1379:, who had been politically undermined during Reconstruction. Whites in the South were committed to reestablish its own sociopolitical structure with the goal of a new social order enforcing racial subordination and labor control. While the Republicans succeeded in maintaining some power in part of the Upper South, such as Tennessee and East Kentucky, in the Deep South there was a return to "home rule". Nowhere was this more true than Georgia, where an unbroken line of Democrats occupied the governor's office for 131 years, a period of dominance that only came to an end in 2003.
331:
1478:. His book emphasized the role of African Americans during Reconstruction, noted their collaboration with Whites, their lack of majority in most legislatures, and also the achievements of Reconstruction: establishing universal public education, improving prisons, establishing orphanages and other charitable institutions, and trying to improve state funding for the welfare of all citizens. He also noted that despite complaints, most Southern states kept the constitutions of Reconstruction for many years, some for a quarter of a century.
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higher than what they had known before the war. At that time, however, the states had few functions, and planters maintained private institutions only. Redeemers wanted to reduce state debts. Once in power, they typically cut government spending; shortened legislative sessions; lowered politicians' salaries; scaled back public aid to railroads and corporations; and reduced support for the new systems of public education and some welfare institutions.
32:
1549:(1944), civil rights organizations rushed to register African-American voters. By 1947 the All-Citizens Registration Committee (ACRC) of Atlanta managed to get 125,000 voters registered in Georgia, raising black participation to 18.8% of those eligible. This was a major increase from the 20,000 on the rolls who had managed to get through administrative barriers in 1940.
1368:. As the last Federal troops left the ex-Confederacy, two old foes of American politics reappeared at the heart of the Southern polity – the twin, inflammatory issues of state rights and race. It was precisely on the ground of these two issues that the Civil War had broken out, and in 1877, sixteen years after the secession crisis, the South reaffirmed control over them.
1386:, Southern Democrats held the South's Black community under increasingly tight control. Politically, Blacks were gradually evicted from public office, as the few that remained saw the sway they held over local politics considerably decreased. Socially, the situation was worse, as the Southern Democrats tightened their grip on the labor force.
1337:. Historian Daniel W. Stowell concludes that White Southerners appropriated the term to describe the political transformation they desired, that is, the end of Reconstruction. This term helped unify numerous White voters, and encompassed efforts to purge southern society of its sins and to remove Republican political leaders.
1348:'s demise. Freed from preoccupation with federal intervention over slavery, and even citing it as precedent, White Southerners joined Northerners in the national crusade to legislate morality. Viewed by some as a "bulwark of morality", the largely Protestant South took on a Bible Belt identity long before
1463:
attacked the "redemptionist" interpretation of
Reconstruction, calling themselves "revisionists" and claiming that the real issues were economic. The Northern Radicals were tools of the railroads, and the Republicans in the South were manipulated to do their bidding. The Redeemers, furthermore, were
1402:
For the next few years the
Democrats seemed in control of the South, but even then deep challenges were building beneath the surface. Behind their show of unity, the Democratic Redeemers suffered deep divisions. Conflicts between upcountry and Black Belt, between town and country, and between former
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judged to be flawed. After 1896, Congress backed off from intervening. Many
Northern legislators were outraged about the disenfranchisement of Blacks and some proposed reducing Southern representation in Congress, but they never managed to accomplish this, as Southern representatives formed a strong
1278:
counties had a total of 79,311 voters on the rolls; by June 1, 1903, after the new constitution was passed, registration had dropped to just 1,081. Statewide
Alabama in 1900 had 181,315 Blacks eligible to vote, but by 1903 only 2,980 were registered, although at least 74,000 were literate. From 1900
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moved to the South to work for
Reconstruction. Some were elected to office in the Southern states, or were appointed to positions. The Reconstruction governments were unpopular with many White Southerners, who were not willing to accept defeat and continued to try to prevent Black political activity
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interested only in raiding the state treasury and staying in power. They claimed that the South had to be "redeemed" by foes of corruption. Reconstruction, in short, was said to violate the values of "republicanism" and all
Republicans were classified as "extremists". This interpretation of events,
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and "anti-enticement" laws were reinstituted. It became illegal to be jobless, or to leave a job before the required contract expired. Economically, the Blacks were stripped of independence, as new laws gave White planters the control over credit lines and property. Effectively, the Black community
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imposing segregation in public facilities and places. The discrimination, segregation, and disenfranchisement lasted well into the later decades of the 20th century. Those who could not vote were also ineligible to run for office or serve on juries, so they were shut out of all offices at the local
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or the
Bargain of 1877. In this compromise, it was claimed, Hayes became president in exchange for numerous favors to the South, one of which was the removal of Federal troops from the remaining "unredeemed" Southern states; this was however a policy Hayes had endorsed during his campaign. With the
1208:
The
Redeemers' program emphasized opposition to the Republican governments, which they considered to be corrupt and a violation of true republican principles. The crippling national economic problems and reliance on cotton meant that the South was struggling financially. Redeemers denounced taxes
1435:, described Reconstruction as a failure because of what they characterized as its political and financial corruption, its failure to heal the hatreds of the war, and its control by self-serving Northern politicians, such as those around President Grant. Historian
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were dominated by
Republicans, elected largely by freedmen and allies. Republicans nationally pressed for the granting of political rights to the newly freed slaves as the key to their becoming full citizens and the votes they would cast for the party. The
1267:, residency requirements and other devices that effectively disenfranchised nearly all Blacks and tens of thousands of poor Whites. Hundreds of thousands of people were removed from voter registration rolls soon after these provisions were implemented.
