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of reference. They have further argued that REBT utilizes an integrated and interrelated methodology of cognitive, emotive-experiential and behavioral interventions. Others have questioned REBTs view of rationality, both radical constructivists who have claimed that reason and logic are subjective properties and those who believe that reason can be objectively determined. REBT theorists have argued in reply that REBT raises objections to clients' irrational choices and conclusions as a working hypothesis and through collaborative efforts demonstrate the irrationality on practical, functional and social consensual grounds. In 1998 when asked what the main criticism on REBT was, Albert Ellis replied that it was the claim that it was too rational and not dealing sufficiently enough with emotions. He repudiated the claim by saying that REBT on the contrary emphasizes that thinking, feeling, and behaving are interrelated and integrated, and that it includes a vast amount of both emotional and behavioural methods in addition to cognitive ones.
1547:– No matter how, when, and why people acquire self-defeating or irrational beliefs (i.e. beliefs that are the main cause of their dysfunctional emotional-behavioral consequences), if they are disturbed in the present, they tend to keep holding these irrational beliefs and continue upsetting themselves with these thoughts. They do so not because they held them in the past, but because they still actively hold them in the present (often unconsciously), while continuing to reaffirm their beliefs and act as if they are still valid. In their minds and hearts, the troubled people still follow the core "masturbatory" philosophies they adopted or invented long ago or ones they recently accepted or constructed.
1634:. Central through these methods and techniques is the intent to help the client challenge, dispute and question their destructive and self-defeating cognitions, emotions and behaviors. The methods and techniques incorporate cognitive-philosophic, emotive-evocative-dramatic, and behavioral methods for disputation of the client's irrational and self-defeating constructs and helps the client come up with more rational and self-constructive ones. REBT seeks to acknowledge that understanding and insight are not enough; in order for clients to significantly change, they need to pinpoint their irrational and self-defeating
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self-helpingly, then the resulting consequence is, according to REBT, likely to be more healthy, constructive and functional. This does not by any means mean that a relatively un-disturbed person never experiences negative feelings, but REBT does hope to keep debilitating and un-healthy emotions and subsequent self-defeating behavior to a minimum. To do this, REBT generally promotes a flexible, un-dogmatic, self-helping and efficient belief system and constructive life philosophy about adversities and human desires and preferences.
1602:. After working through these problems, the client learns to generalize insights to other relevant situations. In many cases after going through a client's different target problems, the therapist is interested in examining possible core beliefs and more deep rooted philosophical evaluations and schemas that might account for a wider array of problematic emotions and behaviors. Although REBT much of the time is used as a brief therapy, in deeper and more complex problems, longer therapy is promoted.
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their "being" and give up the narrow, grandiose and ultimately destructive notion to give themselves any global rating or report card. This is partly because all humans are continually evolving and are far too complex to accurately rate; all humans do both self-defeating / socially defeating and self-helping/socially helping deeds, and have both beneficial and un-beneficial attributes and traits at certain times and in certain conditions. REBT holds that
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1539:) are much more likely to follow strong negative As (such as being assaulted or raped), than they are to follow weak As (such as being disliked by a stranger), the main or more direct cores of extreme and dysfunctional emotional disturbances (Cs) are people's irrational beliefs—the "absolutistic" (inflexible) "musts" and their accompanying inferences and attributions that people strongly believe about the activating event.
1796:. Prominent REBTers have promoted the importance of high quality and programmatic research, including originator Ellis, a self-proclaimed "passionate skeptic". He has on many occasions been open to challenges and acknowledged errors and inefficiencies in his approach and concurrently revised his theories and practices. In general, with regard to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies'
1555:– No matter how well they have gained insights 1 and 2, insight alone rarely enables people to undo their emotional disturbances. They may feel better when they know, or think they know, how they became disturbed, because insights can feel useful and curative. But it is unlikely that people will actually get better and stay better unless they have and apply insight 3, which is that
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1298:"Other people with whom I relate or associate, absolutely MUST, under practically all conditions and at all times, treat me nicely, considerately and fairly. Otherwise, it is terrible and they are rotten, bad, unworthy people who will always treat me badly and do not deserve a good life and should be severely punished for acting so abominably to me."
1295:"I absolutely MUST, under practically all conditions and at all times, perform well (or outstandingly well) and win the approval (or complete love) of significant others. If I fail in these important—and sacred—respects, that is awful and I am a bad, incompetent, unworthy person, who will probably always fail and deserves to suffer."
926:. In his first major book on rational therapy, Ellis wrote that the central principle of his approach, that people are rarely emotionally affected by external events but rather by their thinking about such events, "was originally discovered and stated by the ancient Stoic philosophers." Ellis illustrates this with a quote from the
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other-acceptance or unconditional positive regard, the therapist is not necessarily always encouraged to build a warm and caring relationship with the client. The tasks of the therapist or counselor include understanding the client's concerns from his point of reference and work as a facilitator, teacher and encourager.
