31:
2289:
4736:
5624:
5645:
224:
2049:
4725:
5634:
348:. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a slow-spreading center, while the East Pacific Rise is an example of fast spreading. Spreading centers at slow and intermediate rates exhibit a rift valley while at fast rates an axial high is found within the crustal accretion zone. The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced.
292:. As a result, the new sea will evaporate (partially or completely) several times before the elevation of the rift valley has been lowered to the point that the sea becomes stable. During this period of evaporation large evaporite deposits will be made in the rift valley. Later these deposits have the potential to become hydrocarbon seals and are of particular interest to
2284:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\kappa &\sim 8\cdot 10^{-7}\ \mathrm {m} ^{2}\cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-1}\\\alpha &\sim 4\cdot 10^{-5}\ {}^{\circ }\mathrm {C} ^{-1}\\T_{1}&\sim 1220\ {}^{\circ }\mathrm {C} &&{\text{for the Atlantic and Indian oceans}}\\T_{1}&\sim 1120\ {}^{\circ }\mathrm {C} &&{\text{for the eastern Pacific}}\end{aligned}}}
1153:
2406:
831:
181:
towed on the sea surface or from an aircraft. The stripes on one side of the mid-ocean ridge were the mirror image of those on the other side. By identifying a reversal with a known age and measuring the distance of that reversal from the spreading center, the spreading half-rate could be computed.
331:
As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time. Older seafloor is, therefore, colder than new seafloor, and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy. If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production
403:
is the weight of the cool, dense, subducting slabs that pull them along, or slab pull. The magmatism at the ridge is considered to be passive upwelling, which is caused by the plates being pulled apart under the weight of their own slabs. This can be thought of as analogous to a rug on a table with
160:
and is equal to half of the spreading rate). Spreading rates determine if the ridge is fast, intermediate, or slow. As a general rule, fast ridges have spreading (opening) rates of more than 90 mm/year. Intermediate ridges have a spreading rate of 40–90 mm/year while slow spreading ridges
279:
begins to form between the separating continental fragments. When one of the rifts opens into the existing ocean, the rift system is flooded with seawater and becomes a new sea. The Red Sea is an example of a new arm of the sea. The East
African rift was thought to be a failed arm that was opening
214:
offsets. A spreading center includes a seismically active plate boundary zone a few kilometers to tens of kilometers wide, a crustal accretion zone within the boundary zone where the ocean crust is youngest, and an instantaneous plate boundary - a line within the crustal accretion zone demarcating
2952:
Thus older seafloor deepens more slowly than younger and in fact can be assumed almost constant at ~6400 m depth. Parsons and
Sclater concluded that some style of mantle convection must apply heat to the base of the plate everywhere to prevent cooling down below 125 km and lithosphere contraction
2739:
The depth predicted by the square root of seafloor age derived above is too deep for seafloor older than 80 million years. Depth is better explained by a cooling lithosphere plate model rather than the cooling mantle half-space. The plate has a constant temperature at its base and spreading edge.
391:
first presented a hypothesis of continental drift in 1912, he suggested that continents plowed through the ocean crust. This was impossible: oceanic crust is both more dense and more rigid than continental crust. Accordingly, Wegener's theory wasn't taken very seriously, especially in the United
426:
The depth of the seafloor (or the height of a location on a mid-ocean ridge above a base-level) is closely correlated with its age (age of the lithosphere where depth is measured). The age-depth relation can be modeled by the cooling of a lithosphere plate or mantle half-space in areas without
1665:
395:
At first the driving force for spreading was argued to be convection currents in the mantle. Since then, it has been shown that the motion of the continents is linked to seafloor spreading by the theory of plate tectonics, which is driven by convection that includes the crust itself as well.
324:
332:
of new crust, a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed. The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust. Today, the
Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the
404:
little friction: when part of the rug is off of the table, its weight pulls the rest of the rug down with it. However, the Mid-Atlantic ridge itself is not bordered by plates that are being pulled into subduction zones, except the minor subduction in the
336:. Only a small portion of the oceanic crust produced in the Atlantic is subducted. However, the plates making up the Pacific Ocean are experiencing subduction along many of their boundaries which causes the volcanic activity in what has been termed the
1008:
1465:
997:
2300:
251:
System today. The process starts by heating at the base of the continental crust which causes it to become more plastic and less dense. Because less dense objects rise in relation to denser objects, the area being heated becomes a broad dome (see
1256:
695:
1918:
176:
of Earth's magnetic field was noticed by observing magnetic stripe "anomalies" on the ocean floor. This results in broadly evident "stripes" from which the past magnetic field polarity can be inferred from data gathered with a
3042:
443:
and mantle temperature, due to thermal expansion. The simple result is that the ridge height or ocean depth is proportional to the square root of its age. Oceanic lithosphere is continuously formed at a constant rate at the
77:
postulated that continents in motion "plowed" through the fixed and immovable seafloor. The idea that the seafloor itself moves and also carries the continents with it as it spreads from a central rift axis was proposed by
2865:
1489:
134:, rather than magma pressure, although there is typically significant magma activity at spreading ridges. Plates that are not subducting are driven by gravity sliding off the elevated mid-ocean ridges a process called
193:
In some locations spreading rates have been found to be asymmetric; the half rates differ on each side of the ridge crest by about five percent. This is thought due to temperature gradients in the asthenosphere from
306:
is created. The Red Sea has not yet completely split Arabia from Africa, but a similar feature can be found on the other side of Africa that has broken completely free. South
America once fit into the area of the
1976:
2038:
2946:
2794:
351:
Since the new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins, the total capacity of the world's ocean basins decreases during times of active sea floor spreading. During the opening of the
2870:
Assuming isostatic equilibrium everywhere beneath the cooling plate yields a revised age depth relationship for older sea floor that is approximately correct for ages as young as 20 million years:
2054:
2688:
1331:
156:
is the rate at which an ocean basin widens due to seafloor spreading. (The rate at which new oceanic lithosphere is added to each tectonic plate on either side of a mid-ocean ridge is the
256:). As the crust bows upward, fractures occur that gradually grow into rifts. The typical rift system consists of three rift arms at approximately 120-degree angles. These areas are named
3801:
Makris, J.; Ginzburg, A. (1987-09-15). "Sedimentary basins within the Dead Sea and other rift zones The Afar
Depression: transition between continental rifting and sea-floor spreading".
186:
1826:
1703:
3717:
Daignieres, Marc; Courtillot, Vincent; Bayer, Roger; Tapponnier, Paul (1975). "A model for the evolution of the axial zone of mid-ocean ridges as suggested by icelandic tectonics".
