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3825:. In Canada and the U.S., practitioners get bachelor's degrees and doctorates; doctoral students in clinical psychology usually spend one year in a predoctoral internship and one year in postdoctoral internship. In Mexico and most other Latin American and European countries, psychologists do not get bachelor's and doctoral degrees; instead, they take a three-year professional course following high school. Clinical psychology is at present the largest specialization within psychology. It includes the study and application of psychology for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychological distress, dysfunction, and/or
4526:, both of which track the flow of blood through the brain. These technologies provide more localized information about activity in the brain and create representations of the brain with widespread appeal. They also provide insight which avoids the classic problems of subjective self-reporting. It remains challenging to draw hard conclusions about where in the brain specific thoughts originate—or even how usefully such localization corresponds with reality. However, neuroimaging has delivered unmistakable results showing the existence of correlations between mind and brain. Some of these draw on a systemic
1834:. She believed a child should be recognized as their own person with their own right and have each session catered to the child's specific needs. She encouraged drawing, moving freely, and expressing themselves in any way. This helped build a strong therapeutic alliance with child patients, which allows psychologists to observe their normal behavior. She continued her research on the impact of children after family separation, children with socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds, and all stages of child development from infancy to adolescence.
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feeling, or behaving. Four major theoretical perspectives are psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, existential–humanistic, and systems or family therapy. There has been a growing movement to integrate the various therapeutic approaches, especially with an increased understanding of issues regarding culture, gender, spirituality, and sexual orientation. With the advent of more robust research findings regarding psychotherapy, there is evidence that most of the major therapies have equal effectiveness, with the key common element being a strong
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6194:(1998), Chapter 4: "Psychology and Race" (pp. 88–110). "Psychology courses often became the vehicles for eugenics propaganda. One graduate of the Record Office training program wrote, 'I hope to serve the cause by infiltrating eugenics into the minds of teachers. It may interest you to know that each student who takes psychology here works up his family history and plots his family tree.' Harvard, Columbia, Brown, Cornell, Wisconsin, and Northwestern were among the leading academic institutions teaching eugenics in psychology courses."
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11333:(2005). "Prevention strategies of late have largely concentrated on community-based interventions, which have been shown to be effective in changing the health of large populations. Behavioral and social scientists, such as psychologists, are helpful in this arena as we are trained to view individuals as belonging to complex and dynamic social systems, including immediate and extended family systems, acquaintance and friendship networks, neighborhood and community systems, and cultural groups (Schneiderman & Spee4, 2001)."
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4386:. For example, in research on the best way to affect reading achievement in the first three grades of school, school administrators may not permit educational psychologists to randomly assign children to phonics and whole language classrooms, in which case the psychologists must work with preexisting classroom assignments. Psychologists will compare the achievement of children attending phonics and whole language classes and, perhaps, statistically adjust for any initial differences in reading level.
1153:, writing that "the empirical doctrine of the soul can also never approach chemistry even as a systematic art of analysis or experimental doctrine, for in it the manifold of inner observation can be separated only by mere division in thought, and cannot then be held separate and recombined at will (but still less does another thinking subject suffer himself to be experimented upon to suit our purpose), and even observation by itself already changes and displaces the state of the observed object."
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2224:. The IAAP is considered the oldest international psychology association. Today, at least 65 international groups deal with specialized aspects of psychology. In response to male predominance in the field, female psychologists in the U.S. formed the National Council of Women Psychologists in 1941. This organization became the International Council of Women Psychologists after World War II and the International Council of Psychologists in 1959. Several associations including the
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behavior. As a "third force" in contemporary psychology, it is concerned with topics having little place in existing theories and systems: e.g., love, creativity, self, growth, organism, basic need-gratification, self-actualization, higher values, being, becoming, spontaneity, play, humor, affection, naturalness, warmth, ego-transcendence, objectivity, autonomy, responsibility, meaning, fair-play, transcendental experience, peak experience, courage, and related concepts.
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14374:, Volume 5, of University of Notre Dame, Ward-Phillips lectures in English language and literature, University of Chicago Press, 1974, p. 114. Booth is explicitly discussing this experiment. His next sentence is, "His most recent outrage consists of placing monkeys in 'solitary' for twenty days—what he calls a 'vertical chamber apparatus .... designed on an intuitive basis' to produce 'a state of helplessness and hopelessness, sunken in a well of despair.
