251:. Emitting from the chimneys were black plumes or jets of fine particles of these minerals, giving rise to the popular name "black smokers". Temperatures measured of these jets were 380±30 °C. Several vents of lower temperature emissions were found (<23 °C). These warm vents were similar to those discovered at the Galapagos Spreading Center a few years earlier. Hot vents and black smokers were not found at the Galapagos. Modeling of gravity data measured on the seafloor suggested that much of the upper ocean crust at 21°N was fractured and filled with warm water.
260:
38:
219:
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The discovery of biological communities at low temperature warm vents at 21°N, populated by a benthic community the same or similar to that discovered at the
Galapagos spreading center, established that life forms found at the Galapagos were not unique. Further, the significance of discovering at the
297:
crustal heat transfer computed for the first time from the vent plumes was estimated to be many-fold the observed conductive heat flow at a spreading center. These observations pointed to the importance of convective heat flow at spreading centers and provided an answer to the low heat flow problem.
238:
mineral deposits on the sea floor at 21°N, which were presumed to be due to hydrothermal activity, but which was not then observed. During RISE dives, the hot vents were found and were marked by mineralized chimneys, about a half-meter in diameter and one to a few meters high, composed of sulfide
77:". Biologic communities found at 21° N vents, based on chemosynthesis and similar to those found at the Galapagos spreading center, established that these communities are not unique. Discovery of a deep-sea ecosystem not based on sunlight spurred theories of the origin of life on Earth.
799:
Cyamex
Scientific Team; Francheteau, J.; Needham, H. D.; Choukroune, P.; Juteau, T.; Seguret, M.; Ballard, R. D.; Fox, P. J.; Normark, W. R. (1981). "First manned submersible dives on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N (project RITA): General results".
669:
Macdonald, Ken C.; Miller, Stephen P.; Luyendyk, Bruce P.; Atwater, Tanya M.; Shure, Loren (1983). "Investigation of a Vine-Matthews
Magnetic Lineation from a submersible: The source and character of marine magnetic anomalies".
453:
Corliss, John B.; Dymond, Jack; Gordon, Louis I.; Edmond, John M.; von Herzen, Richard P.; Ballard, Robert D.; Green, Kenneth; Williams, David; Bainbridge, Arnold (1979-03-16). "Submarine
Thermal Springs on the Galápagos Rift".
1200:
388:
Spiess, F. N.; Macdonald, K. C.; Atwater, T.; Ballard, R.; Carranza, A.; Cordoba, D.; Cox, C.; Garcia, V. M. D.; Francheteau, J. (1980-03-28). "East
Pacific Rise: Hot Springs and Geophysical Experiments".
97:. The study area at 21° N was selected following results from a series of detailed near-bottom geophysical surveys that were designed to map the geologic features associated with a known spreading center.
278:
and
Australia. The discovery of massive sulfide deposits associated with vent fields at spreading centers provided a model for how these deposits formed. It also spurred commercial efforts to mine these
73:
activity at depths around 2600 meters, the project discovered a series of vents emitting dark mineral particles at extremely high temperatures which gave rise to the popular name, "
174:
American, French, and
Mexican biologists, geologists, and geophysicists participated in both the RISE and RITA expeditions. The RISE expedition was directed by scientists at the
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that was not dependent on sunlight, existed at high pressures, and was based on chemicals emitted via volcanism, provided a model for how life could have originated on Earth.
154:
RISE was part of the RITA (Rivera-Tamayo expeditions) project, which included submersible investigations (CYAMEX) at 21° N and at the Tamayo
Fracture zone at the mouth of the
1009:
1166:
Macdonald, Ken C.; Becker, Keir; Spiess, F.N.; Ballard, R.D. (1980). "Hydrothermal heat flux of the "black smoker" vents on the East
Pacific Rise".
234:
at separate locations along the crest of the rise. These were anticipated by the discovery during the CYAMEX expedition a year earlier of massive
1267:
915:
Hekinian, R.; Fevrier, M.; Bischoff, J. L.; Picot, P.; Shanks, W. C. (1980-03-28). "Sulfide
Deposits from the East Pacific Rise Near 21 N".