1148:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T}{\partial t}}=\kappa \nabla ^{2}T=\kappa {\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial ^{2}z}}+{\frac {\kappa }{v^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial ^{2}t}}}
532:
3092:
340:
of the
Pacific Ocean. The Pacific is also home to one of the world's most active spreading centers (the East Pacific Rise) with spreading rates of up to 145 ± 4 mm/yr between the
2401:{\displaystyle h(t)\sim {\begin{cases}h_{0}-390{\sqrt {t}}&{\text{for the Atlantic and Indian oceans}}\\h_{0}-350{\sqrt {t}}&{\text{for the eastern Pacific}}\end{cases}}}
683:
2590:
1372:
924:
916:
629:
275:. As the two active rifts continue to open, eventually the continental crust is attenuated as far as it will stretch. At this point basaltic oceanic crust and upper mantle
2728:
580:
1846:
1776:
1741:
1360:
1184:
854:
826:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T}{\partial t}}=\kappa \nabla ^{2}T=\kappa {\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial ^{2}z}}+\kappa {\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial ^{2}x'}}}
2617:
2504:
2533:
2477:
288:, September 2005, a 60 km fissure opened as wide as eight meters. During this period of initial flooding the new sea is sensitive to changes in climate and
271:
If spreading continues past the incipient stage described above, two of the rift arms will open while the third arm stops opening and becomes a 'failed rift' or
150:
are common at spreading centers. Older rocks will be found farther away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the spreading zone.
1176:
1854:
2960:
2740:
Analysis of depth versus age and depth versus square root of age data allowed
Parsons and Sclater to estimate model parameters (for the North Pacific):
4119:
Patriat, Philippe; Achache, José (1984). "India–Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates".
1660:{\displaystyle h(t)=h_{0}+\alpha _{\mathrm {eff} }\int _{0}^{\infty }dz=h_{0}-{\frac {2}{\sqrt {\pi }}}\alpha _{\mathrm {eff} }T_{1}{\sqrt {\kappa t}}}
5364:
2801:
1178:
is large compared to other scales in the problem; therefore the last term in the equation is neglected, giving a 1-dimensional diffusion equation:
5354:
4413:
3846:
The
Ethiopia Afar Geoscientific Lithospheric Experiment (EAGLE): Probing the transition from continental rifting to incipient seafloor spreading
1848:
due to isostasic effect of the change in water column height above the lithosphere as it expands or retracts. Both coefficients are related by:
4199:"The Implications of Terrestrial Heat Flow Observations on Current Tectonic and Geochemical Models of the Crust and Upper Mantle of the Earth"
3913:
Grandin, R.; Socquet, A.; Binet, R.; Klinger, Y.; Jacques, E.; Chabalier, J.-B. de; King, G. C. P.; Lasserre, C.; Tait, S. (2009-08-01).
1926:
1981:
3366:
Macdonald, K. C. (1982). "Mid-Ocean Ridges: Fine Scale
Tectonic, Volcanic and Hydrothermal Processes Within the Plate Boundary Zone".
302:
Seafloor spreading can stop during the process, but if it continues to the point that the continent is completely severed, then a new
4246:
Sclater, John G.; Anderson, Roger N.; Bell, M. Lee (1971-11-10). "Elevation of ridges and evolution of the central eastern
Pacific".
471:, which is assumed large compared to other typical scales in the problem. The temperature at the upper boundary of the lithosphere (
2876:
2749:
5270:
3109:
4298:
Parsons, Barry; Sclater, John G. (1977-02-10). "An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age".
5637:
4685:
4453:
3754:"Emplacement of submarine lava flow fields: A geomorphological model from the Niños eruption at the Galápagos Spreading Center"
102:. In locations where two plates move apart, at mid-ocean ridges, new seafloor is continually formed during seafloor spreading.
215:
the two separating plates. Within the crustal accretion zone is a 1–2 km-wide neovolcanic zone where active volcanism occurs.
3869:
5680:
4917:
206:
Seafloor spreading occurs at spreading centers, distributed along the crests of mid-ocean ridges. Spreading centers end in
4406:
3224:; Waldhauser, Felix; Wilcock, William S. D. (2016). "Dynamics of a seafloor-spreading episode at the East Pacific Rise".
4807:
1471:
Due to the large velocity, the temperature dependence on the horizontal direction is negligible, and the height at time
5512:
4939:
4827:
5359:
4630:
4068:
3627:"Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust: DIGITAL MODELS OF THE WORLD'S OCEAN CRUST"
3410:
3348:
2625:
1267:
268:. Hess' theory was that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge.
4817:
4777:
17:
5547:
4533:
3914:
5627:
5220:
4399:
1796:
1673:
5670:
211:
3695:
492:
4675:
3915:"September 2005 Manda Hararo-Dabbahu rifting event, Afar (Ethiopia): Constraints provided by geodetic data"
3050:
2953:(seafloor deepening) at older ages. Their plate model also allowed an expression for conductive heat flow,
3126:
91:
4735:
4386:
3434:
Wilson, Douglas S. (1996-10-15). "Fastest known spreading on the Miocene Cocos-Pacific Plate Boundary".
4872:
1460:{\displaystyle T(x',z,t)=T_{1}\cdot \operatorname {erf} \left({\frac {z}{2{\sqrt {\kappa t}}}}\right)}
992:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T}{\partial x'}}={\frac {1}{v}}\cdot {\frac {\partial T}{\partial t}}}
5407:
4812:
4772:
2538:
421:
3899:
2324:
412:. In this case the plates are sliding apart over the mantle upwelling in the process of ridge push.
5675:
5537:
4912:
4902:
4842:
4478:
4448:
3106: – Linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other
30:
3571:
Weissel, Jeffrey K.; Hayes, Dennis E. (1971). "Asymmetric Seafloor Spreading south of Australia".
633:
5574:
5557:
5394:
4887:
4752:
4690:
4680:
4573:
2693:
487:
356:
1251:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T}{\partial t}}=\kappa {\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial ^{2}z}}}
387:
as the plates move away from each other, a phenomenon first observed as continental drift. When
5569:
5507:
4934:
4620:
541:
3169:
Dietz, Robert S. (1961). "Continent and Ocean Basin Evolution by Spreading of the Sea Floor".