1131:. Other violence erupted. From April to October, there were 1,081 political murders in Louisiana, in which most of the victims were freedmen. Violence was part of campaigns prior to the election of 1872 in several states. In 1874 and 1875, more formal
1493:
focused on the struggle of freedmen. While acknowledging corruption in the
Reconstruction era, they hold that the Dunning School overemphasized it while ignoring the worst violations of republican principles — namely denying African Americans their
1144:. They worked openly for specific political ends, and often solicited coverage of their activities by the press. Every Southern election year from 1868 on was surrounded by intimidation and violence; they were usually marked by fraud as well.
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By 1941, more poor Whites than Blacks had been disenfranchised in Alabama, mostly due to effects of the cumulative poll tax; estimates were that 600,000 Whites and 500,000 Blacks had been disenfranchised.
1123:, violence began to increase in the Deep South. In 1868 white terrorists tried to prevent Republicans from winning the fall election in Louisiana. Over a few days, they killed some two hundred freedmen in
1135:
groups affiliated with the Democratic Party conducted intimidation, terrorism and violence against Black voters and their allies to reduce Republican voting and turn officeholders out. These included the
1403:
Democrats and former Whigs divided the Redeemers. The Democratic party proved too small to contain the ambitions of all the White men who sought its rewards, too large and unwieldy to move decisively.
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continued to vote in significant numbers well into the 1880s, with many winning local offices. Black Congressmen continued to be elected, albeit in ever smaller numbers, until the 1890s.
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1051:, undermined the Republicans, disrupting meetings and political gatherings. These paramilitary bands also used violence and threats of violence to undermine the Republican vote. By the
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Democrats worked hard to prevent populist coalitions. In the former Confederate South, from 1890 to 1908, starting with Mississippi, legislatures of ten of the eleven states passed
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It also represented the birth of a new Southern society, rather than a return to its prewar predecessor. Historian Gaines M. Foster explains how the South became known as the "
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of 1873, in which White Democratic militia killed more than 100 Republican Blacks in a confrontation over control of parish offices. Three whites died in the violence.
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formed as a prominent paramilitary group that enforced Democratic voting by intimidation and murder. Chapters of paramilitary Red Shirts arose and were active in
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However, Georgia, among other Southern states, passed new legislation (1958) to once again repress Black voter registration. It was not until the passage of the
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As Democrats took over state legislatures, they worked to change voter registration rules to strip most Blacks (and many poor Whites) of their ability to vote.
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area of Louisiana, with chapters arising across the state, especially in rural areas. In August the White League turned out six Republican office holders in
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1443:, a policy he claimed led to misgovernment and corruption. The Dunning School historians argued that the freedman were manipulated by corrupt White
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died, so did all hope for national enforcement of adherence to the constitutional amendments that the U.S. Congress had passed in the wake of the
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Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon," Constitutional Commentary, Vol. 17, 2000, pp. 12 and 21], accessed March 10, 2008.
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1220:, the last Southern Black of the post-Reconstruction period to serve in Congress, retired in 1901, leaving Congress completely White until 1929.
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In addition to being disenfranchised, African Americans and poor Whites were shut out of the political process as Southern legislatures passed
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as well. They disrupted Republican meetings, killed leaders and officeholders, intimidated voters at the polls, or kept them away altogether.
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began to muster more political power, as former Confederate Whites began to vote again. It was a movement that gathered energy up until the
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In the years immediately following Reconstruction, most Blacks and former abolitionists held that Reconstruction lost the struggle for
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often supported insurgencies, violence against freedmen and other Republicans was usually carried out by non-elite Whites. The secret
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Perman, Michael. "Counter Reconstruction: The Role of Violence in Southern Redemption", in Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss Jr, eds.
2006:
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Claire Parfait, "Reconstruction Reconsidered: A Historiography of Reconstruction, From the Late Nineteenth Century to the 1960s."
1182:. They took over the state government offices in New Orleans and occupied the capitol and armory. They turned Republican governor
1052:
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secretly helped fund and arrange representation for such legal challenges, raising money from northern patrons who helped support
1116:, in the process known as the Redemption. White Democratic Southerners saw themselves as redeeming the South by regaining power.
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Thomas C. Holt, ""A Story of Ordinary Human Beings": The Sources of Du Bois's Historical Imagination in Black Reconstruction."
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that the descendants of those who were first granted suffrage by the Fifteenth Amendment finally regained the ability to vote.
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1476:: An Essay toward a History of the Part which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880
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of the right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude), enshrined such political rights in the
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to 1903, the number of White registered voters fell by more than 40,000, although the White population grew overall.
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1151:, for instance, the competing governors each certified slates of local officers. This situation contributed to the
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cited the withdrawal of federal troops from the South as a primary reason for the loss of voting rights and other
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Eric Foner, "A Short History of Reconstruction: 1863–1877", New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1990, p. 249
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Moore, James Tice. "Redeemers Reconsidered: Change and Continuity in the Democratic South, 1870–1900" in the
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Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial
1911:
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argues that after 1877 the Redeemers were sharply divided and fought for control of the Democratic Party:
1067:– were "unredeemed," or not yet taken over by White Democrats. The disputed Presidential election between
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1989:
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Jones, Robert R. "James L. Kemper and the Virginia Redeemers Face the Race Question: A Reconsideration".
