1053:
976:
47:
152:
1581:
5050:
1747:
1455:. Through the 1930s, more than 1.5 million blacks would leave the South for better lives in the North, seeking work and the chance to escape from lynchings and legal segregation. While they faced difficulties, overall, they had better chances in the North. They had to make great cultural changes, as most went from rural areas to major industrial cities, and they also had to adjust from being rural workers to being urban workers. As an example, in its years of expansion, the
1300:, where blacks were a majority of voters. The elite Democrats also acted to disenfranchise poor whites. African Americans were an absolute majority of the population in Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina, and represented more than 40% of the population in four other former Confederate states. Accordingly, many whites perceived African Americans as a major political threat, because in free and fair elections, they would hold the balance of power in a majority of the South.
9815:
9779:
1386:, the most prominent black leader during the early part of the nadir into question. He had argued that black people could better themselves by doing hard work and being thrifty. He believed that they had to master basic work before they went on to pursue college careers and professional aspirations. Washington believed that his programs trained blacks for the lives which they were likely to lead as well as for the jobs which they could get in the South.
9825:
1073:
1258:"Believing that the Constitution of the United States contemplated a government to be carried on by an enlightened people; believing that its framers did not anticipate the enfranchisement of an ignorant population of African origin, and believing that those men of the State of North Carolina, who joined in forming the Union, did not contemplate for their descendants a subjection to an inferior race,
117:
100:
1640:
there were great social tensions in the nation. In addition to the Great
Migration and immigration from Europe, African American Army veterans, newly demobilized, sought jobs, and as trained soldiers, were less likely to acquiesce to discrimination. Massacres and attacks on blacks that developed out
1378:
because
African Americans won more than half of the first twenty-eight races. Through violence and legal restrictions, whites often prevented blacks from working as common laborers, much less as skilled artisans or in the professions. Under such conditions, even the most ambitious and talented black
1366:
conducted one of the first systematic studies of the subject. She documented that the most prevalent accusation against lynching victims was murder or attempted murder. She found blacks were "lynched for anything or nothing" – for wife-beating, stealing hogs, being "saucy to white people", sleeping
916:
In the early part of the 20th century, some white historians put forth the claim that
Reconstruction was a tragic period, when Republicans who were motivated by revenge and profit used troops to force Southerners to accept corrupt governments that were run by unscrupulous Northerners and unqualified
1320:
in public and private facilities. Blacks were separated in schools and the few hospitals, were restricted in seating on trains, and had to use separate sections in some restaurants and public transportation systems. They were often barred from some stores, or forbidden to use lunchrooms, restrooms
1291:
As noted above, white paramilitary forces contributed to whites' taking over power in the late 1870s. A brief coalition of populists took over in some states, but
Democrats had returned to power after the 1880s. From 1890 to 1908, they proceeded to pass legislation and constitutional amendments to
1132:
Continued violence in the South, especially heated around electoral campaigns, sapped
Northern intentions. More significantly, after the long years and losses of the Civil War, Northerners had lost heart for the massive commitment of money and arms that would have been required to stifle the white
1475:, threatening to kill African Americans who remained overnight. These "sundown" towns also expelled African Americans who had settled in those towns both before and during Reconstruction. Monuments to Confederate War dead were erected across the nation – as far away as in Montana, for example.
1128:
Despite these failures, blacks continued to vote and attend school. Literacy soared, and many
African Americans were elected to local and statewide offices, with several serving in Congress. Because of the black community's commitment to education, the majority of blacks were literate by 1900.
1462:
Black
Americans who fled racial oppression either returned to retrieve the rest of their family or sent train tickets back home. In response, as white southerners observed train platforms packed with African Americans, several cities passed ordinances that made it illegal for trains to accept
1237:
1033:
Furthermore, the
Reconstruction governments established public education and social welfare institutions for the first time, improving education for both blacks and whites, and they also tried to improve social conditions for the many people who were left in poverty after the long war. No
1292:
disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites, with
Mississippi and Louisiana creating new state constitutions in 1890 and 1895 respectively, to disenfranchise African Americans. Democrats used a combination of restrictions on voter registration and voting methods, such as
1158:
in
Mississippi and the Carolinas, that worked openly to turn Republicans out of office, disrupt black organizing, and intimidate and suppress black voting. They invited press coverage. One historian described them as "the military arm of the Democratic Party."
1401:
Washington had always (though often clandestinely) supported the right of black suffrage, and had fought against disfranchisement laws in Georgia, Louisiana, and other Southern states. This included secretive funding of litigation resulting in
1601:
resulted in the rebirth of the Klan, which in the 1920s had more power and influence than the original Klan ever did. In 1924, the Klan had four million members. It also controlled the governorship and a majority of the state legislature in
1699:
was established in 1909, and by 1920 the group won a few important anti-discrimination lawsuits. African Americans, such as Du Bois and Wells-Barnett, continued the tradition of advocacy, organizing, and journalism which helped spur
1664:
erupted into mob violence for several days. It left 15 whites and 23 blacks dead, over 500 injured and more than 1,000 homeless. An investigation found that ethnic Irish, who had established their own power base earlier on the
1361:
emphasized the powerlessness of blacks: "the defining characteristic of a lynching is that the murder takes place in public, so everyone knows who did it, yet the crime goes unpunished." African American civil rights activist
804:. Logan tried to determine the period when "the Negro's status in American society" reached its lowest point. He argued for 1901 as its end, suggesting that race relations improved after that year; other historians, such as
1577:, Wilson said of the film "I have always felt that this was a very unfortunate production and I wish most sincerely that its production might be avoided, particularly in communities where there are so many colored people."
1308:
proudly proclaimed in 1900, "We have done our level best ... we have scratched our heads to find out how we could eliminate the last one of them. We stuffed ballot boxes. We shot them. We are not ashamed of it."
1728:...by the early twentieth century had become more deeply embedded in the nation's culture and politics than at any time since the beginning of the antislavery crusade and perhaps in our nation's entire history.
819:
as recently as 2006, and it is also used in books by other scholars. Loewen chooses later dates, arguing that the post-Reconstruction era was in fact one of widespread hope for racial equity due to idealistic
1681:
district of Tulsa; 1,256 homes were destroyed and 39 people (26 black, 13 white) were confirmed killed, although recent investigations suggest that the number of black deaths could be considerably higher.
2703:
1137:
disrupted the economy nationwide, causing more difficulties. The white insurgency took on new life ten years after the war. Conservative white Democrats waged an increasingly violent campaign, with the
4422:
4417:
4429:
1735:
Foner noted that "none of Reconstruction's black officials created a family political dynasty" and concluded that the nadir "aborted the development of the South's black political leadership."
4170:
1263:"We, the undersigned citizens of the city of Wilmington and county of New Hanover, do hereby declare that we will no longer be ruled, and will never again be ruled, by men of African origin.
1732:
Similarly, Loewen argues that the family instability and crime which many sociologists have found in black communities can be traced, not to slavery, but to the nadir and its aftermath.
1109:) on which they worked, never came to pass. In the South, many former Confederates were stripped of the right to vote, but they resisted Reconstruction with violence and intimidation.
4434:
1374:
tried to train to become an optometrist and lens-grinder, the other men in the shop threatened him until he was forced to leave. In 1911 blacks were barred from participating in the
1478:
Black housing was often segregated in the North. There was competition for jobs and housing as blacks entered cities which were also the destination of millions of immigrants from
4105:
1034:
Reconstruction state government was dominated by blacks; in fact, blacks did not attain a level of representation that was equal to the size of their population in any state.
790:
7054:
2151:
9879:
1459:
recruited tens of thousands of workers from the South. In the South, alarmed whites, worried that their labor force was leaving, often tried to block black migration.
1326:
724:
9042:
8221:
1198:
began to ally themselves with Democrats in attacking Reconstruction governments. By 1875, there was a Democratic majority in the House of Representatives. President
1463:
pre-paid tickets. There were ordinances put in place to also prevent group travel of Black families or clusters of African Americans tried to purchase group rates.
1117:. Black schools were especially targeted: School buildings frequently were burned, and teachers were flogged and occasionally murdered. The postwar terrorist group
1210:
in many areas, beginning a trend. After Grant, it would be many years before any President would do anything to extend the protection of the law to black people.
7271:
5087:
2898:
8904:
8723:
7478:
7328:
7322:
4955:
4950:
4499:
3231:
3088:
1003:
9345:
4762:
4634:
3219:
1007:
967:(1934). More recent historians of the period have rejected many of the Dunning School's conclusions, and in their place, they offer a different assessment.
9864:
9854:
2753:
851:
Logan's focus was exclusively on African Americans in the Southern United States, but the time period which he covered also represents the worst period of
1393:..."it is utterly impossible, under modern competitive methods, for working men and property-owners to defend their rights and exist without the right of
1206:
to victory in the Civil War, initially refused to send troops to Mississippi in 1875 when the governor of the state asked him to. Violence surrounded the
9068:
9058:
8864:
8711:
3329:
1244:
9849:
9782:
6903:
3918:
3053:
1121:(KKK) acted with significant local support, attacking freedmen and their white allies; the group largely was suppressed by federal efforts under the
1026:
expanded it. The Republican Reconstruction governments had their share of corruption, but they benefited many whites, and were no more corrupt than
9264:
8889:
8838:
4412:
1494:
reflected conservative tendencies and did not overrule Southern constitutional changes resulting in disfranchisement. In 1896, the Court ruled in
9884:
8899:
8717:
8612:
8150:
5739:
4960:
4200:
825:
565:
9034:
7613:
5029:
5004:
2842:
1113:
notes that, between 1865 and 1867, when white Democrats controlled the government, whites murdered an average of one black person every day in
717:
1329:(NAACP) calculates lynchings reached their worst level in history. Almost 3,500 people fell victim to lynching, almost all of them black men.
9021:
6721:
6685:
6620:
5109:
5014:
5009:
3941:
3389:
1183:
317:
183:
8929:
8869:
8768:
8515:
8443:
8344:
8255:
8231:
8137:
8018:
7934:
7857:
7805:
7725:
4730:
4566:
4275:
4265:
3923:
3913:
377:
210:
1194:
Northerners waffled and finally capitulated to the South, giving up on being able to control election violence. Abolitionist leaders like
9700:
9048:
8810:
8625:
7145:
5080:
4772:
4544:
1716:
music during the early part of the 20th century made many Americans more aware of black culture and more accepting of black celebrities.
1170:, took over the capitol, state house and armory for a few days, and then retreated in the face of Federal troops. This was known as the "
852:
9391:
9337:
9301:
8874:
8263:
7424:
4992:
3936:
3931:
8947:
8884:
8879:
8832:
8241:
7793:
7753:
7034:
6943:
4651:
4155:
3264:
998:
Today's consensus regards Reconstruction as a time of idealism and hope, a time which was marked by some practical achievements. The
710:
696:
1500:
that "separate but equal" facilities for blacks were constitutional; the Court was made up almost entirely of Northerners. However,
9306:
9218:
9204:
9063:
9014:
8967:
8962:
8909:
8859:
8804:
8307:
8172:
7984:
6885:
5448:
4999:
4629:
4150:
3372:
3204:
1207:
1066:
drew this cartoon; in 1865 he, like many Northerners, remembered blacks' military service and favored granting them voting rights.
