on the Paris Commune, in which the workers and working poor took control of the city of Paris in 1871 in reaction to the
5844:. Adapted to the conditions of semi-feudal Russia, Lenin's concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat involved a revolutionary vanguard party acting as representatives of the proletariat and its interests. According to Lenin's
5592:
that adhere to Marxism–Leninism, or some national variation thereof, refer to themselves as socialist states or workers' and peasants' states. They involve the direction of economic development toward the building up of the
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with Marxism–Leninism, and in the country's 1992 constitution, all references to Marxism–Leninism and communism were removed from state and party materials. Scholars are divided over the classification of the modern-day
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road to socialism. But with the victory of Leninism in Russia, all dissent was silenced, and socialism became identified with 'democratic centralism', 'central planning', and State ownership of the means of production.
7619:
8826:
introduced into Marxist theory by Lenin in 1917 , the new distinction was helpful to Lenin in defending his party against the traditional Marxist criticism that Russia was too backward for a socialist revolution.
7044:. Retrieved 14 June 2020. "If we were to extend the definition of socialism to include Labor Britain or socialist Sweden, there would be no difficulty in refuting the connection between capitalism and democracy."
5717:
and thus, class distinctions on the basis of private property ownership are eliminated, the modern state would have no function and would gradually "wither away" or be transformed into a new form of governance.
2858:
is to "guide the common effort toward the goals and construction of socialism (and the progress toward a communist society)". The 2019 constitution retains the aim to work towards the construction of socialism.
9230:
Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. " Reality tells us that state capitalism would be a step forward. If in a small space of time we could achieve state capitalism in Russia, that would be a
6063:
article: "State Socialism? — I don't agree with it; in fact, I think the two words contradict one another, and that it is the business of Socialism to destroy the State and put Free Society in its place".
7705:
Even in the statist 1960s–70s, SOEs in France and the UK did not account for more than 15–20% of capital formation; in the 1980s the developed-nation average was around 8%, and it dropped below 5% in the
5848:, the goal of the revolution and vanguard party is not the introduction of socialism (it could only be established on a worldwide scale), but to bring production and the state under the control of the
6256:
by Lenin. This view is consistent with, and helped to inform early concepts of, socialism in which the law of value no longer directs economic activity, namely, that monetary relations in the form of
2465:
in their country's full name, although this does not necessarily reflect the structure and development paths of these countries' political and economic systems. Currently, these countries include
5971:
and static centralization of political power, Trotsky condemned the Soviet government's policies for lacking widespread democratic participation on the part of the population and for suppressing
5769:, took the view that both socialism and a socialist state will gradually evolve out of political reforms won in the organized socialist political parties and unions. These views are considered a
3908:
of large industries was relatively widespread and it was not uncommon for commentators to describe some European countries as democratic socialist states seeking to move their countries toward a
9613:
6074:
Marxists also view state socialism as an oxymoron, arguing that while an association for managing production and economic affairs would exist in socialism, it would no longer be a state in the
5709:
because the economic interests of the proletariat would have to guide state affairs and policy during a transitional state. Alluding further to the establishment of a socialist economy where
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deny that it is socialism, calling it state capitalism. Other Trotskyists agree that these states could not be described as socialist, but deny that they were state capitalist. They support
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2898:
can vary widely and sometimes the constitutional references to socialism are left over from a previous period in the country's history. In the case of many Middle Eastern states, the term
9019:
The 1936 Constitution described the Soviet Union for the first time as a 'socialist society', rhetorically fulfilling the aim of building socialism in one country, as Stalin had promised.
7560:
The Preamble of the Constitution of India reads: "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic ". See
5878:
and finally, Lenin's death, war measures that were deemed to be temporary, such as forced requisition of food and the lack of democratic control, became permanent and a tool to boost
266:
6655:(26 November 1949): "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens".
6601:, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.
3932:, disputed the claim that Britain was a socialist state. For Crosland and others who supported his views, Britain was a socialist state. According to Bevan, Britain had a socialist
2674:
on 26 December 1991. The political systems of these Marxist–Leninist socialist states revolved around the central role of the party which holds ultimate authority. Internally, the
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7066:. Barkan, Joanne; Brand, Horst; Cohen, Mitchell; Coser, Lewis; Denitch, Bogdan; Fehèr, Ferenc; Heller, Agnès; Horvat, Branko; Tyler, Gus. pp. 96–110. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
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instead take the view that the working class grows stronger through its battle for reforms (such as in Marx's time, the ten-hours bill). In 1848, Marx and Engels wrote:
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thinkers had little to say about the organization of the state in a socialist society, presuming the modern state to be specific to the capitalist mode of production,
4001:(PAP) during its first few decades in power were of a pragmatic kind as characterized by its rejection of nationalization. Despite this, the PAP still claimed to be a
7627:
5605:. This may or may not include the existence of a socialist economy, depending on the specific terminology adopted and level of development in specific countries. The
5773:
of Marxist thought. Bernstein stated: "The socialist movement is everything to me while what people commonly call the goal of Socialism is nothing". Following Marx,
2927:, leaving a more ambiguous meaning. In the constitutions of Croatia, Hungary, and Poland, direct condemnation is made to the respective past socialist regimes. The
2891:
in their official constitution and name. Croatia, Hungary, and Poland directly denounce "Communism" in their founding documents in reference to their past regimes.
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which is organizing the country's economic, political, and social development toward the realization of socialism. Economically, this involves the development of a
6665:
2686:
2520:. A state, whether socialist or not, is opposed the most by anarchists, who reject the idea that the state can be used to establish a socialist society due to its
7370:
2567:
is not specifically structured to pursue the development of socialism. Socialist states in the Marxist–Leninist sense are sovereign states under the control of a
9919:
2803:, and others considering it to still be a form of Marxism–Leninism, combined with nationalism and idolization, deification, and mystification of the Kim family.
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of the means of production as a way to establish socialism. Lenin himself acknowledged state capitalism as part of the transition from capitalism to socialism.
4005:, pointing out its regulation of the private sector, state intervention in the economy, and social policies as evidence of this. The Singaporean prime minister
9924:
6626:
5472:
6668:(20 September 2015): "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state".
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7316:. Quote: "The DPRK claims that juche is Kim Il Sung’s creative application of Marxist-Leninist principle to the modern political realities in North Korea."
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9209:
7589:
5392:
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Cobham, David (November 1984). "The Nationalisation of the Banks in Mitterand's France: Rationalisations and Reasons". Journal of Public Policy. 4 (4).
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3887:
9575:. "Trotsky and the Collapse of Stalinism". Bertrams. "The Soviet bureaucracy and Western capitalism rested on mutually antagonistic social systems".
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proletariat, to begin constructing a socialist society. In this view, only through revolution can a socialist state be established as written in
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as a whole, and because government officials either come from the bourgeoisie or are dependent upon their interests, Marx characterized the
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2455:, in most cases alluding to the building of a socialist society, naming socialism, claiming to be a socialist state, or including the term
19:
This article is about countries constitutionally committed to socialism. For countries governed by Marxist–Leninist communist parties, see
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into its name during this period. It had become a people's republic in 1948, but the country had not used that term in its official name.
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10055:
4700:
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2721:. China's socio-economic structure has been referred to as "nationalistic state capitalism" and the Eastern Bloc (Eastern Europe and the
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7360:. Quote: "Even though Marx's predictions have fallen wide of the mark, Marxism-Leninism remains a cornerstone of North Korean ideology."
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6274:
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socialism. Ostensibly socialist states where democracy is lacking, yet the economy is largely in the hands of the state, are termed by
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8838:
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Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand; Mansfeldová, Zdenka (2001). "Chapter 5: Czech Republic". In Blondel, Jean; Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand (eds.).
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obtaining power or to influence the State policy, or provide for the secrecy of their own structure or membership, shall be forbidden.
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in France and the United Kingdom during the height of nationalization in the 1960s and 1970s never accounted for more than 15–20% of
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in Russia, it is now associated with Communist Party ruled states. A number of the short-lived communist states which formed during
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which rested on a largely nationalized industry run according to a production plan and claimed that the former Stalinist states of
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9629:. From "A Petty-Bourgeois Opposition in the Socialist Workers Party" (1939). Marxists Internet Archive. In Trotsky, Leon (1942).
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that is organizing the economic, social, and political affairs of said state toward the construction of socialism. States run by
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5705:. Extrapolating from this, Marx described a post-revolutionary government on the part of the working class or proletariat as a
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the future conversion of political rule over men into an administration of things and a direction of processes of production.
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workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself. Thus, the ten-hours' bill in England was carried.
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6707:(25 April 1978): "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy".
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to refer to this development and instead called it a communist society that has not yet reached its higher-stage. The term
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In the Western world, particularly in mass media, journalism, and politics, these states and countries are often called
2614:, and Western social democracies in general, among others, all of which operate within a capitalist mode of production.
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would not operate and apply to Marxist socialism. Unlike Stalin, who first claimed to have achieved socialism with the
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10252:
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10157:
10072:
10037:
9995:
9524:
9496:
9458:
9428:
9398:
9371:
9179:
9154:
9129:
9040:
9012:
8987:
8962:
8709:
8549:
8431:
8178:
8151:
8106:
8079:
8052:
8025:
7965:
7938:
7911:
7884:
7857:
7830:
7803:
7293:
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7143:
7119:
7089:
5598:
5325:
5086:
5061:
5056:
4934:
4922:
4095:
3873:
3706:
2748:, sought to develop a distinct Korean re-interpretation of the ideology in order to solidify his position within the
356:
10312:
10123:
9719:
9316:
8583:
8464:
8444:
6432:
5806:
Other historic reformist or gradualist movements within socialism, as opposed to revolutionary approaches, include
5128:
5051:
4909:
3771:
3678:
3146:
1450:
1307:
7597:
7197:
Morgan, W. John (2001). "Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism". In Wright, James D., ed.
7037:
2967:
10317:
8071:
NATO and Eastern Europe After 2000: Strategic Interactions with Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria
6551:
labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.
6154:
5706:
5702:
5609:
definition of a socialist state is a state representing the interests of the working class which presides over a
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5123:
5096:
5081:
4944:
4211:
2702:
2671:
2236:
1538:
1494:
8511:
7225:
6970:"Lenin's Conception of Socialism: Learning from the early experiences of the world's first socialist revolution"
5505:
is a type of socialist state with a republican constitution. Although the term initially became associated with
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9104:
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1998:
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is widely used by Marxist–Leninist parties, theorists, and governments to mean a state under the control of a
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2714:
2710:
1869:
1460:
383:
329:
304:
172:
147:
9254:
7326:
3358:
2528:. The concept of a socialist state is also considered unnecessary or counterproductive and rejected by some
10393:
10092:
10082:
9851:
6222:
6122:
6098:, as well as anarchists and other libertarian socialists—criticized the idea of using the state to conduct
5546:
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4157:
4132:
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3176:
2431:
1417:
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443:
247:
104:
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8740:
The Human Rights Reader: Major Political Essays, Speeches, and Documents from Ancient Times to the Present
5864:
These ideas were adopted by Lenin in 1917 just prior to the October Revolution in Russia and published in
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2642:(USSR). The Soviet Union proclaimed itself a socialist state and proclaimed its commitment to building a
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276:
192:
162:
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5870:. With the failure of the worldwide revolution, or at least European revolution, envisaged by Lenin and
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10538:
10455:
10327:
9529:
8837:
Hudis, Peter; Vidal, Matt, Smith, Tony; Rotta, Tomás; Prew, Paul, eds. (September 2018 – June 2019).