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1174:. In September, thousands of armed White militia, supporters of the Democratic gubernatorial candidate
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Moore, James Tice. "Origins of the Solid South: Redeemer Democrats and the Popular Will, 1870–1900."
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1371:"The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery", wrote
1302:
Although educated African Americans mounted legal challenges (with many secretly funded by educator
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said that the worst part of what he called "the Tragic Era" was the extension of voting rights to
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and took control of the Democratic Party nationwide. The Democrats also faced challenges with the
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out of office, and retreated only in the face of the arrival of Federal troops sent by President
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Online text by African American member of the United States Congress during Reconstruction era.
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Congress actively intervened for more than 20 years in elections in the South, which the
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Bernard A. Weisberger, "The dark and bloody ground of Reconstruction historiography."
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During Reconstruction, the South was under occupation by federal forces, and Southern
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for Black people because of violence against Blacks and against White Republicans.
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The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution
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King, Ronald F. "Counting the Votes: South Carolina's Stolen Election of 1876."
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More importantly, in a second wave of violence following the suppression of the
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chapters developed in the first years after the war as one form of insurgency.
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The Politics of Inertia: The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction
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was placed under a three-fold subjugation that was reminiscent of slavery.
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From Slave South to New South: Public Policy in Nineteenth-Century Georgia
2064:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.
1659:
The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama
1375:. The Black community in the South was brought back under the yoke of the
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1344:" by connecting this characterization with changing attitudes caused by
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1804:
The Dunning School: Historians, Race, and the Meaning of Reconstruction
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817:
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The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction
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and dominated Southern politics in most areas from the 1870s to 1910.
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1981:
1162:, a Democratic paramilitary group originating in Grant Parish of the
1148:
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714:
1935:(1935), explores the role of African Americans during Reconstruction
1079:(the Democratic governor of New York) was allegedly resolved by the
31:
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1440:
1147:
In the aftermath of the disputed gubernatorial election of 1872 in
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Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act
1848:
Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States
1271:
1064:
4087:
Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866
1510:
upheld Mississippi's and Alabama's provisions in its rulings in
1452:, dominated most U.S. history textbooks from 1900 to the 1960s.
1310:
upheld Mississippi's and Alabama's provisions in its rulings in
2082:
Pildes, Richard H. "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon",
1907:(2003), a statistical study of 732 Scalawags and 666 Redeemers.
1690:
Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon",
965:
2004:
King, Ronald F. "A Most Corrupt Election: Louisiana in 1876."
1431:
By the turn of the 20th century, White historians, led by the
2330:
United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction
2155:(1906), several hundred primary documents from all viewpoints
1959:
Going, Allen J. "Alabama Bourbonism and Populism Revisited."
832:
2135:(1951); emphasizes economic conflict between rich and poor.
1072:
5098:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
1940:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
1750:
Foner, "A Short History of Reconstruction" (1990), p. 250.
940:. They sought to regain their political power and enforce
5307:
Technological and industrial history of the United States
1506:
Although African Americans mounted legal challenges, the
1464:
also tools of the railroads and were themselves corrupt.
2162:(1967), collection of longer speeches by Radical leaders
1978:
Redeemers, Bourbons, and Populists: Tennessee, 1870–1896
1913:
Vale of Tears: New Essays on Religion and Reconstruction
1694:, Vol. 17, 2000, pp. 12 and 21, accessed March 10, 2008.
1235:, when their control of the South was threatened by the
1088:
removal of these forces, Reconstruction came to an end.
1898:
The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction
1761:
The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction
1104:
portraying the Democratic Party's control of the South.
5267:
African American founding fathers of the United States
5169:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
2335:
United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction
2160:
The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction, 1861–1870
1872:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 70.
1830:"Reader's Companion to American History - -REDEEMERS"
1702:
1700:
3841:
The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women
2062:
The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869-1879
1661:, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004, p. 136.
1543:
were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4092:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866
1697:
3883:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
2042:, Vol. 44, No. 3 (August 1978), pp. 357–378.
1671:"Committee at Odds on Reapportionment" (abstract)
1355:
5395:Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)
5346:
1679:P. 5 via TimesMachine (full story; subscription)
5390:History of the Democratic Party (United States)
1579:Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era
4227:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
4201:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
2191:
2126:Florida Politics in the Gilded Age, 1877–1893
1158:In 1874 remnants of White militia formed the
897:
5375:History of civil rights in the United States
2098:Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865-1890
1259:constitutions, which had new provisions for
5360:1910 disestablishments in the United States
2119:The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865—1881
1501:
1455:Beginning in the 1930s, historians such as
19:For the Marvel comics superhero group, see
2198:
2184:
1910:Blum, Edward J., and W. Scott Poole, eds.
936:. Redeemers were the Southern wing of the
904:
890:
5400:Civil service reform in the United States
5355:1870s establishments in the United States
4759:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
2007:Studies in American Political Development
1933:Black Reconstruction in America 1860-1880
1651:
876:Mass racial violence in the United States
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
5282:History of the United States (1865–1917)
1648:, Henry Holt & Co., 2009, pp. 18–19.