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3698:, One example of an observational study was run by Arthur Bandura. This observational study focused on children who were exposed to an adult exhibiting aggressive behaviors and their reaction to toys versus other children who were not exposed to these stimuli. The result shows that children who had seen the adult acting aggressively towards a toy, in turn, were aggressive towards their own toy when put in a situation that frustrated them. psychologists
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study from an experimental standpoint, such as identifying the causes of depression, they conduct longitudinal studies a large group of depression-free people, periodically assessing what is happening in the individuals' lives. In this way psychologists have an opportunity to test causal hypotheses regarding conditions that commonly arise in people's lives that put them at risk for depression. Problems that affect longitudinal studies include
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3840:, an early advocate for the establishment of psychology as a clinical and academic discipline. In the first part of the twentieth century, most mental health care in the United States was performed by psychiatrists, who are medical doctors. Psychology entered the field with its refinements of mental testing, which promised to improve the diagnosis of mental problems. For their part, some psychiatrists became interested in using
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implementing, voting for, receiving, or objecting to are producing the intended effects. While program evaluation first focuses on effectiveness, important considerations often include how much the program costs per participant, how the program could be improved, whether the program is worthwhile, whether there are better alternatives, if there are unintended outcomes, and whether the program goals are appropriate and useful.
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rats and other rodents are often used in psychological experiments. Ideally, controlled experiments introduce only one independent variable at a time, in order to ascertain its unique effects upon dependent variables. These conditions are approximated best in laboratory settings. In contrast, human environments and genetic backgrounds vary so widely, and depend upon so many factors, that it is difficult to control important
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4031:, examines the effects of work environments and management styles on worker motivation, job satisfaction, and productivity. Most I/O psychologists work outside of academia, for private and public organizations and as consultants. A psychology consultant working in business today might expect to provide executives with information and ideas about their industry, their target markets, and the organization of their company.
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2266:, founded in 1951, aspires to promote psychology across the Western Hemisphere. It holds the Interamerican Congress of Psychology and had 1,000 members in year 2000. The European Federation of Professional Psychology Associations, founded in 1981, represents 30 national associations with a total of 100,000 individual members. At least 30 other international organizations represent psychologists in different regions.
3461:, the forces of instinct combine into a single source of energy which exerts a constant influence. Psychoanalysis, like biology, regarded these forces as demands originating in the nervous system. Psychoanalysts believed that these forces, especially the sexual instincts, could become entangled and transmuted within the psyche. Classical psychoanalysis conceives of a struggle between the pleasure principle and the
1516:. After a hiatus for World War I, the Seventh Congress met in Oxford, with substantially greater participation from the war-victorious Anglo-Americans. In 1929, the Congress took place at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, attended by hundreds of members of the APA. Tokyo Imperial University led the way in bringing new psychology to the East. New ideas about psychology diffused from Japan into China.
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1789:. In 1951, the academy created a Psychology Research Office, which in 1956 became the Institute of Psychology. Because most leading psychologists were educated in the United States, the first concern of the academy was the re-education of these psychologists in the Soviet doctrines. Child psychology and pedagogy for the purpose of a nationally cohesive education remained a central goal of the discipline.
1043:. This body of knowledge involves insights drawn from introspection and observation, as well as techniques for focused thinking and acting. It frames the universe in term of a division of physical reality and mental reality as well as the interaction between the physical and the mental. Chinese philosophy also emphasized purifying the mind in order to increase virtue and power. An ancient text known as
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increasingly dominated by a "cult of empiricism", which limits the scope of research because investigators restrict themselves to methods derived from the physical sciences. Feminist critiques have argued that claims to scientific objectivity obscure the values and agenda of (historically) mostly male researchers. Jean
Grimshaw, for example, argues that mainstream psychological research has advanced a
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on advertising and referral fees to negotiate the end of an investigation by the
Federal Trade Commission. The 1992 incarnation was the first to distinguish between "aspirational" ethical standards and "enforceable" ones. Members of the public have a five-year window to file ethics complaints about APA members with the APA ethics committee; members of the APA have a three-year window.