878:
591:
5402:
5384:
4892:
4787:
4422:
4058:
1831:
1746:
1726:
1339:
839:
161:
have a rate less than 40 mm/year. The highest known rate was over 200 mm/yr during the
4361:
3730:
5589:
5422:
5125:
4982:
4847:
4558:
4357:
4307:
4255:
4210:
4171:
4128:
4093:
4029:
3982:
3929:
3810:
3765:
3726:
3683:
3674:
Luyendyk, Bruce P.; Macdonald, Ken C. (1976-06-01). "Spreading center terms and concepts".
3638:
3580:
3521:
3478:
3443:
3375:
3295:
3233:
3178:
2595:
2482:
173:
83:
2509:
2453:
8:
5584:
5469:
5464:
5190:
4862:
4822:
4538:
2411:
where the height is in meters and time is in millions of years. To get the dependence on
857:
440:
4311:
4259:
4214:
4175:
4132:
4097:
4033:
3994:
3986:
3933:
3814:
3769:
3687:
3642:
3584:
3525:
3482:
3447:
3387:
3379:
3299:
3237:
3182:
3148:
260:
and can be found in several places across the world today. The separated margins of the
5527:
5230:
5195:
5095:
5080:
4977:
4223:
4198:
4144:
3887:
3826:
3656:
3604:
3553:
3494:
3340:
3308:
3283:
3257:
3202:
3103:
1161:
333:
119:
79:
1913:{\displaystyle \alpha _{\mathrm {eff} }=\alpha \cdot {\frac {\rho }{\rho -\rho _{w}}}}
5609:
5599:
5542:
5522:
5205:
5170:
5105:
5085:
5075:
4957:
4645:
4503:
4369:
4323:
4271:
4228:
4064:
4042:
4017:
3998:
3955:
3875:
3865:
3830:
3822:
3783:
3738:
3699:
3596:
3545:
3537:
3416:
3406:
3344:
3331:
Macdonald, Ken C. (2019), "Mid-Ocean Ridge Tectonics, Volcanism, and Geomorphology",
3313:
3261:
3249:
3194:
2440:
1783:
1706:
240:
166:
147:
111:
74:
70:
54:
3660:
3557:
5564:
5532:
5502:
5311:
5296:
5165:
5100:
4992:
4907:
4837:
4762:
4543:
4513:
4443:
4438:
4365:
4315:
4263:
4218:
4179:
4148:
4136:
4101:
4037:
3990:
3947:
3937:
3857:
3849:
3818:
3773:
3734:
3691:
3646:
3608:
3588:
3529:
3498:
3486:
3451:
3383:
3336:
3303:
3241:
3206:
3186:
3037:{\displaystyle 1\cdot 10^{-6}\mathrm {cal} \,\mathrm {cm} ^{-2}\mathrm {sec} ^{-1}}
380:
379:
At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (and in other mid-ocean ridges), material from the upper
248:
4162:
McKenzie, Dan P. (1967-12-15). "Some remarks on heat flow and gravity anomalies".
3533:
5369:
5265:
5215:
5180:
5140:
5032:
5002:
4852:
4802:
4712:
4670:
4603:
4528:
4488:
1723:
is relatively large is equivalent to the assumption that the thermal diffusivity
445:
405:
384:
312:
257:
228:
207:
115:
99:
87:
46:
5479:
5474:
5379:
5374:
5210:
5150:
5145:
4877:
4767:
4588:
4523:
4498:
4348:
Davis, E.E; Lister, C. R. B. (1974). "Fundamentals of Ridge Crest Topography".
4084:
Elsasser, Walter M. (1971-02-10). "Sea-floor spreading as thermal convection".
3848:. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. 478. pp. 51–76.
3469:
Vine, F. J.; Matthews, D. H. (1963). "Magnetic Anomalies Over Oceanic Ridges".
3122:
2860:{\displaystyle \alpha \thicksim 3.2\cdot 10^{-5}\ {}^{\circ }\mathrm {C} ^{-1}}
1363:
388:
364:
352:
265:
236:
66:
4724:
3853:
3626:
34:
Age of oceanic lithosphere; youngest (light colour) is along spreading centers
5664:
5649:
5497:
5417:
5306:
5225:
5200:
5135:
5065:
4972:
4867:
4744:
4665:
4625:
4598:
4508:
4458:
4327:
4275:
4232:
4002:
3959:
3879:
3787:
3703:
3625:
MĂĽller, R. Dietmar; Sdrolias, Maria; Gaina, Carmen; Roest, Walter R. (2008).
3600:
3541:
3420:
3317:
3198:
686:
584:
By calculating in the frame of reference of the moving lithosphere (velocity
400:
360:
341:
285:
50:
4319:
4267:
4183:
4105:
5604:
5552:
5492:
5443:
5321:
5316:
5291:
5275:
5250:
4967:
4857:
4797:
4583:
4493:
4468:
3549:
3253:
3221:
535:
368:
337:
195:
178:
3121:
the research submersible that explored spreading centers in the Atlantic (
5594:
5326:
5255:
5120:
5060:
5027:
5017:
5012:
4897:
4832:
4792:
4782:
4757:
4640:
4613:
4593:
4553:
4518:
3942:
3778:
3753:
3651:
345:
308:
303:
276:
123:
4391:
3861:
3512:
Vine, F. J. (1966-12-16). "Spreading of the Ocean Floor: New Evidence".
3245:
5412:
5260:
5235:
5130:
5110:
5037:
5022:
5007:
4997:
4962:
4882:
4702:
4697:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4548:
439:
In the mantle half-space model, the seabed height is determined by the
428:
409:
135:
131:
126:. The motivating force for seafloor spreading ridges is tectonic plate
5644:
3951:
3455:
5484:
5346:
5331:
5245:
5090:
4929:
4924:
4707:
4635:
4563:
4483:
4473:
4430:
4140:
3592:
3490:
3190:
3115:
296:
293:
272:
261:
127:
95:
5579:
5301:
5160:
5052:
5042:
4987:
4463:
3716:
1971:{\displaystyle \rho \sim 3.3\ \mathrm {g} \cdot \mathrm {cm} ^{-3}}
281:
253:
3284:"On the Relative Importance of the Driving Forces of Plate Motion"
223:
5448:
5438:
4608:
4578:
2033:{\displaystyle \rho _{0}=1\ \mathrm {g} \cdot \mathrm {cm} ^{-3}}
538:, so that the temperature distribution is constant in time, i.e.
289:
244:
162:
185:
142:
rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new
5155:
4568:
3158:. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. pp. 599–620.
323:
143:
139:
4016:
DeMets, Charles; Gordon, Richard G.; Argus, Donald F. (2010).