9690:
9350:
9296:
8894:
8853:
8824:
8396:
7266:
5987:
4965:
4925:
4767:
4671:
4600:
4205:
1317:
482:
240:
205:
17:
2246:
Chin, Gabriel; Wagner, Randy (April 14, 2011). "The Tyranny of the Minority: Jim Crow and the Counter-Majoritarian Difficulty".
1559:, based on his promise to work for them. Instead, he segregated government workplaces and employment in some agencies. The film
1482:
and southern Europe. As more blacks moved north, they encountered racism where they had to battle over territory, often against
9869:
8957:
8796:
8781:
8706:
8689:
7473:
6655:
5073:
5024:
5019:
4987:
4757:
4661:
4624:
4571:
4405:
1162:
In 1874, in a continuation of the disputed gubernatorial election of 1872, thousands of White League militiamen fought against
1082:, March 14, 1874. Nine years later, Nast's views on race had changed. He caricatured black legislators as incompetent buffoons.
178:
1490:
shows, in which whites dressed as blacks portrayed African Americans as ignorant clowns, were popular in North and South. The
9818:
9386:
9283:
9191:
8936:
8818:
8775:
8640:
7608:
7603:
7590:
6815:
4982:
4940:
4752:
3300:
3166:
3161:
3046:
2479:
2448:
2344:
2232:
2137:
2041:
2022:
2003:
1984:
1962:
1943:
1897:
1775:
1770:
691:
686:
8728:
8602:
7515:
4930:
4915:
4779:
4688:
4683:
4617:
3078:
2288:
133:
1427:
Many blacks left the South in an attempt to find better living and working conditions. In 1879, Logan notes, "some 40,000
9808:
9225:
8975:
8528:
8468:
8058:
7572:
7251:
7139:
6739:
5587:
5547:
4905:
4742:
4712:
4494:
4073:
3285:
1189:
1155:
9803:
9290:
9053:
8914:
8846:
8786:
8580:
8083:
8073:
7989:
6785:
5707:
4895:
4789:
4705:
4549:
4330:
4130:
3281:
3259:
2861:
2819:
2790:
2763:
2713:
2684:
2652:
2623:
2593:
2563:
2544:
2296:
2079:
1844:
1452:
1417:
1093:, the federal government, pushed by Northern opinion, showed that it was willing to intervene to protect the rights of
933:
658:
427:
80:
8952:
8942:
8478:
8115:
7952:
7535:
7039:
5216:
5042:
3432:
3083:
1701:
1486:
communities, including in support of local political power bases. In some regions, blacks could not serve on juries.
274:
5843:
5771:
5763:
5755:
5747:
5731:
5699:
5667:
5659:
5651:
5643:
9251:
8505:
8334:
8167:
8006:
7540:
6709:
4970:
4935:
4920:
4678:
4280:
3524:
3494:
3039:
1556:
1471:
During the nadir, Northern areas struggled with upheaval and hostility. In the Midwest and West, many towns posted
1321:
and fitting rooms. Because they could not vote, they could not serve on juries, which meant they had little if any
1027:
884:
758:
1325:
in the system. Between 1889 and 1922, as political disenfranchisement and segregation were being established, the
9452:
9186:
9142:
8538:
8036:
7892:
7437:
7091:
6733:
6350:
6278:
4977:
4900:
4695:
4539:
4270:
4135:
3840:
3479:
1656:
In 1919, there were so many violent attacks in several major cities that the summer of that year became known as
1451:." More significantly, beginning in about 1915, many blacks moved to Northern cities in what became known as the
860:
530:
520:
5955:
5440:
8922:
8791:
8558:
6762:
6573:
6470:
5675:
5595:
5531:
5376:
4747:
4641:
4556:
4160:
2742:
2211:
2186:
2104:
1166:
police and Louisiana state militia and won. They turned out the Republican governor and installed the Democrat
5715:
2177:
The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880–1910
1296:, literacy and residency requirements, and ballot box changes. The main push came from elite Democrats in the
9637:
9246:
9231:
9166:
9156:
9127:
9117:
8655:
6774:
6768:
6715:
6075:
6027:
5416:
5320:
5224:
5096:
4784:
4717:
4700:
4646:
4595:
4534:
4439:
4400:
4340:
4140:
3529:
3509:
3316:
3295:
1342:
917:
blacks. Such scholars generally dismissed the idea that blacks could ever be capable of governing societies.
770:
555:
422:
352:
337:
245:
7408:
7132:
9236:
9210:
9196:
9171:
9161:
9112:
9028:
8635:
8145:
7919:
7813:
7598:
7524:
7367:
7298:
7150:
7064:
6891:
6879:
6608:
6579:
6532:
5811:
5803:
5723:
5627:
5480:
5432:
5384:
5128:
4607:
4583:
4578:
4561:
4529:
4472:
3585:
3534:
3367:
892:
762:
746:
595:
452:
442:
382:
372:
357:
6937:
2811:
A Movement of One's Own? American Social Movements and Constitutional Development in the Twentieth Century
1504:, as there was no state or federal legislation requiring them. It would not be until 58 years later, with
9889:
9666:
9562:
9132:
8401:
7778:
7743:
7276:
6897:
6227:
6131:
6115:
6107:
6091:
5819:
5795:
5683:
5504:
5464:
5456:
5424:
5400:
5248:
4872:
4864:
4807:
4722:
4210:
4115:
3971:
3953:
3855:
3514:
3484:
3209:
3129:
3108:
1760:
1506:
1491:
937:
888:
754:
307:
1695:
Black literacy levels, which rose during Reconstruction, continued to increase through this period. The
9256:
9241:
9106:
8620:
7962:
7738:
7708:
7673:
7011:
6909:
6791:
6757:
6631:
6526:
6446:
6422:
6398:
6203:
6195:
6187:
6123:
5899:
5579:
5392:
5328:
4890:
4827:
4817:
4367:
4125:
4085:
3442:
3136:
1678:
1203:
963:
786:
766:
560:
550:
462:
402:
367:
332:
289:
157:
6035:
1533:, who argued "scientific evidence" for the racial superiority of whites and thereby worked to justify
1097:. There were limits, however, to Republican efforts on behalf of blacks: In Washington, a proposal of
9859:
9746:
9731:
9721:
9680:
9602:
9567:
9137:
8204:
8031:
8001:
7770:
7016:
6951:
6921:
6703:
6691:
6538:
6147:
6083:
5883:
5619:
5488:
5408:
5360:
5256:
5160:
4799:
4612:
4444:
4005:
3504:
3342:
3149:
1661:
1114:
925:
828:
ceased supporting Southern blacks' rights around 1890, and it lasted until the United States entered
590:
467:
417:
362:
312:
6163:
1408:, 189 U.S. 475 (1903), which lost due to Supreme Court reluctance to interfere with states' rights.
1052:
9751:
9726:
9642:
9547:
9507:
9099:
8645:
8488:
8473:
8374:
8322:
8280:
8268:
8105:
7907:
7508:
6626:
6544:
6462:
6414:
6342:
6302:
6211:
6179:
6171:
6139:
6059:
6019:
6003:
5827:
5691:
5563:
4489:
4053:
3966:
3610:
3399:
3214:
3154:
3144:
3070:
2851:
2392:
1293:
880:
742:
432:
8182:
1546:
9741:
9736:
9716:
9607:
9597:
9592:
9572:
9122:
8650:
7967:
7912:
7713:
7309:
7304:
7292:
7125:
6833:
6478:
6454:
6430:
6406:
6270:
6219:
6067:
6051:
5979:
5915:
5851:
5835:
5571:
5539:
5312:
5296:
5232:
4822:
4372:
4026:
3995:
3775:
3715:
3580:
3323:
2992:
2926:
1785:
1371:
1171:
663:
457:
397:
392:
327:
322:
75:
7658:
5907:
5344:
9772:
9756:
9695:
9522:
9437:
9381:
8665:
8597:
8533:
8461:
8226:
7979:
7924:
7835:
7758:
7663:
7648:
7443:
7195:
7026:
6838:
6809:
6797:
6374:
6310:
5779:
5603:
5472:
5352:
4737:
4467:
3705:
3499:
3489:
3427:
3237:
3176:
2910:
1574:
1363:
1106:
975:
821:
633:
570:
447:
437:
412:
342:
2809:
9557:
9552:
9427:
9150:
8701:
8684:
8660:
8553:
8548:
8495:
8317:
8285:
8093:
8078:
7668:
7643:
7628:
7414:
7361:
7315:
7256:
7185:
6961:
6751:
6727:
6697:
6643:
6567:
6555:
6512:
6366:
6099:
6043:
6011:
5939:
5136:
4812:
4325:
4190:
4145:
3961:
3680:
3645:
3464:
3447:
3254:
3171:
2255:
1705:
1666:
1561:
1456:
953:
868:
778:
525:
510:
407:
112:
46:
9828:
9647:
9612:
9517:
9492:
9181:
8678:
8630:
8570:
8406:
8327:
8187:
8110:
8068:
7947:
7897:
7882:
7865:
7765:
7653:
7623:
7449:
7431:
7069:
6803:
5496:
5054:
4462:
4225:
4036:
3988:
3860:
3750:
3655:
3422:
3412:
3384:
3249:
3103:
2982:
2970:
2915:
1752:
1444:
1383:
1102:
983:
575:
545:
540:
387:
1724:
Overall, however, the nadir was a disaster, certainly for black people. Foner points out:
8:
9874:
9632:
9582:
9537:
9527:
9512:
9502:
9487:
9467:
9442:
9432:
9422:
9176:
8996:
8986:
8428:
8177:
7870:
7788:
7783:
7733:
7633:
7501:
7457:
7374:
7354:
7205:
6861:
5635:
5368:
5240:
4837:
4195:
4110:
3590:
3379:
3269:
3199:
2732:
1791:
1670:
1650:
999:
979:
929:
809:
605:
347:
4842:
1125:
of 1870–1871, but did not disappear, and it had a resurgence in the early 20th century.