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3540:. Like Piaget, developmental psychologists originally focused primarily on the development of cognition from infancy to adolescence. Later, developmental psychology extended itself to the study cognition over the life span. In addition to studying cognition, developmental psychologists have also come to focus on affective, behavioral, moral, social, and neural development.
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that depression risk in an offspring is influenced to some extent by genes passed to the child from the mother. Genes and environment in these simple transmission models are completely confounded. A depressed mother may both carry genes that contribute to depression in her offspring and also create a rearing environment that increases the risk of depression in her child.
4324:. This type of research can involve interviews, questionnaires, and first-hand observation. While hypothesis testing is rare, virtually impossible, in qualitative research, qualitative studies can be helpful in theory and hypothesis generation, interpreting seemingly contradictory quantitative findings, and understanding why some interventions fail and others succeed.
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the child and scientifically useful. Developmental researchers have even devised clever methods to study the mental processes of infants. In addition to studying children, developmental psychologists also study aging and processes throughout the life span, including old age. These psychologists draw on the full range of psychological theories to inform their research.
1292:. Wundt, in turn, came to Leipzig University, where he established the psychological laboratory that brought experimental psychology to the world. Wundt focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components, motivated in part by an analogy to recent advances in chemistry, and its successful investigation of the elements and structure of materials.
2020:, and is perhaps best known for her paper, "Kirche, Kuche, Kinder as Scientific Law: Psychology Constructs the Female." Psychology Constructs the Female criticized the field of psychology for centering men and using biology too much to explain gender differences without taking into account social factors. Her work set the stage for further research to be done in
4427:, and checking the validity of experimental manipulations (checking research participants' perception of the condition they were assigned to). Psychologists have commonly used paper-and-pencil surveys. However, surveys are also conducted over the phone or through e-mail. Web-based surveys are increasingly used to conveniently reach many subjects.
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collection or analysis is conducted. In addition, large-scale collaborations among researchers working in multiple labs in different countries have taken place. The collaborators regularly make their data openly available for different researchers to assess. Allen and Mehler estimated that 61 per cent of result-blind studies have yielded
4015:. An influential early study examined workers at Western Electric's Hawthorne plant in Cicero, Illinois from 1924 to 1932. Western Electric experimented on factory workers to assess their responses to changes in illumination, breaks, food, and wages. The researchers came to focus on workers' responses to observation itself, and the term
4507:, the first researcher to use EEG on an unopened skull, quickly found that brains exhibit signature "brain waves": electric oscillations which correspond to different states of consciousness. Researchers subsequently refined statistical methods for synthesizing the electrode data, and identified unique brain wave patterns such as the
3829:. Clinical psychologists also try to promote subjective well-being and personal growth. Central to the practice of clinical psychology are psychological assessment and psychotherapy although clinical psychologists may also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration.
4878:" ("Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic") societies. Henrich et al. found that "96% of psychological samples come from countries with only 12% of the world's population" (p. 63). The article gave examples of results that differ significantly between people from WEIRD and tribal cultures, including the
4357:. The subject believes that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments. Being separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electro-shock generator, which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level etc.
3298:. However, despite a plethora of research into the various versions of the "Big Five" personality dimensions, it appears necessary to move on from static conceptualizations of personality structure to a more dynamic orientation, acknowledging that personality constructs are subject to learning and change over the lifespan.
3617:, where a large number (on the order of hundreds to thousands) of genetic variants, each of small effect, contribute to individual differences in the behavioral trait or propensity to the disorder. Active research continues to work toward understanding the genetic and environmental bases of behavior and their interaction.
