33:
241:, a majority-black republic. The main improvement effort resulted in establishing agricultural schools, which were highly expensive and staffed by non-French speakers, so classes had to be translated. The funding provided to these schools dwarfed the amount given to the majority of academic schools.
274:
773:
143:
766:
1970:
431:
1980:
759:
1995:
1074:
1975:
2010:
1043:
513:
2025:
1985:
686:
556:
179:
2005:
1990:
2015:
2000:
397:
349:
1638:
690:
607:
588:
210:
2020:
139:
623:
267:
82:
Chief advisor to the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on international affairs
256:
455:
223:
in
October 1930. The main findings indicated there was little improvement in education due to the choice of
1036:
928:
319:
219:
1090:
580:
288:
936:
681:
295:
230:
199:
671:
647:
1906:
195:
529:
1730:
1346:
1130:
187:
661:
637:
1274:
1029:
132:
696:
1802:
1786:
1666:
1410:
1402:
1330:
1218:
1194:
1178:
224:
322:
section of
Washington, DC, is a designated site of the city's African-American Heritage Trail.
1746:
1502:
1354:
1114:
407:
259:
1965:
1960:
1850:
1242:
1234:
1146:
1122:
920:
892:
377:
237:
in the
American South and had brought their prejudice with them to their new assignment in
8:
1378:
1226:
1170:
1066:
820:
742:
1098:
751:
1890:
1754:
1722:
1322:
1282:
1202:
879:
493:
485:
336:
245:
203:
182:, which undertook operations with French troops. Once the war ended, Logan remained in
1930:
1314:
1290:
1154:
863:
722:
603:
584:
497:
393:
362:
353:
345:
249:
151:
553:
476:(4). Association for the Study of African American Life and History, Inc.: 401β460.
1794:
1446:
1438:
1414:
1370:
1106:
978:
477:
167:
1914:
1858:
1494:
1478:
1430:
1394:
1298:
1266:
1258:
1162:
965:
783:
731:
666:
642:
560:
281:
227:
171:
1882:
1706:
1698:
1682:
1650:
1510:
1470:
1422:
1386:
1362:
1082:
1052:
308:
285:
163:
1954:
1866:
1770:
1762:
1674:
1614:
1606:
1518:
1486:
1186:
263:
234:
135:
186:, absorbing both the culture and the language. He helped to co-ordinate the
1874:
1842:
1818:
1714:
1690:
1658:
1586:
1534:
1526:
1454:
1338:
1306:
1138:
957:
944:
127:(January 7, 1897 β November 4, 1982) was an African-American historian and
1938:
1834:
1566:
1542:
1462:
1021:
248:, earning an MA in 1932 and a Ph.D. in 1936. Logan became a professor at
128:
516:, Office of Cultural Tourism,, Washington, D.C. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
194:
in 1921. He returned to the US in the early 1920s and began teaching at
1810:
1778:
1738:
1642:
1622:
1590:
1570:
1558:
1210:
687:"Rayford W. Logan and the Dilemma of the African American Intellectual"
489:
270:
prohibiting the exclusion of blacks from the military in World War II.
96:
32:
577:
Rayford W. Logan and the
Dilemma of the African-American Intellectual
175:
481:
150:) on international affairs. He was professor emeritus of history at
1826:
390:
The
Diplomatic Relations of the United States with Haiti, 1776β1891
217:
to investigate educational efforts and published his findings in
183:
275:
Association for the Study of
African American Life and History
312:
238:
214:
191:
147:
368:
The Negro in
American Life and Thought: The Nadir, 1877β1901
514:"Rayford Logan Residence, African American Heritage Trail"
144:
National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People
781:
233:
as country administrators β men who had been raised with
600:
The
Talented Tenth: The Founders and Presidents of Alpha
468:
Logan, Rayford W. (October 1930). "Education in Haiti".
432:"Dr. Rayford Logan, Professor Who Wrote Books on Blacks"
252:, where he practiced as a historian from 1938 to 1965.