151:
9652:
9627:
9532:
9472:
9447:
9417:
9407:
9006:
9001:
8991:
8981:
8694:
8672:
8192:
8051:
8026:
7996:
7957:
7840:
7683:
7388:
7200:
7044:
6991:
6821:
6673:
6614:
6334:
5875:
5867:
5555:
4910:
4847:
4590:
4048:
3815:
3795:
3700:
3625:
3452:
3357:
3347:
3335:
3226:
3123:
3098:
2836:
2581:
2175:
1709:
1534:
1501:
1496:
1143:
1090:
947:
The Dunning School's view of Reconstruction held sway for years. It was represented in
900:
896:
805:
774:
750:
643:
515:
505:
279:
195:
173:
108:
103:
2895:
Historical dictionary of school segregation and desegregation: The American experience
1150:
in 1873 as signs. The next year saw the formation of paramilitary groups, such as the
867:
as well as anti-Asian discrimination in Canada, particularly after the passage of the
9824:
9587:
9542:
9482:
9457:
9412:
9355:
8592:
8423:
8236:
7823:
7618:
7579:
7348:
7261:
7230:
7170:
7049:
6955:
6873:
4357:
4078:
3740:
3710:
3305:
3062:
2867:
2857:
2815:
2796:
2786:
2769:
2759:
2738:
2719:
2709:
2690:
2680:
2648:
2629:
2619:
2599:
2589:
2569:
2559:
2540:
2292:
2251:
2207:
2182:
2100:
2075:
1850:
1840:
1590:
1522:
1167:
1094:
958:
864:
615:
250:
55:
2556:
The rocky road to liberty: a documented history of Chinese immigration and exclusion
1580:
824:
support for civil rights. In Loewen's view, the true nadir only began when Northern
9617:
9497:
9462:
9360:
9275:
9270:
8761:
8199:
8162:
8088:
8046:
7942:
7902:
7703:
7698:
7380:
7342:
7333:
7235:
7225:
7190:
6849:
6827:
6679:
6667:
6590:
6438:
6294:
5947:
5611:
5208:
4513:
4484:
4479:
4377:
4345:
4318:
4043:
3660:
3630:
3620:
3615:
3182:
2949:, New York: Da Capo Press, 1997. (This is an expanded edition of Logan's 1954 book
2921:
1526:
1199:
1122:
1015:
648:
477:
9685:
9622:
9577:
9477:
8483:
8416:
8312:
8273:
8157:
8100:
7972:
7875:
7773:
7693:
7688:
7638:
7398:
6931:
6867:
6637:
6235:
6155:
5288:
5280:
5272:
5264:
5184:
4508:
4335:
4245:
4240:
4171:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
4021:
3976:
3830:
3820:
3800:
3785:
3685:
3560:
3550:
3189:
2975:
2674:
2670:
2642:
2534:
2282:
2067:
1674:
1404:
1139:
841:
816:
782:
610:
580:
217:
5065:
1367:
with a consenting white woman – for being in the wrong place at the wrong time.
761:, was more open and pronounced than it had ever been during any other period in
9365:
8433:
8411:
8389:
8367:
8362:
7887:
7818:
7748:
7493:
7220:
7210:
7180:
7175:
7059:
6927:
6915:
6855:
6549:
6262:
5931:
5923:
5891:
5144:
4945:
4350:
4313:
4303:
4063:
4058:
4000:
3835:
3765:
3695:
3690:
3194:
3118:
3013:
1796:
1585:
1552:
1483:
1479:
1375:
1322:
1301:
1195:
1019:
948:
921:
911:
681:
600:
472:
2097:
But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction
9843:
8575:
8352:
7403:
7102:
7074:
6996:
6779:
6661:
6561:
6390:
6318:
5859:
5523:
5168:
5152:
3903:
3885:
3875:
3845:
3790:
3745:
3730:
3675:
3665:
3650:
3600:
3595:
3565:
3362:
3290:
3113:
2942:
2871:
2573:
1803:
series about important events and characters in American race-related history
1765:
1530:
1313:
1224:
1134:
991:
833:
797:
200:
2800:
2773:
2723:
2705:
Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong
2694:
2633:
2603:
1854:
8564:
8500:
8041:
7420:
7108:
7096:
7001:
6947:
6602:
6516:
5971:
5336:
5200:
4215:
3983:
3908:
3880:
3865:
3850:
3805:
3780:
3760:
3670:
3640:
3635:
3605:
3555:
3407:
3093:
2960:
1780:
1646:
1566:
1472:
1370:
Blacks who were economically successful faced reprisals or sanctions. When
1354:
1348:
1151:
1118:
1110:
941:
856:
855:
and wider anti-Asian discrimination which was due to fear of the so-called
845:
829:
284:
262:
257:
51:
2676:
W.E.B. DuBois, race, and the city: "The Philadelphia Negro" and its legacy
8456:
8384:
8300:
8120:
7845:
7215:
7080:
6520:
6358:
6326:
6286:
5176:
4235:
4220:
4068:
4031:
3870:
3825:
3810:
3575:
3570:
3417:
2152:"Citizens Aroused / Emphatic Demand Made That the Editor of the Infamous
1800:
1637:
1570:
1432:
1305:
1297:
1163:
1098:
1063:
987:
8543:
8451:
8357:
8290:
8063:
7393:
6843:
6596:
6382:
6254:
5995:
5963:
5304:
5192:
3770:
3755:
3725:
3720:
3469:
3437:
3276:
3244:
2956:
2932:
2611:
1657:
1631:
1514:
1023:
837:
836:
and a continuing decline in cotton prices. It overlapped with both the
638:
585:
487:
70:
8379:
4106:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
8209:
7828:
7678:
6745:
6649:
6584:
5787:
4384:
4230:
3735:
3519:
3457:
3352:
2997:
2947:
The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson,
2783:
The betrayal of the Negro, from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson
2156:
Leave the City and Remove His Plant – An Ultimatum Sent by Committee"
1487:
1436:
1230:
1147:
535:
190:
3031:
815:
The term continues to be used; most notably, it is used in books by
8585:
8523:
8295:
8214:
6986:
4857:
4852:
4362:
1611:
1607:
1518:
1394:
1358:
1338:
1011:
936:, was notorious for writing that "black skin means membership in a
765:. During this period, African Americans lost access to many of the
4121:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
769:
which they had gained during Reconstruction. Anti-black violence,
5108:
3474:
1642:
1603:
1448:
1440:
1573:
to President Wilson and his cabinet members. Writing in 1921 to
1105:, which would have granted blacks plots on the plantation land (
4308:
2554:
Chinese American Society (2010). Sen, Hu; Dong, Jielin (eds.).
2393:"How Southern Landowners Tried to Restrict the Great Migration"
1615:
1072:
2580:
2204:
Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908
7086:
4120:
2584:; Williams, T. Harry; Friedel, Frank; Brinkley, Alan (1987).
1696:
1619:
1513:
While there were critics in the scientific community such as
1428:
653:
7055:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
2951:
The Negro in American Life and Thought, The Nadir, 1877–1901
1913:, p. 52 sidebar "The Anti-Chinese Hysteria of 1885–86".
802:
The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir, 1877–1901
4165:
2963:, Big Bill Broonzy, and Sonny Boy Williamson on the album,
1713:
116:
2616:
Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution, 1863–1877
1677:, was even more deadly; white mobs invaded and burned the
1327:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
99:
2647:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 312, 381, 391.
2284:
I Am a Man!: Race, Manhood, and the Civil Rights Movement
1704:, and also developed new tactics that helped to spur the
1411:
2553:
2536:
Race in the American South: From Slavery to Civil Rights
1910:
920:
Notable proponents of this view were referred to as the
7272:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
1010:
were, for the most part, motivated by a desire to help
957:(1915) and to some extent, it was also represented in
2755:
Sundown towns: A hidden dimension of American racism
1837:
Sundown towns: A hidden dimension of American racism
1742:
1018:
put this view forward in 1910, and later historians
2206:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
2144:
1525:were promoted in academia by many scientists, like
9880:History of racial segregation in the United States
2886:Brown, Nikki L. M., and Barry M. Stentiford, eds.
2669:Katz, Michael B.; Sugrue, Thomas J., eds. (1988).
2310:
2308:
2174:
5095:
2380:Up from History: The Life of Booker T. Washington
1974:
1972:
1669:, were heavily implicated in the riots. The 1921
1312:Conservative white Democratic governments passed
9841:
7523:
6716:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
4156:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1942:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKatzSugrue1998 (
1641:of strikes and economic competition occurred in
1606:, and exerted a powerful political influence in
1379:person found it extremely difficult to advance.
1030:governments or Northern Republican governments.
940:of men which has never of itself... created any
859:, which included harassment and violence on the
4201:Black players in professional American football
4151:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2937:Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution
2305:
2248:Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
1510:(1954), that the Court overruled the decision.
2363:
2287:. University of North Carolina Press. p.
1969:
1933:
1931:
1213:
1042:
7794:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution
7509:
5110:List of lynching victims in the United States
5081:
3047:
2853:Workers in America: a historical encyclopedia
2478:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCurrent2012 (
2447:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCurrent2012 (
2231:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCurrent2012 (
2136:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCurrent2012 (
2040:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCurrent2012 (
2021:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCurrent2012 (
1983:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCurrent1987 (
1961:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWilliam1905 (
1625:
1551:Numerous black people had voted for Democrat
1422:
1184:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
905:
753:in 1877 through the early 20th century, when
718:
8718:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
3914:Historically black colleges and universities
2343:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWright1945 (
2072:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War
1896:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMartens207 (
1078:"Colored Rule in a Reconstructed(?) State",
970:
832:in 1941. This period followed the financial
9865:Democratic backsliding in the United States
9855:1923 disestablishments in the United States
7146:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
2002:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFoner2012 (
1928:
793:were also not spared from such sentiments.
7516:
7502:
7117:
6962:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
6692:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
5088:
5074:
3054:
3040:
2841:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2668:
2245:
1937:
1547:Ku Klux Klan § Second Klan: 1915–1944
994:, was elected from the same state in 1874.
844:, and was characterized by the nationwide
725:
711:
45:
8242:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
7438:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
6898:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
5676:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
4131:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
2539:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2532:
1867:
1537:and second-class citizenship for blacks.
697:Mass racial violence in the United States
9850:1877 establishments in the United States
2074:. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux.
1839:. New York: Touchstone. pp. 24–43.
1579:
1316:legislation, creating a system of legal
1177:
974:
8397:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
7267:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
2807:
2644:A Companion to African American History
2640:
2473:
2442:
2226:
2172:
2131:
2099:. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
2035:
2016:
1978:
1956:
1879:
1389:However, as W. E. B. Du Bois stated...
14:
9885:Politics and race in the United States
9842:
5030:Topics related to the African diaspora
4136:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
2751:
2730:
2701:
2492:
2461:
2409:
2357:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2201:
2066:
2054:
1891:
1834:
1565:(1915), which celebrated the original
1412:Great Migration and national hostility
566:1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County
9325:
9087:
8749:
7553:
7497:
6904:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
6810:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
6501:
5107:
5069:
5010:Landmark African-American legislation
3061:
3035:
2780:
2610:
2516:
2504:
2421:
2280:
2268:
2119:
2094:
1997:
1819:
1502:equal facilities were rarely provided
1466:
1246:The White Declaration of Independence
7479:Lynching deaths in the United States
6609:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
6502:
4141:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
2849:
2781:Logan, Rayford Whittingham (1997) .
2679:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2181:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1922:
1830:
1828:
812:, argued for dates as late as 1923.
27:Period of increased racism in the US
7140:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
6916:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
6698:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
4495:African-American Vernacular English
2785:(Reprint ed.). Da Capo Press.
1382:This situation called the views of
1190:Black suffrage in the United States
800:coined the phrase in his 1954 book
24:
8084:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
8074:Assassination of James A. Garfield
4413:U.S. cities with large populations
4116:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
3011:
2904:
2880:
2533:Brown, David; Webb, Clive (2007).