1479:) can be calculated by integrating the thermal expansion over
284:
Afar Geophysical Lithospheric Experiment reported that in the
5517:
5336:
5115:
5070:
3973:
Burke, K (1977-05-01). "Aulacogens and Continental Breakup".
415:
3154:. In A. E. J. Engel; Harold L. James; B. F. Leonard (eds.).
2941:{\displaystyle d(t)=6400-3200\exp {\bigl (}-t/62.8{\bigr )}}
2789:{\displaystyle T_{1}\thicksim 1350\ {}^{\circ }\mathrm {C} }
1716:
is the mid-ocean ridge height (compared to some reference).
467:> 0 is moving away from the ridge at a constant velocity
383:
rises through the faults between oceanic plates to form new
4949:
3219:
2394:
311:. The Niger River has formed in the failed rift arm of the
3912:
2043:
By substituting the parameters by their rough estimates:
1828:
is different from the usual thermal expansion coefficient
2957:
from the ocean floor, which is approximately constant at
4118:
3624:
448:. The source of the lithosphere has a half-plane shape (
3696:
10.1130/0091-7613(1976)4<369:sctac>2.0.co;2
3156:
Petrologic studies: a volume to honor A. F. Buddington
3844:
Bastow, Ian D.; Keir, Derek; Daly, Eve (2011-06-01).
3752:
McClinton, J. Timothy; White, Scott M. (2015-03-01).
3053:
2963:
2879:
2804:
2752:
2696:
2628:
2598:
2541:
2512:
2485:
2456:
2303:
2052:
1984:
1929:
1857:
1834:
1799:
1749:
1729:
1676:
1492:
1375:
1342:
1270:
1187:
1164:
1011:
927:
881:
842:
698:
636:
594:
544:
495:
463:. Due to its continuous creation, the lithosphere at
318:
280:
more slowly than the other two arms, but in 2005 the
235:
In the general case, seafloor spreading starts as a
122:, tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the
4245:
3468:
227:Plates in the crust of the earth, according to the
4196:
3086:
3036:
2940:
2859:
2788:
2730:is the depth at the ridge crest, typically 2600 m.
2722:
2682:
2611:
2584:
2527:
2498:
2471:
2400:
2283:
2032:
1970:
1912:
1840:
1820:
1770:
1735:
1697:
1659:
1459:
1354:
1325:
1250:
1170:
1147:
991:
910:
848:
825:
677:
623:
574:
526:
374:
5365:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
4015:
3673:
399:The driver for seafloor spreading in plates with
189:magnetic stripes formed during seafloor spreading
5662:
5355:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
2683:{\displaystyle d(t)=h_{b}-h_{0}+350{\sqrt {t}}}
98:in the 1960s. The phenomenon is known today as
4297:
4197:Sclater, J. G.; Francheteau, J. (1970-09-01).
4063:. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 83.
3843:
3800:
3751:
1326:{\displaystyle T(t=0)=T_{1}\cdot \Theta (-z).}
57:and then gradually moves away from the ridge.
4407:
3975:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
3368:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
2933:
2912:
2690:; for the eastern Pacific for example, where
1782:is the ocean width (from mid-ocean ridges to
3570:
3282:Forsyth, Donald; Uyeda, Seiya (1975-10-01).
3281:
1793:The effective thermal expansion coefficient
4347:
4414:
4400:
416:Seafloor global topography: cooling models
4421:
4222:
4041:
3941:
3777:
3650:
3365:
3330:
3307:
2994:
2439:is the distance between the ridge to the
534:. The system is assumed to be at a quasi-
4161:
4083:
1821:{\displaystyle \alpha _{\mathrm {eff} }}
1698:{\displaystyle \alpha _{\mathrm {eff} }}
322:
222:
184:
29:
4056:
434:
14:
5663:
4686:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
3433:
3400:
2734:
2450:Rather than height of the ocean floor
527:{\displaystyle T_{1}\cdot \Theta (-z)}
218:
27:Geological process at mid-ocean ridges
4395:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
3972:
3620:
3618:
3168:
3087:{\displaystyle q(t)=11.3/{\sqrt {t}}}
5633:
4018:"Geologically current plate motions"
3758:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
3631:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
3511:
3361:
3359:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3146:
2443:(roughly half the ocean width), and
4350:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3995:10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.002103
3719:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3388:10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001103
456:< 0) and a constant temperature
201:
60:
24:
5513:National Oceanographic Data Center
4940:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
4828:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
4334:
4282:
4224:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1970.tb06089.x
3615:
3341:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11065-6
3309:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1975.tb00631.x
3112: – Concept in plate tectonics
3021:
3018:
3015:
3000:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2844:
2782:
2619:measured from the ocean surface):
2354:for the Atlantic and Indian oceans
2265:
2225:for the Atlantic and Indian oceans
2216:
2166:
2106:
2091:
2017:
2014:
2005:
1955:
1952:
1943:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1549:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1305:
1233:
1218:
1199:
1191:
1130:
1115:
1076:
1061:
1039:
1023:
1015:
980:
972:
939:
931:
803:
788:
763:
748:
726:
710:
702:
509:
319:Continued spreading and subduction
25:
5692:
5360:Global Sea Level Observing System
4380:
4203:Geophysical Journal International
4022:Geophysical Journal International
3356:
3288:Geophysical Journal International
3268:
2808:
2763:
2744:~125 km for lithosphere thickness
172:In the 1960s, the past record of
110:Seafloor spreading helps explain
92:U.S. Naval Electronics Laboratory
5643:
5632:
5623:
5622:
4818:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
4734:
4723:
4043:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x
2479:above a base or reference level
588:), which has spatial coordinate
5548:Ocean thermal energy conversion
5271:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
4300:Journal of Geophysical Research
4248:Journal of Geophysical Research
4239:
4190:
4164:Journal of Geophysical Research
4155:
4112:
4086:Journal of Geophysical Research
4077:
4050:
4009:
3966:
3922:Journal of Geophysical Research
3906:
3837:
3794:
3745:
3710:
3667:
3564:
3505:
3110:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
2796:at base and young edge of plate
2585:{\displaystyle d(t)+h(t)=h_{b}}
1790:is the age of the ocean basin.
375:Debate and search for mechanism
355:, sea level was so high that a
105:
4387:Animation of a mid-ocean ridge
3462:
3427:
3394:
3335:, Elsevier, pp. 405–419,
3333:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences
3324:
3213:
3162:
3140:
3063:
3057:
2889:
2883:
2638:
2632:
2566:
2560:
2551:
2545:
2522:
2516:
2466:
2460:
2313:
2307:
1582:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1502:
1496:
1402:
1379:
1317:
1308:
1286:
1274:
669:
646:
566:
554:
521:
512:
327:Spreading at a mid-ocean ridge
45:, is a process that occurs at
13:
1:
3534:10.1126/science.154.3755.1405
3147:Hess, H. H. (November 1962).