1095:
1868:Chandler Davidson and Bernard Grofman,
1620:"Election 2000 much like Election 1876"
5347:
4941:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era
3987:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
2205:
1954:Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869–1879
1949:(1901), a classic Dunning School text.
1330:People in the movement chose the term
1325:
745:1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County
5380:History of the Southern United States
5226:Women's suffrage in the United States
3915:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
2179:
1806:(University Press of Kentucky, 2013).
1291:and state as well as federal levels.
4333:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
4021:Confederates surrender at Appomattox
3833:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
2024:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1724:
1471:published a Marxist analysis in his
964:". They were typically led by White
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
5370:American Civil War political groups
5189:United Daughters of the Confederacy
4320:American Woman Suffrage Association
4315:National Woman Suffrage Association
4242:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
2541:Women during the Reconstruction era
2133:Origins of the New South, 1877–1913
1299:one-party voting bloc for decades.
1250:
13:
5231:Labor history of the United States
4267:South Carolina readmitted to Union
4264:North Carolina readmitted to Union
4247:Impeachment managers investigation
4186:Constitutional conventions of 1867
3862:National Women's Rights Convention
1725:Hild, Matthew (October 29, 2009).
14:
5416:
5385:Conservatism in the United States
4472:United States expedition to Korea
4179:Reconstruction military districts
1498:, including their right to vote.
1428:by African Americans after 1877.
1407:
1274:, for instance, in 1900 fourteen
871:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
866:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
497:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
4026:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
2320:African-American representatives
1584:Nadir of American race relations
557:Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker
329:
166:Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar
30:
5028:Black Reconstruction in America
4901:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
4811:1876 State of the Union Address
4738:1875 State of the Union Address
4665:1874 State of the Union Address
4589:1873 State of the Union Address
4528:1872 State of the Union Address
4477:1871 State of the Union Address
4416:1870 State of the Union Address
4365:1869 State of the Union Address
4360:First transcontinental railroad
4299:1868 State of the Union Address
4206:1867 State of the Union Address
4041:1865 State of the Union Address
3966:1864 State of the Union Address
3940:1863 State of the Union Address
3849:Woman in the Nineteenth Century
1862:
1853:
1840:
1822:
1809:
1796:
1779:
1766:
1753:
1420:and Reconstruction Congressman
1193:Similarly, in Mississippi, the
1100:Political cartoon from 1877 by
1055:, only three Southern states –
710:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
700:Spring Valley Race Riot of 1895
420:Expulsions of African Americans
41:needs additional citations for
4101:Petition for Universal Freedom
4082:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
1744:
1718:
1709:
1684:
1664:
1638:
1612:
1306:and his northern allies), the
1016:by any means. While the elite
992:of former slaves and ensuring
1:
5405:Neo-Confederate organizations
5148:A Visit from the Old Mistress
4847:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
4713:Specie Payment Resumption Act
4338:Board of Indian Commissioners
4270:Louisiana readmitted to Union
4232:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
4096:Tennessee readmitted to Union
3930:Women's Loyal National League
2633:Straight-Out Democratic Party
2404:Confederate States of America
1947:Reconstruction in Mississippi
1600:
1053:presidential election of 1876
735:Springfield race riot of 1908
4774:Battle of the Little Bighorn
4258:Arkansas readmitted to Union
4164:Knights of the White Camelia
4126:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866
4072:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
4046:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
4004:Special Field Orders No. 15
3827:Slavery in the United States
1071:(the Republican governor of
994:equal protection of the laws
775:Washington race riot of 1919
189:Knights of the White Camelia
7:
5292:Race (human categorization)
4682:United States v. Cruikshank
4273:Alabama readmitted to Union
4261:Florida readmitted to Union
2167:The Facts of Reconstruction
2105:The Death of Reconstruction
2077:The Facts of Reconstruction
2040:Journal of Southern History
1990:Journal of Southern History
1774:Journal of Southern History
1567:
662:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
232:Solid South / Southern Bloc
10:
5421:
4493:General Mining Act of 1872
4462:New York custom house ring
4452:Meridian race riot of 1871
4396:Naturalization Act of 1870
1931:Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt.
1681:. Accessed April 23, 2017.
1091:
1029:paramilitary organizations
337:1906 Atlanta race massacre
18:
5329:
5259:
5218:
5134:
5085:Been in the Storm So Long
5005:William Archibald Dunning
4965:The American Commonwealth
4933:
4926:
4855:
4819:
4746:
4673:
4635:Election Massacre of 1874
4597:
4536:
4485:
4424:
4373:
4343:Public Credit Act of 1869
4307:
4282:Fourth Reconstruction Act
4214:
4191:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
4141:
4054:
3974:
3948:
3935:New York City draft riots
3905:Emancipation Proclamation
3897:
3814:
3807:
3757:
2779:
2733:
2687:
2580:National Union Convention
2560:
2553:
2412:
2389:
2325:Reconstruction Amendments
2315:African-American senators
2220:
2213:
2117:Wiggins; Sarah Woolfolk.