1418:Great Migration (African American)
1218:
40:1877 – Early 20th century
25:
9901:
8116:Assassination of William McKinley
7040:American Crusade Against Lynching
6686:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
3286:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
3282:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
3089:African American founding fathers
2939:, New York: Harper and Row, 1988.
1825:
1776:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
1771:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
692:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
687:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
318:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
9823:
9814:
9813:
9778:
9777:
8335:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
8128:Nadir of American race relations
8007:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
7252:America's Black Holocaust Museum
7035:American anti-lynching activists
7007:Nadir of American race relations
6597:Steve Long and two half-brothers
6533:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
5048:
4166:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
3311:Nadir of American race relations
2641:Hornsby, Alton Jr., ed. (2008).
1745:
1071:
1051:
885:Racism against African Americans
739:nadir of American race relations
378:Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker
150:
115:
98:
35:Nadir of American race relations
8037:First transcontinental railroad
7458:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
7092:National Conference on Lynching
6650:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
6527:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
5868:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
3172:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
3162:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
2808:Martens, Allison Marie (2007).
2510:
2498:
2486:
2467:
2455:
2436:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2385:
2372:
2351:
2332:
2320:
2274:
2262:
2239:
2220:
2195:
2166:
2162:. November 11, 1898. p. 2.
2125:
2113:
2088:
2060:
2048:
2029:
2010:
1991:
1540:
1202:, who as a general had led the
861:West Coast of the United States
531:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
521:Spring Valley Race Riot of 1895
241:Expulsions of African Americans
6574:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
4161:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
3167:Civil right movement 1896–1954
2965:Blues in the Mississippi Night
1950:
1916:
1904:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1813:
1719:
1636:In the years during and after
990:. One other black US senator,
932:. Another Columbia professor,
928:, an influential historian at
13:
1:
9870:Eras of United States history
7474:Lynching in the United States
6775:Springfield race riot of 1908
5193:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
5097:Lynching in the United States
4341:Cherokee freedmen controversy
3317:The Negro Motorist Green Book
3001:, Harper & Brothers, 1945
1911:Chinese American Society 2010
1807:
1343:Lynching in the United States
1208:presidential election of 1876
1014:. African American historian
982:, the first African American
874:
863:, such as the destruction of
556:Springfield race riot of 1908
94:
9205:Hispanic and Latino American
8059:Second Industrial Revolution
7893:Nat Turner's slave rebellion
7599:Exploration of North America
7525:History of the United States
7368:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
7299:And you are lynching Negroes
7151:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
6886:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
6792:Harris County, GA, lynchings
6734:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
6580:New Orleans massacre of 1866
1708:of the 1950s and 1960s. The
1332:
1089:For several years after the
893:Slavery in the United States
747:history of the United States
596:Washington race riot of 1919
7:
8729:Indictments of Donald Trump
7920:First Industrial Revolution
7754:Declaration of Independence
7744:Second Continental Congress
7277:Southern Poverty Law Center
6922:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
6550:? Lachenais and four others
5988:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
5305:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
4211:Black players in ice hockey
4146:National Urban League (NUL)
3972:American Society of Muslims
3210:Selma to Montgomery marches
3130:Brown v. Board of Education
2412:, pp. 102–103, 182–183
2173:Kousser, J. Morgan (1974).
1761:Black Codes (United States)
1738:
1507:Brown v. Board of Education
1214:Jim Crow laws and terrorism
1043:Reconstruction era violence
889:Racism in the United States
853:anti-Chinese discrimination
483:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
10:
9906:
9326:
9088:
8750:
8621:Killing of Osama bin Laden
7709:First Continental Congress
7554:
6758:1906 Atlanta race massacre
6728:Phoenix, SC, election riot
6704:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
6656:Benjamin and Mollie French
4368:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
4126:Nashville Student Movement
3137:Children of the plantation
2586:American history: a survey
2525:
2378:Robert J. Norrell (2009),
2160:The Wilmington Weekly Star
1690:
1629:
1626:Mob violence and massacres
1544:
1423:African American migration
1415:
1346:
1336:
1282:The Wilmington Weekly Star
1228:
1222:
1187:
1181:
1037:
909:
906:Reconstruction revisionism
878:
158:1906 Atlanta race massacre
9799:
9765:
9709:
9673:
9661:
9400:
9374:
9336:
9332:
9321:
9094:
9083:
8756:
8745:
8611:
8514:
8442:
8343:
8254:
8205:Wall Street Crash of 1929
8136:
8017:
8002:Emancipation Proclamation
7933:
7856:
7804:
7771:Articles of Confederation
7724:
7609:Native American epidemics
7589:
7564:
7560:
7549:
7531:
7466:
7285:
7244:
7163:
7065:William O'Connell Bradley
7025:
6979:
6975:
6804:East St. Louis, IL, riots
6556:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
6539:New York City draft riots
6508:
6497:
6246:
5515:
5120:
5116:
5103:
5038:
5005:Index of related articles
4883:
4798:
4522:
4455:
4393:
4293:
4254:
4186:
4179:
4094:
4014:
4006:Doctrine of Father Divine
3952:
3894:
3543:
3398:
3390:Women's suffrage movement
3343:Reconstruction Amendments
3150:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3069:
2888:The Jim Crow Encyclopedia
2752:Loewen, James W. (2006).
2731:Loewen, James W. (1999).
2702:Loewen, James W. (1995).
2329:, p. Chapter 5 and 6
2095:Rable, George C. (1984).
1835:Loewen, James W. (2006).
1685:
1662:Chicago race riot of 1919
1431:virtually stampeded from
1115:Hinds County, Mississippi
971:History of Reconstruction
926:William Archibald Dunning
591:Chicago race riot of 1919
107:
97:
89:
63:
44:
39:
34:
9691:Northern Mariana Islands
8264:Strike wave of 1945–1946
7329:Deaths in police custody
6816:Jenkins County, GA, riot
6627:Chinese massacre of 1871
6545:Detroit race riot (1863)
6180:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
5972:Dick Rowland (attempted)
5055:United States portal
4490:African-American English
3919:Inventors and scientists
3611:George Washington Carver
3215:Chicago Freedom Movement
2850:Weir, Robert E. (2013).
2758:. New York: Touchstone.
2737:. New York: Touchstone.
2202:Perman, Michael (2001).
1882:, pp. 312, 381, 391
1870:, pp. 180, 208, 340
1799:– a 1948–1950 anthology
1261:
1255:
1154:in Louisiana (1874) and
881:African-American history
743:African-American history
551:Atlanta Massacre of 1906
9226:Middle Eastern American
9043:Technology and industry
7913:Seneca Falls Convention
7714:Continental Association
7614:Settlement of Jamestown
7310:Battle of Liberty Place
7305:Attack on John Shillady
7293:James Allen (collector)
7126:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
6910:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
6834:Omaha race riot of 1919
6822:Longview, TX, race riot
6798:Newberry, FL, lynchings
6740:Julia and Frazier Baker
6722:Porter and Spencer (MS)
6674:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
6632:Meridian, MS, race riot
6615:Opelousas, LA, massacre
5588:Paul Reed and Will Cato
5273:Big Nose George Parrott
4978:African-American firsts
4027:Back-to-Africa movement
3996:Black Hebrew Israelites
3776:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
3324:Partus sequitur ventrem
2927:The Souls of Black Folk
2588:(7th ed.). Knopf.
1786:Woodrow Wilson and race
1614:, California, Georgia,
1172:Battle of Liberty Place
1135:financial panic of 1873
986:, elected in 1870 from
664:Back to Africa movement
211:Anti-miscegenation laws
76:Back-to-Africa movement
18:Post-Reconstruction era
9346:Admission to the Union
8712:Afghanistan withdrawal
8707:January 6 insurrection
8626:Rise in mass shootings
8598:Virginia Tech shooting
8151:Paris Peace Conference
7925:Second Great Awakening
7664:American Enlightenment
7444:United States v. Shipp
7196:Rebecca Latimer Felton
7027:Anti-lynching movement
6944:Freedom Summer Murders
6874:Rosewood, FL, massacre
6839:Knoxville riot of 1919
5708:Laura and L. D. Nelson
4946:Spingarn Medal winners
4435:States and territories
4206:Black NFL quarterbacks
3706:Martin Luther King Jr.
3238:Dred Scott v. Sandford
3177:Montgomery bus boycott
2618:. Perennial Classics.
2433:Wilson – A. Scott Berg
1938:Katz & Sugrue 1998
1730:
1712:and the popularity of
1595:
1399:
1364:Ida Bell Wells-Barnett
1278:
1107:forty acres and a mule
995:
634:Anti-lynching movement
571:1917 Chester race riot
561:Johnson–Jeffries riots
428:Laura and L. D. Nelson
9338:Territorial evolution
8702:George Floyd Protests
8685:Unite the Right rally
8554:Oklahoma City bombing
8549:Republican Revolution
8496:Space Shuttle program
8318:Civil Rights Movement
8286:North Atlantic Treaty
8094:Sherman Antitrust Act
8079:Chinese Exclusion Act
7669:French and Indian War
7659:Prelude to Revolution
7644:First Great Awakening
7604:European colonization
7415:Summer in Mississippi
7362:Mississippi Cold Case
7316:The Birth of a Nation
7257:Civil Rights Memorial
7186:Sidney Johnston Catts
7164:Defenders of lynching
6850:Duluth, MN, lynchings
6828:Elaine, AR, race riot
6786:Laura and L.D. Nelson
6752:Watkinsville lynching
6710:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
6668:Hamburg, SC, massacre
6644:Election riot of 1874
6591:Camilla, GA, massacre
6513:Death of Joseph Smith
5137:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
4256:Athletic associations
4191:Negro league baseball
3962:African-American Jews
3681:Ketanji Brown Jackson
3646:Henry Highland Garnet
3505:Negro National Anthem
3255:George Floyd protests
3220:Post–civil rights era
2281:Estes, Steve (2005).