3133:
1261:with the initial conditions
875:only through the combination
4808:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
4778:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
4534:Luke's variational principle
4370:10.1016/0012-821X(74)90180-0
3823:10.1016/0040-1951(87)90186-7
3739:10.1016/0012-821x(75)90089-8
3436:Geophysical Research Letters
1705:is the effective volumetric
678:{\displaystyle T=T(x',z,t).}
212:overlapping spreading center
7:
5681:Oceanographical terminology
4060:Foundation of Geology Vol 1
3097:
2723:{\displaystyle h_{b}-h_{0}}
860:of the mantle lithosphere.
486:= 0 the temperature is the
198:near the spreading center.
10:
5697:
4873:Ocean dynamical thermostat
4721:
3044:beyond 120 million years:
1475:(i.e. of sea floor of age
419:
5618:
5457:
5431:
5408:Ocean acoustic tomography
5393:
5345:
5284:
5221:Mohorovičić discontinuity
5179:
5051:
4948:
4813:General circulation model
4743:
4449:Benjamin–Feir instability
4429:
3149:"History of Ocean Basins"
2506:, the depth of the ocean
2040:is the density of water.
575:{\displaystyle T=T(x,z).}
422:Seafloor depth versus age
138:. At a spreading center,
5538:Ocean surface topography
4913:Thermohaline circulation
4903:Subsurface ocean current
4843:Hydrothermal circulation
4676:Wave–current interaction
4454:Boussinesq approximation
2535:is of interest. Because
2447:is the ocean basin age.
1978:is the rock density and
911:{\displaystyle x=x'+vt,}
624:{\displaystyle x'=x-vt,}
5575:Sea surface temperature
5558:Outline of oceanography
4753:Atmospheric circulation
4691:shallow water equations
4681:Waves and shallow water
4574:Significant wave height
4362:1974E&PSL..21..405D
4320:10.1029/jb082i005p00803
4268:10.1029/jb076i032p07888
4184:10.1029/JZ072i024p06261
4106:10.1029/JB076i005p01101
3731:1975E&PSL..26..222D
3405:. New York: Cambridge.
2388:for the eastern Pacific
2274:for the eastern Pacific
1841:{\displaystyle \alpha }
1771:{\displaystyle L^{2}/A}
1736:{\displaystyle \kappa }
1355:{\displaystyle z\leq 0}
849:{\displaystyle \kappa }
488:Heaviside step function
357:Western Interior Seaway
5570:Sea surface microlayer
4935:Wind generated current
4057:Bhagwat, S.B. (2009).
3401:Searle, Roger (2013).
3125:) and Pacific Oceans (
3088:
3038:
2942:
2861:
2790:
2724:
2684:
2613:
2586:
2529:
2500:
2473:
2415:, one must substitute
2402:
2285:
2034:
1972:
1914:
1842:
1822:
1772:
1737:
1699:
1661:
1461:
1356:
1327:
1252:
1172:
1149:
993:
912:
850:
827:
679:
625:
576:
528:
328:
232:
190:
118:. When oceanic plates
35:
5403:Deep scattering layer
5385:World Geodetic System
4893:Princeton Ocean Model
4773:Coriolis–Stokes force
4423:Physical oceanography
3854:10.1130/2011.2478(04)
3089:
3039:
2943:
2862:
2791:
2725:
2685:
2614:
2612:{\displaystyle h_{b}}
2587:
2530:
2501:
2499:{\displaystyle h_{b}}
2474:
2403:
2286:
2035:
1973:
1915:
1843:
1823:
1773:
1743:is small compared to
1738:
1700:
1662:
1462:
1357:
1328:
1253:
1173:
1150:
994:
913:
851:
828:
680:
626:
577:
529:
326:
241:continental land mass
226:
188:
174:geomagnetic reversals
33:
5671:Geological processes
5423:Underwater acoustics
4983:Perigean spring tide
4848:Langmuir circulation
4559:Rossby-gravity waves
3943:10.1029/2008jb005843
3779:10.1002/2014gc005632
3652:10.1029/2007GC001743
3051:
2961:
2877:
2802:
2750:
2694:
2626:
2596:
2539:
2528:{\displaystyle d(t)}
2510:
2483:
2472:{\displaystyle h(t)}
2454:
2301:
2050:
1982:
1927:
1855:
1832:
1797:
1747:
1727:
1719:The assumption that
1674:
1490:
1373:
1340:
1268:
1185:
1162:
1009:
925:
879:
840:
696:
634:
592:
542:
493:
435:Cooling mantle model
84:Princeton University
65:Earlier theories by
5585:Science On a Sphere
5191:Convergent boundary
4863:Modular Ocean Model
4823:Geostrophic current
4539:Mild-slope equation
4312:1977JGR....82..803P
4260:1971JGR....76.7888S
4215:1970GeoJ...20..509S
4176:1967JGR....72.6261M
4133:1984Natur.311..615P
4098:1971JGR....76.1101E
4034:2010GeoJI.181....1D
3987:1977AREPS...5..371B
3934:2009JGRB..114.8404G
3815:1987Tectp.141..199M
3770:2015GGG....16..899M
3688:1976Geo.....4..369L
3643:2008GGG.....9.4006M
3585:1971Natur.231..518W
3526:1966Sci...154.1405V
3520:(3755): 1405–1415.
3483:1963Natur.199..947V
3448:1996GeoRL..23.3003W
3380:1982AREPS..10..155M
3300:1975GeoJ...43..163F
3246:10.1038/nature20116
3238:2016Natur.540..261T
3183:1961Natur.190..854D
2735:Cooling plate model
1553:
1158:It is assumed that
858:thermal diffusivity
475:= 0) is a constant
441:oceanic lithosphere
219:Incipient spreading
158:spreading half-rate
80:Harold Hammond Hess
5241:Seafloor spreading
5231:Outer trench swell
5196:Divergent boundary
5096:Continental margin
5081:Carbonate platform
4978:Lunitidal interval
3104:Divergent boundary
3084:
3034:
2938:
2857:
2786:
2720:
2680:
2609:
2582:
2525:
2496:
2469:
2398:
2393:
2281:
2279:
2030:
1968:
1910:
1838:
1818:
1768:
1733:
1695:
1657:
1539:
1457:
1352:
1323:
1248:
1168:
1145:
989:
908:
846:
823:
675:
621:
572:
524:
334:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
329:
233:
191:
148:Hydrothermal vents
53:is formed through
39:Seafloor spreading
36:
5658:
5657:
5650:Oceans portal
5610:World Ocean Atlas
5600:Underwater glider
5543:Ocean temperature
5206:Hydrothermal vent
5171:Submarine volcano
5106:Continental shelf
5086:Coastal geography
5076:Bathymetric chart
4958:Amphidromic point
4646:Wave nonlinearity
4504:Infragravity wave
4254:(32): 7888–7915.