2084:Constitutional Commentary
1692:Constitutional Commentary
1562:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1296:House Elections Committee
948:was intended to oust the
770:Chicago race riot of 1919
288:Politics of United States
283:
268:
258:
237:
222:
212:
202:
194:
173:Associated paramilitaries
172:
141:
132:
4801:Safe burglary conspiracy
4688:Civil Rights Act of 1875
4467:Civil service commission
4067:Memphis massacre of 1866
4062:Civil Rights Act of 1866
3878:Confiscation Act of 1862
3873:Confiscation Act of 1861
2628:Liberal Republican Party
2310:Conservative Republicans
2103:Richardon, Heather Cox.
2079:(1991) pp. 121–140.
2049:, 1983 22 (3): 285–301.
1993:, 1972 38 (3): 393–414.
1817:South Atlantic Quarterly
1731:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1558:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1554:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1502:Supreme Court challenges
1382:In the aftermath of the
1243:, and the newly created
730:Atlanta Massacre of 1906
16:American political group
5297:Reconstruction Treaties
5116:A Nation Under Our Feet
5064:From Slavery to Freedom
4894:Williams v. Mississippi
4878:United States v. Harris
4769:Great Sioux War of 1876
4708:Yazoo City Riot of 1875
4610:Battle of Liberty Place
4498:Crédit Mobilier scandal
4447:Alcorn State University
4386:Enforcement Act of 1870
4252:Articles of impeachment
4159:Indian Peace Commission
4077:Swing Around the Circle
4014:Freedmen's Bureau bills
3856:Seneca Falls Convention
2585:Radical Democracy Party
2536:Freedman's Savings Bank
2010:, 2001 15(2): 123–137.
1945:Garner, James Wilford.
1918:Mercer University Press
1513:Williams v. Mississippi
1335:from Christian theology
1313:Williams v. Mississippi
1180:Battle of Liberty Place
843:Back to Africa movement
390:Anti-miscegenation laws
5272:Forty acres and a mule
4995:Walter Lynwood Fleming
4780:United States v. Reese
4437:Second Enforcement Act
2667:Prohibition Convention
2399:Southern United States
2158:Hyman, Harold M., ed.
2124:Williamson, Edward C.
2096:Rabonowitz, Howard K.
2027:2001 32 (2): 169–191.
1819:112.3 (2013): 419-435.
1706:Blum and Poole (2005).
1227:defeated the Southern
1225:William Jennings Bryan
1105:
926:Southern United States
813:Anti-lynching movement
750:1917 Chester race riot
740:Johnson–Jeffries riots
607:Laura and L. D. Nelson
5246:Civil rights movement
5182:The Birth of a Nation
4791:Centennial Exposition
4645:Black Hills Gold Rush
4560:Slaughter-House Cases
4432:Ku Klux Klan hearings
3910:General Order No. 143
2529:James Mitchell Ashley
1965:1983 36 (2): 83–109.
1903:Baggett, James Alex.
1846:Thomas J. Brown, ed.
1789:62.4 (2009): 440-454
1776:25.4 (1959): 427-447.
1677:, December 21, 1900.
1589:Phoenix Election Riot
1099:
705:Phoenix election riot
690:Rock Springs massacre
347:Historical background
4827:Electoral Commission
4703:Clifton Riot of 1875
4457:Treaty of Washington
4149:Tenure of Office Act
4107:National Labor Union
3822:American Indian Wars
2672:Electoral Commission
2662:Greenback Convention
2425:Free people of color
2365:Federal bureaucracy
2305:Moderate Republicans
2110:Wallenstein, Peter.
1836:on 17 November 2002.
1646:The Day Freedom Died
1635:, November 17, 2000.
1632:St. Petersburg Times
1530:Booker T. Washington
1474:Black Reconstruction
1448:the hallmark of the
1356:The "redeemed" South
1304:Booker T. Washington
1184:William Pitt Kellogg
1168:Coushatta, Louisiana
1083:, also known as the
986:Fourteenth Amendment
978:Thirteenth Amendment
755:East St. Louis riots
725:Evansville race riot
720:Robert Charles riots
269:National affiliation
50:improve this article
5176:D. W. Griffith
5161:The Leopard's Spots
5051:The American Crisis
4985:Columbia University
4952:The Prostrate State
4946:James Shepherd Pike
4863:Posse Comitatus Act
4786:Trader post scandal
4574:Coinage Act of 1873
4348:Black Friday (1869)
4196:Peonage Act of 1867
4174:Reconstruction Acts
4154:Command of Army Act
3889:Militia Act of 1862
2300:Radical Republicans
2248:Rutherford B. Hayes
2151:Fleming, Walter L.
2131:Woodward, C. Vann.
2089:Polakoff, Keith I.
1952:Gillette, William.
1591:, in South Carolina
1534:Tuskegee University
1326:Religious dimension
1069:Rutherford B. Hayes
998:Fifteenth Amendment
950:Radical Republicans
922:political coalition
818:Exodusters movement
785:Tulsa race massacre
679:Massacres and riots
5365:Reconstruction Era
5195:Gone with the Wind
5058:John Hope Franklin
4914:Disenfranchisement
4886:Plessy v. Ferguson
4870:Civil Rights Cases
4832:Compromise of 1877
4723:Wheeler Compromise
4640:Vicksburg massacre
4625:Timber Culture Act
4615:Coushatta massacre
4554:Timber Culture Act
4508:Star Route scandal
4391:Justice Department
4288:Georgia v. Stanton
4277:Opelousas massacre
3868:American Civil War
2677:Compromise of 1877
2379:Justice Department
2343:Federal judiciary
2222:Federal government
2207:Reconstruction era
1850:(Oxford UP, 2006).