8309:
7285:
6352:
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3738:
2951:
2694:
2559:, where the state is not constitutionally bound to the construction of socialism. In such cases, the
1412:
1084:
227:
207:
9448:
8562:
6117:
said that their socialism was a form of political opportunism which preserved rather than destroyed
4527:
2783:, with some considering it to be a departure from Marxist–Leninist principles, given the primacy of
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9955:
9856:
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351:
242:
24:
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health service is pure Socialism and as such, it is opposed to the hedonism of capitalist society.
10262:
9767:
9593:
9488:
8666:
8539:
8506:
8405:
7650:
6130:
5886:, as well as the notion that socialism can be created and exist in a single state with theory of
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announced the completion of socialist construction and declared the optimistic goal of achieving
2591:
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1352:
578:
568:
408:
363:
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have at times included African, Asian, and Middle Eastern socialist states when they have had a
5501:
are used by scholars, particularly when focusing on the political systems of these countries. A
10528:
10480:
10475:
10415:
9866:
9809:
9755:
9750:
9241:
9227:
9195:
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7849:
Power, Networks and Violent Conflict in Central Asia: A Comparison of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
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751:
731:
696:
608:
538:
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based on the same relations of production as the Soviet Union. Some Trotskyists such as the
4392:
3298:
10509:
10242:
10152:
9975:
9903:
9871:
9821:
9816:
9626:
9097:
Chinese Marxism in Flux, 1978–1984: Essays on Epistemology, Ideology, and Political Economy
9031:
Fu, Hualing; Gillespie, John; Nicholason, Penelope; Partlett, William Edmund, eds. (2018).
7960:. Anthem Series on Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies. Anthem Press. p. 148.
6598:
6465:
6463:
6162:
6044:
6028:
6002:
5726:
5646:
5622:
5597:
to underpin the establishment of a socialist economy and usually include that at least the
5502:
5486:
4917:
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4811:
4542:
4182:
4043:
4035:
3950:
3728:
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2847:
2815:
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2457:
2424:
1284:
1184:
1119:
656:
583:
438:
182:
132:
89:
72:
67:
10485:
5510:
4507:
4009:
also stated that he has been influenced by the democratic socialist British Labour Party.
3378:
8:
10272:
9980:
9831:
9784:
9772:
9479:
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6040:
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4552:
4259:
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and progressing toward a communist society. These countries never describe themselves as
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314:
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127:
109:
99:
56:
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4517:
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and attempted to nationalize all French banks, but this attempt faced opposition of the
3920:
claimed that capitalism had been abolished in Britain, although others such as Welshman
3518:
3448:
1239:
10533:
10267:
9846:
9836:
9077:
7718:
6295:, developing its own unique political and economic institutions for a highly organized
6261:
6253:
6138:
6087:
6032:
5946:
5853:
5534:
4871:
4831:
4707:
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4085:
3954:
3901:
3811:
3800:
3593:
3588:
3573:
3553:
3213:
3099:
3066:
2911:
2430:, despite these countries being officially socialist states in the process of building
1864:
1649:
1624:
1455:
1397:
1229:
1154:
926:
906:
891:
741:
646:
503:
483:
468:
418:
398:
376:
217:
152:
40:
7327:"The Watershed Speech that Wasn't: Re-evaluating Kim Il Sung's 'Juche Speech" of 1955"
7163:
Political Systems of the Socialist States: An Introduction to Marxist-Leninist Regimes
7011:
6748:
4407:
3498:
2744:
since its founding until mid-1950s, by which point the supreme leader of North Korea,
1016:
10174:
9940:
9841:
9576:
9492:
9454:
9424:
9418:
9394:
9388:
9367:
9175:
9150:
9125:
9100:
9036:
9008:
8983:
8980:
History of Socialism: An Historical Comparative Study of Socialism, Communism, Utopia
8958:
8929:
8848:
8814:
8811:
From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation
8545:
8427:
8251:
8240:
8201:
8174:
8147:
8102:
8075:
8048:
8021:
7994:
7961:
7934:
7907:
7880:
7853:
7826:
7799:
7655:
7353:
7289:
7260:
7166:
7139:
7115:
7085:
6947:
6937:
6907:
6897:
6861:
6835:
6825:
6581:
6539:
6507:
6504:
From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation
6475:
6376:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6226:
6158:
6146:
6099:
6091:
6067:
5898:
5875:
5836:
pioneered the idea of a revolutionary state based on his theory of the revolutionary
5829:
5722:
5714:
5618:
5594:
5589:
4821:
4727:
4512:
4457:
4377:
4357:
4274:
4187:
4127:
4105:
3987:
3913:
3909:
3663:
3513:
3303:
3293:
3061:
2999:
2994:
2928:
2915:
2839:
2818:, although it gives direct power to the governing ruling party, the Marxist–Leninist
2796:
2690:
2643:
2580:
2552:
2529:
2524:
and arguably coercive nature, considering a socialist state or state socialism as an
2441:
2427:
2297:
2018:
1849:
1801:
1629:
1562:
1347:
1259:
1164:
1026:
956:
861:
846:
613:
553:
508:
493:
453:
388:
167:
157:
94:
10420:
8297:. Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels: Welke (in German). Vol. 21. Berlin: Dietz Verlag.
8282:. Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels: Welke (in German). Vol. 20. Berlin: Dietz Verlag.
7112:
Political Thought and China's Transformation: Ideas Shaping Reform in Post-Mao China
6017:, criticize the concept of establishing a socialist state instead of abolishing the
4332:
9965:
9487:. Oxford paperbacks (revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p.
9474:
9069:
8856:
8293:
Engels, Friedrich (1962). Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus bein ZK der SED (ed.).
8278:
Engels, Friedrich (1962). Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus bein ZK der SED (ed.).
7986:
7852:. Routledge advances in Central Asian studies. Vol. 5. Routledge. p. 53.
6594:
6487:
of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.
6442:
6437:
6424:
6396:
6071:
6036:
5849:
5807:
5787:
5766:
5730:
5710:
5698:
5610:
5446:
5422:
5377:
4801:
4582:
4562:
4417:
4412:
4397:
4068:
4063:
3983:
3959:
3917:
3860:
3832:
3648:
3638:
3628:
3608:
3478:
3433:
3403:
3373:
3368:
3338:
3245:
3233:
3121:
3029:
2959:
2907:
2851:
2732:
was founded on 1 October 1949, and proclaims itself to be a socialist state in its
2572:
2560:
2544:
and other socialist political thinkers who view the modern state as a byproduct of
2537:
2448:
2130:
2053:
2023:
1897:
1639:
1619:
1507:
1490:
1209:
1189:
1109:
1104:
1046:
1006:
996:
961:
881:
856:
826:
811:
806:
781:
726:
711:
618:
593:
523:
478:
448:
336:
324:
252:
237:
177:
142:
9414:
9359:
8727:
American Capitalism: Social Thought and Political Economy in the Twentieth Century
7257:
A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present
3990:, further dropping to 8% in the 1980s and below 5% in the 1990s after the rise of
3473:
2590:
Academics, political commentators, and other scholars tend to distinguish between
1289:
951:
681:
8713:
8648:
8529:. p. 70. cf. "Chapter V, The economic basis for the withering away of the state".
8195:
8168:
8141:
8096:
8069:
8042:
8015:
7955:
7928:
7901:
7874:
7847:
7820:
7793:
7420:
7399:
7093:
7019:
6800:
6756:
6447:
6410:
6150:
6110:
6103:
6023:
5923:
5689:
5629:
5602:
5434:
5402:
5382:
4744:
4442:
4402:
4387:
4382:
4199:
4162:
4137:
4018:
4002:
3925:
3905:
3846:
3598:
3468:
3413:
3353:
3238:
3171:
3089:
3084:
3019:
2879:
2718:
2675:
2584:
2556:
2501:
2411:
2399:
2341:
2314:
2170:
2160:
1957:
1854:
1422:
1367:
1174:
1134:
966:
936:
921:
871:
841:
776:
716:
676:
598:
588:
488:
232:
222:
20:
8680:
8637:"Tasks of Working-Class Governments under the Socialist-oriented Market Economy"
7412:
6789:"Tasks of Working-Class Governments under the Socialist-oriented Market Economy"
6090:, many socialist groups—including reformists, orthodox Marxist currents such as
4502:
3503:
10380:
9945:
8485:
7532:
7506:
7480:
7451:
6356:
6308:
6257:
6114:
6056:
5915:
5837:
5833:
5585:
5530:
5397:
5350:
5299:
4537:
4522:
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4352:
4342:
4317:
4172:
3653:
3613:
3603:
3583:
3543:
3533:
3488:
3453:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3218:
3191:
2903:
2800:
2792:
2603:
2602:
countries which have been democratically governed by socialist parties such as
2568:
2402:
2319:
2250:
2155:
1988:
1902:
1382:
1274:
1244:
1234:
1159:
1129:
1124:
1114:
1001:
981:
941:
911:
851:
791:
766:
706:
393:
202:
9572:
8955:
Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day
5625:, while the realization of a socialist economy is held as the long-term goal.
3558:
3523:
2705:
in Eastern and Central Europe which adhered to Marxism–Leninism, Soviet-style
1279:
10522:
10460:
10214:
9970:
9881:
9760:
8538:
Freeden, Michael; Sargent, Lyman Tower; Stears, Marc, eds. (15 August 2013).
8371:
8354:
6951:
6911:
6839:
6174:
6126:
5879:
5735:
4856:
4597:
4572:
4532:
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4279:
4231:
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3458:
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3181:
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2003:
1993:
1834:
1407:
1402:
1269:
1219:
1199:
1194:
1169:
1144:
1041:
946:
866:
786:
761:
686:
623:
458:
257:
27:. For constitutional references to socialism in multi-party democracies, see
7990:
7736:"Lessons from the Nationalization Nation: State-Owned Enterprises in France"
4477:
691:
16:
Sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism
10465:
10354:
10334:
9876:
9642:
9444:
9393:. Translated by Cooke, Dorian. New York City: Harcourt, Brace & World.
7331:
6368:
6344:
6238:
6234:
6182:
6014:
5968:
5938:
5919:
5871:
5845:
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2111:
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1937:
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1036:
1021:
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916:
901:
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836:
796:
771:
736:
651:
9337:
8705:
7879:. Turcologica Series. Vol. 81. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21.
7822:
Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States
5909:
5893:
Lenin argued that as socialism is replaced by communism, the state would "
1139:
10194:
10179:
9826:
8681:"Theses on the Role of the Communist Party in the Proletarian Revolution"
6347:'s analysis of pre-restoration Soviet Union as a workers' state that had
6336:
6265:
6134:
6006:
5694:
5518:
5365:
5355:
5016:
4996:
4816:
4806:
4722:
4577:
4487:
4462:
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4362:
4221:
3623:
3578:
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3528:
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3443:
3423:
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1031:
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831:
821:
801:
756:
671:
641:
603:
498:
341:
271:
137:
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The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?
8926:
Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism
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promoted capitalists from within the party and outside their countries.
6121:
because of the claim that the exchange of commodities would occur under
5429:
3841:
2336:
9704:
9680:
9081:
9057:
8760:
7722:
7371:"Juche is Third Position ideology built on Marx – Not Marxist-Leninism"
6932:
McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). "What would an anarchist society look like?".
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to contrast it with their own form of socialism, which involves either
5962:
5857:
5276:
5261:
4791:
4587:
4547:
4327:
3633:
3388:
3260:
3208:
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2197:
2038:
1829:
1711:
1706:
1570:
1342:
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McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). "Why do anarchists oppose state socialism?".
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Ramana, R. (June 1983). "Reviewed Work: China's Socialist Economy by
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Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917–1991
7626:(641). Socialist Party of Great Britain. January 1958. Archived from
6820:
McKay, Iain, ed. (2008). "Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?".