1868:Brown & Webb 2007
1726:
1706:civil rights movement
1630:Further information:
1599:The Birth of a Nation
1583:
1562:The Birth of a Nation
1457:Pennsylvania Railroad
1391:
1252:
1188:Further information:
1178:End of Reconstruction
1058:"And Not This Man?",
978:
954:The Birth of a Nation
869:Chinese Exclusion Act
781:, and expressions of
779:racial discrimination
755:racism in the country
526:Phoenix election riot
511:Rock Springs massacre
168:Historical background
113:Civil rights movement
9252:Palestinian American
8679:Obergefell v. Hodges
8571:September 11 attacks
8407:Second-wave feminism
8328:Cuban Missile Crisis
8188:Bath School disaster
8106:Spanish–American War
8069:The Gospel of Wealth
7948:California Gold Rush
7908:Mexican–American War
7898:Nullification crisis
7866:Era of Good Feelings
7766:Confederation period
7674:Proclamation of 1763
7624:Atlantic slave trade
7133:Costigan-Wagner Bill
7070:Ella Barksdale Brown
6868:Perry, FL, race riot
6780:Slocum, TX, massacre
6680:Mart and Tom Horrell
6638:Colfax, LA, massacre
6621:Bear River City riot
6471:James Craig Anderson
6271:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
5876:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
4463:Afro-Seminole Creole
3989:Azusa Street Revival
3861:Booker T. Washington
3385:Underground Railroad
3250:Free people of color
3104:Atlantic slave trade
3018:sundown.tougaloo.edu
3006:Additional resources
2983:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
2971:Booker T. Washington
2916:Nobody Knows My Name
1753:United States portal
1384:Booker T. Washington
1008:Fifteenth Amendments
763:the nation's history
576:East St. Louis riots
546:Evansville race riot
541:Robert Charles riots
9701:U.S. Virgin Islands
9187:Lithuanian American
9143:Vietnamese American
8489:End of the Cold War
8479:Invasion of Grenada
8429:Iran hostage crisis
8178:Tulsa race massacre
7985:Election of Lincoln
7980:Dred Scott decision
7968:Kansas–Nebraska Act
7871:Missouri Compromise
7789:Northwest Ordinance
7779:Pennsylvania Mutiny
7774:and Perpetual Union
7734:American Revolution
7649:War of Jenkins' Ear
7375:The Ox-Bow Incident
7355:Mississippi Burning
7206:John Trotwood Moore
6862:Tulsa race massacre
6856:Ocoee, FL, massacre
6351:Mack Charles Parker
6279:Willie James Howard
4858:Trinidad and Tobago
4473:Black American Sign
4300:By African descent
4294:Ethnic subdivisions
4281:Southwestern (SWAC)
4196:Baseball color line
4111:Black Panther Party
4015:Political movements
3932:in computer science
3591:Carol Moseley Braun
3380:Tulsa race massacre
3373:Treatment of slaves
3205:March on Washington
3200:Birmingham movement
2897:(Bloomsbury, 1998)
2734:Lies Across America
2582:Current, Richard N.
2341:, p. Chapter 9
1792:Destination Freedom
1671:Tulsa race massacre
1569:, was shown at the
1144:Coushatta massacres
1000:Radical Republicans
930:Columbia University
810:Henry Arthur Callis
757:, and particularly
639:Exodusters movement
606:Tulsa race massacre
500:Massacres and riots
9890:Reconstruction Era
9351:Historical regions
9307:Transgender people
8865:Capital punishment
8724:Support of Ukraine
8673:Black Lives Matter
8581:War in Afghanistan
8506:Invasion of Panama
8462:Iran–Contra affair
8323:Early–mid Cold War
8193:Harlem Renaissance
8052:Compromise of 1877
8027:Reconstruction era
7963:Fugitive Slave Act
7958:Compromise of 1850
7903:Westward expansion
7841:Louisiana Purchase
7684:Stamp Act Congress
7629:King William's War
7389:Reconstruction era
7201:John Temple Graves
7045:Jessie Daniel Ames
6992:Indiana White Caps
6662:Ellenton, SC, riot
6585:Reno Brothers Gang
6335:Judge Edward Aaron
5532:Ballie Crutchfield
4956:US representatives
4951:US cabinet members
4843:Dominican Republic
4430:Metropolitan areas
4271:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
4096:Civic and economic
4074:Self-determination
3895:Education, science
3816:Fred Shuttlesworth
3796:A. Philip Randolph
3701:Coretta Scott King
3626:Frederick Douglass
3453:Harlem Renaissance
3358:Separate but equal
3348:Reconstruction era
3336:Plessy v. Ferguson
3227:Cornerstone Speech
3141:Civil Rights Acts
3124:Black Lives Matter
3099:American Civil War
2464:, pp. 161–162
2399:. January 3, 2024.
2360:, pp. 163–164
2229:, pp. 457–458
2134:, pp. 456–458
2057:, pp. 158–160
2038:, pp. 449–450
2019:, pp. 446–449
1981:, pp. 446–447
1710:Harlem Renaissance
1596:
1535:racial segregation
1497:Plessy v. Ferguson
1473:"sundown" warnings
1467:Northern reactions
1318:racial segregation
1062:, August 5, 1865.
996:
964:Gone with the Wind
901:Reconstruction era
897:American Civil War
806:John Hope Franklin
791:Hispanic Americans
741:was the period in
644:Atlanta Compromise
516:Thibodaux massacre
506:Opelousas massacre
280:Indiana White Caps
251:Lynching postcards
196:Compromise of 1877
174:Reconstruction era
109:Harlem Renaissance
104:Reconstruction era
9837:
9836:
9795:
9794:
9791:
9790:
9356:American frontier
9317:
9316:
9247:Lebanese American
9232:Egyptian American
9167:Estonian American
9157:Albanian American
9151:European American
9128:Japanese American
9118:Filipino American
9079:
9078:
8741:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8690:COVID-19 pandemic
8593:Hurricane Katrina
8534:Los Angeles riots
8424:Watergate scandal
8269:Start of Cold War
8237:Manhattan Project
7824:Whiskey Rebellion
7654:King George's War
7619:Thirteen Colonies
7580:Pre-Columbian Era
7491:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7432:They Won't Forget
7349:Lynching postcard
7262:The Legacy Museum
7231:James K. Vardaman
7171:Theodore G. Bilbo
7159:
7158:
7050:Martin C. Ansorge
6971:
6970:
6956:Michael Schwerner
6763:Kemper County, MS
6603:Pulaski, TN, riot
6493:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6196:Shedrick Thompson
6076:Bernice Raspberry
5796:Name unknown (MS)
5700:Name unknown (TX)
5321:Joseph Vermillion
5289:John Wesley Heath
5063:
5062:
4891:African Americans
4763:Dallas–Fort Worth
4358:Black Southerners
4289:
4288:
3741:Thurgood Marshall
3711:Bernard Lafayette
3306:Million Man March
3063:African Americans
3012:Loewen, James W.
2967:, Rykodisc, 1990.
2893:Raffel, Jeffrey.
2890:(Greenwood, 2008)
2250:. Rochester, NY.
1591:Birth of a Nation
1523:scientific racism
1286:November 11, 1898
1284:(North Carolina)
1250:
1168:Samuel D. McEnery
1103:Freedmen's Bureau
959:Margaret Mitchell
951:'s popular movie
865:Chinatown, Denver
759:anti-black racism
735:
734:
616:Rosewood massacre
179:Voter suppression
142:Nadir of American
127:
126:
123:
122:
56:Springfield, Ohio
16:(Redirected from
9897:
9860:1950s neologisms
9827:
9817:
9816:
9781:
9780:
9710:Outlying islands
9667:Washington, D.C.
9662:Federal District
9361:Manifest destiny
9334:
9333:
9323:
9322:
9265:Native Americans
9237:Iranian American
9211:Mexican American
9197:Serbian American
9182:Italian American
9172:Finnish American
9162:English American
9113:Chinese American
9100:African American
9085:
9084:
8890:Direct democracy
8880:The Constitution
8839:Higher education
8762:American Century
8747:
8746:
8200:Great Depression
8173:Women's suffrage
8163:Roaring Twenties
8089:Haymarket affair
8047:Enforcement Acts
7836:Jeffersonian era
7784:Shays' Rebellion
7704:Intolerable Acts
7699:Boston Tea Party
7634:Queen Anne's War
7562:
7561:
7551:
7550:
7518:
7511:
7504:
7495:
7494:
7286:Related articles
7236:Thomas E. Watson
7226:Benjamin Tillman
7191:Thomas Dixon Jr.
7115:
7114:
6977:
6976:
6880:Jim and Mark Fox
6568:Memphis massacre
6503:Multiple victims
6499:
6498:
6482:
6474:
6466:
6458:
6450:
6442:
6434:
6426:
6418:
6410:
6402:
6399:Wharlest Jackson
6394:
6386:
6378:
6370:
6362:
6354:
6346:
6338:
6330:
6322:
6314:
6306:
6298:
6295:John Cecil Jones
6290:
6282:
6274:
6266:
6258:
6239:
6231:
6223:
6215:
6207:
6199:
6191:
6188:Matthew Williams
6183:
6175:
6167:
6159:
6151:
6143:
6135:
6127:
6119:
6111:
6103:
6095:
6087:
6079:
6071:
6063:
6055:
6047:
6039:
6031:
6023:
6015:
6007:
5999:
5991:
5983:
5975:
5967:
5959:
5951:
5948:Berry Washington
5943:
5935:
5927:
5919:
5911:
5903:
5895:
5887:
5879:
5871:
5863:
5855:
5847:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5815:
5812:Anthony Crawford
5807:
5804:Jesse Washington
5799:
5791:
5783:
5775:
5767:
5759:
5751:
5743:
5735:
5727:
5724:Zachariah Walker
5719:
5711:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5684:Grant Richardson
5679:
5671:
5663:
5655:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5628:Earnest Williams
5623:
5615:
5607:
5599:
5591:
5583:
5575:
5567:
5559:
5551:
5543:
5535:
5527:
5508:
5500:
5492:
5484:
5481:John Henry James
5476:
5468:
5460:
5452:
5444:
5436:
5433:Stephen Williams
5428:
5420:
5412:
5404:
5396:
5388:
5385:Ephraim Grizzard
5380:
5372:
5364:
5356:
5348:
5345:Brown Washington
5340:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5308:
5300:
5292:
5284:
5276:
5268:
5260:
5252:
5249:Arthur St. Clair
5244:
5236:
5228:
5220:
5212:
5209:John W. Stephens
5204:
5196:
5188:
5180:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5129:Francis McIntosh
5118:
5117:
5105:
5104:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5067:
5066:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5015:Lynching victims
4514:Louisiana Creole
4485:American English
4373:Louisiana Creole
4346:Choctaw freedmen
4184:
4183:
3721:Huddie Ledbetter
3661:Fannie Lou Hamer
3631:W. E. B. Du Bois
3621:Claudette Colvin
3616:Shirley Chisholm
3433:Family structure
3301:Military history
3183:Browder v. Gayle
3056:
3049:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3024:
2922:W. E. B. Du Bois
2875:
2846:
2840:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2804:
2777:
2748:
2727:
2698:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2637:
2607:
2577:
2558:. Javvin Press.