142:". In the late 1940s he was the chief advisor to the
178:, and served as a first lieutenant in the all-black
598:Mason, Herman (1999). "Rayford Whittingham Logan".
1952:
131:activist. He was best known for his study of
1037:
767:
996:Aaron Crutison (acting), April-December 2012
384:The Senate and the Versailles Mandate System
701:Rayford Whittingham Logan papers, 1925-1982
450:
448:
446:
444:
1051:
1044:
1030:
774:
760:
244:In 1930 Logan started graduate studies at
31:
602:(2nd ed.). Winter Park, FL: Four-G.
273:In 1950β51, Logan became Director of the
441:
326:
280:Logan was the 15th General President of
991:Herman "Skip" Mason Jr. 2009-April 2012
530:"Logan, Rayford Whittingham, 1897β1982"
509:
507:
386:(The Minorities Publishers, 1945; 1975)
213:, Logan made a fact-finding mission to
1953:
574:
374:The African Mandates in World Politics
344:(updated edition, W. W. Norton, 1982;
342:Dictionary of American Negro Biography
1971:20th-century African-American writers
1025:
755:
597:
575:Janken, Kenneth Robert (April 1997).
467:
426:
424:
422:
162:Rayford Logan was born and raised in
524:
522:
504:
301:
1011:Willis L. Lonzer, III, 2021-present
335:(1954/ Collier Books reprint 1965)
291:established for African Americans.
13:
1981:20th-century American male writers
568:
419:
14:
2037:
1996:American male non-fiction writers
691:University of Massachusetts Press
617:
581:University of Massachusetts Press
519:
294:Logan died of a heart ailment at
211:United States occupation of Haiti
170:, graduating in 1917. During the
1976:20th-century American historians
406:(1968; Oxford University Press)
404:Haiti and the Dominican Republic
140:nadir of American race relations
2011:Historians of the United States
986:Darryl R. Matthews Sr., 2005β08
456:"Logan, Rayford W. (1897β1982)"
547:
461:
359:The Negro in the United States
318:His longtime residence in the
1:
2026:Writers from Washington, D.C.
1986:African-American male writers
413:
2006:Historians of race relations
973:Adrian L. Wallace, 1997β2000
910:T. Winston Cole Sr., 1963β64
672:Resources in other libraries
656:By Rayford Whittingham Logan
648:Resources in other libraries
534:Civil Rights Digital Library
470:The Journal of Negro History
307:In 1980, he was awarded the
284:, the first intercollegiate
266:. Logan drafted Roosevelt's
220:The Journal of Negro History
7:
1091:William Stanley Braithwaite
833:William A. Pollard, 1917β18
10:
2042:
1991:Alpha Phi Alpha presidents
1006:Everett B. Ward, 2017-2020
1001:Mark S. Tillman, 2013-2016
952:Charles C. Teamer, 1985β88
853:Raymond W. Cannon, 1924β27
815:Henry L. Dickason, 1914β15
810:Charles H. Garvin, 1912β13
795:Moses A. Morrison, 1908β09
296:Howard University Hospital
200:historically black college
166:. He won a scholarship to
138:, a period he termed "the
16:African-American historian
2016:Howard University faculty
2001:Harvard University alumni
1060:
915:Lionel H. Newsom, 1965β68
887:Antonio M. Smith, 1952β54
848:Simeon S. Booker, 1921β23
805:Frederick H. Miller, 1911
790:
738:
728:
718:
667:Resources in your library
643:Resources in your library
629:Rayford Whittingham Logan
333:The Betrayal of the Negro
196:Virginia Union University
125:Rayford Whittingham Logan
118:
110:
105:
95:
90:
86:
78:
70:
58:
39:
30:
25:Rayford Whittingham Logan
23:
1731:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
1347:Charles Hamilton Houston
1131:George Washington Carver
905:William H. Hale, 1961β62
682:University of Washington
361:(Van Nostrand Co, 1970)
188:2nd Pan-African Congress
2021:Williams College alumni
900:Myles A. Paige, 1957β60
858:Bert A. Rose, 1928β1931
828:Howard H. Long, 1916β17
559:August 2, 2014, at the
262:appointed Logan to his
157:
1787:Constance Baker Motley
1667:Frederick D. Patterson
1403:Martin Luther King Jr.