1675:The New York Times
1625:2011-08-07 at the
1546:Smith v. Allwright
1508:U.S. Supreme Court
1485:historians led by
1418:Frederick Douglass
1384:Compromise of 1877
1377:Southern Democrats
1218:George Henry White
1129:Opelousas massacre
1114:Compromise of 1877
1106:
1081:Compromise of 1877
1011:Numerous educated
988:(guaranteeing the
944:. Their policy of
934:American Civil War
932:that followed the
930:Reconstruction Era
823:Atlanta Compromise
695:Thibodaux massacre
685:Opelousas massacre
459:Indiana White Caps
430:Lynching postcards
375:Compromise of 1877
353:Reconstruction era
278:Southern Democrats
276: •
230: •
227:Southern Democrats
217:Southern Democrats
154:Alcibiades DeBlanc
21:Redeemers (comics)
5342:
5341:
5325:
5324:
5251:American frontier
5105:Kenneth M. Stampp
4922:
4921:
4764:Ellenton massacre
4605:Brooks–Baxter War
4354:Ex parte McCardle
4120:Ex parte Milligan
4009:Freedmen's Bureau
3925:National Bank Act
3803:
3802:
2638:Victoria Woodhull
2549:
2548:
2420:African Americans
2391:State governments
2374:Freedmen's Bureau
2060:Perman, Michael.
1896:Ayers, Edward L.
1888:Secondary sources
1759:Edward L. Ayers,
1352:coined the term.
1239:, the effects of
1229:Bourbon Democrats
1125:St. Landry Parish
1000:(prohibiting the
973:state governments
952:, a coalition of
914:
913:
795:Rosewood massacre
358:Voter suppression
321:Nadir of American
306:
305:
293:Political parties
142:Prominent members
126:
125:
118:
100:
5412:
5208:Race and Reunion
5155:Thomas Dixon Jr.
5045:William R. Brock
5035:C. Vann Woodward
5022:W. E. B. Du Bois
5012:Charles A. Beard
4972:Claude G. Bowers
4931:
4930:
4754:Hamburg massacre
4733:Pratt & Boyd
4698:Mississippi Plan
4655:Anti-Moiety Acts
4650:Sanborn incident
4442:Ku Klux Klan Act
4113:Ex parte Garland
3920:Ten percent plan
3812:
3811:
2558:
2557:
2509:Thaddeus Stevens
2494:Republican Party
2487:Samuel J. Tilden
2477:Bourbon Democrat
2472:Democratic Party
2243:Ulysses S. Grant
2218:
2217:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2047:Southern Studies
1873:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1832:. Archived from
1826:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1787:Études anglaises
1783:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1616:
1525:Giles v. Teasley
1483:neo-abolitionist
1469:W. E. B. Du Bois
1457:C. Vann Woodward
1394:Also, historian
1373:W. E. B. Du Bois
1257:disenfranchising
1251:Disenfranchising
1237:Farmers Alliance
1188:Ulysses S. Grant
1077:Samuel J. Tilden
938:Democratic Party
906:
899:
892:
828:Niagara Movement
632:Anthony Crawford
622:Jesse Washington
562:John Henry James
552:Stephen Williams
537:Ephraim Grizzard
532:People's Grocery
448:Vigilante groups
363:Disfranchisement
335:Violence in the
333:
308:
307:
273:Democratic Party
223:Merged into
213:Preceded by
158:Murphy J. Foster
150:Benjamin Tillman
146:Wade Hampton III
130:
129:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5321:
5312:White supremacy
5255:
5214:
5202:David W. Blight
5130:
5040:Joel Williamson
5017:Howard K. Beale
4918:
4907:Giles v. Harris
4851:
4842:Desert Land Act
4815:
4742:
4669:
4593:
4579:Long Depression
4549:Colfax massacre
4532:
4513:Salary Grab Act
4481:
4420:
4401:Kirk–Holden war
4369:
4303:
4210:
4137:
4050:
4031:Shaw University
3970:
3956:Wade–Davis Bill
3944:
3893:
3799:
3753:
2775:
2729:
2683:
2563:
2545:
2482:Horatio Seymour
2408:
2392:
2385:
2233:Abraham Lincoln
2223:
2209:
2204:
2165:Lynch, John R.
2143:Primary sources
1976:Hart, Roger L.