2550:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2424:, pp. 97–98
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2376:
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2355:
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2224:
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2217:
2199:
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2192:
2180:
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2164:
2163:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2068:Lemann, Nicholas
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1527:Lothrop Stoddard
1287:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1242:
1200:Ulysses S. Grant
1133:insurgency. The
1123:Enforcement Acts
1075:
1055:
1016:W. E. B. Du Bois
992:Blanche K. Bruce
749:from the end of
727:
720:
713:
649:Niagara Movement
453:Anthony Crawford
443:Jesse Washington
383:John Henry James
373:Stephen Williams
358:Ephraim Grizzard
353:People's Grocery
269:Vigilante groups
184:Disfranchisement
156:Violence in the
154:
129:
128:
119:
102:
95:
49:
32:
31:
21:
9905:
9904:
9900:
9899:
9898:
9896:
9895:
9894:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9833:
9787:
9761:
9705:
9669:
9657:
9396:
9370:
9328:
9313:
9219:Jewish American
9192:Polish American
9133:Korean American
9123:Indian American
9090:
9075:
8930:Merchant Marine
8900:Law enforcement
8752:
8733:
8607:
8603:Great Recession
8510:
8484:Reagan Doctrine
8438:
8417:Stonewall riots
8339:
8313:Project Mercury
8274:Truman Doctrine
8250:
8158:First Red Scare
8132:
8101:Progressive Era
8013:
7973:Bleeding Kansas
7929:
7876:Monroe Doctrine
7852:
7800:
7759:Treaty of Paris
7720:
7694:Boston Massacre
7689:Sons of Liberty
7585:
7556:
7545:
7527:
7522:
7492:
7483:
7462:
7399:Scottsboro Boys
7281:
7240:
7155:
7113:
7021:
6967:
6932:Harriette Moore
6892:Tate County, MS
6504:
6485:
6477:
6469:
6461:
6453:
6445:
6439:Arthur McDuffie
6437:
6429:
6421:
6413:
6405:
6397:
6389:
6381:
6373:
6365:
6357:
6349:
6341:
6333:
6325:
6317:
6309:
6301:
6293:
6285:
6277:
6269:
6261:
6253:
6242:
6236:Elbert Williams
6234:
6228:Austin Callaway
6226:
6218:
6210:
6202:
6194:
6186:
6178:
6170:
6162:
6154:
6146:
6138:
6132:Thomas Williams
6130:
6122:
6116:Thomas Bradshaw
6114:
6108:Albert Williams
6106:
6098:
6092:Joseph Upchurch
6090:
6082:
6074:
6066:
6058:
6050:
6042:
6034:
6026:
6018:
6010:
6002:
5994:
5986:
5978:
5970:
5962:
5954:
5946:
5938:
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5906:
5898:
5890:
5882:
5874:
5866:
5858:
5850:
5842:
5834:
5826:
5818:
5810:
5802:
5794:
5786:
5778:
5770:
5762:
5754:
5748:George Saunders
5746:
5738:
5730:
5722:
5714:
5706:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5674:
5666:
5658:
5650:
5642:
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5610:
5602:
5596:Bunk Richardson
5594:
5586:
5578:
5570:
5562:
5554:
5546:
5538:
5530:
5522:
5511:
5505:Benjamin Thomas
5503:
5495:
5487:
5479:
5471:
5465:Joseph H. McCoy
5463:
5457:William Andrews
5455:
5447:
5439:
5431:
5425:Richard Puryear
5423:
5415:
5407:
5399:
5391:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5335:
5327:
5319:
5311:
5303:
5295:
5287:
5281:Charles Thurber
5279:
5271:
5265:Joseph Standing
5263:
5255:
5247:
5239:
5231:
5223:
5215:
5207:
5199:
5191:
5185:Clubfoot George
5183:
5175:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5127:
5112:
5099:
5094:
5064:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5034:
5000:Historic places
4993:US state firsts
4879:
4794:
4518:
4451:
4423:2010 majorities
4418:2000 majorities
4389:
4336:Black Seminoles
4285:
4276:Southern (SIAC)
4259:
4258:and conferences
4257:
4250:
4246:Serena Williams
4241:Jackie Robinson
4175:
4099:
4097:
4090:
4010:
3977:Nation of Islam
3948:
3896:
3890:
3831:Sojourner Truth
3821:Clarence Thomas
3786:Gabriel Prosser
3686:Michael Jackson
3561:Crispus Attucks
3551:Ralph Abernathy
3539:
3495:Musical theater
3394:
3260:Great Migration
3232:COVID-19 impact
3190:Sit-in movement
3065:
3060:
3022:
3020:
3014:"Sundown Towns"
2976:Up From Slavery
2959:interview with
2907:
2905:Primary sources
2883:
2881:Further reading
2878:
2864:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2793:
2766:
2745:
2716:
2687:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2626:
2596:
2566:
2547:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2171:
2167:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1847:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1722:
1693:
1688:
1675:Tulsa, Oklahoma
1634:
1628:
1549:
1543:
1469:
1453:Great Migration
1425:
1420:
1414:
1405:Giles v. Harris
1351:
1345:
1337:Main articles:
1335:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1241:
1238:The Resolutions
1233:
1227:
1221:
1219:White supremacy
1216:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1095:black Americans
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:Harper's Weekly
1076:
1068:
1067:
1060:Harper's Weekly
1056:
1045:
1040:
1002:who passed the
973:
914:
908:
903:
879:Main articles:
877:
842:Progressive Era
817:James W. Loewen
787:Asian Americans
785:all increased.
783:white supremacy
731:
702:
701:
677:
669:
668:
659:Great Migration
629:
621:
620:
611:Perry race riot
581:Elaine massacre
501:
493:
492:
308:Andrew Richards
303:
295:
294:
231:
223:
222:
218:Convict leasing
169:
161:
160:
143:
111:
93:
85:
81:Great Migration
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9903:
9893:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9835:
9834:
9832:
9831:
9821:
9811:
9809:Historiography
9806:
9800:
9797:
9796:
9793:
9792:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9785:
9775:
9769:
9767:
9763:
9762:
9760:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9747:Navassa Island
9744:
9739:
9734:
9732:Johnston Atoll
9729:
9724:
9722:Howland Island
9719:
9713:
9711:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9681:American Samoa
9677:
9675:
9671:
9670:
9665:
9663:
9659:
9658:
9656:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9603:South Carolina
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9568:North Carolina
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9404:
9402:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9394:
9392:The West Coast
9389:
9384:
9378:
9376:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9368:
9366:Indian removal
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9342:
9340:
9330:
9329:
9319:
9318:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9287:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9273:
9261:
9260:
9259:
9257:Saudi American
9254:
9249:
9244:
9242:Iraqi American
9239:
9234:
9222:
9215:
9214:
9213:
9201:
9200:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9177:Irish American
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9147:
9146:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9107:Asian American
9103:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9081:
9080:
9077:
9076:
9074:
9073:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9039:
9038:
9037:
9035:Sexual slavery
9025:
9018:
9011:
9010:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8933:
8926:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8905:Postal service
8902:
8897:
8895:Foreign policy
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8850:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8772:
8765:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8687:
8682:
8675:
8670:
8669:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8623:
8617:
8615:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8583:
8573:
8568:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8520:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8471:
8469:Crack epidemic
8466:
8465:
8464:
8459:
8448:
8446:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8436:
8434:Moral Majority
8431:
8426:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8412:Gay liberation
8409:
8404:
8402:Counterculture
8399:
8394:
8393:
8392:
8390:Fall of Saigon
8387:
8382:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8368:Apollo program
8365:
8363:Project Gemini
8355:
8349:
8347:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8281:Early Cold War
8278:
8277:
8276:
8266:
8260:
8258:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8234:
8229:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8160:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8142:
8140:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8124:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8061:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8023:
8021:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7965:
7960:
7953:Prelude to War
7950:
7945:
7943:Antebellum Era
7939:
7937:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7888:Trail of Tears
7883:Jacksonian era
7880:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7862:
7860:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7843:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7826:
7819:Federalist Era
7816:
7814:Bill of Rights
7810:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7749:Lee Resolution
7746:
7741:
7730:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7595:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7576:
7568:
7566:
7558:
7557:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7521:
7520:
7513:
7506:
7498:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7447:
7440:
7435:
7428:
7418:
7411:
7409:Stone Mountain
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7378:
7371:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7346:
7339:
7331:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7221:Goodloe Sutton
7218:
7213:
7211:John T. Morgan
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7181:Julian S. Carr
7178:
7176:Cole L. Blease
7173:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7121:
7119:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7060:Flossie Bailey
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7031:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6983:
6981:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6959:
6952:Andrew Goodman
6941:
6935:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6755:
6749:
6746:Pana, IL, riot
6743:
6737:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6553:
6547:
6542:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6463:James Byrd Jr.
6459:
6451:
6447:Michael Donald
6443:
6435:
6427:
6419:
6411:
6403:
6395:
6387:
6379:
6371:
6363:
6355:
6347:
6343:Willie Edwards
6339:
6331:
6323:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6291:
6283:
6275:
6267:
6263:Johannes Kunze
6259:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6232:
6224:
6216:
6208:
6204:George Armwood
6200:
6192:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6136:
6128:
6124:Winston Pounds
6120:
6112:
6104:
6096:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6064:
6056:
6048:
6040:
6032:
6024:
6016:
6008:
6000:
5992:
5984:
5976:
5968:
5960:
5952:
5944:
5936:
5932:John Hartfield
5928:
5924:Wesley Everest
5920:
5912:
5908:Wallace Baynes
5904:
5900:Olli Kinkkonen
5896:
5892:Jim McIlherron
5888:
5880:
5872:
5864:
5856:
5848:
5840:
5832:
5824:
5816:
5808:
5800:
5792:
5784:
5776:
5772:Charles Fisher
5768:
5760:
5752:
5744:
5736:
5728:
5720:
5712:
5704:
5696:
5688:
5680:
5672:
5664:
5656:
5648:
5640:
5632:
5624:
5616:
5608:
5600:
5592:
5584:
5580:Marie Thompson
5576:
5568:
5560:
5556:J. D. Mayfield
5552:
5544:
5536:
5528:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5501:
5493:
5485:
5477:
5469:
5461:
5453:
5445:
5437:
5429:
5421:
5413:
5405:
5397:
5393:Samuel J. Bush
5389:
5381:
5373:
5365:
5357:
5349:
5341:
5333:
5329:George Meadows
5325:
5317:
5309:
5301:
5293:
5285:
5277:
5269:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5237:
5229:
5221:
5217:Alexander Boyd
5213:
5205:
5197:
5189:
5181:
5173:
5165:
5157:
5149:
5145:Josefa Segovia
5141:
5133:
5124:
5122:
5114:
5113:
5101:
5100:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4966:Visual artists
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4926:Mathematicians
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4750:
4745:
4743:South Carolina
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4713:North Carolina
4710:
4709:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4658:Massachusetts
4656:
4655:
4654:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4500:social context
4497:
4487:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4351:Creek Freedmen
4348:
4343:
4338:
4328:
4326:Alabama Creole
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:Central (CIAA)
4262:
4260:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4059:Pan-Africanism
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4001:Black theology
3998:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3942:in STEM fields
3939:
3934:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3897:and technology
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3836:Harriet Tubman
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3766:Michelle Obama
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3696:Barbara Jordan
3693:
3691:Harriet Jacobs
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Amelia Boynton
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3544:Notable people
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3480:LGBT community
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Freedom Riders
3192:
3187:
3179:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3119:Black genocide
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3003:
3002:
2993:Richard Wright
2990:
2980:
2968:
2954:
2940:
2930:
2919:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2863:978-1598847185
2862:
2847:
2821:978-0549166900
2820:
2805:
2792:978-0306807589
2791:
2778:
2765:978-0743294485
2764:
2749:
2743:
2728:
2715:978-1565841000
2714:
2699:
2686:978-0812215939
2685:
2666:
2654:978-1405137355
2653:
2638:
2625:978-0060937164
2624:
2608:
2595:978-0394365350
2594:
2578:
2565:978-1602670280
2564:
2551:
2546:978-0748613762
2545:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2466:
2454:
2435:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2384:
2371:
2362:
2350:
2331:
2319:
2304:
2298:978-0807829295
2297:
2273:
2261:
2238:
2219:
2212:
2194:
2187:
2165:
2143:
2124:
2112:
2105:
2087:
2081:978-0374248550
2080:
2059:
2047:
2028:
2009:
1990:
1968:
1949:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1846:978-0743294485
1845:
1824:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1797:Richard Durham
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1740:
1737:
1721:
1718:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1651:East St. Louis
1627:
1624:
1586:Woodrow Wilson
1575:Joseph Tumulty
1553:Woodrow Wilson
1545:Main article:
1542:
1539:
1484:Irish American
1468:
1465:
1424:
1421:
1416:Main article:
1413:
1410:
1376:Kentucky Derby
1372:Richard Wright
1334:
1331:
1323:legal recourse
1302:South Carolina
1243:(Often called
1235:
1234:
1223:Main article:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1196:Horace Greeley
1182:Main article:
1179:
1176:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1020:Kenneth Stampp
972:
969:
949:D. W. Griffith
944:of any kind."