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aspects, as opposed to the combination of cognitive, emotive and behavioral aspects of REBT. As REBT has been subject to criticisms during its existence, especially in its early years, REBT theorists have a long history of publishing and addressing those concerns. It has also been argued by Ellis and
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base to verify and support both their psychotherapeutic efficiency and their theoretical underpinnings. Meta-analyses of outcome-based studies reveal REBT to be effective for treating various psychopathologies, conditions and problems. Recently, REBT randomized clinical trials have offered a positive
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between the REBT therapist and a client results in changes to the client's philosophical way of evaluating himself or herself, others, and his or her life, which will likely yield effective results. The client then moves toward unconditional self-acceptance, other-acceptance and life-acceptance while
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Almost all (neurotic clients) have innate tendencies to take their strong desires and preferences (which they learn and which they also have biological predispositions to construct) and to escalate them into unrealistic, illogical, absolutist demands and to thereby disturb themselves when these rigid
1301:"The conditions under which I live absolutely MUST, at practically all times, be favorable, safe, hassle-free, and quickly and easily enjoyable, and if they are not that way it's awful and horrible and I can't bear it. I can't ever enjoy myself at all. My life is impossible and hardly worth living."
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One of the main pillars of REBT is that irrational and dysfunctional ways and patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are contributing to human disturbance and emotional and behavioral self-defeatism and social defeatism. REBT generally teaches that when people turn flexible preferences, desires
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A fundamental premise of REBT is that humans do not get emotionally disturbed by unfortunate circumstances, but by how they construct their views of these circumstances through their language, evaluative beliefs, meanings and philosophies about the world, themselves and others. This concept has been
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That human beings are inherently fallible and imperfect and that they are better served by accepting their and other human beings' totality and humanity, while at the same time they may not like some of their behaviors and characteristics. That they are better off not measuring their entire self or
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Some have criticized REBT for being harsh, formulaic and failing to address deep underlying problems. REBT theorists have argued in reply that a careful study of REBT shows that it is both philosophically deep, humanistic and individualized collaboratively working on the basis of the client's point
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REBT also has many interfaces and applications through self-help resources, phone and internet counseling, workshops & seminars, workplace and educational programmes, etc. This includes
Rational Emotive Education (REE) where REBT is applied in education settings, Rational Effectiveness Training
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themselves to lead happier and more fulfilling lives. The emphasis in therapy is generally to establish a successful collaborative therapeutic working alliance based on the REBT educational model. Although REBT teaches that the therapist or counsellor is better served by demonstrating unconditional
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process in which the therapist often active-directively teaches the client how to identify irrational and self-defeating beliefs and philosophies which in nature are rigid, extreme, unrealistic, illogical and absolutist, and then to forcefully and actively question and dispute them and replace them
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and overgeneralizations are accompanied by these. According to REBT, the core dysfunctional philosophies in a person's evaluative emotional and behavioral belief system are also very likely to contribute to unrealistic, arbitrary and crooked inferences and distortions in thinking. REBT therefore
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The REBT framework posits that humans have both innate rational (meaning self-helping, socially helping, and constructive) and irrational (meaning self-defeating, socially defeating, and unhelpful) tendencies and leanings. REBT claims that people to a large degree consciously and unconsciously
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REBT assumes that human thinking, emotion, and action are not really separate or disparate processes, but that they all significantly overlap and are rarely experienced in a pure state. Much of what we call emotion is nothing more nor less than a certain kind—a biased, prejudiced, or strongly
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system of theory and practices and a school of thought established by Ellis. He first presented his ideas at a conference of the
American Psychological Association in 1956 then published a seminal article in 1957 entitled "Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology", in which he set the
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Further, REBT generally posits that disturbed evaluations to a large degree occur through overgeneralization, wherein people exaggerate and globalize events or traits, usually unwanted events or traits or behavior, out of context, while almost always ignoring the positive events or traits or
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to a large degree results from an adequate amount of self-helping, flexible, logico-empirical ways of thinking, emoting and behaving. When a perceived undesired and stressful activating event occurs, and the individual is interpreting, evaluating and reacting to the situation rationally and
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between making themselves feel healthily or, self-helpingly, sorry, disappointed, frustrated, and annoyed or making themselves feel unhealthily and self-defeatingly horrified, terrified, panicked, depressed, self-hating and self-pitying. By attaining and ingraining a more rational and
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In traditional REBT, the client together with the therapist, in a structured active-directive manner, often work through a set of target problems and establish a set of therapeutic goals. In these target problems, situational dysfunctional emotions, behaviors and beliefs are
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REBT has been developed, revised and augmented through the years as understanding and knowledge of psychology and psychotherapy have progressed. This includes its theoretical concepts, practices and methodology. The teaching of scientific thinking, reasonableness and
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As explained, REBT is a therapeutic system of both theory and practice; generally one of the goals of REBT is to help clients see the ways in which they have learned how they often needlessly upset themselves, teach them how to "un-upset" themselves and then how to
1800:, others have pointed out that as about 30–40% of people are still unresponsive to interventions, that REBT could be a platform of reinvigorating empirical studies on the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral models of psychopathology and human functioning.
