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most car manufacturers aspire to international sales. On the other hand, individual owners of motorbikes, 'boom-box' cars (with very loud music systems), and 'muscle-cars' may prefer their vehicle to be louder (at least at idling or low speeds), and such noise (often from modified exhaust systems) can only be controlled by on-going inspection and sanctions.
423:, noise and neighborhood disruption. To analyze roadway noise, the ESL model was used by the plaintiff, who won this case partially due to the credibility of the computer model. The matter was revisited a decade later and a greatly reduced highway design with transit element and extensive noise mitigation was agreed to.
480:, India, excessive honking and road noise is seen as a significant nuisance. The local police launched an experimental program in 2020 to link the time-length of red lights to an ambient noise sensor, increasing red light times if ambient noise from traffic exceeds limits. This acts as a deterrent to use of the horn.
942:
455:
Even without regulation, there are strong individual economic pressures for quieter vehicles, because owners and employers see quieter vehicles as more luxurious and less stressful. The tighter regulatory requirements of the EU and Japan encourage quieter design even in unregulated countries, because
391:
models were on opposing sides of a matter decided in New Jersey
Superior Court. This case in the early 1970s was one of the first U.S. examples of acoustical scientists playing a role in the design of a major highway. The models allowed the court to understand the effects of roadway geometry (width
183:
Trucks contribute a disproportionate amount of noise not only because of their large engines, but also the height of the diesel stack and the aerodynamic drag. Significant interior noise is usually present inside moving motor vehicles; in fact, passengers are generally not aware that these levels are
144:
use continues, substantial noise reduction will occur, especially in the regime of traffic flow below 35 miles per hour. Hybrid vehicles are so quiet at low speeds that they create a pedestrian safety issue when reversing or maneuvering when parking etc. (but not when travelling forward), and so are
274:. A simple discussion indicates that sound will be diminished when the path of sound is blocked by terrain, or will be enhanced if the roadway is elevated so as to broadcast; however, the complexities of variable interaction are so great, that there are many exceptions to this simple argument.
459:
Several studies have concluded that reducing traffic noise pollution is low-cost or cost-effective. Such studies include consideration of the reduced value of noise-affected real-estate, the costs of supporting a dispersed population 'trying to get away from all the noise', and the increased
358:
Generally the models trace sound ray bundles and calculate spreading loss along with ray bundle divergence (or convergence) from refractive phenomena. Diffraction is usually addressed by establishing secondary emitters at any points of topographic or anthropomorphic “sharpness” (such as
174:
Traffic operations noise is affected significantly by vehicle speeds, since sound energy roughly doubles for each increment of ten miles an hour in vehicle velocity; an exception to this rule occurs at very low speeds where braking and acceleration noise dominate over aerodynamic noise.
426:
Later cases have occurred in every state, both in contentious actions and in routine highway planning and design. The public as well as governmental agencies have become aware of the value of acoustical science to provide useful insights to the roadway design process.
156:
315:
At a macro level, ongoing research is required for national and worldwide responses to road noise pollution - issues include road surface choices, the regulation and taxing of noisy designs, and the ongoing inspecting of individual vehicles.
241:
Tire types can cause 10 dB(A) variations in noise, based on a 2001 sample of 100 commercially available tires. As of 2001, there was no correlation between grip and noise. Quieter tires may have slightly lower rolling resistance.
230:(which uses recycled old tires) is much quieter and is already widely used. Experimental Porous Elastic Road Surfaces (PERS) might cut road noise in half. PERS is made by adding ground up tires to asphalt paving material.
463:
European technology began to emulate the United States treatment of roadway noise by the 1980s, although the national requirements of noise studies generally remain less stringent than the U.S. In developing countries,
472:
illustrates a level of technology that the United States encountered in the 1960s. The
European Union has recently proposed a set of vehicle tire requirements, similar to those introduced in the U.S. in the 1970s.
133:
Regulation in the EU and Japan of tire and power-train noise has only sought to reduce noise by approx 3 dB, and will only slowly take effect because a few older noisier vehicles can dominate the soundscape.
