249:. Because these devices sent out broad-beam sound waves from the sea surface, details of the seafloor shape remained obscured by fuzzy smeared-out echoes. Ship navigation was so inaccurate that features smaller than a few kilometers across could not be mapped with any certainty. Spiessā solution to the resolution and mapping problem was twofold; bring the echo sounder close to the seafloor and locate the device within a seabed survey navigation network.
33:
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for gallantry in combat. He continued in the Naval
Reserve from 1946ā56 and retired with the rank of captain, serving as the Deputy Oceanographer of the Navy from 1969 to 1974. Spiess' method for reckoning the position of an object from successive sonar contacts is still a standard for training of US
696:
F. N. Spiess, Ken C. Macdonald, T. Atwater, R. Ballard, A. Carranza, D. Cordoba, C. Cox, V. M. Diaz Garcia, J. Francheteau, J. Guerrero, J. Hawkins, R. Haymon R. Hessler, T. Juteau, M. Kastner, R. Larson, B. Luyendyk, J.D. Macdougall, S. Miller, W. Normark, J. Orcutt, C. Rangin, Hot
Springs and
210:(Floating Instrument Platform), a unique 355-foot-long (108 m) research platform that is towed to the work area and then rotated to a vertical position to form a stable observation post in deep water. Spiess collaborated with Fred Fisher and Phillip Rudnick in development of the vessel.
288:
Spiess recognized that obtaining detailed images of the seafloor was only one component that is necessary for making geologic maps of the deep-sea floor. The position of the Deep Tow vehicle must be known to within a few meters, thus leading to the development of the first seafloor acoustic
252:
During the 1960s, Spiess and his engineers at the Marine
Physical Laboratory of Scripps developed the Deep Tow instrument for mapping the deep seafloor from an altitude of tens of meters. The deep-tow instrument used a narrow-beam downward-looking echosounder,
257:, and subbottom profiling system to map features in unprecedented detail, e.g., geologic observations that approached that of outcrop mapping for land geologists. Evolution of the Deep Tow to improve seafloor mapping saw the addition of a
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in 1985 for "his leadership and insight in applying acoustics to study the ocean and the sea floor, for his many ingenious scientific and engineering contributions; for his introduction of students, scientists, and many others to
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ridge axis. The map was then used as the base for conducting diving programs using both French and US crewed submersibles. These were the CYAMEX and
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Spiess, F.N. and Type, R.C.. Marine
Physical Laboratory Deep-Tow Instrumentation System. Mar. Phys. Lab., Scripps Inst. Ocean. ref. 73-4. 1973.
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in 1952 and served as director of the laboratory from 1958 to 1980. He served as director of the
Scripps Institution from 1964 to 1965.
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positioning system for working in deep water. The acoustic transponder capability eventually evolved into instruments for acoustic
301:. This geodetic system has been successfully deployed for directly measuring the direction of movement and speed of the oceanic
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492:
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635:"Plate motion at the ridge-transform boundary of the south Cleft segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge from GPS-Acoustic data"
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Francheteau, J. and CYAMEX Science Team, Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East
Pacific Rise.
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576:"Near-bottom geophysical study of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge median valley near lat 37Ā° N: Preliminary observations"
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measurements across the axis of spreading. The diving expedition ultimately resulted in the discovery of
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Luyendyk, Bruce P. (1984). "Onābottom gravity profile across the East
Pacific Rise crest at 21Ā° north".
147:
298:
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Officers
Training Corps. During World War II, he made a record 13 war patrols on submarines in the
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and other marine mammals, heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere, and the effects of
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measurements by combining the technologies of seafloor acoustic beacons with shipboard
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and marine explorer. His work created new advances in marine technology including the
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Macdonald, Ken; Luyendyk, Bruce P.; Mudie, John D.; Spiess, F. N. (April 1, 1975).
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After graduating in 1941 from
Berkeley, he received a commission from the
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lithospheric plate and for documenting movement on submarine landslides.
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Floating
Instrument Platform, the Deep Tow vehicle for study of the
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During the mid 1970s, several Deep Tow cruises to the mouth of the
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Hildebrand, John A. (May 2007). "Obituary: Fred Noel Spiess".
103:(December 25, 1919 ā September 8, 2006) was a naval officer,
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333:. One of Spiess' projects during the RISE expedition (with
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Obituary notice, Scripps Institution of Oceanography News
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10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<211:NGSOTM>2.0.CO;2
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at 21 N resulted in production of a geologic map of the
237:. Soon research ships crossing the oceans outlined the
37:
Fred Spiess in lab of R/V Melville, RISE Project, 1979
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Spiess joined the Marine Physical Laboratory at the
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for underwater navigation and geodetic positioning.
697:geophysical experiments on the East Pacific Rise.