2517:" studies by trapping animals in "puzzle boxes" and rewarding them for escaping. Thorndike wrote in 1911, "There can be no moral warrant for studying man's nature unless the study will enable us to control his acts." From 1910 to 1913 the American Psychological Association went through a sea change of opinion, away from
4228:(OHP) emerged. OHP is a branch of psychology that is interdisciplinary. OHP is concerned with the health and safety of workers. OHP addresses topic areas such as the impact of occupational stressors on physical and mental health, mistreatment of workers (e.g., bullying and violence), work-family balance, the impact of
4027:, Division 14 of the American Psychological Association. One goal of the discipline is to optimize human potential in the workplace. Personnel psychology is a subfield of I/O psychology. Personnel psychologists apply the methods and principles of psychology in selecting and evaluating workers. Another subfield,
1732:(1937). Chinese psychologists were encouraged to focus on education and language learning. Chinese psychologists were drawn to the idea that education would enable modernization. John Dewey, who lectured to Chinese audiences between 1919 and 1921, had a significant influence on psychology in China. Chancellor
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De Moor, Marleen H. M.; Van Den Berg, Stéphanie M.; Verweij, Karin J. H.; Krueger, Robert F.; Luciano, Michelle; Arias
Vasquez, Alejandro; Matteson, Lindsay K.; Derringer, Jaime; Esko, Tõnu; Amin, Najaf; Gordon, Scott D.; Hansell, Narelle K.; Hart, Amy B.; Seppälä, Ilkka; Huffman, Jennifer E.; Konte,
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Universities have ethics committees dedicated to protecting the rights (e.g., voluntary nature of participation in the research, privacy) and well-being (e.g., minimizing distress) of research participants. University ethics committees evaluate proposed research to ensure that researchers protect the
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Some observers perceive a gap between scientific theory and its application—in particular, the application of unsupported or unsound clinical practices. Critics say there has been an increase in the number of mental health training programs that do not instill scientific competence. Practices such as
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bias, starting in 2020, researchers of non-human behavior have started to emphasize the need to document the possibility of the STRANGE (Social background, Trappability and self-selection, Rearing history, Acclimation and habituation, Natural changes in responsiveness, Genetic makeup, and
Experience)
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Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why the thought processes, emotions, and behaviors of humans change over the course of their lives. Some credit
Charles Darwin with conducting the first systematic study within the rubric of developmental psychology, having published in 1877
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suggest that contrary to the need-desire-fulfillment cycle of animal instincts, human motivations sometimes obey a "getting begets wanting" rule: the more you get a reward such as self-esteem, love, drugs, or money, the more you want it. They suggest that this principle can even apply to food, drink,
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21.2, May 1985. "Their importance is hard to overestimate. In fact, in the period between 1914 and 1954, the
Rockefellers were almost the sole support of sex research in the United States. The decisions made by their scientific advisers about the nature of the research to be supported and how it was
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Animal research is influential in psychology, while still being debated among academics. The testing of animals for research has led to medical breakthroughs in human medicine. Many psychologists argue animal experimentation is essential for human advancement, but must be regulated by the government
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The ethics code of the
American Psychological Association originated in 1951 as "Ethical Standards of Psychologists". This code has guided the formation of licensing laws in most American states. It has changed multiple times over the decades since its adoption. In 1989, the APA revised its policies
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Comparative psychology is the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals, especially as these relate to the phylogenetic history, adaptive significance, and development of behavior. Research in this area explores the behavior of many species, from insects to primates.
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Animal experiments aid in investigating many aspects of human psychology, including perception, emotion, learning, memory, and thought, to name a few. In the 1890s, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov famously used dogs to demonstrate classical conditioning. Non-human primates, cats, dogs, pigeons, and
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Psychologists work with organizations to apply findings from psychological research to improve the health and well-being of employees. Some work as external consultants hired by organizations to solve specific problems, whereas others are full-time employees of the organization. Applications include
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described this shift as a source of "intense competition and role confusion." Graduate programs issuing doctorates in clinical psychology emerged in the 1950s and underwent rapid increase through the 1980s. The PhD degree is intended to train practitioners who could also conduct scientific research.
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Developmental psychologists who study children use a number of research methods. For example, they make observations of children in natural settings such as preschools and engage them in experimental tasks. Such tasks often resemble specially designed games and activities that are both enjoyable for
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Hunger, thirst, fear, sexual desire, and thermoregulation constitute fundamental motivations in animals. Humans seem to exhibit a more complex set of motivations—though theoretically these could be explained as resulting from desires for belonging, positive self-image, self-consistency, truth, love,
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of certain ideas can covertly influence thoughts and behavior. Because of the unreliability of self-reporting, a major hurdle in this type of research involves demonstrating that a subject's conscious mind has not perceived a target stimulus. For this reason, some psychologists prefer to distinguish
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science. Skeptics have suggested that personality, thinking, and emotion cannot be directly measured and are often inferred from subjective self-reports, which may be problematic. Experimental psychologists have devised a variety of ways to indirectly measure these elusive phenomenological entities.