306:
Geometry of area structures is an important input, since the presence of buildings or walls can block sound under certain circumstances, but reflective properties can augment sound energy at other locations.
126:
Partial bans on motor vehicles from urban areas have been shown to have minimal impacts upon reducing sound levels (as would become clear from later modeling studies); for example, the partial ban in
352:
208:
Roadway surface types contribute to different noise levels. Of the common types of surfaces in modern cities, there is a 4 dB difference between the loudest and the softest:
383:
An interesting early case where two of the leading models were pitted against each other involved a proposed widening of the New Jersey
Turnpike from six to twelve lanes. The
119:, the demand for detailed analysis soared, and decision makers began to look to acoustical scientists for answers regarding the planning of new roadways and the design of
323:
that can analyze sound levels in the vicinity of roadways. The first meaningful models arose in the late 1960s and early 1970s addressing the noise
468:
from motor vehicles represents a significant impact, but technologies are not as advanced as in
Western nations. For example, a recent paper from
824:"Applicability of a noise-based model to estimate in-traffic exposure to black carbon and particle number concentrations in different cultures"
705:
664:
Public Law No. 92-574, 86 Stat. 1234 (1972) Noise
Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972, codification amended at 42 U.S.C. 4901-4918 (1988)
319:
At the micro level of managing particular roads, because of the complexity of the variables discussed above, it is necessary to create a
396:, residential setback and pavement types. The outcome was a compromise that involved substantial mitigation of noise pollution impacts.
574:
Journal of Water, Air, & Soil
Pollution, Volume 2, Number 3, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science Issue
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416:
412:
804:. The 2001 International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering The Hague, The Netherlands, 2001 August 27–30
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Small reductions in vehicle noise occurred in the 1970s as states and provinces enforced unmuffled vehicle ordinances.
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driving on pavement is found to be the biggest contributor of highway noise and increases with higher vehicle speeds.
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Senate Public Works
Committee, Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972, S. Rep. No. 1160, 92nd Cong. 2nd session
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191:
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for noise, grip, and rolling resistance has been widely introduced in Europe, with noisy tires being taxed.
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are interrelated, since the propagation of sound is sensitive to the overall geometry and must consider
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The vehicle fleet noise has not changed very much over the last three decades; however, if the trend in
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statistics (along with thermocline data). Recent models have also attempted to predict levels of local
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Jiménez-Uribe, Dámaris A.; Daniels, Darwin; Fleming, Zoë L.; Vélez-Pereira, Andrés M. (January 2021).
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Dekoninck, L; Botteldooren, D; Int Panis, L; Hankey, S; Jain, G; Karthik, S; Marshall, J (2015).
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or building surfaces). Meteorology can be addressed in a statistical manner allowing for actual
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strategies in an arbitrary setting. Later model alterations have come into widespread use among
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Acoustics
Impacts of the proposed New Jersey Turnpike Authority widening project through
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based on an analysis of specific frequencies that are related to tire and engine noise.
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and city planners, but the accuracy of early models has had little change in 40 years.
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699:"Incidence of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Crashes by Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicles"
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Studies have shown that cutting longitudinal grooves in the pavement reduces noise.
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Norway noise profile showing roadway noise accounts for 78% of all noise annoyance
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high, because experience has led motorists to expect levels commonly exceeding 65
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755:. Minnesota Department of Transportation Research Services Section. December 2010
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80:, roadway noise contributes a proportionately large share of the total societal
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Roadway noise began to be measured in a widespread manner in the 1960s, as
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679:. United States. Office of Noise Abatement and Control. 1972. p. 81
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for a deeper insight to roadway noise mitigation using physical barriers
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to allow the study of alternate roadway designs, traffic operations and
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healthcare costs statistically attributable to a noisier environment.
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of this phenomenon began to become meaningful. After passage of the
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for the history of noise statutes governing roadway and other noise
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Hogan, C. Michael (September 1973). "Analysis of highway noise".