1531:– People seeing and accepting the reality that their emotional disturbances at point C are only partially caused by the activating events or adversities at point A that precede C. Although A contributes to C, and although disturbed Cs (such as feelings of
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Another factor contributing to the brevity of REBT is that the therapist seeks to empower the client to help himself through future adversities. REBT only promotes temporary solutions if more fundamental solutions are not found. An ideal successful
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Through REBT, by understanding the role of their mediating, evaluative and philosophically based illogical, unrealistic and self-defeating meanings, interpretations and assumptions in disturbance, individuals can learn to identify them, then go to
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In therapy, the first step often is that the client acknowledges the problems, accepts emotional responsibility for these and has willingness and determination to change. This normally requires a considerable amount of insight, but as originator
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Because of their self-consciousness and their ability to think about their thinking, they can very easily disturb themselves about their disturbances and can also disturb themselves about their ineffective attempts to overcome their emotional
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in that it places little emphasis on exploring the past, but instead focuses on changing the current evaluations and philosophical thinking-emoting and behaving in relation to themselves, others and the conditions under which people live.
1690:, assertiveness training, grief, problems with aging, money, weight control etc. More recently, the reported use of REBT in sport and exercise settings has grown, with the efficacy of REBT demonstrated across a range of sports.
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Ellis, Albert (2003). Early theories and practices of rational emotive behavior theory and how they have been augmented and revised during the last three decades. Journal of
Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy,
1571:. Only by a combined cognitive, emotive, and behavioral, as well as a quite persistent and forceful attack on one's serious emotional problems, is one likely to significantly ameliorate or remove them, and keep them removed.
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Ellis himself later in life accepted that REBT was not universally effective; "I hope I am also not a devout REBTer, since I do not think it is an unmitigated cure for everyone and do accept its distinct limitations."
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flaws or misdeeds. Frustration intolerance then occurs when a person perceives something to be too difficult, painful or tedious, and by doing so exaggerates these qualities beyond one's ability to cope with them.
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That people had better accept life with its hassles and difficulties not always in accordance with their wants, while trying to change what they can change and live as elegantly as possible with what they cannot
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tasks, i.e., by having the client confront the very thing he or she is afraid of. By doing so, the client is actively acting against the belief that often is contributing significantly to the disturbance.
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evaluative kind—of thought. But emotions and behaviors significantly influence and affect thinking, just as thinking influences emotions and behaviors. Evaluating is a fundamental characteristic of human
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in the field of psychotherapy and a large amount of clinical experience and a substantial body of modern psychological research have validated and substantiated many of REBTs theoretical assumptions on
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eliefs that are most significant are highly evaluative and consist of interrelated and integrated cognitive, emotional and behavioral aspects and dimensions. According to REBT, if a person's evaluative
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which not only enable them to think about their feeling, their actions, and the results they get from doing and not doing certain things, but they also are able to think about their thinking and even
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That the concepts and philosophies of life of unconditional self-acceptance, other-acceptance, and life-acceptance are effective philosophies of life in achieving mental wellness and
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REBT posits that the client must work hard to get better, and in therapy this normally includes a wide array of homework exercises in day-to-day life assigned by the therapist. The
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David D. et al. (2005). A synopsis of rational-emotive behavior therapy: Fundamental and applied research. Journal of rational-emotive and cognitive-behavior therapy 2005, vol. 23
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whether clients merely feel better after therapy instead of them getting better and staying better. Ellis has also criticized studies for having limited focus primarily to
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Lyons, L. C., & Woods, P. J. (1991). The efficacy of rational-emotive therapy: A quantitative review of the outcome research. Clinical
Psychology Review, 11, 357–369.
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Ellis has suggested that humans take the above distorted ways of thinking and created three core beliefs or philosophies that humans tend to disturb themselves through:
1698:(Self Management And Recovery Training) in supporting those in addiction recovery, in addition to a wide variety of specialized treatment strategies and applications.
846:(CBT) and was first expounded by Ellis in the mid-1950s; development continued until his death in 2007. Ellis became synonymous with the highly influential therapy.
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Ellis, A. (1994) Reason and
Emotion in Psychotherapy: Comprehensive Method of Treating Human Disturbances : Revised and Updated. New York, NY: Citadel Press
1559:; actively, energetically, and scientifically disputing them; replacing one's absolute "musts" (rigid requirements about how things should be) with more flexible
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early in and during life, and further grow stronger as a person continually revisits, clings and acts on them. Ellis alludes to similarities between REBT and the
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Essential to REBT theory is also the concept of secondary disturbances which people sometimes construct on top of their primary disturbance. As Ellis emphasizes:
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McMahon, J., &d Vernon, A. (2010) Albert Ellis: Evolution of a
Revolution: Selections from the Writings of Albert Ellis, Ph.D. Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books.
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and wishes into grandiose, absolutistic and fatalistic dictates, this tends to contribute to disturbance and upset. These dysfunctional patterns are examples of
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REBT posits that people have erroneous beliefs about situations they are involved in, and that these beliefs cause disturbance, but can be disputed and changed.