6324:
6316:
6198:
6194:
6178:
6083:
6018:
5883:
5811:
5762:
5680:
5514:
5360:
5345:
4492:
4294:
4254:
3971:
3806:
3794:
3618:
3313:
3196:
3186:
3116:
3094:
2835:
2807:
2509:
2490:
2486:
2436:
2420:
2406:
2068:
1962:
1952:
1947:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1791:
1752:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1691:
1659:
1603:
1598:
1337:
1179:
1011:
721:
558:
543:
433:
413:
403:
48:
9269:
9073:
6051:
is antithetical to true socialism, the goal of which is the eyes of
3997:
The socialist policies practiced by parties such as the Singaporean
9896:
8222:"The Problem of Transition: Development, Socialism and Lenin's NEP"
7212:
Comparative Political Systems: Policy Performance and Social Change
7135:
Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy, Volume 3
6202:
6170:
5942:
5823:
5606:
5549:
and North Korea also became a people's republic. During the 1960s,
5506:
5266:
4749:
4567:
4269:
4264:
3937:
3004:
2525:
2494:
2140:
1701:
1671:
1614:
7199:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
10209:
6166:
6048:
5684:
5158:
5103:
4452:
4299:
3265:
3024:
2594:
and democratic socialist states, with the first representing the
2513:
2466:
1942:
1779:
1769:
1069:
548:
528:
9420:
Fall of the New Class: A History of Communism's Self-Destruction
8170:
The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe Since 1919
7906:. Vol. 8: Mongolia–Nepal. Marshall Cavendish. p. 413.
7435:"Cuba ditches aim of building communism from draft constitution"
6287:
socialism and that socialism will emerge spontaneously from the
6252:
to mean the lower-state of communism was popularized during the
6173:, but rather, a composite ideology which socialist leaders like
9985:
9777:
8173:. Routledge Companions to History. Routledge. pp. 80, 88.
7226:"The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications"
4284:
3827:
2932:
2795:, and where social distinction and hierarchy are promoted over
2607:
2505:
2500:
The idea of a socialist state stems from the broader notion of
2474:
2106:
1074:
7060:"From Sweden to Socialism: A Small Symposium on Big Questions"
6692:
Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
6574:
Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition
6418:
6153:
of the means of production is a form of state capitalism; the
5441:
3855:
1514:
1485:
10199:
10169:
9698:. "Chapter 5". Socialist Alternative. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
9030:
7753:
Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region
6237:
had reached the lower stage of communism and argued that the
4929:
3940:
of Britain's capitalist society, making the following point:
2754:
2611:
2482:
2478:
886:
9558:. Ernest Mandel Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
9366:(paperback ed.). San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
9172:
Stalin's Economist: The Economic Contributions of Jenö Varga
7282:
Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy
6109:
Critical of the economy and government of socialist states,
2830:
states that Vietnam only entered a transition stage between
2762:
was declared to be fully distinct by his son and successor,
2551:
A socialist state is to be distinguished from a multi-party
10184:
10108:
10050:
8044:
Legal Reform in Post-Communist Europe: The View from Within
6614:
Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
6534:
Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J. Barkley Jr. (23 July 2003).
5882:'s power, leading to the emergence of Marxism–Leninism and
4981:
4966:
4939:
4115:
319:
9664:"The Colonial Revolution and the Deformed Workers' States"
7900:
Macdonald, Fiona; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2004).
6593:
from communist, often with supporting definitions such as
6209:
This is coherent with Marx and Engels, who used the terms
5545:. In Asia, China became a people's republic following the
8514:. Marxists Internert Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
7363:
7157:
7155:
6472:
The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945–1990
5529:. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former
2874:
bearing on the structure and guidance of these country's
2862:
9653:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
9617:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
9598:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
9217:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
8914:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
8895:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
8799:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
8669:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
8413:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
7980:
6666:
Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
6149:
also dismissed it as a type of state capitalism because
5577:
used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991.
2910:
philosophy adopted by specific regimes, such as that of
2766:, and was adopted as the official state ideology in the
2758:. Originally regarded as a variant of Marxism–Leninism,
2687:
22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
9545:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
9532:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
8882:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
8753:
History for the IB Diploma: Communism in Crisis 1976–89
8453:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
6775:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
6729:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
5991:
9556:"Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class"
8376:
The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought
7217:
7152:
5537:. Additional people's republics emerged following the
5485:
Because most existing socialist states operated along
2548:, which would have no function in a socialist system.
23:. For a list of self-proclaimed socialist states, see
9543:"The Theory of Bureaucratic Collectivism: A Critique"
7899:
7466:"Slovenia 1991 (Rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute"
7373:. Free Media Productions – Editorials. 30 August 2009
6536:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
2579:
with the long-term goal of building up the country's
9268:
Committee for a Workers' International (June 1992).
7620:"The Managerial Society Part Three — Fabian Version"
7575:"Hungary 2011 (Rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute"
7352:
p.13. Washington, DC.: Brookings Institution Press.
6386:
6193:
Although most Marxist–Leninists distinguish between
2770:. Further developed throughout the 1980s and 1990s,
9453:(paperback ed.). Detroit: Labor Publications.
9340:. International Communist Current. 30 December 2004
9122:
Soviet Marxism–Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology
8700:
8698:
7930:
Democratisation and Institutional Reform in Albania
7038:"Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: A Symposium"
6627:
Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
6561:
6559:
5561:in their official name, replacing it with the term
2626:, established in 1917. In 1922, it merged with the
2405:constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of
9478:
9364:The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System
8239:
6640:Constitution of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana
6567:
6206:before it has "developed on its own foundations".
5565:as a mark of their ongoing political development.
9683:. United Socialist Party. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
9609:"The USSR and Problems of the Transitional Epoch"
8813:. Open Court Publishing Company. pp. 44–45.
8127:Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs
8040:
7795:How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy
7769:. Rotary Club of Wellington North. Archived from
7187:. New York City: St. Martin's Press. p. 238.
7054:
7052:
7050:
5967:Following Stalin's consolidation of power in the
5956:
5509:movements in the 19th century such as the German
10520:
8729:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 160–161.
8695:
8603:
8490:Selected Writings Of Eduard Bernstein, 1920–1921
8200:(2nd ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 56.
8098:Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country
8041:Frankowski, Stanisław; Stephan, Paul B. (1995).
6703:Article 3, Section 1 of the Constitution of the
6556:
6141:was more effective than a vanguard organized by
2918:. Examples of countries directly using the term
2632:Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic
9005:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism
8563:"The Workers' State, Thermidor and Bonapartism"
7452:"Preamble to the 1976 Constitution of Portugal"
7076:
7074:
7072:
7032:
7030:
7028:
6963:
6961:
6747:. Marxists Internet Archive. p. 293. Quoted by
5817:
2444:. Additionally, a number of countries that are
8445:"On the 20th Anniversary of the Paris Commune"
7845:
7683:
7681:
7350:Chapter 2: "The Power and Poverty of Ideology"
7047:
6999:
6997:
6995:
5669:
2923:France, Russia, and Spain use the varied term
2453:references to socialism in their constitutions
9720:
9485:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
8606:An Outline on the History of Economic Thought
8604:Screpanti, Ernesto; Zamagni, Stefano (2005).
8465:"The Civil War in France (1891 Introduction)"
7957:Bulgaria in British Foreign Policy, 1943–1949
7424:and the progress toward a communist society".
6851:
6849:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6767:
6765:
6737:
6735:
6715:
6713:
5466:
5234:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
3881:
2869:Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions
2359:
1539:
29:Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions
9210:"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder
9095:McCarthy, Greg (1985). Brugger, Bill (ed.).
8893:"Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR"
8399:
8397:
8143:North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival
7413:"Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992"
7344:Oh, Kongdan Oh and Hassig, Ralph C. (2000)
7214:. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 24–25.
7069:
7025:
6958:
6783:
6781:
6533:
6021:state apparatus outright. They use the term
3966:. In the 1980s, the government of President
2624:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
9390:The Unperfect Society: Beyond the New Class
9149:. Princeton University Press. p. 210.
8544:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 371.
8541:The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies
8101:. Cambridge University Press. p. 233.
7872:
7678:
6992:
6241:still operated within a socialist economy.
6225:. For Bordiga, both stages of socialist or
5617:with the goal of building up the country's
5541:victory in World War II, mainly within the
2939:, has been described as a socialist state.
2725:) as "bureaucratic-authoritarian systems."
2658:as a single-party state, ostensibly with a
9727:
9713:
9035:. Cambridge University Press. p. 58.
8661:
8659:
8657:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7092:. "Sweden, Great Britain, and France have
6855:
6846:
6806:
6762:
6732:
6710:
6690:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the
6651:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the
6638:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the
6625:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the
6612:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the
6469:
6275:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
6217:interchangeably. Like Lenin, Bordiga used
5988:workers' states and not socialist states.
5473:
5459:
4633:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
3888:
3874:
2366:
2352:
1546:
1532:
9272:. Marxist.net. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
8928:. Stanford University Press. p. 20.
8594:(227). p. 153. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
8584:"The 'Eight Hours' and the Demonstration"
8394:
8140:Kihl, Young Whan; Kim, Hong Nack (2014).
7259:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 159.
7201:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 657–662.
6927:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6778:
6679:Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua
5189:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
3982:economy among its members. Nevertheless,
2935:, which operates under the principles of
2740:(North Korea) used to adhere to orthodox
1583:List of countries by system of government
9734:
9473:
9094:
9007:. Oxford University Press. p. 126.
8952:
8193:
8067:
8020:. Kluwer Law International. p. 27.
7953:
7590:"Rojava: a beacon of hope fighting Isis"
7530:
7504:
7478:
6565:
6529:
6527:
6497:
6495:
6281:
5996:
5756:
3949:Although, as in the rest of Europe, the
2894:In these cases, the intended meaning of
9443:
9423:(hardcover ed.). Alfred A. Knopf.
9144:
8977:
8923:
8861:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.001.0001
8706:"State capitalism" in the Soviet Union"
8654:
8512:"Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians"
8500:
8498:
8139:
7926:
7818:
7675:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 106.
7338:
7223:
7182:
7099:
6967:
6502:Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999).
5613:economy structured upon state-directed
5214:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
3714:International Trade Union Confederation
2638:into a single federal union called the
10521:
9259:. New York: Pioneer Publishers. p. 55.
9169:
9055:
8808:
8504:Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1848).
8462:
8310:"The Development of Utopian Socialism"
8307:
8292:
8277:
8237:
7791:
7687:
7314:Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs
7036:Barrett, William, ed. (1 April 1978).
6918:
6878:
6741:Lenin, Vladimir (February—July 1918).
6501:
6365:Committee for a Workers' International
6201:, Bordiga, who did consider himself a
6177:used to expediently determine what is
5295:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4621:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
4290:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3719:International Union of Socialist Youth
2863:Constitutional references to socialism
2628:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
9708:
9413:
9386:
9358:
9296:"The Fall of Stalinism: Ten Years On"
9119:
9002:
8755:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16.
8608:(2nd ed.). Oxford. p. 295.
8389:The Encyclopedia of Political Science
8246:. Cornell University Press. pp.
8094:
8013:
7562:Preamble to the Constitution of India
7346:North Korea Through the Looking Glass
7319:
7255:Seth, Michael J. (18 December 2019).
7131:
7082:Sociology in Our Time: The Essentials
7058:Heilbroner, Robert L. (Winter 1991).
6936:. Vol. II. Edinburgh: AK Press.
6931:
6896:. Vol. II. Edinburgh: AK Press.