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Dr. Shari Miles-Cohen, a psychologist and political activist has applied a black, feminist, and class lens to all her psychological studies. Aiding progressive and women's issues, she has been the executive director for many NGOs. In 2007 she became the Senior
Director of the Women's Programs Office
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and roles they are assigned. As she states in her article, "Variability as related to sex differences in achievement: A Critique", the largest problem women have is the social order that was built due to the assumption women have less interests and abilities than men. To further prove her point, she
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who were also Jewish. The Göring
Institute was well-financed throughout the war with a mandate to create a "New German Psychotherapy." This psychotherapy aimed to align suitable Germans with the overall goals of the Reich. As described by one physician, "Despite the importance of analysis, spiritual
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wrote that, "Harry Harlow and his colleagues go on torturing their nonhuman primates decade after decade, invariably proving what we all knew in advance—that social creatures can be destroyed by destroying their social ties." He writes that Harlow made no mention of the criticism of the morality of
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where studies are accepted not on the basis of their findings and after the studies are completed, but before the studies are conducted and upon the basis of the methodological rigor of their experimental designs and the theoretical justifications for their proposed statistical analysis before data
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with random assignment of research participants (sometimes called subjects) to rival conditions allows researchers to make strong inferences about causal relationships. When there are large numbers of research participants, the random assignment (also called random allocation) of those participants
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pioneered the study of occupational mental health, linking industrial working conditions to mental health as well as the spillover of an unsatisfying job into a worker's personal life. Zickar accumulated evidence to show that "no other industrial psychologist of his era was as devoted to advocating
3084:. It emerged in the 1950s as a movement within academic psychology, in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. The humanistic approach seeks to view the whole person, not just fragmented parts of the personality or isolated cognitions. Humanistic psychology also focuses on personal growth,
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promoted psychology as a way to engineer the "New Man" of socialism. Consequently, university psychology departments trained large numbers of students in psychology. At the completion of training, positions were made available for those students at schools, workplaces, cultural institutions, and in
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Research on other animals is governed by university ethics committees. Research on nonhuman animals cannot proceed without permission of the ethics committee, of the researcher's home institution. Ethical guidelines state that using non-human animals for scientific purposes is only acceptable when
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of patients: instructing them in how to follow a medical regimen. Health psychologists can also educate doctors and conduct research on patient compliance. Psychologists in the field of public health use a wide variety of interventions to influence human behavior. These range from public relations
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Psychologists may also work on a diverse set of campaigns known broadly as psychological warfare. Psychological warfare chiefly involves the use of propaganda to influence enemy soldiers and civilians. This so-called black propaganda is designed to seem as if it originates from a source other than
3871:. Although there are similarities between behavior therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy required the application of cognitive constructs. Since the 1970s, the popularity of cognitive-behavior therapy among clinical psychologists increased. A key practice in behavioral
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Personality psychology is concerned with enduring patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. Theories of personality vary across different psychological schools of thought. Each theory carries different assumptions about such features as the role of the unconscious and the importance of childhood
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Humanistic psychology is primarily an orientation toward the whole of psychology rather than a distinct area or school. It stands for respect for the worth of persons, respect for differences of approach, open-mindedness as to acceptable methods, and interest in exploration of new aspects of human
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has written several bestselling books that combine
Western and Eastern psychology. She founded the Insight Meditation Community of Washington in 1998 and co-founded two teaching programs, Banyan, and the Mindfulness Mediation Teacher Training Program. The latter has served people from 74 different
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and Hall (2008) and Morgan-Consoli et al. (2018) view the Western bias in research and theory as a serious problem considering psychologists are increasingly applying psychological principles developed in WEIRD regions in their research, clinical work, and consultation with populations around the
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One example of an observational study was run by Arthur Bandura. This observational study focused on children who were exposed to an adult exhibiting aggressive behaviors and their reaction to toys versus other children who were not exposed to these stimuli. The result shows that children who had
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psychologists collect data on the same sample at two or more points in time. Sometimes the purpose of longitudinal research is to study trends across time such as the stability of traits or age-related changes in behavior. Because some studies involve endpoints that psychologists cannot ethically
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Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Educational psychologists can be found in preschools, schools of all levels including
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from a depressed mother to her offspring. A theory based on environmental transmission would hold that an offspring, by virtue of their having a problematic rearing environment managed by a depressed mother, is at risk for developing depression. On the other hand, a hereditarian theory would hold