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REBT commonly posits that at the core of irrational beliefs there often are explicit or implicit rigid demands and commands, and that extreme derivatives like
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dversity can be an external situation, or a thought, a feeling or other kind of internal event, and it can refer to an event in the past, present, or future.
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Velten, E. & Penn, P. E. REBT for People With Co-occurring
Problems: Albert Ellis in the Wilds of Arizona. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
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and distinguish them from healthy constructs, and subscribe to more constructive and self-helping philosophies. This new reasonable perspective leads to
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Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of rational emotive behavior therapy have been identified in ancient philosophical traditions, particularly to
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Applications and interfaces of REBT are used with a broad range of clinical problems in traditional psychotherapeutic settings such as individual-,
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there is usually no way to get better and stay better except by continual work and practice in looking for and finding one's core irrational beliefs
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1474:, and prior responses appear to bias subsequent responses. What we call feelings almost always have a pronounced evaluating or appraisal element.
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onsequence, is likely to be self-defeating and destructive. Alternatively, if a person's belief is preferential, flexible, and constructive, the
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has on occasions emphasized the difficulty and complexity of measuring psychotherapeutic effectiveness, because many studies only tend to
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I hope I am also not a devout REBTer, since I do not think it is an unmitigated cure for everyone and do accept its distinct limitations.
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Low
Frustration Tolerance (LFT): The belief that one could not stand or tolerate adversity (e.g., I cannot stand being treated unfairly).
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Ellis, Albert (2001). Overcoming
Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors: New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy.
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by other clinicians that REBT theory on numerous occasions has been misunderstood and misconstrued both in research and in general.
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Depreciation: The belief that one event reflects the person as a whole (e.g., When I fail it shows that I am a complete failure).
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model are the explicit and implicit philosophical meanings and assumptions about events, personal desires, and preferences. The
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REBT then generally proposes that many of these self-defeating cognitive, emotive and behavioral tendencies are both innately
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in REBT is to show the client that whenever unpleasant and unfortunate activating events occur in people's lives, they have a
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Holding this belief when faced with adversity tends to contribute to feelings of anger, rage, fury, and vindictiveness.
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Ellis, A. (2004) Rational
Emotive Behavior Therapy: It Works for Me—It Can Work for You. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
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Ellis, Albert. (1994). Reason and Emotion In Psychotherapy, Revised and Updated. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Group
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Velten, E. (2010) Under the Influence: Reflections of Albert Ellis in the Work of Others. Tucson, AZ: See Sharp Press
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response, and then response tends to bias subsequent perception. Also, prior perceptions appear to bias subsequent
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Awfulizing: The tendency to consider adverse events as awful or terrible (e.g., It's awful when I am disrespected).
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ffective new philosophy, they can recognize and reinforce the notion no evidence exists for any psychopathological
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exercises, can gain a more rational, self-helping and constructive rational way of thinking, emoting and behaving.
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Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors: New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
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Ellis, Albert (1995). "Changing rational-emotive therapy (RET) to rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)".
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self-constructive philosophy of themselves, others and the world, people often are more likely to behave and
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The clinical research on REBT has been criticized both from within and by others. For instance, originator
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Colin Feltham (ed) (1997). Which Psychotherapy?: Leading Exponents Explain Their Differences. SAGE, 1997
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has been inherent in REBT as an approach, and these ways of thinking are an inextricable part of REBT's
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REBT sees disturbances as caused by characteristics of a person, rather than a particular past event;
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Demands: The tendency to demand success, fair treatment, and respect (e.g., I must be treated fairly).
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manner, dispute and question these and develop a more workable, more self-helping set of constructs.
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foundation for what he was calling rational therapy (RT) and carefully responded to questions from
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Counseling and Psychotherapy With Religious Persons: A Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Approach
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The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy
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noted, "No individual—not even Freud himself—has had a greater impact on modern psychotherapy."
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REBT clearly acknowledges that people, in addition to disturbing themselves, also are innately
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with more rational and self-helping ones. By using different cognitive, emotive and behavioral
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and feelings about self-worth are largely definitional and are not empirically confirmable or
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disturbance and change. The following letters represent the following meanings in this model:
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and work forcefully and actively at changing them to more functional and self-helping ones.
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International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health
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and abreactive psychotherapies in addition to on several occasions questioning some of the
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Through the therapeutic process, REBT employs a wide array of forceful and active, meaning
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problems and disturbances and to help people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives.
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336613187_iPBI_Scoring_Sheet_-_28_and_20_items
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Dryden W., & Neenan M. (2003). Essential Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy. Wiley.
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and rigid "shoulds", "musts", and "oughts", they tend to disturb and upset themselves.
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David, Daniel; Cotet, Carmen; Matu, Silviu; Mogoase, Cristina; Stefan, Simona (2018).