6891:
6819:
6653:Constitution of the Republic of India
6524:
6492:
5664:
4797:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
4718:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
4653:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
4121:Intensification of the class struggle
2738:Democratic People's Republic of Korea
2701:was a political and economic bloc of
2678:practiced a form of democracy called
1315:International socialist organizations
263:To each according to his contribution
9033:Socialist Law in Socialist East Asia
8635:Pena, David S. (21 September 2007).
8495:
8166:
8129:. United States Department of State.
7764:
7587:
7279:
7254:
6787:Pena, David S. (21 September 2007).
6299:. Libertarian communists, including
6181:and what is not communism among the
5992:Criticism within left-wing movements
5852:of workers' deputies. Following the
5489:principles of governance, the terms
5239:Sandinista National Liberation Front
4713:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
9627:"The ABC of Materialist Dialectics"
8678:
8463:Engels, Friedrich (18 March 1891).
7392:"VN Embassy – Constitution of 1992"
7310:"The Political Philosophy of Juche"
7302:
6858:Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy
6824:. Vol. I. Stirling: AK Press.
6576:. Oxford University Press. p.
6375:. Other socialists argued that the
5194:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3744:Network of Social Democracy in Asia
2656:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2640:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2636:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
13:
9317:"Theories of Stalinism's Collapse"
9228:"Session of the All-Russia C.E.C."
9147:Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars
9099:. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 142–143.
8776:. University of California Press.
8370:"Withering away of the state". In
7985:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 62.
7798:. Peterson Institute. p. 12.
6474:. Aldine Transaction. p. 21.
6009:socialists, including anarchists,
5393:State ideology of the Soviet Union
4626:The History of the Communist Party
3924:, Minister of Health in the first
2902:was often used in reference to an
2622:The first socialist state was the
2415:is often used synonymously in the
14:
10555:
9525:Socialism: Utopian and Scientific
9240:Lenin, Vladimir (21 April 1921).
9226:Lenin, Vladimir (29 April 1918).
9194:Lenin, Vladimir (21 April 1921).
8426:. Transaction Publishers. p. 71.
8314:Socialism: Utopian and Scientific
7767:"Optimism for the New Millennium"
7755:. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe.
7230:Fordham International Law Journal
7084:. Cengage Learning. pp. 125–127.
6968:Fleming, Richard Fleming (1989).
6860:. Harper Perennial. p. 169.
5840:and organizational principles of
5599:commanding heights of the economy
5326:Criticism of communist party rule
4658:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament
4096:Commanding heights of the economy
3936:which stood in opposition to the
3010:Internationalist–defencist schism
2419:, specifically when referring to
9686:
9673:
9656:
9636:
9620:
9601:
9586:
9561:
9548:
9535:
9516:
9467:
9437:
9407:
9380:
9352:
9330:
9309:
9288:
9275:
9262:
9247:
9234:
9220:
9201:
9188:
9163:
9138:
9113:
9088:
9049:
9024:
8996:
8971:
8946:
8917:
8898:
8885:
8866:
8840:The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx
8831:
8802:
8783:
8766:
8745:
8732:
8123:"The Chinese Revolution of 1949"
8047:. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 23.
7165:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
6433:Legislatures in communist states
6417:
6403:
6389:
5931:
5908:
5901:which he forecast would follow.
5861:promoting economic development.
5440:
5428:
5416:
5219:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
4643:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
4628:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
4042:
3854:
3840:
3826:
2966:
2820:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
2812:Lao People's Democratic Republic
2806:Similarly, direct references to
2768:1972 constitution of North Korea
2335:
1513:
1501:
1484:
55:
10544:Dictatorship of the proletariat
9174:. Routledge. pp. 203–213.
8742:. Taylor & Francis. p. 245.
8719:
8672:
8629:
8616:
8597:
8576:
8555:
8532:
8517:
8492:. New Jersey: Humanities Press.
8479:
8456:
8437:
8416:
8381:
8364:
8348:
8332:
8301:
8286:
8271:
8231:
8214:
8187:
8160:
8133:
8115:
8088:
8061:
8034:
8007:
7974:
7947:
7920:
7893:
7866:
7839:
7812:
7785:
7765:Kerr, Roger (9 December 1999).
7758:
7745:
7728:
7711:
7690:"The State of the State Sector"
7665:
7642:
7612:
7581:
7567:
7554:
7524:
7498:
7472:
7458:
7444:
7427:
7406:
7385:
7273:
7248:
7204:
7191:
7176:
7125:
6697:
6684:
6671:
6155:dictatorship of the proletariat
5707:dictatorship of the proletariat
5703:dictatorship of the bourgeoisie
5683:and subsequent thinkers in the
4212:Theory of the productive forces
3047:Reformist–revolutionary dispute
2703:Soviet-aligned socialist states
2672:dissolution of the Soviet Union
2583:while simultaneously promoting
10233:Azerbaijan People's Government
9300:International Socialist Review
9294:Anthony Arnove (Winter 2000).
8582:William Morris (17 May 1890).
8378:(3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
8359:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
8343:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
8220:Atkins, C. J. (1 April 2009).
7588:Wall, Derek (25 August 2014).
6658:
6645:
6632:
6619:
6606:
5957:Trotskyist theory of the state
5721:Influenced by the pre-Marxist
4638:A Critique of Soviet Economics
4012:
2776:significant ideological breaks
2044:Intergovernmental organisation
1999:Separation of church and state
1:
9647:"Evolution of Eastern Europe"
9530:"III: Historical Materialism"
9207:Lenin, Vladimir (June 1920).
8911:Critique of the Gotha Program
8875:Critique of the Gotha Program
8845:"Marx's Concept of Socialism"
8725:Lichtenstein, Nelson (2011).
8391:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
8361:. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
8345:. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
8295:Die Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe
8280:Die Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe
8197:Heads of State and Government
7873:Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2009).
7846:Tunçer-Kılavuz, Idil (2014).
7688:Batson, Andrew (March 2017).
6744:Lenin Collected Works Vol. 27
6453:
6330:
6272:and then confirmed it in the
6221:to mean what Marx called the
4079:Soviet-type economic planning
4059:Administrative-command system
3309:Socialism of the 21st century
2942:
2828:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
2715:administrative-command system
2555:governed by a self-described
2423:socialist states governed by
2390:, sometimes referred to as a
148:Critique of political economy
9695:Imperialism and the Gulf War
9633:. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
9327:. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
9306:. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
9285:. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
8467:. Marxists Internert Archive
8422:Van Den Berg, Axel (2018) .
7325:Myers, Brian (January 2006)
7185:Khrushchev: A Political Life
7183:Tompson, William J. (1997).
6856:Schumpeter, Joseph (2008) .
6803:. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
6677:Article 5, Section 1 of the
6664:Article 4, Section 1 of the
6059:, who wrote as follows in a
5818:Leninist theory of the state
5738:, Marx cautiously argued in
5547:Chinese Communist Revolution
5184:Communist Party of Kampuchea
4827:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4158:Proletarian internationalism
3724:Party of European Socialists
3177:Negative and positive rights
2854:states that the role of the
2598:and the latter representing
2575:economy with state-directed
2440:nor as having implemented a
1841:(socio-political ideologies)
1418:Socialist calculation debate
1388:List of socialist economists
1363:Economic calculation problem
248:Socialist mode of production
105:Socialist calculation debate
7:
10273:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
9270:"The Collapse of Stalinism"
8847:. Oxford University Press.
8704:Howard, M. C.; King, J. E.
7954:Stankova, Marietta (2014).
7734:Cohen, Paul (Winter 2010).
7648:Crosland, Anthony (2006) .
7403:its internationalist duty."
7210:Andrai, Charles F. (1994).
7138:. Routledge. p. 1461.
7132:Jones, R. J. Barry (2002).
6705:United Republic of Tanzania
6382:
6270:Soviet Constitution of 1936
6188:
6157:is a form of democracy and
5670:Marxist theory of the state
5601:are nationalized and under
5209:Indochinese Communist Party
4227:Wars of national liberation
3976:European Economic Community
2882:. The preamble to the 1976
2617:
1909:(socio-economic ideologies)
1579:List of forms of government
10:
10560:
9522:Engels, Friedrich (1880).
8982:. Routledge. p. 412.
8978:Laidler, Harry W. (2013).
8957:. Routledge. p. 765.
8443:Engels, Friedrich (1891).
8308:Engels, Friedrich (1880).
7983:Cabinets in Eastern Europe
7876:Mongolic Elements in Tuvan
7825:. Routledge. p. 296.
7742:. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
7441:. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
7308:Lee, Grace (Spring 2003))
7161:Furtak, Robert K. (1986).
6566:Williams, Raymond (1983).
6506:. Open Court. p. 45.
6244:Marx did not use the term
6229:—with stages referring to
5960:
5828:Whereas Marx, Engels, and
5821:
5676:Marx's theory of the state
5673:
5336:Marxist schools of thought
5229:Party of Labour of Albania
5199:Communist Party of Vietnam
4016:
3926:post-war Labour government
2866:
2844:Communist Party of Vietnam
2730:People's Republic of China
18:
10507:
10368:
10300:
10225:
10132:
10101:
10015:
10004:
9933:
9912:
9743:
9670:. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
9315:Walter Daum (Fall 2002).
9120:Evans, Alfred B. (1993).
8924:Bockman, Johanna (2011).
8738:Ishay, Micheline (2007).
8683:. Communist International
8238:Nation, R. Craig (1992).
8228:. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
8194:Da Graça, John V (2000).
7751:Morley, James W. (1993).
7286:Stanford University Press
6538:. MIT Press. p. 14.
6353:bureaucratic dictatorship
5761:Socialists that embraced
3953:still operated fully and
3928:and the architect of the
3739:Young European Socialists
2695:communism in twenty years
2668:official guiding ideology
2654:. It was governed by the
2030:(geo-cultural ideologies)
1413:Socialism and LGBT rights
357:Socialist-oriented market
305:Socialist planned economy
208:Material balance planning
9614:The Transitional Program
9124:. ABC-CLIO. p. 48.
8792:The State and Revolution
8789:Lenin, Vladimir (1917).
8665:Bordiga, Amadeo (1952).
8647:5 September 2008 at the
8622:Lenin, Vladimir (1921).
8526:The State and Revolution
8523:Lenin, Vladimir (1917).
8447:. In Marx, Karl (1871).
8146:. Routledge. p. 8.
8068:Paquette, Laure (2001).
7933:. Springer. p. 21.
7654:. Constable. pp. 9, 89.
7433:Reuters (22 July 2018).
6799:5 September 2008 at the
6771:Lenin, Vladimir (1921).
6722:The State and Revolution
6719:Lenin, Vladimir (1917).
6373:deformed workers' states
6361:deformed workers' states
6359:and Eastern Europe were
5973:workers' self-management
5945:and a key figure in the
5888:socialism in one country
5867:The State and Revolution
5775:revolutionary socialists
5621:and promoting worldwide
5179:Communist Party of India
4178:Socialism in one country
4133:Marxist–Leninist atheism
3127:Environmental protection
2937:democratic confederalism
2914:and that of the various
2884:Constitution of Portugal
2814:are not included in its
352:Socialist market economy
277:Workers' self-management
243:Socialism in one country
90:Age of the Enlightenment
25:List of socialist states
10283:North Korea (1947–1948)
10278:North Korea (1946–1947)
9679:Jayasuriya, Siritunga.
9595:The Revolution Betrayed
9554:Mandel, Ernest (1979).
9387:Đilas, Milovan (1969).
9145:Pollock, Ethan (2006).
8891:Stalin, Joseph (1951).