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advanced the idea of vicarious learning. In other words, they advanced the view that a child can learn by observing the immediate social environment and not necessarily from having been reinforced for enacting a behavior, although they did not rule out the influence of reinforcement on learning a
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Psychologists generally consider biology the substrate of thought and feeling, and therefore an important area of study. Behaviorial neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, involves the application of biological principles to the study of physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying
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The provision of psychological health services is generally called clinical psychology in the U.S. Sometimes, however, members of the school psychology and counseling psychology professions engage in practices that resemble that of clinical psychologists. Clinical psychologists typically include
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may also be said to belong to the existential school. Existential psychologists tend to differ from more "humanistic" psychologists in the former's relatively neutral view of human nature and relatively positive assessment of anxiety. Existential psychologists emphasized the humanistic themes of
2442:—the behavior of uncooperative African slaves. After the creation of experimental psychology, "ethnical psychology" emerged as a subdiscipline, based on the assumption that studying primitive races would provide an important link between animal behavior and the psychology of more evolved humans.
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In 2008, Arnett pointed out that most articles in American Psychological Association journals were about U.S. populations when U.S. citizens are only 5% of the world's population. He complained that psychologists had no basis for assuming psychological processes to be universal and generalizing
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involves the systematic collection, analysis, and application of information to answer questions about projects, policies and programs, particularly about their effectiveness. In both the public and private sectors, stakeholders often want to know the extent which the programs they are funding,
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The concept of unconscious processes has remained important in psychology. Cognitive psychologists have used a "filter" model of attention. According to the model, much information processing takes place below the threshold of consciousness, and only certain stimuli, limited by their nature and
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45.4, 2008. "Bringing these people to a right and deep understanding of every German's duty in the New Germany, such as preparatory mental aid and psychotherapy in general and in particular for persons to be sterilized, and for people having been sterilized, is a great, important and rewarding
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Qualitative research is often designed to answer questions about the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals. Qualitative research involving first-hand observation can help describe events as they occur, with the goal of capturing the richness of everyday behavior and with the hope of
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The work performed by clinical psychologists tends to be influenced by various therapeutic approaches, all of which involve a formal relationship between professional and client (usually an individual, couple, family, or small group). Typically, these approaches encourage new ways of thinking,
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in 1917 and then used in World War 1 by industrial and organizational psychologists for large-scale employee testing and selection of military personnel. Mental testing also became popular in the U.S., where it was applied to schoolchildren. The federally created National Intelligence Test was
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Twentieth-century Chinese psychology originally modeled itself on U.S. psychology, with translations from American authors like William James, the establishment of university psychology departments and journals, and the establishment of groups including the Chinese Association of Psychological
1539:, began to provide funding for behavioral research. Rockefeller charities funded the National Committee on Mental Hygiene, which disseminated the concept of mental illness and lobbied for applying ideas from psychology to child rearing. Through the Bureau of Social Hygiene and later funding of
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settings. Other psychologists conduct scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior. Typically the latter group of psychologists work in academic settings (e.g., universities, medical schools, or hospitals). Another group of psychologists is employed in
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While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity. By many accounts, psychology ultimately aims to benefit society. Many psychologists are
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Ripke, Stephan; Neale, Benjamin M.; Corvin, Aiden; Walters, James T. R.; Farh, Kai-How; Holmans, Peter A.; Lee, Phil; Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan; Collier, David A.; Huang, Hailiang; Pers, Tune H.; Agartz, Ingrid; Agerbo, Esben; Albus, Margot; Alexander, Madeline; Amin, Farooq; Bacanu, Silviu A.;
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Herman, "Psychology as Politics" (1993), p. 288. "Had it come to fruition, CAMELOT would have been the largest, and certainly the most generously funded, behavioral research project in U.S. history. With a $ 4–6 million contract over a period of 3 years, it was considered, and often called, a
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as a score report. Based on his test findings, and reflecting the racism common to that era, Terman concluded that intellectual disability "represents the level of intelligence which is very, very common among Spanish-Indians and Mexican families of the Southwest and also among negroes. Their
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A tenet of behavioral research is that a large part of both human and lower-animal behavior is learned. A principle associated with behavioral research is that the mechanisms involved in learning apply to humans and non-human animals. Behavioral researchers have developed a treatment known as
2505:. They demonstrated that when a biologically potent stimulus (e.g., food that elicits salivation) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell) over several learning trials, the neutral stimulus by itself can come to elicit the response the biologically potent stimulus elicits.