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The Albert Ellis reader: A guide to well-being using rational emotive behavior therapy
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Humans, unlike just about all the other animals on earth, create fairly sophisticated
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first teaches that when people in an insensible and devout way overuse absolutistic,
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when explaining the role of irrational beliefs in self-defeating tendencies, citing
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Ellis, A. (2001). Feeling better, getting better, staying better. Impact Publishers
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Holding this belief when faced with adversity tends to contribute to feelings of
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ctivating event) that cause disturbed and dysfunctional emotional and behavioral
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Ellis A., Abrams M. & Abrams L. (2008). Theories of Personality. Sage Press
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In REBT, clients usually learn and begin to apply this premise by learning the
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Ellis has himself in very direct terms criticized opposing approaches such as
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Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy in a Nutshell (Counselling in a Nutshell)
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in mental functioning and dysfunctioning, originator Albert Ellis explains:
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REBT proposes four core irrational ways of thinking that create suffering:
950:, though he only read his work several years after developing his therapy.
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2139:(2nd ed.). New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing Company. p. 112.
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Ellis, A. (2007) All Out! An Autobiography. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
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2311:"REBT particularly follows Korzybski in this respect..." Albert Ellis in
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REBT may be effective in improving sports performance and mental health.
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ctivating event is rigid, absolutistic, fictional and dysfunctional, the
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and activities, the client, together with help from the therapist and in
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Other insights of REBT (some referring to the ABCDEF model above) are:
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Fundamentals of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy: A Training Manual
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Holding this belief when faced with adversity tends to contribute to
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Rational emotive behavior therapy was created and developed by the
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Wood, A. G.; Barker, J. B.; Turner, M. J.; Sheffield, D. (2018).
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Ellis, Albert. 1957. Journal of Individual Psychology 13: 38-44.
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Ellis, Albert (1962) Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. p. 54
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911:
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by the means of their irrational and self-defeating thinking,
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1998:
Epstein, R. (2001). "The Prince of Reason". Psychology Today.
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Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy; Theoretical Developments
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Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
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Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
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The Practice of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (2nd ed.)
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and sanctifying REBT as a supposedly perfect psychological
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1788:. Many, including REBT practitioners, have warned against
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striving to live a more self-fulfilling and happier life.
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onsequence is likely to be self-helping and constructive.
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Stevan Lars Nielsen, W. Brad Johnson & Albert Ellis,
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Ask Dr. Ellis Achieve (1996–2001). Albert Ellis Institute
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1714:
In general REBT is arguably one of the most investigated
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Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
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Windy Dryden, Raymond Di Giuseppe & Michael Neenan,
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Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
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and others about the similarities and differences with
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: A Therapist's Guide
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REBT and CBT in general have a substantial and strong
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Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy
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s, irrational beliefs that are most important in the
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Community reinforcement approach and family training
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as a significant modern influence on this thinking.
1284:
1215:isputing and questioning the evidence for them. At
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3923:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
2863:Association for Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
2808:A Practitioner's Guide to Rational-Emotive Therapy
2711:(This was his final work, published posthumously).
2117:
2137:The practice of rational emotive behavior therapy
2085:Clinical applications of rational-emotive therapy
2026:
2024:
2022:
2014:Rational Psychotherapy and Individual Psychology.
1497:REBT differs from other clinical approaches like
1358:
3955:
3913:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
2868:UK Centre for Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
1396:of the importance of an unwanted situation to a
1093:isputations to challenge beliefs about adversity
1033:attributed as far back as the Stoic philosopher
3928:Association for Behavior Analysis International
872:. This was around a decade before psychiatrist
830:, who was inspired by many of the teachings of
2701:Theories of Personality: Critical Perspectives
2683:Feeling better, getting better, staying better
2083:Ellis, Albert; Bernard, Michael Edwin (1985).
2019:
1740:Cognitive behavioral therapy § Criticisms
1662:
3107:
2908:
2822:A Primer on Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
2134:
1389:behaviors. For example, awfulizing is partly
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2657:(3rd rev ed.); Wilshire Book Company, 1997.
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842:and modern philosophers. REBT is a form of
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1442:Regarding cognitive-affective-behavioral
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1239:eelings and behaviors appropriate to the
1111:The A-B-C model states that it is not an
965:construct emotional difficulties such as
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1901:
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1029:in more life-serving and adaptive ways.
960:Cognitive therapy § Cognitive model
884:in 1959, then the current term in 1992.
2732:Albert Ellis & Catharine MacLaren,
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1835:As would be expected, REBT argues that
14:
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3933:European Association for Psychotherapy
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2463:
2341:
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1744:Psychotherapy § General critiques
1455:and seems to work in a kind of closed
1383:
973:, clinical anger, hurt, guilt, shame,
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2896:
2289:
2087:. New York: Plenum Press. p. 9.
2060:"Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorders"
2057:
1910:
1858:REBT generally teaches and promotes:
1259:
1243:they are addressing in the exercise.
2736:(2nd ed.); Impact Publishers, 2005.
1352:, addictive behaviors and inaction.