1877:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1657:Glenn Feldman,
1656:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1627:Wayback Machine
1617:
1613:
1603:
1570:
1541:White primaries
1519:Giles v. Harris
1504:
1461:Howard K. Beale
1410:
1396:Edward L. Ayers
1358:
1328:
1319:Giles v. Harris
1253:
1233:Agrarian Revolt
1153:Colfax Massacre
1094:
1085:Corrupt Bargain
942:white supremacy
910:
881:
880:
856:
848:
847:
838:Great Migration
808:
800:
799:
790:Perry race riot
760:Elaine massacre
680:
672:
671:
487:Andrew Richards
482:
474:
473:
410:
402:
401:
397:Convict leasing
348:
340:
339:
322:
302:
275:
251:
246:
244:White supremacy
229:
187:
183:
179:
168:
164:
162:Isham G. Harris
160:
156:
152:
148:
137:
136:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5418:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5191:
5186:
5178:
5173:
5165:
5157:
5152:
5144:
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5132:
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5129:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5094:
5089:
5081:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5000:Dunning School
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4978:The Tragic Era
4974:
4969:
4961:
4956:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4934:Historiography
4928:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4903:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4806:1876 elections
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4660:1874 elections
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4563:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4523:1872 elections
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4411:1870 elections
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4381:15th Amendment
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4294:1868 elections
4291:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4229:
4224:
4222:14th Amendment
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4133:1866 elections
4129:
4128:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4104:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3982:13th Amendment
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3961:1864 elections
3958:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3758:U.S. elections
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Lyman Trumbull
2511:
2506:
2504:Charles Sumner
2501:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2238:Andrew Johnson
2235:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2058:
2043:
2036:
2019:
2002:
1985:
1974:
1962:Alabama Review
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1875:
1874:
1861:
1852:
1839:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1778:
1765:
1752:
1743:
1717:
1708:
1696:
1683:
1663:
1650:
1644:Charles Lane,
1637:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1595:White backlash
1592:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1503:
1500:
1487:Kenneth Stampp
1481:By the 1960s,
1450:Dunning School
1433:Dunning School
1409:
1408:Historiography
1406:
1405:
1404:
1362:Reconstruction
1357:
1354:
1327:
1324:
1265:literacy tests
1252:
1249:
1245:People's Party
1223:In the 1890s,
1203:South Carolina
1199:North Carolina
1108:In the 1870s,
1093:
1090:
1061:South Carolina
1049:North Carolina
1031:, such as the
1027:In the 1870s,
912:
911:
909:
908:
901:
894:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
861:Black genocide
857:
855:Related topics
854:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
809:
806:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
780:Ocoee massacre
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
681:
678:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
652:John Hartfield
649:
644:
642:Jim McIlherron
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
582:Marie Thompson
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
547:Samuel J. Bush
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:Joe Vermillion
514:
512:George Meadows
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
450:
449:
445:
444:
439:
434:
433:
432:
422:
416:
415:
414:Common actions
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
393:
392:
387:
377:
372:
367:
366:
365:
355:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
334:
326:
325:
323:race relations
317:
316:
304:
303:
301:
300:
295:
290:
284:
281:
280:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
253:Segregationism
249:Reconstruction
241:
235:
234:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
174:
170:
169:
143:
139:
138:
134:
133:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5417:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5277:Habeas corpus
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5143:
5142:Winslow Homer
5140:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5072:After Slavery
5069:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:Nez Perce War
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Delano affair
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4620:Red River War
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:Comstock laws
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4544:Panic of 1873
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:New Departure
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
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2780:Gubernatorial
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2519:Benjamin Wade
2517:
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2442:Carpetbaggers
2440:
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2369:Edwin Stanton
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2088:
2086:, 17, (2000).
2085:
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2070:0-8078-4141-2
2067:
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1948:
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1938:Foner, Eric.
1937:
1934:
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1927:
1926:0-86554-987-7
1923:
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1618:Wes Allison,
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1596:
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1574:Jim Crow laws
1572:
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1445:carpetbaggers
1442:
1438:
1437:Claude Bowers
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:John R. Lynch
1419:
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1392:
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1350:H. L. Mencken
1347:
1343:
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1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:Supreme Court