427:
309:
RISE expedition and black smoker hydrothermal vents
794:
782:Fred N. Spiess, 86; Helped Design Marine Station
461:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
455:Fisher, F. H.; Spiess, F. N. (October 1, 1963).
349:for which Spiess and his coauthors received the
272:, the first-ever geologic mapping of the median
131:. He received an undergraduate degree from the
632:
213:FLIP has been used to study the acoustics of
853:United States Navy personnel of World War II
639:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
633:Chadwell, C. David; Spiess, Fred N. (2008).
454:
268:The Deep Tow instrument was notably used in
808:Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty
31:
838:University of California, Berkeley alumni
757:"Recipients Newcomb Cleveland Prize AAAS"
658:
712:
283:
233:for seafloor mapping was refined during
614:from the original on September 25, 2021
122:
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780:Pearce, Jeremy. (September 25, 2006).
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191:Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Medal
127:Spiess (pronounced SPEES) was born in
763:from the original on October 12, 2017
546:from the original on August 22, 2021
423:
421:
406:Allied submarines in the Pacific War
337:) was to use the crewed submersible
206:Spiess is worked on the creation of
828:Scientists from Oakland, California
520:IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering
495:from the original on August 6, 2022
457:"FlipāFloating Instrument Platform"
347:high temperature black-smoker vents
168:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
13:
367:Spiess died September 8, 2006, in
261:, cameras, video, water samplers,
133:University of California, Berkeley
14:
864:
418:
843:Deaths from cancer in California
353:for the best paper published in
185:in 1985. He was a fellow of the
749:
329:; the latter led by Spiess and
183:National Academy of Engineering
181:in 1983. He was elected to the
139:. He received his doctorate in
93:National Academy of Engineering
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187:Acoustical Society of America
784:. The New York Times, p. A27
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135:and a master's degree from
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175:John Price Wetherill Medal
143:from UC Berkeley in 1951.
823:Harvard University alumni
84:
74:
58:
50:
42:
30:
23:
18:American marine biologist
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189:, and was awarded their
803:American oceanographers
703:, 207: 1421-1444, 1980.
351:Newcomb Cleveland Prize
229:The development of the
173:Spiess was awarded the
833:People from San Diego
514:Fisher, F.H. (1988).
369:San Diego, California
284:Acoustic transponders
848:Marine geophysicists
660:10.1029/2007JB004936
196:underwater acoustics
123:Education and career
101:Dr. Fred Noel Spiess
727:1984Geop...49.2166L
651:2008JGRB..113.4415C
592:1975Geo.....3..211M
532:1988IJOE...13..174F
473:1963ASAJ...35.1633F
179:Maurice Ewing Medal
129:Oakland, California
89:Maurice Ewing Medal
399:War in the Pacific
359:magazine in 1980.
315:Gulf of California
278:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
137:Harvard University
735:10.1190/1.1441632
721:(12): 2166ā2177.
687:, 277, 523, 1979.
481:10.1121/1.1918772
467:(10): 1633ā1644.
442:10.1063/1.2743137
319:East Pacific Rise
247:deep-sea trenches
115:, and the use of
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327:RISE expeditions
255:side-scan sonars
239:mid-ocean ridges
177:in 1965 and the
163:Naval Officers.
154:and was awarded
148:US Naval Reserve
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59:Alma mater
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270:Project FAMOUS
243:fracture zones
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436:(5): 83ā85.
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303:Juan de Fuca
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259:magnetometer
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235:World War II
231:echo sounder
228:
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160:Bronze Stars
145:
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62:B.S.; Ph.D.
15:
818:2006 deaths
813:1919 births
767:February 6,
618:February 6,
550:February 6,
499:February 6,
291:transponder
274:rift valley
64:UC Berkeley
797:Categories
715:Geophysics
412:References
221:on water.
743:0016-8033
669:2156-2202
608:0091-7613
516:"FLIP II"
489:0001-4966
323:spreading
117:acoustics
761:Archived
612:Archived
544:Archived
493:Archived
379:See also
295:geodetic
225:Deep Tow
208:R/P FLIP
202:R/P FLIP
113:seafloor
723:Bibcode
700:Science
647:Bibcode
588:Bibcode
580:Geology
528:Bibcode
469:Bibcode
356:Science
343:gravity
276:of the
141:physics
69:Harvard
741:
684:Nature
667:
645:(B4).
606:
487:
373:cancer
321:(EPR)
245:, and
215:whales
156:Silver
85:Awards
371:, of
363:Death
339:ALVIN
67:M.S.
769:2023
739:ISSN
665:ISSN
620:2023
604:ISSN
552:2023
501:2023
485:ISSN
158:and
109:FLIP
54:2006
51:Died
46:1919
43:Born
731:doi
655:doi
643:113
596:doi
536:doi
477:doi
438:doi
198:."
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