1331:Channing Heggie Tobias
1219:William T. B. Williams
1195:Richard Berry Harrison
1179:Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
838:Daniel D. Fowler, 1919
782:General Presidents of
180:93rd infantry Division
1747:Myrlie Evers-Williams
1503:Clarence Mitchell Jr.
1355:Mabel Keaton Staupers
1115:Charles Sidney Gilpin
880:Belford V. Lawson Jr.
843:Lucius L. McGee, 1920
800:Roscoe C. Giles, 1910
730:General President of
703:. Library of Congress
327:Selected bibliography
260:Franklin D. Roosevelt
53:Washington D.C., U.S.
1851:Frankie Muse Freeman
1615:Benjamin Elijah Mays
1243:Walter Francis White
1147:James Weldon Johnson
1123:Mary Burnett Talbert
554:NAACP Spingarn Medal
378:Public Affairs Press
1379:Theodore K. Lawless
1227:Mary McLeod Bethune
1171:Charles W. Chesnutt
1067:Ernest Everett Just
743:Belford Lawson, Jr.
438:, November 6, 1982.
133:post-Reconstruction
91:Academic background
1891:Nathaniel R. Jones
1755:Earl G. Graves Sr.
1723:John Hope Franklin
1323:Percy Lavon Julian
1283:A. Philip Randolph
1203:Robert Russa Moton
436:The New York Times
370:(Dial Press, 1954)
246:Harvard University
74:Non-fiction writer
1948:
1947:
1931:Cato T. Laurencin
1315:Thurgood Marshall
1291:William H. Hastie
1155:Carter G. Woodson
1019:
1018:
937:James R. Williams
929:Walter Washington
864:Charles H. Wesley
750:
749:
739:Succeeded by
723:Charles H. Wesley
624:Library resources
302:Legacy and honors
250:Howard University
152:Howard University
122:
121:
2033:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1795:Robert L. Carter
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1581:
1573:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1447:Robert C. Weaver
1441:
1439:Kenneth B. Clark
1433:
1425:
1417:
1415:Little Rock Nine
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1371:Paul R. Williams
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1107:W. E. B. Du Bois
1101:
1099:Archibald GrimkΓ©
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
979:Harry E. Johnson
974:
969:
961:
953:
948:
940:
932:
924:
921:Ernest N. Morial
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
893:Frank L. Stanley
888:
883:
875:
872:Rayford W. Logan
867:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
776:
769:
762:
753:
752:
719:Preceded by
716:
715:
712:
710:
708:
613:
594:
563:
551:
545:
544:
542:
540:
526:
517:
511:
502:
501:
465:
459:
452:
439:
430:Peter B. Flint,
428:
168:Williams College
101:Williams College
65:
62:November 4, 1982
49:
47:
35:
21:
20:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2030:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1915:Patrick Gaspard
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1859:Harry Belafonte
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1584:
1576:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1495:Sammy Davis Jr.
1492:
1484:
1479:John H. Johnson
1476:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1431:Langston Hughes
1428:
1420:
1408:
1400:
1395:Jackie Robinson
1392:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1299:Charles R. Drew
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1267:Louis T. Wright
1264:
1259:Marian Anderson
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1163:Anthony Overton
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
977:
972:
966:Milton C. Davis
964:
956:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
891:
886:
878:
870:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
821:Henry A. Callis
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
786:
784:Alpha Phi Alpha
780:
746:
735:
732:Alpha Phi Alpha
726:
706:
704:
695:
678:
677:
676:
653:
652:
632:
631:
627:
620:
610:
591:
583:. p. 336.