8712:2 November 2018 at the
8507:The Communist Manifesto
8450:The Civil War in France
8406:The Civil War in France
8095:Lampe, John R. (2000).
7991:10.1057/9781403905215_6
7927:Gjevori, Elvin (2018).
7903:Peoples of Eastern Asia
7819:Minahan, James (2013).
7792:Åslund, Anders (2009).
7671:Bevan, Aneurin (1952).
7651:The Future of Socialism
7533:"Poland – Constitution"
7114:. Springer. pp. 60–69.
7080:Kendall, Diana (2011).
6470:Wilczynski, J. (2008).
6145:. The American Marxist
6131:Communist International
6080:domination by one class
5794:The Communist Manifesto
5741:The Civil War in France
5615:accumulation of capital
5557:ceased to use the term
5492:Marxist–Leninist regime
5388:State ideology of China
5314:under communist regimes
5312:Crimes against humanity
5272:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
5244:Workers' Party of Korea
5174:Communist Party of Cuba
5169:Chinese Communist Party
4837:Portuguese Colonial War
4663:The Governance of China
4616:Foundations of Leninism
4163:Protracted people's war
4111:Dialectical materialism
3934:National Health Service
3930:National Health Service
3734:Socialist International
3204:Revolutionary socialism
2876:machinery of government
2856:Communist Party of Cuba
2750:Workers' Party of Korea
2592:authoritarian socialist
2565:machinery of government
2293:Administrative division
2237:International relations
1353:Criticism of capitalism
364:Participatory economics
198:Labour-time calculation
10005:Current and historical
9607:Trotsky, Leon (1938).
9592:Trotsky, Leon (1936).
9567:Taaffe, Peter (1995).
9321:Proletarian Revolution
9253:Serge, Victor (1937).
9170:Mommen, André (2011).
8953:Reinalda, Bob (2009).
8809:Steele, David (1992).
8772:Piccone, Paul (1983).
8667:"Dialogue With Stalin"
8561:Trotsky, Leon (1935).
8339:"Henri de Saint-Simon"
8014:Hajdú, József (2011).
7481:"Croatia Constitution"
7280:Shin, Gi-wook (2006).
7224:Dae-Kyu, Yoon (2003).
6231:historical materialism
6053:libertarian socialists
5922:and the leader of the
5804:
5784:
5659:workers' and peasants'
5498:Marxist–Leninist state
5204:French Communist Party
5114:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4423:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
4338:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
3980:free-market capitalist
3978:because it demanded a
3947:
3916:politician and author
3299:Evolutionary socialism
2838:after the country was
2822:. The preamble to the
2542:libertarian socialists
1358:Criticism of socialism
310:Decentralized planning
213:Peer‑to‑peer economics
9631:In Defense of Marxism
9338:"4. State Capitalism"
9003:Smith, S. A. (2014).
8167:Webb, Adrian (2008).
8017:Labour Law in Hungary
7695:. Gavekal Dragonomics
7018:18 March 2004 at the
7004:Lenin Collected Works
6755:18 March 2004 at the
6282:Libertarian socialism
6223:lower-phase communism
6161:is undemocratic; and
6143:democratic centralism
6129:organisations by the
5997:Anarchism and Marxism
5842:democratic centralism
5799:
5779:
5757:Reform and revolution
5224:Nepal Communist Party
4847:Nicaraguan Revolution
4483:Mengistu Haile Mariam
4101:Democratic centralism
4091:Collective leadership
3999:People's Action Party
3942:
3224:Social market economy
3162:Left-wing nationalism
2990:Frankfurt Declaration
2680:democratic centralism
2660:democratic centralism
2303:Democratic transition
2166:Self-governing colony
1763:Military dictatorship
10510:History of socialism
9692:Walsh, Lynn (1991).
9651:Fourth International
9569:The Rise of Militant
9541:Cliff, Tony (1948).
9256:From Lenin to Stalin
8751:Todd, Allan (2012).
8074:. Nova. p. 55.
7531:Tschentscher, Axel.
7505:Tschentscher, Axel.
7479:Tschentscher, Axel.
6599:democratic socialist
6113:such as the Italian
6088:revolution in Russia
6078:, which is based on
6045:centralized planning
6029:collective ownership
5727:Henri de Saint-Simon
5623:socialist revolution
5569:also added the term
5447:Socialism portal
5423:Communism portal
4842:Black power movement
4812:Non-Aligned Movement
4183:Socialist patriotism
3914:British Labour Party
3861:Socialism portal
3833:Economics portal
3729:Progressive Alliance
3289:Democratic socialism
2985:Age of Enlightenment
2577:capital accumulation
1508:Communism portal
1491:Socialism portal
183:Industrial democracy
133:Collective ownership
10446:Estonia (1918–1919)
10340:Hungary (1949–1989)
9668:The Unbroken Thread
9662:Grant, Ted (1978).
8904:Marx, Karl (1875).
8872:Marx, Karl (1875).
8411:"The Paris Commune"
8403:Marx, Karl (1871).
7419:9 July 2011 at the
7398:9 July 2011 at the
6293:evolutionary manner
6041:means of production
6033:worker cooperatives
5978:orthodox Trotskyist
5802:of the proletariat.
5751:Franco-Prussian War
5647:people's republican
5641:people's democratic
5635:national-democratic
5435:Politics portal
5341:National Bolshevism
5331:Cult of personality
4867:Revolutions of 1989
4862:Naxalite insurgency
4852:Cultural Revolution
4738:Great Patriotic War
4593:Wojciech Jaruzelski
4553:Nur Muhammad Taraki
4260:Ho Chi Minh Thought
3968:François Mitterrand
3912:. In 1956, leading
3847:Politics portal
3594:Liebknecht (father)
3251:Structural violence
3142:Institutional abuse
3057:Revolutions of 1848
2713:in the form of the
2662:organization, with
2518:Ho Chi Minh Thought
2342:Politics portal
2227:Supranational union
2136:Dependent territory
2049:National government
1393:Market abolitionism
1378:Left-libertarianism
315:Inclusive Democracy
282:Workplace democracy
128:Calculation in kind
110:Socialist economics
100:Revolutions of 1848
10411:Byelorussia (1919)
9281:Ted Grant (1996).
7624:Socialist Standard
6339:following on from
6254:Russian Revolution
6139:organic centralism
6135:political vanguard
6076:Marxist definition
5947:October Revolution
5854:October Revolution
5665:Political theories
5653:socialist-oriented
5571:socialist republic
5563:socialist republic
5535:October Revolution
5527:people's republics
5525:called themselves
4872:Nepalese Civil War
4832:Great Leap Forward
4760:Chinese Revolution
4433:Kaysone Phomvihane
4148:People's democracy
4086:Collective farming
3955:private enterprise
3951:laws of capitalism
3902:post-war consensus
3812:Types of socialism
3801:The Internationale
3214:Social corporatism
3067:Welfare capitalism
2912:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2846:in 1976. The 1992
2816:founding documents
2463:socialist republic
2384:socialist republic
1398:Marxist philosophy
218:Production for use
188:Input–output model
153:Economic democracy
10516:
10515:
10503:
10502:
10499:
10498:
10296:
10295:
10038:Congo-Brazzaville
9934:Regional variants
9645:(November 1951).
9475:Williams, Raymond
9242:"The Tax in Kind"
9196:"The Tax in Kind"
8935:978-0-8047-7566-3
8820:978-0-87548-449-5
8679:Bordiga, Amadeo.
8641:Political Affairs
8624:"The Tax in Kind"
8567:New International
8226:Political Affairs
8207:978-1-56159-269-2
8000:978-1-349-41148-1
7600:on 5 January 2016
7010:: 293. Quoted by
6943:978-1-902593-90-6
6903:978-1-902593-90-6
6867:978-0-06-156161-0
6831:978-1-902593-90-6
6793:Political Affairs
6773:"The Tax in Kind"
6587:978-0-19-520469-8
6297:stateless society
6227:communist society
6159:single-party rule
6147:Raya Dunayevskaya
6092:council communism
5941:, founder of the
5918:, founder of the
5876:Russian Civil War
5830:classical Marxist
5786:According to the
5765:, exemplified by
5723:utopian socialist
5715:private ownership
5619:productive forces
5595:productive forces
5590:communist parties
5559:people's republic
5511:Völkisch movement
5503:people's republic
5483:
5482:
4822:Sino-Soviet split
4728:Spanish Civil War
4648:Guerrilla Warfare
4610:Theoretical works
4528:Władysław Gomułka
4508:Nicolae Ceaușescu
4458:Nikos Zachariadis
4378:Nikita Khrushchev
4358:Palmiro Togliatti
4128:Labor aristocracy
4106:Dialectical logic
3988:capital formation
3910:socialist economy
3898:
3897:
3304:Liberal socialism
3294:Ethical socialism
3062:Utopian socialism
3000:Godesberg Program
2995:French Revolution
2929:autonomous region
2797:classless society
2734:1982 constitution
2711:economic planning
2691:Nikita Khrushchev
2652:1977 constitution
2650:and a subsequent
2648:1936 constitution
2644:socialist economy
2581:productive forces
2553:liberal democracy
2458:people's republic
2449:capitalist states
2442:communist society
2428:communist parties
2396:workers' republic
2388:socialist country
2376:
2375:
2327:
2326:
2298:Democracy indices
2273:
2272:
2076:
2075:
1885:Semi-presidential
1810:
1809:
1556:
1555:
1348:Communist society
1320:Socialist parties
579:Saint-Simonianism
168:Equal opportunity
158:Economic planning
95:French Revolution
10551:
10539:Socialist states
10366:
10365:
10223:
10222:
10013:
10012:
10008:socialist states
9887:African-American
9729:
9722:
9715:
9706:
9705:
9699:
9690:
9684:
9677:
9671:
9660:
9654:
9640:
9634:
9624:
9618:
9605:
9599:
9590:
9584:
9565:
9559:
9552:
9546:
9539:
9533:
9520:
9514:
9513:
9507:
9505:
9482:
9471:
9465:
9464:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9411:
9405:
9404:
9384:
9378:
9377:
9356:
9350:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9334:
9328:
9313:
9307:
9292:
9286:
9279:
9273:
9266:
9260:
9251:
9245:
9238:
9232:
9224:
9218:
9205:
9199:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9167:
9161:
9160:
9142:
9136:
9135:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9092:
9086:
9085:
9062:Social Scientist
9053:
9047:
9046:
9028:
9022:
9021:
9000:
8994:
8993:
8975:
8969:
8968:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8921:
8915:
8902:
8896:
8889:
8883:
8870:
8864:
8835:
8829:
8828:
8806:
8800:
8787:
8781:
8770:
8764:
8749:
8743:
8736:
8730:
8723:
8717:
8702:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8676:
8670:
8663:
8652:
8633:
8627:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8601:
8595:
8580:
8574:
8559:
8553:
8536:
8530:
8521:
8515:
8502:
8493:
8483:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8460:
8454:
8441:
8435:
8420:
8414:
8401:
8392:
8385:
8379:
8368:
8362:
8352:
8346:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8323:
8321:
8305:
8299:
8298:
8290:
8284:
8283:
8275:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8245:
8235:
8229:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8092:
8086:
8085:
8065:
8059:
8058:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8011:
8005:
8004:
7978:
7972:
7971:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7897:
7891:
7890:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7778:
7762:
7756:
7749:
7743:
7732:
7726:
7715:
7709:
7708:
7702:
7700:
7694:
7685:
7676:
7673:In Place of Fear
7669:
7663:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7635:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7605:
7596:. Archived from
7585:
7579:
7578:
7571:
7565:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7545:
7543:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7462:
7456:
7448:
7442:
7431:
7425:
7410:
7404:
7389:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7367:
7361:
7342:
7336:
7323:
7317:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7221:
7215:
7208:
7202:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7180:
7174:
7159:
7150:
7149:
7129:
7123:
7108:
7097:
7078:
7067:
7056:
7045:
7034:
7023:
7001:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6965:
6956:
6955:
6934:An Anarchist FAQ
6929:
6916:
6915:
6894:An Anarchist FAQ
6889:
6876:
6875:
6853:
6844:
6843:
6822:An Anarchist FAQ
6817:
6804:
6785:
6776:
6769:
6760:
6739:
6730:
6717:
6708:
6701:
6695:
6688:
6682:
6675:
6669:
6662:
6656:
6649:
6643:
6636:
6630:
6623:
6617:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6571:
6563:
6554:
6553:
6531:
6522:
6521:
6499:
6490:
6489:
6467:
6443:Soviet (council)
6438:Soviet democracy
6427:
6425:Socialism portal
6422:
6421:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6399:
6397:Communism portal
6394:
6393:
6392:
6264:, interest, and
6163:Marxism–Leninism
6082:. Preceding the
6037:common ownership
6031:(in the form of
5935:
5912:
5808:Fabian socialist
5788:orthodox Marxist
5767:Eduard Bernstein
5731:Friedrich Engels
5711:social ownership
5699:capitalist state
5630:communist states
5611:state capitalist
5487:Marxist–Leninist
5475:
5468:
5461:
5445:
5444:
5433:
5432:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5378:State capitalism
4802:De-Stalinization
4583:Gennady Zyuganov
4563:Rohana Wijeweera
4418:Klement Gottwald
4413:Valko Chervenkov
4398:Lazar Kaganovich
4074:Central planning
4069:Anti-revisionism
4064:Anti-imperialism
4046:
4036:Marxism–Leninism
4023:
4022:
3984:public ownership
3970:aimed to expand
3960:Nordic countries
3918:Anthony Crosland
3890:
3883:
3876:
3859:
3858:
3845:
3844:
3831:
3830:
3599:Liebknecht (son)
3359:Batlle y Ordóñez
3246:Structural abuse
3147:Internationalism
3122:Environmentalism
2970:
2960:Social democracy
2947:
2946:
2852:Republic of Cuba
2752:(WPK), known as
2742:Marxism–Leninism
2664:Marxism–Leninism
2573:state capitalist
2561:political system
2425:Marxist–Leninist
2368:
2361:
2354:
2340:
2339:
2287:
2286:
2131:Associated state
2089:
2088:
2064:Internationalism
2054:World government
2031:
1910:
1842:
1823:
1822:
1797:Free association
1784:
1745:
1664:
1607:
1595:
1594:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1520:Organized Labour
1518:
1517:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1489:
1488:
1433:Workers' council
1070:Gracchi Brothers
594:Social democracy
337:Market socialism
325:Project Cybersyn
253:Soviet democracy
238:Social ownership
193:Internationalism
173:Free association
143:Common ownership
59:
36:
35:
10559:
10558:
10554:
10553:
10552:
10550:
10549:
10548:
10519:
10518:
10517:
10512:
10495:
10476:Slovakia (1919)
10376:Alsace-Lorraine
10364:
10292:
10221:
10128:
10097:
10006:
10000:
9929:
9908:
9739:
9733:
9703:
9702:
9691:
9687:
9678:
9674:
9661:
9657:
9641:
9637:
9625:
9621:
9606:
9602:
9591:
9587:
9566:
9562:
9553:
9549:
9540:
9536:
9521:
9517:
9503:
9501:
9499:
9472:
9468:
9461:
9442:
9438:
9431:
9412:
9408:
9401:
9385:
9381:
9374:
9357:
9353:
9343:
9341:
9336:
9335:
9331:
9314:
9310:
9293:
9289:
9280:
9276:
9267:
9263:
9252:
9248:
9239:
9235:
9225:
9221:
9206:
9202:
9193:
9189:
9182:
9168:
9164:
9157:
9143:
9139:
9132:
9118:
9114:
9107:
9093:
9089:
9074:10.2307/3516910
9054:
9050:
9043:
9029:
9025:
9015:
9001:
8997:
8990:
8976:
8972:
8965:
8951:
8947:
8936:
8922:
8918:
8903:
8899:
8890:
8886:
8871:
8867:
8836:
8832:
8821:
8807:
8803:
8788:
8784:
8774:Italian Marxism
8771:
8767:
8750:
8746:
8737:
8733:
8724:
8720:
8714:Wayback Machine
8703:
8696:
8686:
8684:
8677:
8673:
8664:
8655:
8649:Wayback Machine
8634:
8630:
8621:
8617:
8602:
8598:
8581:
8577:
8560:
8556:
8537:
8533:
8522:
8518:
8503:
8496:
8486:Steger, Manfred
8484:
8480:
8470:
8468:
8461:
8457:
8442:
8438:
8421:
8417:
8402:
8395:
8386:
8382:
8369:
8365:
8353:
8349:
8337:
8333:
8319:
8317:
8306:
8302:
8291:
8287:
8276:
8272:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8236:
8232:
8219:
8215:
8208:
8192:
8188:
8181:
8165:
8161:
8154:
8138:
8134:
8121:
8120:
8116:
8109:
8093:
8089:
8082:
8066:
8062:
8055:
8039:
8035:
8028:
8012:
8008:
8001:
7979:
7975:
7968:
7952:
7948:
7941:
7925:
7921:
7914:
7898:
7894:
7887:
7871:
7867:
7860:
7844:
7840:
7833:
7817:
7813:
7806:
7790:
7786:
7776:
7774:
7773:on 7 March 2006
7763:
7759:
7750:
7746:
7733:
7729:
7716:
7712:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7686:
7679:
7670:
7666:
7647:
7643:
7633:
7631:
7630:on 3 March 2016
7618:
7617:
7613:
7603:
7601:
7586:
7582:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7559:
7555:
7541:
7539:
7537:Servat.unibe.ch
7529:
7525:
7515:
7513:
7511:Servat.unibe.ch
7507:"Hungary Index"
7503:
7499:
7489:
7487:
7485:Servat.unibe.ch
7477:
7473:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7449:
7445:
7432:
7428:
7421:Wayback Machine
7411:
7407:
7400:Wayback Machine
7390:
7386:
7376:
7374:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7343:
7339:
7324:
7320:
7307:
7303:
7296:
7278:
7274:
7267:
7253:
7249:
7239:
7237:
7222:
7218:
7209:
7205:
7196:
7192:
7181:
7177:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7130:
7126:
7110:Li, He (2015).
7109:
7100:
7094:mixed economies
7079:
7070:
7057:
7048:
7035:
7026:
7020:Wayback Machine
7002:
6993:
6983:
6981:
6966:
6959:
6944:
6930:
6919:
6904:
6890:
6879:
6868:
6854:
6847:
6832:
6818:
6807:
6801:Wayback Machine
6786:
6779:
6770:
6763:
6757:Wayback Machine
6740:
6733:
6718:
6711:
6702:
6698:
6689:
6685:
6676:
6672:
6663:
6659:
6650:
6646:
6637:
6633:
6624:
6620:
6611:
6607:
6595:social democrat
6588:
6564:
6557:
6546:
6532:
6525:
6514:
6500:
6493:
6482:
6468:
6461:
6456:
6448:Soviet republic
6423:
6416:
6411:Politics portal
6409:
6402:
6395:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6333:
6284:
6191:
6151:state ownership
6111:left communists
6104:nationalization
6024:state socialism
5999:
5994:
5965:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5936:
5928:
5927:
5924:Bolshevik party
5913:
5856:in Russia, the
5826:
5820:
5759:
5690:sovereign state
5678:
5672:
5667:
5603:state ownership
5582:socialist state
5479:
5439:
5427:
5417:
5415:
5408:
5407:
5403:Totalitarianism
5383:State socialism
5313:
5290:
5282:
5281:
5257:
5249:
5248:
5154:
5146:
5145:
4885:
4877:
4876:
4745:Greek Civil War
4676:
4668:
4667:
4627:
4611:
4603:
4602:
4543:Mathieu Kérékou
4443:Leonid Brezhnev
4408:Bolesław Bierut
4403:Georgi Dimitrov
4388:Josip Broz Tito
4383:Walter Ulbricht
4313:
4305:
4304:
4245:
4237:
4236:
4138:One-party state
4123:under socialism
4122:
4054:
4021:
4019:Communist state
4015:
4003:socialist party
3906:nationalization
3894:
3853:
3839:
3825:
3817:
3816:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3329:
3319:
3318:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3229:Socialist state
3172:Nationalization
3090:Critical theory
3085:Civil liberties
3080:
3072:
3071:
2980:
2945:
2880:economic system
2871:
2865:
2719:command economy
2676:communist party
2620:
2585:world communism
2557:socialist party
2502:state socialism
2412:communist state
2380:socialist state
2372:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2315:Democratisation
2308:Autocratization
2284:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2231:
2192:
2171:Tributary state
2161:Satellite state
2116:
2086:
2085:Power structure
2078:
2077:
2029:
2028:
2010:
1981:
1967:
1958:Totalitarianism
1908:
1907:
1889:
1840:
1839:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1782:
1774:
1739:
1731:
1662:
1654:
1601:
1592:
1591:Source of power
1569:Basic forms of
1563:Politics series
1552:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1428:Socialist state
1423:Socialist Party
1368:Economic system
1333:
1325:
1324:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1065:
1057:
1056:
637:
629:
628:
444:Democratic road
379:
369:
368:
295:
287:
286:
233:Social dividend
223:Sharing economy
123:
115:
114:
85:
77:
32:
21:Communist state
17:
12:
11:
5:
10557:
10547:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10514:
10513:
10508:
10505:
10504:
10501:
10500:
10497:
10496:
10494:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10456:Hungary (1919)
10453:
10448:
10443:
10442:
10441:
10436:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10402:
10401:
10396:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10372:
10370:
10363:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10331:
10330:
10325:
10323:Czech Republic
10318:Czechoslovakia
10315:
10310:
10304:
10302:
10298:
10297:
10294:
10293:
10291:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10258:Inner Mongolia
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10238:East Turkestan
10235:
10229:
10227:
10220:
10219:
10218:
10217:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10166:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10147:
10142:
10136:
10134:
10130:
10129:
10127:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10105:
10103:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10059:
10058:
10053:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10019:
10017:
10010:
10002:
10001:
9999:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9937:
9935:
9931:
9930:
9928:
9927:
9922:
9920:United Kingdom
9916:
9914:
9910:
9909:
9907:
9906:
9901:
9900:
9899:
9891:
9890:
9889:
9879:
9877:United Kingdom
9874:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9787:
9782:
9781:
9780:
9770:
9765:
9764:
9763:
9753:
9747:
9745:
9741:
9740:
9732:
9731:
9724:
9717:
9709:
9701:
9700:
9685:
9672:
9655:
9635:
9619:
9600:
9585:
9581:978-0906582473
9560:
9547:
9534:
9515:
9497:
9466:
9459:
9436:
9429:
9415:Đilas, Milovan
9406:
9399:
9379:
9372:
9360:Đilas, Milovan
9351:
9329:
9308:
9287:
9274:
9261:
9246:
9233:
9219:
9200:
9187:
9180:
9162:
9155:
9137:
9130:
9112:
9105:
9087:
9048:
9041:
9023:
9013:
8995:
8988:
8970:
8963:
8945:
8934:
8916:
8897:
8884:
8865:
8853:978-0190695545
8830:
8819:
8801:
8782:
8765:
8744:
8731:
8718:
8694:
8671:
8653:
8628:
8615:
8596:
8575:
8554:
8531:
8516:
8494:
8478:
8455:
8436:
8415:
8393:
8380:
8372:Scruton, Roger
8363:
8347:
8331:
8316:. Marxists.org
8300:
8285:
8270:
8257:978-0801480072
8256:
8230:
8213:
8206:
8186:
8179:
8159:
8152:
8132:
8114:
8107:
8087:
8080:
8060:
8053:
8033:
8026:
8006:
7999:
7973:
7966:
7946:
7939:
7919:
7912:
7892:
7885:
7865:
7858:
7838:
7831:
7811:
7804:
7784:
7757:
7744:
7727:
7710:
7677:
7664:
7660:978-1845294854
7641:
7611:
7580:
7566:
7553:
7523:
7497:
7471:
7457:
7443:
7426:
7405:
7384:
7362:
7337:
7318:
7301:
7294:
7288:. p. 94.