4170:(24): 6261–6273.
3871:978-0-8137-2478-2
3579:(5304): 518–522.
3477:(4897): 947–949.
3456:10.1029/96GL02893
3442:(21): 3003–3006.
3232:(7632): 261–265.
3177:(4779): 854–857.
3082:
2832:
2771:
2678:
2441:continental shelf
2389:
2382:
2355:
2348:
2275:
2254:
2226:
2205:
2154:
2088:
2003:
1941:
1908:
1784:continental shelf
1709:coefficient, and
1707:thermal expansion
1655:
1617:
1616:
1451:
1448:
1336:The solution for
1246:
1206:
1171:{\displaystyle v}
1143:
1109:
1089:
1030:
987:
964:
951:
821:
776:
717:
243:, similar to the
167:East Pacific Rise
114:in the theory of
112:continental drift
75:continental drift
71:Alexander du Toit
55:volcanic activity
16:(Redirected from
5688:
5648:
5647:
5636:
5635:
5626:
5625:
5565:Pelagic sediment
5503:Marine pollution
5297:Deep ocean water
5166:Submarine canyon
5101:Continental rise
4993:Rule of twelfths
4908:Sverdrup balance
4838:Humboldt Current
4763:Boundary current
4738:
4727:
4544:Radiation stress
4514:Iribarren number
4489:Equatorial waves
4444:Ballantine scale
4439:Airy wave theory
4416:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4374:
4373:
4345:
4332:
4331:
4295:
4280:
4279:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4141:10.1038/311615a0
4116:
4110:
4109:
4092:(5): 1101–1112.
4081:
4075:
4074:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3945:
3919:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3883:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3593:10.1038/231518a0
3568:
3562:
3561:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3491:10.1038/199947a0
3466:
3460:
3459:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3403:Mid-ocean ridges
3398:
3392:
3391:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3279:
3266:
3265:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3191:10.1038/190854a0
3166:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3144:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3012:
3011:
3003:
2993:
2982:
2981:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2927:
2916:
2915:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2761:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2705:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2653:
2652:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2241:
2240:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2192:
2191:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1946:
1939:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1886:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1581:
1580:
1552:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1517:
1516:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1432:
1417:
1416:
1389:
1362:is given by the
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1301:
1300:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1047:
1046:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1013:
998:
996:
995:
990:
988:
986:
978:
970:
965:
957:
952:
950:
949:
937:
929:
917:
915:
914:
909:
895:
855:
853:
852:
847:
832:
830:
829:
824:
822:
820:
819:
811:
810:
800:
796:
795:
785:
777:
775:
771:
770:
760:
756:
755:
745:
734:
733:
718:
716:
708:
700:
684:
682:
681:
676:
656:
630:
628:
627:
622:
602:
581:
579:
578:
573:
533:
531:
530:
525:
505:
504:
446:mid-ocean ridges
258:triple junctions
249:East Africa Rift
208:transform faults
202:Spreading center
132:subduction zones
61:History of study
47:mid-ocean ridges
21:
18:Spreading center
5696:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5676:Plate tectonics
5661:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5642:
5614:
5453:
5427:
5389:
5370:Sea-level curve
5341:
5280:
5266:Transform fault
5216:Mid-ocean ridge
5182:
5175:
5141:Oceanic plateau
5047:
5033:Tidal resonance
5003:Theory of tides
4944:
4853:Longshore drift
4803:Ekman transport
4739:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4719:
4671:Wave turbulence
4604:Trochoidal wave
4529:Longshore drift
4425:
4420:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4346:
4335:
4296:
4283:
4244:
4240:
4195:
4191:
4160:
4156:
4117:
4113:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4055:
4051:
4014:
4010:
3971:
3967:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3895:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3842:
3838:
3799:
3795:
3750:
3746:
3715:
3711:
3672:
3668:
3623:
3616:
3569:
3565:
3510:
3506:
3467:
3463:
3432:
3428:
3413:
3399:
3395:
3364:
3357:
3351:
3329:
3325:
3280:
3269:
3218:
3214:
3167:
3163:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3100:
3077:
3072:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3025:
3014:
3013:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2983:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2911:
2910:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2821:
2817:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2673:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2576:
2572:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2377:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2343:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2139:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2073:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2004:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1576:
1572:
1548:
1543:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1412:
1408:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1296:
1292:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1042:
1038:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
979:
971:
969:
956:
942:
938:
930:
928:
926:
923:
922:
888:
880:
877:
876:
841:
838:
837:
812:
806:
802:
801:
791:
787:
786:
784:
766:
762:
761:
751:
747:
746:
744:
729:
725:
709:
701:
699:
697:
694:
693:
649:
635:
632:
631:
595:
593:
590:
589:
543:
540:
539:
500:
496:
494:
491:
490:
481:
462:
437:
424:
418:
406:Lesser Antilles
377:
321:
313:triple junction
266:passive margins
264:evolve to form
229:plate tectonics
221:
204:
116:plate tectonics
108:
100:plate tectonics
63:
43:seafloor spread
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5694:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5640:
5630:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5590:Stratification
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5482:
5480:Color of water
5477:
5475:Benthic lander
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5380:Sea level rise
5377:
5375:Sea level drop
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5211:Marine geology
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5185:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5151:Passive margin
5148:
5146:Oceanic trench
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4878:Ocean dynamics
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4768:Coriolis force
4765:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4589:Stokes problem
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4524:Kinematic wave
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4382:
4381:External links
4379:
4376:
4375:
4356:(4): 405–413.
4333:
4306:(5): 803–827.
4281:
4238:
4209:(5): 509–542.
4189:
4154:
4111:
4076:
4069:
4049:
4008:
3981:(1): 371–396.
3965:
3928:(B8): B08404.
3905:
3896:|journal=
3870:
3836:
3809:(1): 199–214.
3803:Tectonophysics
3793:
3764:(3): 899–911.
3744:
3725:(2): 222–232.