924:, named after
922:Dunning School
912:Dunning School
910:Main article:
907:
904:
876:
873:
751:Reconstruction
733:
732:
730:
729:
722:
715:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
682:Black genocide
678:
676:Related topics
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
601:Ocoee massacre
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
473:John Hartfield
470:
465:
463:Jim McIlherron
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
403:Marie Thompson
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
368:Samuel J. Bush
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
338:Joe Vermillion
335:
333:George Meadows
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
271:
270:
266:
265:
260:
255:
254:
253:
243:
237:
236:
235:Common actions
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
214:
213:
208:
198:
193:
188:
187:
186:
176:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
155:
147:
146:
144:race relations
138:
137:
125:
124:
121:
120:
106:
87:
86:
84:
83:
78:
73:
67:
65:
61:
60:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9902:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9847:
9845:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9820:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9804:List of years
9802:
9801:
9798:
9784:
9776:
9774:
9773:Urban history
9771:
9770:
9768:
9764:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9752:Palmyra Atoll
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9727:Jarvis Island
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9714:
9712:
9708:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9678:
9676:
9674:Insular areas
9672:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9643:West Virginia
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9548:New Hampshire
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9508:Massachusetts
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9399:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9379:
9377:
9373:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9324:
9320:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9293:
9292:
9288:
9286:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9228:
9227:
9223:
9221:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9209:
9208:
9207:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9138:Thai American
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9109:
9108:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9097:
9096:
9093:
9086:
9082:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9046:
9045:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9026:
9024:
9023:
9019:
9017:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8976:Party Systems
8973:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8927:
8925:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8915:Voting rights
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8856:
8855:
8851:
8849:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8779:
8778:
8777:
8773:
8771:
8770:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8759:
8758:
8755:
8748:
8744:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8614:
8610:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8578:
8577:
8576:War on terror
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8475:
8474:Late Cold War
8472:
8470:
8467:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8445:
8441:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8377:
8376:
8373:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8353:Great Society
8351:
8350:
8348:
8346:
8342:
8336:
8333:
8329:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8308:Post-war boom
8306:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8282:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8257:
8253:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8220:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8198:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8135:
8129:
8126:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8099:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7995:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7932:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7855:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7834:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7803:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7764:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7723:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7552:
7548:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7519:
7514:
7512:
7507:
7505:
7500:
7499:
7496:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7404:Silent Parade
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7343:Hang 'Em High
7340:
7338:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7103:Strange Fruit
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7076:
7075:Father Divine
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7024:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6997:Jim Crow laws
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6769:Walker family
6767:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6500:
6496:
6480:
6479:Ahmaud Arbery
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6455:Yusef Hawkins
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6431:Betty Gardner
6428:
6424:
6423:Marian Pyszko
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6407:Carol Jenkins
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6391:Vernon Dahmer
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6319:George W. Lee
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6172:James Cameron
6169:
6165:
6164:George Hughes
6161:
6157:
6156:J. C. Collins
6153:
6149:
6148:Leonard Woods
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6084:Owen Flemming
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6036:Fred N. Selak
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5884:George Taylor
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5860:Robert Prager
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5844:Charles Jones
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5660:"Mose" Creole
5657:
5653:
5652:Matthew Chase
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5620:William Burns
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5524:Fred Rochelle
5521:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5489:F. W. Stewart
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5473:John Anderson
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5409:Alfred Blount
5406:
5402:
5401:John Peterson
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5257:Michael Green
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5169:Henry Plummer
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5153:Pancho Daniel
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5084:
5079:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5025:Neighborhoods
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:Sports firsts
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4790:West Virginia
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:Pennsylvania
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4706:New York City
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4550:San Francisco
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:By state/city
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4468:American Sign
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4401:Neighborhoods
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4331:Black Indians
4329:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Black schools
3907:
3905:
3904:Black studies
3902:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3886:Whitney Young
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:Oprah Winfrey
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Denmark Vesey
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Joseph Rainey
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Toni Morrison
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Joseph Lowery
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Jesse Jackson
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Kamala Harris
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Marcus Garvey
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:Blanche Bruce
3599:
3597:
3596:Edward Brooke
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:James Bradley
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:James Baldwin
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Neighborhoods
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Silent Parade
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Jim Crow laws
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:Black cowboys
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:Rayford Logan
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2911:James Baldwin
2909:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2823:
2817:
2814:. Ann Arbor.
2813:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:. New Press.
2707:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2519:, p. 604
2518:
2513:
2507:, p. 608
2506:
2501:
2495:, p. 165
2494:
2489:
2481:
2476:, p. 670
2475:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2445:, p. 693
2444:
2439:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2382:, pp. 186–88.
2381:
2375:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2317:, p. 166
2316:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2122:, p. 391
2121:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2000:, p. 388
1999:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1959:, p. 103
1958:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1925:, p. 130
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1899:
1894:, p. 113
1893:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1822:, p. xxi
1821:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1798:
1795:– written by
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Jim Crow laws
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1584:A quote from
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1557:1912 election
1554:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1531:Madison Grant
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:Supreme Court
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1225:Jim Crow laws
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
968:
966:
965:
960:
956:
955:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
913:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:Panic of 1873
831:
827:
823:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:Rayford Logan
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
708:
706:
705:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
673:
672:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
625:
624:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
497:
496:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:George Taylor
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
423:Walker family
421:
419:
418:William Burns
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
363:Alfred Blount
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:Michael Green
311:
309:
306:
305:
299:
298:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
267:
264:
261:
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256:
252:
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248:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
234:
233:
227:
226:
219:
216:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:Jim Crow laws
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
165:
164:
159:
153:
149:
148:
145:
140:
139:
135:
131:
130:
118:
114:
110:
105:
101:
96:
92:
88:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
66:
62:
57:
54:on parade in
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
9742:Midway Atoll
9737:Kingman Reef
9717:Baker Island
9696:Puerto Rico
9608:South Dakota
9598:Rhode Island
9593:Pennsylvania
9573:North Dakota
9289:
9282:
9263:
9224:
9217:
9203:
9149:
9105:
9098:
9041:
9027:
9020:
9013:
8974:
8948:Marine Corps
8935:
8928:
8921:
8885:Debt ceiling
8870:Civil Rights
8852:
8845:
8831:
8817:
8803:
8774:
8769:Antisemitism
8767:
8760:
8716:
8677:
8613:2008–present
8565:Bush v. Gore
8563:
8501:War on drugs
8375:Mid Cold War
8227:Pearl Harbor
8222:World War II
8127:
8042:Ku Klux Klan
7639:Dummer's War
7578:
7571:
7565:Pre-Colonial
7450:
7442:
7430:
7421:Sundown town
7413:
7381:
7373:
7360:
7353:
7341:
7334:
7323:The Clansman
7321:
7314:
7138:
7131:
7124:
7109:Ida B. Wells
7097:Paul Robeson
7006:
7002:Ku Klux Klan
6948:James Chaney
6938:Anniston, AL
6562:Plummer Gang
6517:Joseph Smith
6415:Henry Marrow
6375:Frank Morris
6303:Willie Earle
6212:Cordie Cheek
6140:Henry Choate
6060:Dan Anderson
6020:Raymond Byrd
6004:Samuel Smith
5956:Willie Baird
5836:Frank Little
5828:Paulo Boleta
5756:Robert Perry
5732:Mary Jackson
5692:King Johnson
5644:James Hodges
5564:George White
5548:Walker Davis
5449:Jacob Henson
5377:Robert Lewis
5337:Ellen Watson
5225:Jim Williams
5201:Wyatt Outlaw
4941:Sportspeople
4911:Billionaires
4828:Sierra Leone
4731:Philadelphia
4567:Jacksonville
4394:Demographics
4226:Jack Johnson
4216:Muhammad Ali
4049:Conservatism
3984:Black church
3881:Andrew Young
3866:Ida B. Wells
3856:David Walker
3851:C. T. Vivian
3806:Paul Robeson
3801:Hiram Revels
3781:Colin Powell
3761:Barack Obama
3716:James Lawson
3671:Jimi Hendrix
3641:James Farmer
3636:Medgar Evers
3606:Ralph Bunche
3556:Maya Angelou
3530:Middle class
3408:Afrofuturism
3334:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3236:
3181:
3128:
3094:Afrocentrism
3084:Abolitionism
3021:. Retrieved
3017:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2987:A Red Record
2986:
2974:
2964:
2961:Memphis Slim
2950:
2946:
2936:
2925:
2914:
2894:
2887:
2856:. ABC-CLIO.
2852:
2827:September 2,
2825:. Retrieved
2810:
2782:
2754:
2733:
2704:
2675:
2660:September 2,
2658:. Retrieved
2643:
2615:
2585:
2555:
2535:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2474:Current 2012
2469:
2457:
2443:Current 2012
2438:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2353:
2334:
2322:
2289:Introduction
2283:
2276:
2271:, p. 91
2264:
2247:
2241:
2227:Current 2012
2222:
2203:
2197:
2176:
2168:
2159:
2154:Daily Record
2153:
2146:
2132:Current 2012
2127:
2115:
2096:
2090:
2071:
2062:
2050:
2036:Current 2012
2031:
2017:Current 2012
2012:
1993:
1979:Current 1987
1957:William 1905
1952:
1940:, p. 92
1918:
1906:
1887:
1880:Hornsby 2008
1875:
1863:
1836:
1815:
1790:
1781:Sundown town
1734:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1702:abolitionism
1694:
1655:
1647:Philadelphia
1635:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1567:Ku Klux Klan
1560:
1550:
1541:Ku Klux Klan
1512:
1505:
1495:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1426:
1403:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1369:
1355:James Loewen
1352:
1349:Whitecapping
1311:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1253:
1245:
1193:
1161:
1152:White League
1131:
1127:
1119:Ku Klux Klan
1111:James Loewen
1101:made by the
1088:
1079:
1059:
1032:
997:
980:Hiram Revels
962:
952:
946:
942:civilization
934:John Burgess
919:
915:
857:Yellow Peril
850:
848:phenomenon.