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data from the seafloor that showed the measured values at spreading centers were too low for theoretical models of seafloor spreading. The
17:
854:
Francheteau, J.; Needham, H. D.; Choukroune, P.; Juteau, T.; Séguret, M.; Ballard, R. D.; Fox, P. J.; Normark, W.; Carranza, A. (1979).
210:
The expedition took place during March to May 1979. The RITA Project was directed by French scientists and was led by Jean Francheteau.
145:. The major experiment effort though, was seafloor observation and sample collection using the deep submergence submersible
191:
516:
Martin, William; Baross, John; Kelley, Deborah; Russell, Michael J. (2008). "Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life".
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at depths around 2,600 meters (8,500 ft), at 21° north latitude about 200 kilometers (110 nautical miles) south of
1396:
1288:
1327:
1243:
350:
267:
1057:"An Overview of Seabed Mining Including the Current State of Development, Environmental Impacts, and Knowledge Gaps"
973:(1981). "Hot spring deposits on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N: preliminary description of mineralogy and genesis".
303:
1420:
713:
Young, Peter D.; Cox, Charles S. (1981). "Electromagnetic active source sounding near the East Pacific Rise".
647:
1010:"Mount Isa silica dolomite and copper orebodies; the result of a syntectonic hydrothermal alteration system"
626:
Normark, William R. (1976). "Delineation of the main extrusion zone of the East Pacific Rise at lat 21°N".
1440:
567:
Larson, R. L.; Spiess, F. N. (1969-01-03). "East Pacific Rise Crest: A Near-Bottom Geophysical Profile".
345:
759:
Luyendyk, Bruce P. (1984). "On-bottom gravity profile across the East Pacific Rise crest at 21° north".
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This article is about the marine research expedition. For the Romanian journalism group, see
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Macdonald, Ken C.; Luyendyk, Bruce P. (1981). "The Crest of the East Pacific Rise".
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Black smokers were first discovered on the East Pacific Rise at 21° north latitude.
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Miller, Kathryn A.; Thompson, Kirsten F.; Johnston, Paul; Santillo, David (2018).
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was a 1979 international marine research project which mapped and investigated
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856:"Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise"
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691:
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Ballard, R.D.; Grassle, J.F. (1979). "Incredible world of deep sea rifts".
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1238:. Hively, Will (New Princeton Science Library ed.). Princeton, N.J.
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122:
62:
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1083:
529:
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dives at 21° N occurred in 1978, one year prior to the RISE expedition.
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134:
130:
1236:
The eternal darkness : a personal history of deep-sea exploration
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37:
882:
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147:
66:
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The project objective was detecting and mapping the sub-seafloor
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The major finding of the RISE project was discovery of very hot
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Chemistry of seabed's hot vents could explain emergence of life
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1312:
Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences
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110:
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on the crest of the EPR at depths of 2600 meters or more.
515:
452:
648:
10.1130/0091-7613(1976)4<681:DOTMEZ>2.0.CO;2
351:
Magic Mountain (vents offshore British Columbia, Canada)
85:
The RISE expedition took place on the East Pacific Rise
93:, and 350 kilometers (190 nautical miles) southwest of
263:
Riftia tube worm colony at warm vent at Galapagos Rift
1276:
1233:
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1274:
1391:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
158:. The RITA project used the French submersible
1279:Sea legs : tales of a woman oceanographer
1220:
61:(EPR) at 21° north latitude. Using a deep sea
1421:Discovery narrative by WHOI for black smokers
1111:"On the Thermal Balance of a Mid-Ocean Ridge"
965:
47:RISE Project (Rivera Submersible Experiments)
672:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
566:
286:Marine geologists were puzzled for years by
270:have been mined on land in places including
202:Scripps provided surface survey vessels the
1389:The ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents
1266:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
27:1979 international marine research project
1134:
1082:
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230:fluids emanating from the sea floor from
1308:"Hydrothermal Vents at Mid-Ocean Ridges"
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141:, crustal electrical properties, and
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192:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
1168:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
975:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
180:University of California, San Diego
176:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
24:
1364:10.1038/scientificamerican0581-100
1320:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.09050-3
1283:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
1214:
1136:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1972.tb05766.x
1099:
905:
844:
397:(4438). and RISE team: 1421–1433.