3709:
3666:
3614:
3563:
3504:
3461:
3426:
3411:
3393:
3374:(1): 155–190.
3355:
3349:
3323:
3294:(1): 163–200.
3267:
3220:Tan, Yen Joe;
3212:
3161:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3123:Project FAMOUS
3113:
3107:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2950:
2949:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2868:
2867:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2797:
2784:
2778:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2745:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2606:
2602:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2493:
2489:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2409:
2408:
2395:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2292:
2291:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1921:
1920:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1837:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1732:
1712:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1668:
1667:
1654:
1651:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1469:
1468:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1364:error function
1351:
1348:
1345:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1259:
1258:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1167:
1156:
1155:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1000:
999:
985:
982:
977:
974:
968:
963:
960:
955:
948:
945:
941:
936:
933:
907:
904:
901:
898:
894:
891:
887:
884:
845:
834:
833:
818:
815:
809:
805:
799:
794:
790:
783:
780:
774:
769:
765:
759:
754:
750:
743:
740:
737:
732:
728:
724:
721:
715:
712:
707:
704:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
655:
652:
648:
645:
642:
639:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
598:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
503:
499:
479:
460:
436:
433:
417:
414:
401:active margins
389:Alfred Wegener
376:
373:
365:Gulf of Mexico
359:formed across
353:Atlantic Ocean
320:
317:
220:
217:
203:
200:
154:Spreading rate
140:basaltic magma
107:
104:
67:Alfred Wegener
62:
59:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5693:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5639:
5631:
5629:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5498:Marine energy
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5465:Acidification
5463:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:SOFAR channel
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:Oceanic crust
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5201:Fracture zone
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5136:Oceanic basin
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:Abyssal plain
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:Internal tide
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4868:Ocean current
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4726:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:Wave shoaling
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Ursell number
4624:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:Internal wave
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Breaking wave
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4127:(5987): 615.
4126:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4070:9788182202764
4066:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3412:9781107017528
3408:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3352:
3350:9780128130827
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3222:Tolstoy, Maya
3216:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3029:
3026:
3008:
3005:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2956:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2852:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2776:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2604:
2600:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2519:
2513:
2491:
2487:
2463:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2259:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2210:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2114:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2025:
2022:
2009:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1963:
1960:
1947:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1835:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1708:
1678:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1620:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1544:
1540:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1453:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1242:
1237:
1227:
1222:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1119:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1018:
1005:
1004:
1003:
983:
975:
966:
961:
958:
953:
946:
943:
934:
921:
920:
919:
905:
902:
899:
896:
892:
889:
885:
882:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
843:
816:
813:
807:
797:
792:
781:
778:
772:
767:
757:
752:
741:
738:
735:
730:
722:
719:
713:
705:
692:
691:
690:
688:
687:heat equation
672:
666:
663:
660:
657:
653:
650:
643:
640:
637:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
599:
596:
587:
582:
569:
563:
560:
557:
551:
548:
545:
537:
518:
515:
506:
501:
497:
489:
485:
482:= 0. Thus at
478:
474:
470:
466:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
432:
430:
423:
413:
411:
407:
402:
397:
393:
390:
386:
382:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:North America
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
325:
316:
314:
310:
305:
300:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
225:
216:
213:
209:
199:
197:
196:mantle plumes
187:
183:
180:
175:
170:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
58:
56:
52:
51:oceanic crust
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
5605:Water column
5553:Oceanography
5528:Observations
5523:Explorations
5493:Marginal sea
5486:
5444:OSTM/Jason-2
5276:Volcanic arc
5251:Slab suction
5240:
4968:Head of tide
4858:Loop Current
4798:Ekman spiral
4584:Stokes drift
4494:Gravity wave
4469:Cnoidal wave
4353:
4349:
4303:
4299:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4059:
4052:
4025:
4021:
4011:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3925:
3921:
3908:
3862:2158/1110145
3845:
3839:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3634:
3630:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3402:
3396:
3371:
3367:
3332:
3326:
3291:
3287:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3155:
3142:
3127:RISE project
3117:
2954:
2951:
2869:
2738:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2293:
2042:
1922:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1669:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1335:
1260:
1157:
1001:
872:
868:
864:
862:
835:
585:
583:
536:steady state
483:
476:
472:
468:
464:
457:
453:
449:
438:
427:significant
425:
398:
394:
378:
369:Arctic Ocean
350:
346:Nazca plates
338:Ring of Fire
330:
301:
270:
234:
205:
192:
179:magnetometer
171:
157:
153:
152:
109:
106:Significance
88:Robert Dietz
64:
49:, where new
42:
38:
37:
5595:Thermocline
5312:Mesopelagic
5285:Ocean zones
5256:Slab window
5121:Hydrography
5061:Abyssal fan
5028:Tidal range
5018:Tidal power
5013:Tidal force
4898:Rip current
4833:Gulf Stream
4793:Ekman layer
4783:Downwelling
4758:Baroclinity
4745:Circulation
4641:Wave height
4631:Wave action
4614:megatsunami
4594:Stokes wave
4554:Rossby wave
4519:Kelvin wave
4499:Green's law
867:depends on
309:Niger Delta
304:ocean basin
286:Afar region
277:lithosphere
124:lithosphere
5665:Categories
5533:Reanalysis
5432:Satellites
5413:Sofar bomb
5261:Subduction
5236:Ridge push
5131:Ocean bank
5111:Contourite
5038:Tide gauge
5023:Tidal race
5008:Tidal bore
4998:Slack tide
4963:Earth tide
4883:Ocean gyre
4703:Wind setup
4698:Wind fetch
4661:Wave setup
4656:Wave radar
4651:Wave power
4549:Rogue wave
4479:Dispersion
3952:10220/8648
3682:(6): 369.
3637:(4): n/a.
3134:References
429:subduction
420:See also:
410:Scotia Arc
297:geologists
262:continents
136:ridge push
5395:Acoustics
5347:Sea level
5246:Slab pull
5183:tectonics
5091:Cold seep
5053:Landforms
4930:Whirlpool
4925:Upwelling
4708:Wind wave
4636:Wave base
4564:Sea state
4484:Edge wave
4474:Cross sea
4328:2156-2202
4276:2156-2202
4233:0956-540X
4028:(1): 52.