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Divisions still exist within the field, with some psychologists more oriented towards the unique experiences of individual humans, which cannot be understood only as data points within a larger population. Critics inside and outside the field have argued that mainstream psychology has become
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and cognitive psychology to simulate behavior. This method has several advantages. Since modern computers process information quickly, simulations can be run in a short time, allowing for high statistical power. Modeling also allows psychologists to visualize hypotheses about the functional
3613:: once a causal gene is discovered biological research can be conducted to understand how that gene influences the phenotype. One major result of genetic association studies is the general finding that psychological traits and psychopathology, as well as complex medical diseases, are highly
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to understand the development of mother-infant relationships. In doing this field research, Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation Procedure, a laboratory procedure meant to study attachment style by separating and uniting a child with their mother several different times under different
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is a situation in which different conditions are being studied, but random assignment to the different conditions is not possible. Investigators must work with preexisting groups of people. Researchers can use common sense to consider how much the nonrandom assignment threatens the study's
3676:. Written exams began during the Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 200). By 1370, the Chinese system required a stratified series of tests, involving essay writing and knowledge of diverse topics. The system was ended in 1906. In Europe, mental assessment took a different approach, with theories of
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found in 1884 that research subjects could choose the minutely heavier of two weights even if consciously uncertain of the difference. Freud popularized the concept of the unconscious mind, particularly when he referred to an uncensored intrusion of unconscious thought into one's speech (a
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also influenced American psychology. In the 1910s and 1920s, eugenics became a standard topic in psychology classes. In contrast to the US, in the UK psychology was met with antagonism by the scientific and medical establishments, and up until 1939, there were only six psychology chairs in
12976:...shifting the dominant conceptual paradigm from Freudian psychoanalytic theory to Big Five research has reduced the chances of being wrong but palpably increased the fact of being boring. In making that transition, personality psychology became more accurate but less broadly interesting.
1989:, asked young children to choose between identical dolls whose only difference was race, and they found that the majority of the children preferred the white dolls and attributed positive traits to them. Repeated over and over again, these tests helped to determine the negative effects of
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Psychoanalysis is a collection of theories and therapeutic techniques intended to analyze the unconscious mind and its impact on everyday life. These theories and techniques inform treatments for mental disorders. Psychoanalysis originated in the 1890s, most prominently with the work of
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organization of mental events that could not be directly observed in a human. Computational neuroscience uses mathematical models to simulate the brain. Another method is symbolic modeling, which represents many mental objects using variables and rules. Other types of modeling include
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intelligence agency. University of Michigan psychologist Dorwin Cartwright reported that university researchers began large-scale propaganda research in 1939–1941. He observed that "the last few months of the war saw a social psychologist become chiefly responsible for determining the
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Industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology involves research and practices that apply psychological theories and principles to organizations and individuals' work-lives. In the field's beginnings, industrialists brought the nascent field of psychology to bear on the study of
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completed another experiment with infants who have not been influenced by the environment of social norms, like the adult male getting more opportunities than women. She found no difference between infants besides size. After this research proved the original hypothesis wrong,
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of ongoing human social, professional, and family life. Sometimes the participants are aware they are being observed, and other times the participants do not know they are being observed. Strict ethical guidelines must be followed when covert observation is being carried out.