846:sundown town
830:World War II
814:
801:
795:
777:, legalized
767:civil rights
738:
736:
448:Newberry Six
433:King Johnson
408:Watkinsville
285:Ku Klux Klan
275:Black Legion
263:Whitecapping
258:Sundown town
141:
90:
52:Ku Klux Klan
29:
9757:Wake Island
9523:Mississippi
9438:Connecticut
9382:New England
9049:Agriculture
8968:Coast Guard
8963:Space Force
8811:Immigration
8539:WTC bombing
8457:Reaganomics
8385:Vietnam War
8301:McCarthyism
8183:Second Klan
8168:Prohibition
8146:World War I
8121:Square Deal
8111:Imperialism
7846:War of 1812
7573:Prehistoric
7453:(1999 film)
7337:(1936 film)
7216:James Rolph
7118:Legislation
7081:Flag Salute
6521:Hyrum Smith
6367:Lemuel Penn
6359:Louis Allen
6327:Emmett Till
6311:Lamar Smith
6287:Recy Taylor
6220:Claude Neal
6068:Will Sherod
6052:John Carter
6028:James Clark
5980:Henry Lowry
5852:Ell Persons
5740:Rob Edwards
5716:Will Porter
5572:David Wyatt
5540:George Ward
5417:Henry Smith
5313:Amos Miller
5297:Eliza Woods
5233:David Jones
5177:Bill Sketoe
5161:Joshua Boyd
5121:Before 1900
4961:US senators
4931:Republicans
4916:Journalists
4773:San Antonio
4738:Puerto Rico
4679:Mississippi
4572:Tallahassee
4545:Los Angeles
4236:Jesse Owens
4221:Arthur Ashe
4079:Nationalism
4069:Raised fist
4032:Black power
3937:in medicine
3871:Roy Wilkins
3826:Emmett Till
3811:Al Sharpton
3576:Julian Bond
3571:James Bevel
3535:Upper class
3525:Stereotypes
3418:Black mecca
3330:Plantations
3109:Black Codes
2612:Foner, Eric
2493:Loewen 1995
2462:Loewen 1999
2410:Loewen 1999
2369:(Chapter 3)
2358:Loewen 1995
2339:Wright 1945
2327:Loewen 1995
2315:Loewen 1995
2055:Loewen 1995
1892:Martens 207
1801:radio drama
1720:Instability
1638:World War I
1571:White House
1433:Mississippi
1357:notes that
1306:Ben Tillman
1304:US Senator
1298:Solid South
1164:New Orleans
1099:land reform
1064:Thomas Nast
988:Mississippi
826:Republicans
775:segregation
478:1920 Duluth
458:Ell Persons
398:David Wyatt
393:George Ward
328:Amos Miller
323:Eliza Woods
206:Segregation
9875:Gilded Age
9844:Categories
9638:Washington
9558:New Mexico
9553:New Jersey
9428:California
8923:Journalism
8875:Corruption
8854:Government
8805:Demography
8792:Newspapers
8641:Sandy Hook
8544:Waco siege
8452:Reagan era
8358:Space Race
8291:Korean War
8232:home front
8064:Gilded Age
8032:Amendments
7467:Categories
7394:Red Summer
7087:N.A.A.C.P.
7012:Red Shirts
6844:Red Summer
6383:James Reeb
6255:Felix Hall
6247:After 1940
5996:Joe Pullen
5964:Roy Belton
5916:Will Brown
5820:Jeff Brown
5780:John Evans
5764:? Anderson
5668:"Pie" Hill
5636:Jim Miller
5612:Slab Pitts
5604:Ed Johnson
5441:Amos Hicks
5361:Dick Lundy
5353:Jim Taylor
4906:Astronauts
4696:New Jersey
4540:California
4044:Capitalism
3841:Nat Turner
3771:Rosa Parks
3756:Diane Nash
3726:John Lewis
3515:Newspapers
3485:Literature
3470:Juneteenth
3423:Businesses
3277:Exodusters
3245:Free Negro
2957:Alan Lomax
2933:Eric Foner
2744:0684870673
2517:Foner 2002
2505:Foner 2002
2422:Logan 1997
2269:Logan 1997
2213:080782593X
2188:0300016964
2120:Foner 2002
2106:0820307106
1998:Foner 2012
1820:Logan 1997
1808:References
1667:South Side
1658:Red Summer
1632:Red Summer
1515:Franz Boas
1353:Historian
1347:See also:
1294:poll taxes
1229:See also:
1156:Red Shirts
1028:Democratic
1024:Eric Foner
1004:Fourteenth
984:US senator
875:Background
838:Gilded Age
796:Historian
586:Red Summer
488:Joe Pullen
438:John Evans
413:Ed Johnson
343:Jim Taylor
290:Red Shirts
91:Chronology
71:Red Summer
9648:Wisconsin
9613:Tennessee
9518:Minnesota
9493:Louisiana
9387:The South
8958:Air Force
8833:Education
8695:recession
8651:Las Vegas
8559:Columbine
8516:1991–2008
8444:1980–1991
8345:1964–1980
8256:1945–1964
8210:Dust Bowl
8138:1917–1945
8019:1865–1917
7997:Civil War
7990:Secession
7935:1849–1865
7858:1815–1849
7829:Quasi-War
7806:1789–1815
7726:1776–1789
7679:Sugar Act
7384:(musical)
6100:Joe Smith
6044:Tom Payne
6012:L. Q. Ivy
5940:Jay Lynch
5788:Leo Frank
5516:1900–1940
5020:Monuments
4896:Activists
4748:Tennessee
4668:Michigan
4652:Baltimore
4642:Louisiana
4635:Lexington
4618:Davenport
4557:Cleveland
4456:Languages
4385:Melungeon
4363:Blaxicans
4231:Joe Louis
4086:Socialism
4022:Anarchism
3751:Bob Moses
3736:Malcolm X
3656:Fred Gray
3520:Soul food
3458:New Negro
3443:Folktales
3353:Redlining
2998:Black Boy
2872:827334843
2837:cite book
2574:605882577
1923:Weir 2013
1679:Greenwood
1653:in 1917.
1488:Blackface
1437:Louisiana
1333:Lynchings
1231:Redeemers
1148:Louisiana
1091:Civil War
961:'s novel
871:of 1882.
771:lynchings
628:Reactions
536:Pana riot
302:Lynchings
246:Lynchings
230:Practices
191:Redeemers
64:Including
9819:Category
9633:Virginia
9583:Oklahoma
9563:New York
9538:Nebraska
9528:Missouri
9513:Michigan
9503:Maryland
9488:Kentucky
9468:Illinois
9443:Delaware
9433:Colorado
9423:Arkansas
9302:Lesbians
9276:Comanche
9271:Cherokee
9064:Medicine
9022:Genocide
9015:Religion
8937:Military
8910:Taxation
8860:Abortion
8776:Cultural
8656:Parkland
8586:Iraq War
8524:Gulf War
8296:Ivy Mike
8215:New Deal
7591:Colonial
7536:Timeline
7451:Vendetta
6987:Lynching
6958:) (1964)
6523:) (1844)
5497:Sam Hose
5043:Category
4834:America
4800:Diaspora
4785:Virginia
4718:Oklahoma
4701:New York
4684:Nebraska
4647:Maryland
4630:Kentucky
4596:Illinois
4535:Arkansas
4440:Illinois
4378:of color
4064:Populism
4037:Movement
3954:Religion
3296:Lynching
3079:Timeline
3023:June 13,
2801:35777358
2774:71778272
2724:29877812
2695:38125924
2634:48074168
2614:(2002).
2604:14379410
2070:(2007).
1855:71778272
1739:See also
1612:Oklahoma
1608:Arkansas
1588:used in
1519:eugenics
1447:for the
1395:suffrage
1359:lynching
1339:Lynching
1314:Jim Crow
1012:freedmen
840:and the
822:Northern
745:and the
388:Sam Hose
134:a series
132:Part of
58:in 1923.
9653:Wyoming
9628:Vermont
9533:Montana
9473:Indiana
9453:Georgia
9448:Florida
9418:Arizona
9408:Alabama
9375:Regions
9297:Gay men
9069:Railway
9029:Slavery
8825:Banking
8819:Economy
8661:El Paso
8646:Orlando
8380:Détente
7541:Outline
6980:General
5369:Joe Coe
5241:Jo Reed
4971:Writers
4936:Singers
4921:Jurists
4869:Europe
4823:Liberia
4768:Houston
4672:Detroit
4608:Indiana
4601:Chicago
4584:Atlanta
4579:Georgia
4562:Florida
4530:Alabama
4480:English
4054:Leftism
3924:Museums
3475:Kwanzaa
3400:Culture
3368:Slavery
3071:History
2526:Sources
2397:HISTORY
1691:Culture
1643:Houston
1604:Indiana
1555:in the
1480:eastern
1449:Midwest
1445:Georgia
1441:Alabama
1429:Negroes
1038:Origins
348:Joe Coe
9829:Portal
9783:Cities
9766:Cities
9588:Oregon
9543:Nevada
9483:Kansas
9458:Hawaii
9413:Alaska
9401:States
9327:Places
9089:Groups
9059:Lumber
8997:Fourth
8987:Second
8797:Sports
8782:Cinema
8751:Topics
8666:Uvalde
8636:Aurora
8631:Tucson
7555:Events
7382:Parade
7370:(1965)
7245:Memory
6964:(1964)
6940:(1961)
6934:(1952)
6924:(1946)
6918:(1945)
6912:(1943)
6906:(1937)
6900:(1933)
6894:(1932)
6888:(1930)
6882:(1927)
6876:(1923)
6870:(1922)
6864:(1921)
6858:(1920)
6852:(1920)
6846:(1919)
6830:(1919)
6824:(1919)
6818:(1919)
6812:(1918)
6806:(1917)
6800:(1916)
6794:(1912)
6788:(1911)
6782:(1910)
6771:(1908)
6765:(1906)
6754:(1905)
6748:(1899)
6742:(1898)
6736:(1898)
6730:(1898)
6724:(1897)
6718:(1892)
6712:(1892)
6706:(1891)
6700:(1880)
6694:(1879)
6688:(1879)
6682:(1878)
6676:(1878)
6670:(1876)
6664:(1876)
6658:(1876)
6652:(1874)
6640:(1873)
6634:(1871)
6623:(1868)
6617:(1868)
6611:(1868)
6605:(1868)
6599:(1868)
6593:(1868)
6587:(1868)
6576:(1866)
6570:(1866)
6564:(1864)
6558:(1864)
6552:(1863)
6541:(1863)
6535:(1862)
6529:(1858)
6481:(2020)
6473:(2011)
6465:(1998)
6457:(1989)
6449:(1981)
6441:(1979)
6433:(1978)
6425:(1975)
6417:(1970)
6409:(1968)
6401:(1967)
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