1305:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1288:Jim Crow laws
1284:
1280:
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1034:
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1023:
1019:
1018:planter class
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
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995:
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987:
983:
979:
974:
969:
967:
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959:
958:carpetbaggers
955:
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647:George Taylor
645:
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638:
635:
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630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
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602:Walker family
600:
598:
597:William Burns
595:
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542:Alfred Blount
540:
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492:Michael Green
490:
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380:Jim Crow laws
378:
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279:
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267:
264:
263:Protestantism
261:
257:
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120:
117:
109:
98:
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91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
5317:Whitecapping
5287:Paramilitary
5260:Other topics
5241:Jim Crow era
5206:
5193:
5180:
5167:
5159:
5146:
5122:
5114:
5096:
5083:
5079:Leon Litwack
5070:
5062:
5049:
5026:
4990:John Burgess
4976:
4963:
4950:
4905:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4778:
4718:Whiskey Ring
4680:
4630:White League
4566:
4558:
4406:Shoffner Act
4352:
4325:
4286:
4169:Pulaski riot
4118:
4111:
4099:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3675:
3667:
2562:Presidential
2524:John Bingham
2462:White League
2456:
2447:Ku Klux Klan
2214:Participants
2166:
2159:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2061:
2046:
2039:
2022:
2005:
1988:
1977:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1912:
1904:
1897:
1887:
1880:Bibliography
1879:
1878:
1869:
1864:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1834:the original
1824:
1816:
1811:
1803:
1802:Eric Foner,
1798:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1768:
1763:(1992) p. 35
1760:
1755:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:
1727:"Redemption"
1720:
1711:
1691:
1686:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1630:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1523:
1522:(1903), and
1517:
1511:
1505:
1496:civil rights
1480:
1472:
1466:
1454:
1430:
1426:civil rights
1414:civil rights
1411:
1393:
1381:
1370:
1359:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1317:
1311:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1269:
1254:
1222:
1211:
1207:
1192:
1176:John McEnery
1172:paramilitary
1160:White League
1157:
1146:
1138:White League
1133:paramilitary
1121:Ku Klux Klan
1118:
1107:
1033:White League
1026:
1022:Ku Klux Klan
1010:
1006:Constitution
990:civil rights
970:
945:
917:
915:
627:Newberry Six
612:King Johnson
587:Watkinsville
464:Ku Klux Klan
454:Black Legion
442:Whitecapping
437:Sundown town
369:
181:White League
177:Ku Klux Klan
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
5110:Steven Hahn
4959:James Bryce
4518:Amnesty Act
3999:Black Codes
2688:U.S. Senate
2435:Politicians
2357:Waite Court
2352:Chase Court
2347:Taney Court
2229:Presidents
1316:(1898) and
1241:Bimetallism
1102:Thomas Nast
1045:Mississippi
928:during the
657:1920 Duluth
637:Ell Persons
577:David Wyatt
572:George Ward
507:Amos Miller
502:Eliza Woods
385:Segregation
65:"Redeemers"
5349:Categories
5236:Gilded Age
5092:Eric Foner
4796:Cattellism
4693:Red Shirts
3808:Key events
2734:U.S. House
2467:Red Shirts
1601:References
1560:, and the
1491:Eric Foner
1342:Bible Belt
1332:Redemption
1276:Black Belt
1261:poll taxes
1195:Red Shirts
1142:Red Shirts
1041:Red Shirts
946:Redemption
765:Red Summer
667:Joe Pullen
617:John Evans
592:Ed Johnson
522:Jim Taylor
469:Red Shirts
185:Red Shirts
106:March 2023
76:newspapers
4856:Aftermath
4567:Virginius
4503:Modoc War
2554:Elections
2499:Stalwarts
2457:Redeemers
2256:Congress
2055:0735-8342
2033:0022-1953
2016:0898-588X
1999:0022-4642
1982:LSU Press
1971:0002-4341
1736:April 30,
1516:(1898),
1467:In 1935,
1366:Civil War
1164:Red River
1149:Louisiana
1110:Democrats
1057:Louisiana
1037:Louisiana
980:(banning
962:scalawags
918:Redeemers
807:Reactions
715:Pana riot
481:Lynchings
425:Lynchings
409:Practices
370:Redeemers
298:Elections
203:Dissolved
135:Redeemers
5334:Category
5302:Suffrage
4237:Timeline
2452:Scalawag
2430:Freedman
2169:(1913).
1920:, 2005.
1623:Archived
1568:See also
1528:(1904).
1441:freedmen
1388:Vagrancy
1322:(1903).
960:", and "
954:freedmen
567:Sam Hose
313:a series
311:Part of
259:Religion
239:Ideology
4927:Aspects
4326:Alabama
3992:Address
3815:Prelude
2771:1876–77
2766:1874–75
2761:1872–73
2756:1870–71
2751:1868–69
2746:1866–67
2741:1864–65
2725:1876–77
2720:1874–75
2715:1872–73
2710:1870–71
2705:1868–69
2700:1866–67
2695:1864–65
2128:(1976).
2121:(1991).
2114:(1987).
2107:(2001).
2100:(1977).
2093:(1973).
1984:, 1975.
1956:(1979).
1942:(2002).
1900:(1993).
1346:slavery
1272:Alabama
1127:in the
1092:History
1065:Florida
996:), and
982:slavery
924:in the
920:were a
527:Joe Coe
195:Founded
90:scholar
5219:Legacy
5211:(2001)
5198:(1939)
5185:(1915)
5172:(1905)
5164:(1902)
5151:(1876)
5135:Memory
5127:(2019)
5119:(2003)
5101:(1988)
5088:(1979)
5075:(1965)
5067:(1947)
5054:(1963)
5031:(1935)
4981:(1929)
4968:(1888)
4955:(1874)
4910:(1903)
4897:(1898)
4889:(1896)
4881:(1883)
4873:(1883)
4865:(1878)
4569:Affair
4328:Claims
3885:(1862)
3864:(1850)
3858:(1848)
3852:(1839)
3844:(1838)
3836:(1792)
2413:Others
2068:
2053:
2031:
2014:
1997:
1969:
1924:
1791:online
1556:, the
1214:Blacks
1075:) and
1063:, and
1013:Blacks
1002:denial
966:yeomen
315:on the
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3652:1876
3590:1875
3518:1874
3461:1873
3374:1872
3307:1871
3240:1870
3173:1869
3091:1868
3039:1867
2977:1866
2920:1865
2858:1864
2786:1863
1606:Notes
1539:When
1360:When
833:NAACP
247:Anti-
97:JSTOR
83:books
4820:1877
4747:1876
4674:1875
4598:1874
4537:1873
4486:1872
4425:1871
4374:1870
4308:1869
4215:1868
4142:1867
4055:1866
3975:1865
3949:1864
3898:1863
3795:1876
3790:1874
3785:1872
3780:1870
3775:1868
3770:1866
3765:1864
3676:Nov.
3668:Apr.
2647:1876
2613:1872
2594:1868
2570:1864
2066:ISBN
2051:ISSN
2029:ISSN
2012:ISSN
1995:ISSN
1967:ISSN
1922:ISBN
1738:2019
1489:and
1459:and
1201:and
1140:and
1073:Ohio
1047:and
1039:and
916:The
207:1877
198:1865
69:news
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