25:
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1234:Ballard, Robert D. (2017-03-21).
1115:Geophysical Journal International
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281:deep sea deposits found elsewhere
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129:. The approach comprised many
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1:
1008:Perkins, W. G. (1984-07-01).
929:10.1126/science.207.4438.1433
802:Marine Geophysical Researches
476:10.1126/science.203.4385.1073
411:10.1126/science.207.4438.1421
361:
302:Galapagos site and 21°N of a
1188:10.1016/0012-821X(80)90163-6
995:10.1016/0012-821X(81)90041-8
715:Geophysical Research Letters
162:on the CYAMEX expeditions.
41:RISE and RITA project region
7:
1061:Frontiers in Marine Science
589:10.1126/science.163.3862.68
518:Nature Reviews Microbiology
346:Endeavor Hydrothermal Vents
309:
213:
80:
18:RISE project (oceanography)
10:
1462:
1387:Van Dover, Cindy. (2000).
1034:10.2113/gsecongeo.79.4.601
29:
1275:Crane, Kathleen. (2003).
1109:Lister, C. R. B. (1972).
1074:10.3389/fmars.2017.00418
304:chemosynthetic ecosystem
268:Massive sulfide deposits
1180:1980E&PSL..48....1M
987:1981E&PSL..53..363H
735:10.1029/GL008i010p01043
692:10.1029/JB088iB04p03403
182:. Project leaders were
264:
223:
57:, at the crest of the
42:
1306:Haymon, R.M. (2014),
1205:Astrobiology Magazine
262:
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133:techniques including
40:
1356:1981SciAm.244e.100M
1344:Scientific American
1223:National Geographic
1127:1972GeoJ...26..515L
1026:1984EcGeo..79..601P
923:(4438): 1433–1444.
875:1979Natur.277..523F
814:1981MarGR...4..345F
773:1984Geop...49.2166L
727:1981GeoRL...8.1043Y
684:1983JGR....88.3403M
640:1976Geo.....4..681N
581:1969Sci...163...68L
530:10.1038/nrmicro1991
468:1979Sci...203.1073C
462:(4385): 1073–1083.
403:1980Sci...207.1421S
1441:Hydrothermal vents
822:10.1007/BF00286034
265:
224:
156:Gulf of California
127:seafloor spreading
125:in the process of
115:igneous intrusions
51:seafloor spreading
43:
967:Haymon, Rachel M.
869:(5697): 523–528.
781:10.1190/1.1441632
767:(12): 2166–2177.
721:(10): 1043–1046.
678:(B4): 3403–3418.
341:Bruce P. Luyendyk
255:Scientific impact
59:East Pacific Rise
16:(Redirected from
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356:Rivera Plate
326:Jack Corliss
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239:minerals of
228:hydrothermal
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208:New Horizon.
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170:Participants
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104:
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71:hydrothermal
46:
44:
32:RISE Project
634:(11): 681.
184:Fred Spiess
131:geophysical
123:lithosphere
109:that feeds
101:Experiments
63:submersible
1430:Categories
1335:2019-06-27
1229:: 680–705.
1174:(1): 1–7.
761:Geophysics
362:References
295:convective
288:conductive
135:seismology
1372:0036-8733
1262:cite book
1254:982214518
1145:0956-540X
1093:2296-7745
1042:1554-0774
953:129237949
937:0036-8075
891:0028-0836
838:130239388
830:0025-3235
743:1944-8007
700:2156-2202
656:0091-7613
597:0036-8075
538:1740-1526
484:0036-8075
419:0036-8075
291:heat flow
139:magnetism
1407:41548235
1380:24964420
1299:51553643
1153:84178756
945:17779603
613:19351123
605:17780175
546:18820700
500:39869961
492:17776033
435:28363398
427:17779602
310:See also
214:Findings
204:Melville
81:Location
1352:Bibcode
1176:Bibcode
1123:Bibcode
1022:Bibcode
983:Bibcode
917:Science
899:4356666
871:Bibcode
810:Bibcode
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