1040:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3218:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
3051:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
2587:The Myth of Self-Esteem, 2005, p258
2120:Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy
69:"Rational emotive behavior therapy"
24:
3938:Society for Psychotherapy Research
3166:Transference focused psychotherapy
2614:
1830:
1694:in business and work-settings and
1131:onsequences, but also what people
25:
3980:
3223:Rational emotive behavior therapy
3196:Functional analytic psychotherapy
3191:Acceptance and commitment therapy
3121:
3061:Rational emotive behavior therapy
3026:Functional analytic psychotherapy
2940:Acceptance and commitment therapy
2851:
2824:(2nd ed.); Research Press, 2002.
2810:; Oxford University Press, 1992.
2626:Rational emotive behavior therapy
1519:
1135:, irrationally believe about the
797:, the aim of which is to resolve
771:Rational emotive behavior therapy
135:Rational emotive behavior therapy
2999:Exposure and response prevention
2703:, New York: Sage Press, 7/2008
1285:Core beliefs that disturb humans
725:
181:
34:
3943:World Council for Psychotherapy
2782:; John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
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2058:Boone, Stephanie (2017-03-03).
2051:
2007:
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1199:, the emotional and behavioral
1191:, the emotional and behavioral
981:, and behavior tendencies like
940:expressed a similar thought in
918:, and early Asian philosophers
45:needs additional citations for
2699:, PhD, and Lidia Abrams, PhD.
2413:Journal of Clinical Psychology
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
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1780:in certain religious systems,
1711:view on the efficacy of REBT.
1515:imperatives are not fulfilled.
1359:Rigid demands that humans make
13:
1:
3156:Mentalization-based treatment
2722:; Springer Publishing, 2007.
1886:
1100:ffective new rational beliefs
985:, compulsiveness, avoidance,
468:Industrial and organizational
3964:Cognitive behavioral therapy
3213:Dialectical behavior therapy
3203:Cognitive behavioral therapy
3021:Dialectical behavior therapy
2924:Cognitive behavioral therapy
2640:Resources in other libraries
844:cognitive behavioral therapy
623:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
3243:Emotionally focused therapy
2994:Direct therapeutic exposure
2796:; Brunner-Routledge, 2003.
2768:; Sage Publications, 2005.
2685:; Impact Publishers, 2001.
1701:
1663:Applications and interfaces
1594:in regards to the client's
1344:, and to behaviors such as
1000:REBT is then applied as an
10:
3985:
3514:Systematic desensitization
3443:Practitioner–scholar model
3186:Clinical behavior analysis
3014:Systematic desensitization
3009:Prolonged exposure therapy
2975:Compassion-focused therapy
2955:Cognitive analytic therapy
2858:The Albert Ellis Institute
2838:; Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001.
2671:; Prometheus Books, 2001.
2655:A Guide to Rational Living
2319:retrieved August 18, 2010.
1737:
957:
811:
785:, is an active-directive,
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3174:
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3129:
2935:
2752:Getting Started with REBT
2635:Resources in your library
2354:. Frontiers Media: 1423.
1369:low frustration tolerance
1247:Psychological dysfunction
398:Applied behavior analysis
153:
139:
134:
3525:Other individual therapy
2556:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01423
2361:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01423
1774:transpersonal psychology
1734:Limitations and critique
1645:may for example include
882:Rational Emotive Therapy
783:rational emotive therapy
18:Rational emotive therapy
3547:Cognitive restructuring
3268:Person-centered therapy
3036:Inference-based therapy
3031:Habit reversal training
2883:Wife of Dr Albert Ellis
2606:The Myth of Self-Esteem
2543:Frontiers in Psychology
2348:Frontiers in Psychology
2342:Turner, Martin (2016).
1758:cognitive restructuring
954:Theoretical assumptions
588:Behavioral neuroscience
243:Behavioral neuroscience
3478:Contingency management
3357:Transtheoretical model
3347:Eclectic psychotherapy
3324:Transactional analysis
2980:Contingency management
2537:Turner, M. J. (2016).
2135:Ellis, Albert (1997).
2124:. New York, L. Stuart.
1828:
1624:
1573:
1549:
1541:
1517:
1476:
1438:Origins of dysfunction
1435:
1424:Secondary disturbances
1079:eliefs about adversity
1066:
638:Psychology of religion
578:Behavioral engineering
262:Cognitive neuroscience
228:Affective neuroscience
3969:Psychotherapy by type
3428:Common factors theory
3392:Residential treatment
3041:Metacognitive therapy
2950:Behavioral activation
2888:REBT Information site
2806:Windy Dryden et al.,
2330:The Road to Tolerance
2241:www.getselfhelp.co.uk
2031:Robertson, D (2010).
1818:
1612:
1550:
1542:
1526:
1512:
1448:
1430:
1322:, and worthlessness.
1254:cognitive distortions
1065:
876:first set forth his "
870:individual psychology
777:), previously called
732:Psychology portal
3857:Lorna Smith Benjamin
3692:Harry Stack Sullivan
3617:Sensitivity training
3418:Clinical formulation
3081:Self-control therapy
2317:Google Books preview
2237:"Quotes for Therapy"
54:improve this article
3589:Group psychotherapy
3500:Counterconditioning
3377:Brief psychotherapy
3248:Existential therapy
2754:; Routledge, 2005.