7272:
7265:
7247:
7236:(4): 1289–1305
7216:
7203:
7190:
7175:
7171:978-0745000480
7151:
7144:
7124:
7098:
7068:
7046:
7024:
6991:
6957:
6942:
6917:
6902:
6877:
6866:
6845:
6830:
6805:
6777:
6761:
6731:
6709:
6696:
6683:
6670:
6657:
6644:
6631:
6618:
6605:
6586:
6555:
6545:978-0262182348
6544:
6523:
6513:978-0875484495
6512:
6491:
6481:978-0202362281
6480:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6414:
6400:
6384:
6381:
6377:neo-Ba'athists
6332:
6329:
6283:
6280:
6258:exchange-value
6190:
6187:
6115:Amadeo Bordiga
6057:William Morris
6043:without state
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5961:Main article:
5958:
5955:
5937:
5930:
5929:
5916:Vladimir Lenin
5914:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5899:workers' state
5838:vanguard party
5834:Vladimir Lenin
5822:Main article:
5819:
5816:
5758:
5755:
5674:Main article:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5586:vanguard party
5567:Czechoslovakia
5533:following the
5531:Russian Empire
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5437:
5425:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5398:Third-Worldism
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5358:
5353:
5351:Post-communism
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5300:Anti-communism
5297:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5256:Related topics
5255:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4945:Czechoslovakia
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Thomas Sankara
4535:
4530:
4525:
4523:Erich Honecker
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4473:Agostinho Neto
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4438:Khalid Bakdash
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4368:Võ Nguyên Giáp
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Maurice Thorez
4350:
4345:
4343:Ehmetjan Qasim
4340:
4335:
4333:Ernst Thälmann
4330:
4325:
4320:
4318:Vladimir Lenin
4314:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4180:
4175:
4173:Social fascism
4170:
4168:Self-criticism
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4039:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4014:
4011:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3850:
3836:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3772:United Kingdom
3769:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3219:Social justice
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:Representative
3107:
3102:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3022:
3020:Labor movement
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2944:
2941:
2916:Ba'ath parties
2904:Arab socialist
2864:
2861:
2801:egalitarianism
2793:class struggle
2785:family lineage
2666:remaining its
2619:
2616:
2569:vanguard party
2392:workers' state
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2320:Hybrid regimes
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2251:Regional power
2248:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Puppet monarch
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1989:State religion
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:Constitutional
1857:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1819:Power ideology
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1783:(rule by none)
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Representative
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:Libertarianism
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1332:Related topics
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
334:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
302:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
279:
274:
269:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
203:Labour voucher
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
70:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
45:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10556:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10529:Republicanism
10527:
10526:
10524:
10511:
10506:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10431:
10429:
10427:
10426:Crimea (1919)
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10367:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10320:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10305:
10303:
10299:
10289:
10288:South Vietnam
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10224:
10216:
10215:North Vietnam
10213:
10212:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10131:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10100:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10003:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9938:
9936:
9932:
9926:
9925:United States
9923:
9921:
9918:
9917:
9915:
9911:
9905:
9902:
9898:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9888:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9882:United States
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9794:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9779:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9762:
9761:New Australia
9759:
9758:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9742:
9737:
9730:
9725:
9723:
9718:
9716:
9711:
9710:
9707:
9697:
9696:
9689:
9682:
9676:
9669:
9665:
9659:
9652:
9648:
9644:
9643:Frank, Pierre
9639:
9632:
9628:
9623:
9616:
9615:
9610:
9604:
9597:
9596:
9589:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9564:
9557:
9551:
9544:
9538:
9531:
9527:
9526:
9519:
9512:
9500:
9498:9780195204698
9494:
9490:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9470:
9462:
9460:0-929087-48-8
9456:
9452:
9451:
9446:
9445:Trotsky, Leon
9440:
9432:
9430:0-679-43325-2
9426:
9422:
9421:
9416:
9410:
9402:
9400:0-15-693125-7
9396:
9392:
9391:
9383:
9375:
9373:0-15-665489-X
9369:
9365:
9361:
9355:
9339:
9333:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9312:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9291:
9284:
9278:
9271:
9265:
9258:
9257:
9250:
9243:
9237:
9229:
9223:
9216:
9212:
9211:
9204:
9197:
9191:
9183:
9181:9781136793455
9177:
9173:
9166:
9158:
9156:9780691124674
9152:
9148:
9141:
9133:
9131:9780275947637
9127:
9123:
9116:
9108:
9102:
9098:
9091:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9052:
9044:
9042:9781108424813
9038:
9034:
9027:
9020:
9016:
9014:9780191667527
9010:
9006:
8999:
8991:
8989:9781136231438
8985:
8981:
8974:
8966:
8964:9781134024056
8960:
8956:
8949:
8942:
8937:
8931:
8927:
8920:
8913:
8912:
8907:
8901:
8894:
8888:
8881:
8877:
8876:
8869:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8841:
8834:
8827:
8822:
8816:
8812:
8805:
8798:
8794:
8793:
8786:
8779:
8775:
8769:
8762:
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8754:
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8741:
8735:
8728:
8722:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8701:
8699:
8682:
8675:
8668:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8625:
8619:
8612:
8607:
8600:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8579:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8558:
8551:
8550:9780199585977
8547:
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8535:
8528:
8527:
8520:
8513:
8509:
8508:
8501:
8499:
8491:
8487:
8482:
8466:
8459:
8452:
8451:
8446:
8440:
8433:
8432:9781412837330
8429:
8425:
8419:
8412:
8408:
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8400:
8398:
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8384:
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8373:
8367:
8360:
8356:
8351:
8344:
8340:
8335:
8328:
8315:
8311:
8304:
8296:
8289:
8281:
8274:
8259:
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8244:
8243:
8234:
8227:
8223:
8217:
8209:
8203:
8199:
8198:
8190:
8182:
8180:9781134065219
8176:
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8171:
8163:
8155:
8153:9781317463764
8149:
8145:
8144:
8136:
8128:
8124:
8118:
8110:
8108:9780521774017
8104:
8100:
8099:
8091:
8083:
8081:9781560729693
8077:
8073:
8072:
8064:
8056:
8054:9780792332183
8050:
8046:
8045:
8037:
8029:
8027:9789041137920
8023:
8019:
8018:
8010:
8002:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7977:
7969:
7967:9781783082353
7963:
7959:
7958:
7950:
7942:
7940:9783319730714
7936:
7932:
7931:
7923:
7915:
7913:9780761475477
7909:
7905:
7904:
7896:
7888:
7886:9783447060950
7882:
7878:
7877:
7869:
7861:
7859:9781317805113
7855:
7851:
7850:
7842:
7834:
7832:9781135940102
7828:
7824:
7823:
7815:
7807:
7805:9780881325461
7801:
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7311:
7305:
7297:
7295:9780804754088
7291:
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7283:
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7266:9781538129050
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7147:
7145:9781136927393
7141:
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7128:
7121:
7120:9781137427816
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7095:
7091:
7090:9781111305505
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6802:
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6758:
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6714:
6706:
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6615:
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6310:
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6220:
6216:
6212:
6207:
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6200:
6196:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6175:Joseph Stalin
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6137:organized by
6136:
6133:; and that a
6132:
6128:
6127:popular front
6125:; the use of
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5880:Joseph Stalin
5877:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5789:
5783:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5736:Paris Commune
5732:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5677:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5654:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5523:its aftermath
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5476:
5471:
5469:
5464:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5424:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5319:Mass killings
5317:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5305:Mass killings
5303:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5153:Organizations
5150:
5149:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Prague Spring
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4598:Todor Zhivkov
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4573:Harry Pollitt
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4533:Samora Machel
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4498:Hardial Bains
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Deng Xiaoping
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:Mátyás Rákosi
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:Joseph Stalin
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:Khrushchevism
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4233:
4232:Unified power
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4153:Popular front
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3992:neoliberalism
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3922:Aneurin Bevan
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3777:United States
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:Organizations
3703:
3702:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3271:Welfare state
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Progressivism
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Mixed economy
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Confederation
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:Unitary state
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2004:State atheism
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:Secular state
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:Authoritarian
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Parliamentary
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1663:(rule by few)
1661:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Related lists
1449:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Progressivism
1406:
1404:
1403:Nanosocialism
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
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22:
10386:Baranya–Baja
10355:Soviet Union
10335:East Germany
10033:Burkina Faso
10007:
9694:
9688:
9675:
9667:
9658:
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9638:
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9622:
9612:
9603:
9594:
9588:
9568:
9563:
9550:
9537:
9523:
9518:
9509:
9502:. Retrieved
9484:
9480:"Capitalism"
9469:
9449:
9439:
9419:
9409:
9389:
9382:
9363:
9354:
9342:. Retrieved
9332:
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9115:
9096:
9090:
9068:(6): 68–74.
9065:
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8954:
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8919:
8909:
8900:
8887:
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8868:
8839:
8833:
8824:
8810:
8804:
8797:"Chapther 5"
8790:
8785:
8773:
8768:
8752:
8747:
8739:
8734:
8726:
8721:
8685:. Retrieved
8674:
8640:
8631:
8618:
8609:
8605:
8599:
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8587:
8578:
8570:
8566:
8557:
8540:
8534:
8524:
8519:
8505:
8489:
8481:
8469:. Retrieved
8458:
8449:
8439:
8423:
8418:
8404:
8388:
8383:
8375:
8366:
8358:
8350:
8342:
8334:
8325:
8318:. Retrieved
8313:
8303:
8294:
8288:
8279:
8273:
8261:. Retrieved
8241:
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8225:
8216:
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8169:
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8142:
8135:
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7922:
7902:
7895:
7875:
7868:
7848:
7841:
7821:
7814:
7794:
7787:
7775:. Retrieved
7771:the original
7760:
7752:
7747:
7739:
7730:
7713:
7704:
7697:. Retrieved
7672:
7667:
7649:
7644:
7632:. Retrieved
7628:the original
7623:
7614:
7602:. Retrieved
7598:the original
7594:Morning Star
7593:
7583:
7569:
7556:
7547:
7540:. Retrieved
7536:
7526:
7514:. Retrieved
7510:
7500:
7488:. Retrieved
7484:
7474:
7460:
7446:
7439:The Guardian
7438:
7429:
7408:
7387:
7375:. Retrieved
7365:
7345:
7340:
7332:Acta Koreana
7330:
7321:
7313:
7312:. v.3, n.1.