571:
569:Further reading
566:
561:Wayback Machine
552:
548:
538:
536:
528:
527:
520:
512:
505:
482:10.2307/2714206
466:
462:
458:, BlackPast.org
453:
442:
429:
420:
416:
329:
304:
282:Alpha Phi Alpha
268:executive order
172:First World War
160:
63:
54:
51:
50:January 7, 1897
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2039:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1883:Sidney Poitier
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1707:Dorothy Height
1702:
1699:Barbara Jordan
1694:
1686:
1683:Douglas Wilder
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1651:Benjamin Hooks
1646:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1582:
1574:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1511:Jacob Lawrence
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1471:Leontyne Price
1466:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1423:Duke Ellington
1418:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1387:Carl J. Murphy
1382:
1374:
1366:
1363:Harry T. Moore
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1275:Richard Wright
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1083:Harry Burleigh
1078:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:Spingarn Medal
1049:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
975:
970:
962:
954:
949:
941:
933:
925:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
889:
884:
876:
868:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
791:
788:
787:
779:
778:
771:
764:
756:
748:
747:
740:
737:
727:
720:
714:
713:
693:
684:
675:
674:
669:
664:
658:
654:
651:
650:
645:
640:
634:
633:
622:
621:
619:
618:External links
616:
615:
614:
608:
595:
589:
570:
567:
565:
564:
546:
518:
503:
460:
440:
417:
415:
412:
411:
410:
401:
398:978-0527580001
387:
381:
371:
365:
356:
350:978-0393015133
339:
328:
325:
324:
323:
316:
309:Spingarn Medal
303:
300:
174:he joined the
164:Washington, DC
159:
156:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:Known for
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
66:(aged 85)
60:
56:
55:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2038:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1867:Jessye Norman
1863:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1771:Vernon Jordan
1767:
1764:
1763:Oprah Winfrey
1759:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1675:Jesse Jackson
1671:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1607:Coleman Young
1603:
1600:
1599:Rayford Logan
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1519:Leon Sullivan
1515:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1487:Edward Brooke
1483:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1187:Henry A. Hunt
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1075:Charles Young
1071:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
822:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
792:
789:
785:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
757:
754:
745:
744:
734:
733:
725:
724:
717:
702:
698:
697:"ArchiveGrid"
694:
692:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
657:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
630:
625:
611:
609:1-885066-63-5
605:
601:
596:
592:
590:1-55849-069-8
586:
582:
578:
573:
572:
562:
558:
555:
550:
535:
531:
525:
523:
515:
510:
508:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
464:
457:
454:Malik Simba,
451:
449:
447:
445:
437:
433:
427:
425:
423:
418:
409:
405:
402:
399:
395:
392:(1941; 1969,
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:(Washington:
375:
372:
369:
366:
364:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:
338:
334:
331:
330:
321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
305:
299:
297:
292:
290:
287:
283:
278:
276:
271:
269:
265:
264:Black Cabinet
261:
258:
253:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
235:Jim Crow laws
232:
229:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
126:
117:
113:
109:
106:Academic work
104:
100:
98:
94:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:
57:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1922:
1907:Willie Brown
1898:
1875:Quincy Jones
1843:Cicely Tyson
1819:John Conyers
1715:Maya Angelou
1691:Colin Powell
1659:Percy Sutton
1630:
1598:
1587:Andrew Young
1578:
1550:
1535:Wilson Riles
1527:Gordon Parks
1455:Medgar Evers
1339:Ralph Bunche
1307:Paul Robeson
1250:
1139:Roland Hayes
958:Henry Ponder
945:Ozell Sutton
871:
741:
729:
721:
705:. Retrieved
700:
662:Online books
655:
638:Online books
628:
599:
576:
549:
537:. Retrieved
533:
473:
469:
463:
435:
403:
389:
383:
373:
367:
358:
341:
332:
293:
286:Greek-letter
279:
272:
254:
243:
218:
208:
161:
124:
123:
64:(1982-11-04)
18:
1966:1982 deaths
1961:1897 births
1939:Jim Clyburn
1835:Julian Bond
1803:Oliver Hill
1639:Tom Bradley
1567:Alvin Ailey
1543:Damon Keith
1463:Roy Wilkins
1411:Daisy Bates
298:, aged 85.