4003:0084-6597
3960:2156-2202
3898:ignored (
3888:cite book
3880:0072-1077
3831:129438029
3788:1525-2027
3704:0091-7613
3601:1476-4687
3542:0036-8075
3421:842323181
3318:0956-540X
3262:205251567
3199:0028-0836
3027:−
3006:−
2976:−
2968:⋅
2918:−
2908:
2899:−
2850:−
2838:∘
2823:−
2815:⋅
2809:∼
2806:α
2777:∘
2764:∼
2708:−
2655:−
2372:−
2338:−
2317:∼
2260:∘
2247:∼
2211:∘
2198:∼
2172:−
2160:∘
2145:−
2137:⋅
2131:∼
2124:α
2112:−
2102:⋅
2079:−
2071:⋅
2065:∼
2058:κ
2023:−
2010:⋅
1987:ρ
1961:−
1948:⋅
1934:∼
1931:ρ
1899:ρ
1895:−
1892:ρ
1888:ρ
1883:⋅
1880:α
1860:α
1836:α
1802:α
1731:κ
1679:α
1650:κ
1621:α
1614:π
1605:−
1570:−
1550:∞
1541:∫
1523:α
1443:κ
1425:
1419:⋅
1347:≤
1312:−
1306:Θ
1303:⋅
1234:∂
1219:∂
1212:κ
1200:∂
1192:∂
1131:∂
1116:∂
1097:κ
1077:∂
1062:∂
1055:κ
1040:∇
1036:κ
1024:∂
1016:∂
981:∂
973:∂
967:⋅
940:∂
932:∂
844:κ
804:∂
789:∂
782:κ
764:∂
749:∂
742:κ
727:∇
723:κ
711:∂
703:∂
610:−
516:−
510:Θ
507:⋅
363:from the
294:petroleum
282:Ethiopian
273:aulacogen
128:slab pull
96:San Diego
5628:Category
5580:Seawater
5307:Littoral
5302:Deep sea
5161:Seamount
5043:Tideline
4988:Rip tide
4918:shutdown
4888:Overflow
4621:Undertow
4464:Clapotis
3661:15960331
3558:44362406
3550:17821553
3254:27842380
3098:See also
2435:, where
1778:, where
1387:′
947:′
893:′
817:′
685:and the
654:′
600:′
392:States.
254:isostasy
5638:Commons
5508:Mooring
5458:Related
5449:Jason-3
5439:Jason-1
5322:Pelagic
5317:Oceanic
5292:Benthic
4609:Tsunami
4579:Soliton
4358:Bibcode
4308:Bibcode
4256:Bibcode
4211:Bibcode
4172:Bibcode
4149:4315858
4129:Bibcode
4094:Bibcode
4030:Bibcode
3983:Bibcode
3930:Bibcode
3811:Bibcode
3766:Bibcode
3727:Bibcode
3684:Bibcode
3676:Geology
3639:Bibcode
3609:4171566
3581:Bibcode
3522:Bibcode
3514:Science
3499:4296143
3479:Bibcode
3444:Bibcode
3376:Bibcode
3296:Bibcode
3234:Bibcode
3207:4288496
3179:Bibcode
2294:gives:
856:is the
367:to the
342:Pacific
290:eustasy
245:Red Sea
165:on the
163:Miocene
120:diverge
90:of the
5327:Photic
5156:Seabed
4569:Seiche
4326:
4274:
4231:
4147:
4121:Nature
4067:
4001:
3958:
3878:
3868:
3829:
3786:
3702:
3659:
3607:
3599:
3573:Nature
3556:
3548:
3540:
3497:
3471:Nature
3419:
3409:
3347:
3316:
3260:
3252:
3226:Nature
3205:
3197:
3171:Nature
2948:meters
2831:
2770:
2592:(with
2253:
2204:
2153:
2087:
2002:
1940:
1923:where
1786:) and
1670:where
1002:Thus:
863:Since
836:where
381:mantle
231:theory
210:or in
144:seabed
5518:Ocean
5487:Alvin
5337:Swash
5181:Plate
5126:Knoll
5116:Guyot
5071:Atoll
4950:Tides
4713:model
4599:Swell
4431:Waves
4145:S2CID
3918:(PDF)
3827:S2CID
3657:S2CID
3605:S2CID
3554:S2CID
3495:S2CID
3258:S2CID
3203:S2CID
3152:(PDF)
3118:ALVIN
452:= 0,
385:crust
239:in a
82:from
41:, or
5485:DSV
5470:Argo
5332:Surf
4788:Eddy
4324:ISSN
4272:ISSN
4229:ISSN
4065:ISBN
3999:ISSN
3956:ISSN
3900:help
3876:ISSN
3866:ISBN
3784:ISSN
3700:ISSN
3597:ISSN
3546:PMID
3538:ISSN
3417:OCLC
3407:ISBN
3345:ISBN
3314:ISSN
3250:PMID
3195:ISSN
3116:DSV
3070:11.3
2955:q(t)
2929:62.8
2902:3200
2896:6400
2767:1350
2250:1120
2201:1220
871:and
689:is:
408:and
344:and
237:rift
86:and
69:and
4366:doi
4316:doi
4264:doi
4219:doi
4180:doi
4137:doi
4125:311
4102:doi
4038:doi
4026:181
3991:doi
3948:hdl
3938:doi
3926:114
3858:hdl
3850:doi
3819:doi
3807:141
3774:doi
3735:doi
3692:doi
3647:doi
3589:doi
3577:231
3530:doi
3518:154
3487:doi
3475:199
3452:doi
3384:doi
3337:doi
3304:doi
3242:doi
3230:540
3187:doi
3175:190
2905:exp
2812:3.2
2671:350
2375:350
2341:390
1937:3.3
1422:erf
431:.
169:.
130:at
94:in
73:of
5667::
4364:.
4354:21
4352:.
4336:^
4322:.
4314:.
4304:82
4302:.
4284:^
4270:.
4262:.
4252:76
4250:.
4227:.
4217:.
4207:20
4205:.
4201:.
4178:.
4168:72
4166:.
4143:.
4135:.
4123:.
4100:.
4090:76
4088:.
4036:.
4024:.
4020:.
3997:.
3989:.
3977:.
3954:.
3946:.
3936:.
3924:.
3920:.
3892::
3890:}}
3886:{{
3874:.
3864:.
3856:.
3825:.
3817:.
3805:.
3782:.
3772:.
3762:16
3760:.
3756:.
3733:.
3723:26
3721:.
3698:.
3690:.
3678:.
3655:.
3645:.
3633:.
3629:.
3617:^
3603:.
3595:.
3587:.
3575:.
3552:.
3544:.
3536:.
3528:.
3516:.
3493:.
3485:.
3473:.
3450:.
3440:23
3438:.
3415:.
3382:.
3372:10
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