7304:
7281:
7275:
7256:
7250:
7238:. Retrieved
7233:
7229:
7219:
7211:
7206:
7198:
7193:
7184:
7178:
7162:
7134:
7127:
7111:
7081:
7063:
7041:
7007:
6982:. Retrieved
6977:
6973:
6933:
6893:
6871:
6857:
6821:
6792:
6743:
6720:
6699:
6686:
6673:
6660:
6647:
6634:
6621:
6608:
6591:
6573:
6549:
6535:
6517:
6503:
6485:
6471:
6369:nationalized
6345:Leon Trotsky
6334:
6321:
6305:councillists
6291:level in an
6285:
6273:
6249:
6245:
6243:
6239:law of value
6235:Soviet Union
6218:
6214:
6210:
6208:
6192:
6183:Eastern Bloc
6108:
6066:
6060:
6022:
6015:syndicalists
6000:
5980:theories as
5969:Soviet Union
5966:
5939:Leon Trotsky
5920:Soviet Union
5892:
5872:Leon Trotsky
5865:
5863:
5846:April Theses
5827:
5805:
5800:
5792:
5785:
5780:
5760:
5747:
5739:
5725:philosopher
5720:
5679:
5658:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5581:
5579:
5570:
5562:
5558:
5543:Eastern Bloc
5526:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5373:Second World
5087:Turkmenistan
5022:Soviet Union
4962:East Germany
4785:2002–present
4755:Eastern Bloc
4733:World War II
4681:Soviet Union
4558:Alfonso Cano
4513:Gustáv Husák
4503:Sanzō Nosaka
4468:Fidel Castro
4373:Earl Browder
4217:Third Period
4204:
4007:Lee Kuan Yew
3996:
3964:Nordic model
3948:
3943:
3899:
3852:
3838:
3824:
3228:
3157:Labor rights
3042:Nordic model
3015:Keynesianism
2925:social state
2924:
2919:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2872:
2848:constitution
2824:constitution
2805:
2780:
2771:
2759:
2753:
2727:
2699:Eastern Bloc
2684:
2621:
2600:Western Bloc
2589:
2550:
2522:hierarchical
2499:
2462:
2456:
2435:
2410:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2256:Middle power
2183:Vassal state
2177:Buffer state
2175:
2151:Puppet state
2146:Protectorate
2122:Client state
2112:Principality
1938:Distributism
1880:Presidential
1758:Dictatorship
1682:Gerontocracy
1604:rule by many
1577:
1561:Part of the
1427:
464:Evolutionary
384:21st-century
178:Freed market
33:
10369:Short-lived
10226:Short-lived
10195:South Yemen
10180:North Korea
10140:Afghanistan
9857:New Zealand
9852:Netherlands
8471:27 December
8355:"Socialism"
8263:19 December
7634:31 December
7604:25 December
7542:27 December
7516:27 December
7490:27 December
7415:. Cubanet.
7377:25 December
7329:, v.9, n.1
6984:27 December
6727:"Chapter 5"
6569:"Socialism"
6371:economy as
6349:degenerated
6337:Trotskyists
6319:" in 1989.
6266:wage labour
6185:countries.
6165:is neither
6007:libertarian
5982:degenerated
5895:wither away
5814:groupings.
5695:bourgeoisie
5519:World War I
5356:Red fascism
5017:South Yemen
4997:North Korea
4890:Afghanistan
4817:Vietnam War
4807:Warsaw Pact
4723:Great Purge
4708:Great Break
4578:Harpal Brar
4518:János Kádár
4488:Kim Il Sung
4463:Che Guevara
4428:Enver Hoxha
4363:Ho Chi Minh
4222:Vanguardism
4143:Partiinost'
4013:Terminology
3900:During the
3256:Trade union
3152:Land reform
3035:Revisionist
2908:nationalist
2789:nationalism
2764:Kim Jong Il
2746:Kim Il Sung
2723:Third World
2685:During the
2596:Soviet Bloc
2534:libertarian
2446:multi-party
2409:. The term
2261:Great power
2246:Small power
2188:Viceroyalty
2059:Nationalism
1923:Colonialism
1903:Libertarian
1865:Directorial
1742:rule by one
1722:Technocracy
1717:Stratocracy
1697:Meritocracy
1687:Kleptocracy
1677:Aristocracy
1495:WikiProject
1373:French Left
1165:Spiridonova
1064:Politicians
977:Castoriadis
657:Saint-Simon
609:Third World
604:Syndicalism
539:Nationalist
514:Libertarian
479:Free-market
342:Lange model
330:Soviet-type
300:Communalism
272:Vanguardism
228:Spontaneism
138:Cooperative
84:Development
10523:Categories
10481:Tarnobrzeg
10406:Bessarabia
10360:Yugoslavia
10083:Seychelles
10078:Mozambique
10073:Madagascar
9996:Vietnamese
9991:Venezuelan
9981:Nicaraguan
9976:Melanesian
9893:Venezuela
9805:Kuomintang
9798:since 1978
9768:Bangladesh
9744:By country
9738:by country
9681:"About Us"
9215:"Contents"
9106:0873323238
9058:Xue Muqiao
8761:B01B997S8W
8588:Commonweal
8320:12 January
7699:8 December
7358:0815764359
7042:Commentary
6454:References
6341:Tony Cliff
6331:Trotskyism
6301:anarchists
6289:grassroots
6119:capitalism
6096:Mensheviks
6094:, and the
6061:Commonweal
6011:mutualists
6003:democratic
5963:Trotskyism
5858:Bolsheviks
5713:displaces
5555:Yugoslavia
5277:Trotskyism
5262:Bolshevism
5129:Montenegro
5109:Yugoslavia
5097:Uzbekistan
5082:Tajikistan
5057:Kyrgyzstan
5052:Kazakhstan
5032:Azerbaijan
4992:Mozambique
4884:By country
4792:Korean War
4588:Xi Jinping
4548:Siad Barre
4478:Lúcio Lara
4328:Mao Zedong
4017:See also:
3514:Hilferding
3379:Betancourt
3369:Ben-Gurion
3261:Tripartism
3234:Capitalism
3209:Secularism
3137:Gradualism
3132:Fair trade
3105:Industrial
2943:Other uses
2867:See also:
2842:under the
2832:capitalism
2707:governance
2670:until the
2634:, and the
2546:capitalism
2540:Marxists,
2471:Bangladesh
2266:Superpower
2222:Superstate
2217:Federation
2212:Devolution
2198:Federalism
2039:City-state
1712:Plutocracy
1707:Particracy
1571:government
1466:Socialists
1461:By country
1343:Capitalism
1225:Mitterrand
1190:Gerhardsen
1135:Liebknecht
1120:Markievicz
1047:Varoufakis
997:Fotopoulos
667:Saint-Just
662:Buonarroti
647:Campanella
584:Scientific
519:Marhaenism
474:Fourierism
459:Ecological
439:Democratic
10534:Socialism
10439:1939–1940
10394:1918–1919
10163:1982–1992
10158:1979–1992
10153:1975–1979
10149:Cambodia
10124:Nicaragua
10056:1987–1991
10051:1974–1987
10047:Ethiopia
9986:Tanzanian
9867:Sri Lanka
9810:Hong Kong
9793:Communist
9756:Australia
9751:Argentina
9736:Socialism
9573:"Preface"
9477:(1985) .
9447:(1991) .
9362:(1983) .
9231:victory."
7740:Dissident
7455:society."
7240:10 August
7064:Dissident
6952:182529204
6912:182529204
6840:182529204
6317:Stalinism
6250:socialism
6246:socialism
6219:socialism
6215:socialism
6211:communism
6199:socialism
6195:communism
6179:communism
6123:socialism
6084:Bolshevik
6068:Classical
6019:bourgeois
5884:Stalinism
5812:Menshevik
5763:reformism
5681:Karl Marx
5580:The term
5515:Narodniks
5361:Red Scare
5346:New class
5164:Comintern
5124:Macedonia
5067:Lithuania
4914:Cambodia
4780:1989–2002
4775:1976–1989
4770:1949–1976
4701:1982–1991
4696:1964–1982
4691:1953–1964
4686:1927–1953
4493:Chin Peng
4348:José Díaz
4295:Stalinism
4255:Guevarism
4250:Castroism
4205:Socialist
3972:dirigisme
3807:Socialism
3795:Communism
3756:By region
3694:Zhordania
3639:Plekhanov
3609:MacDonald
3604:Luxemburg
3489:Gaitskell
3449:Daszyński
3414:Callaghan
3374:Bernstein
3314:Third Way
3239:Socialism
3197:Socialism
3187:Reformism
3117:Dirigisme
3095:Democracy
3052:Socialism
2920:socialist
2900:socialism
2896:socialism
2889:socialist
2840:reunified
2836:socialism
2808:communism
2689:in 1961,
2530:classical
2510:Stalinism
2491:Sri Lanka
2487:Nicaragua
2437:communist
2432:socialism
2421:one-party
2407:socialism
2400:sovereign
2093:Unitarism
2069:Globalism
1975:Religious
1963:Tribalism
1953:Socialism
1948:Feudalism
1933:Despotism
1928:Communism
1918:Anarchism
1855:Communist
1802:Stateless
1792:Anarchism
1753:Despotism
1737:Autocracy
1727:Theocracy
1692:Kritarchy
1660:Oligarchy
1645:Socialist
1599:Democracy
1338:Anarchism
1260:Gorbachev
1110:Malatesta
1105:Bernstein
882:Pankhurst
862:Pannekoek
852:Luxemburg
807:Plekhanov
782:Carpenter
777:Kropotkin
574:Ricardian
564:Religious
559:Reformism
544:Nkrumaism
534:Municipal
434:Communism
429:Christian
414:Blanquism
404:Anarchism
347:Mutualism
49:Socialism
10491:Würzburg
10466:Naissaar
10430:Finland
10390:Bavaria
10328:Slovakia
10313:Bulgaria
10243:Far East
10190:Mongolia
10102:Americas
9966:European
9897:Chavismo
9862:Pakistan
9511:changed.
9504:30 April
9417:(1998).
8906:"Part I"
8880:"Part I"
8710:Archived
8687:25 March
8645:Archived
8488:(1996).
8374:(2007).
7417:Archived
7396:Archived
7016:Archived
7012:Aufheben
6797:Archived
6753:Archived
6749:Aufheben
6383:See also
6313:Marxists
6309:leftists
6203:Leninist
6189:Leninism
6171:Leninism
6100:planning
6072:orthodox
6055:such as
5986:deformed
5943:Red Army
5824:Leninism
5771:revision
5661:states.
5607:Leninist
5513:and the
5507:populist
5289:See also
5267:Leninism
5139:Slovenia
5037:Byelarus
4987:Mongolia
4967:Ethiopia
4955:Slovakia
4910:Bulgaria
4750:Cold War
4568:Gus Hall
4275:Kádárism
4270:Husakism
4265:Hoxhaism
4244:Variants
4193:Yugoslav
4053:Concepts
4028:a series
4026:Part of
3962:and the
3938:hedonism
3664:Stauning
3589:Lévesque
3574:Lassalle
3554:Kerensky
3544:Katayama
3534:Jumblatt
3499:González
3434:Crosland
3419:Cárdenas
3404:Branting
3334:Ambedkar
3283:Variants
3100:Economic
3079:Concepts
3030:Orthodox
3005:Humanism
2952:a series
2950:Part of
2618:Overview
2538:orthodox
2526:oxymoron
2495:Tanzania
2141:Dominion
1870:Legalist
1850:Absolute
1835:Republic
1830:Monarchy
1702:Noocracy
1672:Anocracy
1625:Economic
1615:Demarchy
1456:Category
1195:Erlander
1155:Kerensky
1125:Connolly
982:Thompson
967:Bookchin
957:Montseny
907:Vanzetti
872:Einstein
842:Landauer
747:Saltykov
742:Lassalle
702:Proudhon
484:Gandhian
469:Feminist
419:Buddhist
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