209:During the
129:Pan-African
1955:Categories
1811:Ben Carson
1779:John Lewis
1739:Carl Rowan
1643:Bill Cosby
1623:Lena Horne
1591:Rosa Parks
1571:Alex Haley
1559:Hank Aaron
1211:Max Yergan
736:1941β1945
707:October 1,
414:References
289:fraternity
111:Discipline
97:Alma mater
71:Occupation
46:1897-01-07
1235:John Hope
981:, 2001β04
968:, 1993β96
960:, 1989β92
947:, 1981β84
939:, 1977β80
931:, 1973β76
923:, 1968β72
895:, 1955β57
882:, 1946β51
874:, 1941β45
866:, 1932β40
498:149726775
320:Brookland
311:from the
277:(ASALH).
257:President
255:In 1932,
176:U.S. Army
1923:no award
1899:no award
1827:Ruby Dee
1631:no award
1579:no award
1551:no award
1413:and the
1251:no award
557:Archived
225:Southern
204:Richmond
1055:winners
490:2714206
380:, 1948)
231:Marines
136:America
114:History
1937:2022:
1929:2021:
1921:2020:
1913:2019:
1905:2018:
1897:2017:
1889:2016:
1881:2015:
1873:2014:
1865:2013:
1857:2012:
1849:2011:
1841:2010:
1833:2009:
1825:2008:
1817:2007:
1809:2006:
1801:2005:
1793:2004:
1785:2003:
1777:2002:
1769:2001:
1761:2000:
1753:1999:
1745:1998:
1737:1997:
1729:1996:
1721:1995:
1713:1994:
1705:1993:
1697:1992:
1689:1991:
1681:1990:
1673:1989:
1665:1988:
1657:1987:
1649:1986:
1637:1985:
1629:1984:
1621:1983:
1613:1982:
1605:1981:
1597:1980:
1585:1979:
1577:1978:
1565:1977:
1557:1976:
1549:1975:
1541:1974:
1533:1973:
1525:1972:
1517:1971:
1509:1970:
1501:1969:
1493:1968:
1485:1967:
1477:1966:
1469:1965:
1461:1964:
1453:1963:
1445:1962:
1437:1961:
1429:1960:
1421:1959:
1409:1958:
1401:1957:
1393:1956:
1385:1955:
1377:1954:
1369:1953:
1361:1952:
1353:1951:
1345:1950:
1337:1949:
1329:1948:
1321:1947:
1313:1946:
1305:1945:
1297:1944:
1289:1943:
1281:1942:
1273:1941:
1265:1940:
1257:1939:
1249:1938:
1241:1937:
1233:1936:
1225:1935:
1217:1934:
1209:1933:
1201:1932:
1193:1931:
1185:1930:
1177:1929:
1169:1928:
1161:1927:
1153:1926:
1145:1925:
1137:1924:
1129:1923:
1121:1922:
1113:1921:
1105:1920:
1097:1919:
1089:1918:
1081:1917:
1073:1916:
1065:1915:
823:, 1915
626:about
606:
587:
539:May 7,
496:
488:
408:online
396:
363:online
354:online
348:
337:online
184:France
494:S2CID
486:JSTOR
313:NAACP
239:Haiti
228:white
215:Haiti
192:Paris
148:NAACP
1641:and
1589:and
1569:and
709:2014
604:ISBN
585:ISBN
541:2021
394:ISBN
346:ISBN
198:, a
158:Life
59:Died
40:Born
478:doi
202:in
190:in
1957::
699:.
689:.
579:.
532:.
521:^
506:^
492:.
484:.
474:15
472:.
443:^
434:,
421:^
352:)
206:.
154:.
1045:e
1038:t
1031:v
775:e
768:t
761:v
711:.
612:.
593:.
543:.
500:.
480::
400:)
315:.
146:(
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.