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58:
19:"Road noise" redirects here. For the album by Judie Tzuke, see
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for a discussion of methods to actively reduce unwanted sound
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46:
750:"The Influence of Pavement Surface Texture on Traffic Noise"
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Public hearings on noise abatement and control, Volumes 7-8
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for a discussion of physiological and psychological impacts
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Micrometeorology is significant in that sound waves can be
66:
617:"Road Traffic Noise on the Santa Marta City Tourist Route"
928:"TRB review of European Union progress on noise control"
327:(e.g. roadway). Two of the leading research teams were
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NoiseOFF - The
Coalition Against Noise Pollution - Home
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Another early case involved the proposed extension of
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widening project between
Raritan and East Brunswick
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220:surfaces without spacers being the quietest, and
130:resulted in minuscule reduction of sound levels.
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773:
943:"Mumbai Police Play a Trick on Honking Drivers"
517:for a broader discussion of environmental noise
103:roadway generating noise to adjacent land uses.
706:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
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914:A study of highway noise pollution in Tehran
580:(3). Netherlands: Springer Verlag: 387–392.
294:, effectively dismissing the effect of some
30:Roadway noise is the most prevalent form of
262:(bending of sound waves around obstacles),
343:. Both of these groups developed complex
16:Sound energy emanating from motor vehicles
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776:""Groovy" solution to I-10 freeway noise"
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392:in this case), vehicle speeds, proposed
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799:"Tyre/road noise – Myths and realities"
439:A noise barrier in Melbourne, Australia
160:Roadnoise within Vienna, Austria (2023)
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941:Gettleman, Jeffrey (4 February 2020).
88:exposure than any other noise source.
84:. In the U.S., it contributes more to
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541:"Tire-Pavement Noise | Sound Control"
417:Virginia Department of Transportation
413:Arlington Coalition on Transportation
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774:Katherine Whaley (October 5, 2016).
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353:state departments of transportation
254:Roadway geometrics and surrounding
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113:National Environmental Policy Act
270:attenuation, spreading loss and
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895:C. M. Hogan and Harry Seidman,
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717:Technical Report DOT HS 811 204
199:used in measuring noise levels.
147:electric vehicle warning sounds
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880:Acoustical analysis of the
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451:near Dordrecht, Netherlands
379:Case studies of road design
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65:elements. Noise of rolling
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828:Environment International
298:or terrain intervention.
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53:. It consists chiefly of
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216:being the loudest, and
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145:typically fitted with
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49:energy emanating from
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447:Noise barrier on the
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431:Worldwide perspective
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545:soundcontroltech.com
509:Noise health effects
78:developing countries
882:New Jersey Turnpike
634:10.3390/app11167196
405:Arlington, Virginia
345:mathematical models
86:environmental noise
32:environmental noise
947:The New York Times
778:. Houston: KTRK-TV
586:10.1007/BF00159677
496:Noise cancellation
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419:on the grounds of
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128:Gothenburg, Sweden
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34:. Pictured:
912:M. Vaziri.
683:30 November
421:air quality
325:line source
268:ground wave
260:diffraction
989:Categories
952:6 February
930:. trb.org.
808:2013-07-25
782:August 24,
759:August 24,
712:2009-10-05
555:2017-02-06
528:References
369:wind speed
272:refraction
264:reflection
21:Road Noise
834:: 89–98.
643:2076-3417
602:109914430
594:0049-6979
415:sued the
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302:Obstacles
284:refracted
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212:type and
210:chip seal
101:Hong Kong
74:developed
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866:34315586
858:25454224
503:General:
484:See also
403:through
250:Geometry
218:concrete
204:Surfaces
179:Vehicles
57:, tire,
734:25 July
407:. The
256:terrain
92:History
63:braking
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478:Mumbai
333:Boston
165:Causes
59:engine
862:S2CID
802:(PDF)
753:(PDF)
702:(PDF)
598:S2CID
237:Tires
170:Speed
67:tires
47:sound
954:2020
854:PMID
784:2017
761:2017
736:2013
685:2010
639:ISSN
590:ISSN
470:Iran
387:and
367:and
335:and
278:Wind
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