2746:Windy Dryden &
2714:Albert Ellis &
2283:REBT; Ellis, 1957,
1723:and psychotherapy.
1384:Over-generalization
948:Paul Charles Dubois
908:Panaetius of Rhodes
583:Behavioral genetics
498:Occupational health
238:Behavioral genetics
169:Part of a series on
3717:Milton H. Erickson
3552:Emotion regulation
3532:Autogenic training
3423:Clinical pluralism
3352:Multimodal therapy
3151:Analytical therapy
3071:Relapse prevention
3056:Multimodal therapy
2425:10.1002/jclp.22514
2116:Ellis, A. (1962).
2037:. London: Karnac.
1925:10.1007/BF02354453
1461:feedback mechanism
1260:Irrational beliefs
1067:
700:Schools of thought
538:Sport and exercise
384:Applied psychology
3951:
3950:
3877:William R. Miller
3862:Marsha M. Linehan
3832:Jean Baker Miller
3792:Salvador Minuchin
3672:Ludwig Binswanger
3625:
3624:
3460:Behaviour therapy
3387:Online counseling
3365:
3364:
3304:Narrative therapy
3208:Cognitive therapy
3089:
3088:
2965:Cognitive therapy
2830:978-0-87822-478-4
2774:978-1-4129-0770-5
2760:978-1-58391-939-2
2742:978-1-886230-61-3
2728:978-0-8261-2216-2
2709:978-1-4129-1422-2
2695:Albert Ellis and
2621:Library resources
2508:10.1111/sms.12926
2044:978-1-85575-756-1
1688:stress management
1488:general semantics
1356:
1355:
1041:A-B-C-D-E-F Model
878:cognitive therapy
857:psychotherapeutic
768:
767:
665:Counseling topics
608:Consumer behavior
349:Psycholinguistics
233:Affective science
164:
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130:
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104:
16:(Redirected from
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3867:Vittorio Guidano
3837:Otto F. Kernberg
3707:Donald Winnicott
3564:Free association
3509:Exposure therapy
3488:Stimulus control
3468:Aversion therapy
3456:
3455:
3319:Systemic therapy
3294:Feminist therapy
3146:Adlerian therapy
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2945:Behavior therapy
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1179:elief about the
1016:One of the main
849:Psychology Today
779:rational therapy
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695:Research methods
354:Psychophysiology
214:Basic psychology
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157:edit on Wikidata
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3882:Steven C. Hayes
3812:Paul Watzlawick
3797:Paul Watzlawick
3752:Virginia Axline
3662:Sándor Ferenczi
3621:
3602:Couples therapy
3583:
3557:Affect labeling
3520:
3505:Desensitization
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3433:Discontinuation
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3314:Reality therapy
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3258:Gestalt therapy
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1630:and disputing,
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983:procrastination
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892:Marcus Aurelius
862:Rudolf Dreikurs
855:REBT is both a
821:psychotherapist
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787:philosophically
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3852:Arnold Lazarus
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3847:Irvin D. Yalom
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3822:Eugene Gendlin
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3807:Ogden Lindsley
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3782:Virginia Satir
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3767:Silvano Arieti
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3637:Philippe Pinel
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3607:Family therapy
3604:
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3584:
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3542:Clean language
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43:This article
41:
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27:Psychotherapy
19:
3906:Associations
3897:Peter Fonagy
3842:Nathan Azrin
3817:Arthur Janov
3777:Joseph Wolpe
3762:Albert Ellis
3742:George Kelly
3727:Erik Erikson
3687:Karen Horney
3657:Alfred Adler
3652:Pierre Janet
3642:Josef Breuer
3574:Hypnotherapy
3309:Play therapy
3222:
3060:
2835:
2821:
2807:
2793:
2779:
2765:
2751:
2733:
2719:
2716:Windy Dryden
2700:
2682:
2668:
2654:
2651:Albert Ellis
2625:
2605:
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2244:. Retrieved
2240:
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2130:
2119:
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2084:
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2067:. Retrieved
2063:
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1919:(2): 85–89.
1916:
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1834:
1825:Albert Ellis
1819:
1806:un-dogmatism
1802:
1782:spiritualism
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1750:Albert Ellis
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1681:
1666:
1652:
1640:
1625:
1613:
1608:Albert Ellis
1604:
1588:
1579:
1576:Intervention
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1509:
1506:Disturbances
1496:
1477:
1449:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1387:
1362:
1288:
1280:
1263:
1250:
1240:
1236:
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1228:
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1216:
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1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
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1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1031:
1015:
999:
963:
941:
928:
886:
881:
866:Alfred Adler
854:
847:
828:Albert Ellis
825:psychologist
815:
807:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:
628:Intelligence
359:Quantitative
324:Mathematical
319:Intelligence
309:Experimental
304:Evolutionary
294:Differential
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3827:R. D. Laing
3802:Haim Ginott
3732:Carl Rogers
3697:Fritz Perls
3612:Psychodrama
3537:Biofeedback
3339:Integrative
3284:Art therapy
3263:Logotherapy
1876:falsifiable
1790:dogmatizing
1721:personality
1684:counselling
1643:assignments
1569:compulsions
1561:preferences
1472:perceptions
1398:catastrophe
1373:deprecation
1334:intolerance
1330:frustration
1086:onsequences
1002:educational
938:Shakespeare
929:Enchiridion
791:empirically
670:Disciplines
543:Suicidology
438:Educational
393:Anomalistic
369:Theoretical
344:Personality
274:Comparative
257:Cognitivism
248:Behaviorism
3958:Categories
3787:Aaron Beck
3702:Anna Freud
3597:Co-therapy
3452:Techniques
3382:Counseling
3370:Approaches
3235:Humanistic
3178:behavioral
2315:, p. 306.
2146:0826154719
2069:2019-06-17
1887:References
1853:multimodal
1738:See also:
1636:constructs
1628:multimodal
1610:explains:
1537:depression
1480:biological
1465:perception
1365:awfulizing
1342:depression
1316:depression
1143:dversity.
1018:objectives
991:withdrawal
975:depression
967:self-blame
958:See also:
904:Chrysippus
874:Aaron Beck
803:behavioral
598:Competence
463:Humanistic
443:Ergonomics
428:Counseling
403:Assessment
339:Perception
299:Ecological
175:Psychology
80:newspapers
3747:Rollo May
3682:Otto Rank
3667:Carl Jung
3397:Self-help
2103:567413740
1941:143101900
1933:0894-9085
1814:skeptical
1810:empirical
1786:mysticism
1778:doctrines
1616:languages
1553:Insight 3
1545:Insight 2
1529:Insight 1
1463:: First,
1453:organisms
1444:processes
1417:perceived
1415:by their
1406:holocaust
1371:, people
1350:avoidance
1053:model of
1035:Epictetus
987:addiction
971:self-pity
934:Epictetus
920:Confucius
896:Epictetus
799:emotional
593:Cognition
508:Political
418:Community
253:Cognitive
203:Subfields
110:July 2011
3579:Modeling
3569:Homework
3473:Chaining
3411:Research
3253:Focusing
3004:Flooding
2653:et al.,
2575:27703441
2549:: 1423.
2524:22809279
2516:28581692
2443:28898411
2380:27703441
2155:35223015
1823:—
1816:nature.
1716:theories
1708:research
1702:Efficacy
1592:assessed
1378:dogmatic
1072:dversity
1011:homework
818:American
705:Timeline
618:Feelings
613:Emotions
573:Behavior
567:Concepts
528:Religion
513:Positive
503:Pastoral
488:Military
453:Forensic
448:Feminist
433:Critical
423:Consumer
413:Coaching
408:Clinical
284:Cultural
223:Abnormal
3483:Shaping
3438:History
3130:Schools
2566:5028385
2434:5836900
2371:5028385
2332:, p. 26
2328:Ellis,
2246:1 April
2206:21(3/4)
1882:change.
1794:panacea
1754:measure
1583:empower
1459:with a
1457:circuit
1413:defined
1320:despair
1308:anxiety
1107:eelings
1103:F New
1007:methods
995:emoting
979:anxiety
812:History
680:Outline
553:Traffic
548:Systems
483:Medical
314:Gestalt
198:History
193:Outline
147:D011617
94:scholar
3630:People
2842:
2828:
2814:
2800:
2786:
2772:
2758:
2740:
2726:
2707:
2689:
2675:
2661:
2623:about
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1931:
1837:mental
1742:, and
1671:- and
1596:values
1468:biases
1402:horror
1391:mental
1235:, new
1229:should
1022:choice
943:Hamlet
916:Seneca
914:, and
912:Cicero
889:Stoics
793:based
710:Topics
533:School
458:Health
364:Social
267:Social
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3277:Other
2520:S2CID
1937:S2CID
1872:ideas
1669:group
1600:goals
1565:fears
1533:panic
1338:anger
1312:panic
1225:ought
1160:A-B-C
1051:D-E-F
1047:A-B-C
1027:emote
840:Roman
836:Greek
832:Asian
656:Lists
493:Music
478:Media
473:Legal
329:Moral
155:[
101:JSTOR
87:books
3329:List
2928:list
2840:ISBN
2826:ISBN
2812:ISBN
2798:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2756:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2687:ISBN
2673:ISBN
2659:ISBN
2571:PMID
2512:PMID
2439:PMID
2376:PMID
2248:2018
2151:OCLC
2141:ISBN
2099:OCLC
2089:ISBN
2039:ISBN
1929:ISSN
1812:and
1784:and
1598:and
1567:and
1535:and
1482:and
1221:must
1217:E, e
1154:The
989:and
977:and
922:and
823:and
801:and
789:and
781:and
775:REBT
633:Mind
141:MeSH
73:news
2561:PMC
2551:doi
2504:doi
2429:PMC
2421:doi
2366:PMC
2356:doi
1921:doi
1400:or
1227:or
1166:s,
1127:s,
1096:E
1089:D
1075:B
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932:of
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1129:c
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