3446:
Some psychologists study motivation or the subject of why people or lower animals initiate a behavior at a particular time. It also involves the study of why humans and lower animals continue or terminate a behavior. Psychologists such as William James initially used the term
4477:
1512:(APA) was founded soon after, in 1892. The International Congress continued to be held at different locations in Europe and with wide international participation. The Sixth Congress, held in Geneva in 1909, included presentations in Russian, Chinese, and Japanese, as well as
1283:
challenged Kant's negative view with regard to conducting quantitative research on the mind. Fechner's achievement was to show that "mental processes could not only be given numerical magnitudes, but also that these could be measured by experimental methods." In Heidelberg,
4781:, to assess the extent of the problem found that as many as two-thirds of highly publicized findings in psychology failed to be replicated. Reproducibility has generally been stronger in cognitive psychology (in studies and journals) than social psychology and subfields of
2430:'s four-fold classification of humans classifies Europeans as intelligent and severe, Americans as contented and free, Asians as ritualistic, and Africans as lazy and capricious. Race was also used to justify the construction of socially specific mental disorders such as
3757:
to standardize college admissions. The results of intelligence tests were used to argue for segregated schools and economic functions, including the preferential training of Black Americans for manual labor. These practices were criticized by Black intellectuals such a
2485:
3141:
Existential psychology emphasizes the need to understand a client's total orientation towards the world. Existential psychology is opposed to reductionism, behaviorism, and other methods that objectify the individual. In the 1950s and 1960s, influenced by philosophers
4034:
Organizational behavior (OB) is an allied field involved in the study of human behavior within organizations. One way to differentiate I/O psychology from OB is that I/O psychologists train in university psychology departments and OB specialists, in business schools.
2177:. She was the first person to lead an intervention for Native American children and adolescents that utilized evidence-based suicide prevention. She has spent her career dedicated to aiding racial and ethnic minority youth cope with cultural adjustment and pressures.
4055:, and treatment for post-traumatic stress, as well as provide prevention-related services, for example, smoking cessation. The United States Army's Mental Health Advisory Teams implement psychological interventions to help combat troops experiencing mental problems.
2290:
were major topics at the early International Congresses. But students of these fields were eventually ostracized, and more or less banished from the Congress in 1900–1905. Parapsychology persisted for a time at Imperial University in Japan, with publications such as
2483:
8729:
3339:
Study of the unconscious mind, a part of the psyche outside the individual's awareness but that is believed to influence conscious thought and behavior, was a hallmark of early psychology. In one of the first psychology experiments conducted in the United States,
4202:
Industrial psychology became interested in worker fatigue during World War I, when government ministers in Britain were concerned about the impact of fatigue on workers in munitions factories but not other types of factories. In the U. K. some interest in worker
3971:
in adolescents; and otherwise to promote safe, supportive, and effective learning environments. School psychologists are trained in educational and behavioral assessment, intervention, prevention, and consultation, and many have extensive training in research.
3680:—judgment of character based on the face—described by Aristotle in 4th century BC Greece. Physiognomy remained current through the Enlightenment, and added the doctrine of phrenology: a study of mind and intelligence based on simple assessment of neuroanatomy.
3120:
and the physical expression of gratitude. It is, however, far from clear that positive psychology is effective in making people happier. Positive psychological interventions have been limited in scope, but their effects are thought to be somewhat better than
4127:
The impact of psychology on social change includes the discipline's broad influence on teaching and learning. Research has shown that compared to the "whole word" or "whole language" approach, the phonics approach to reading instruction is more efficacious.
3023:(no claim it made could be proven wrong) and therefore inherently not a scientific discipline, whereas Eysenck advanced the view that psychoanalytic tenets had been contradicted by experimental data. By the end of the 20th century, psychology departments in
2413:
perspective. This perspective suggests that psychological adaptations evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments. Evolutionary psychologists attempt to find out how human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, the results of
2172:
In 2002 Dr. Teresa LaFromboise, former president of the Society of Indian Psychologists, received the APA's Distinguished Career Contribution to Research Award from the Society for the Psychological Study of Culture Ethnicity, and Race for her research on
2075:
Babette Rothschild, a clinical social worker, invented Somatic Trauma Therapy. Somatic Trauma Therapy utilizes the body to experience, process, and heal from traumatic experiences. To spread her technique she wrote several books, the most prominent being
4366:
to rival conditions ensures that the individuals in those conditions will, on average, be similar on most characteristics, including characteristics that went unmeasured. In an experiment, the researcher alters one or more variables of influence, called
2306:'s 1962 critique implied psychology overall was in a pre-paradigm state, lacking agreement on the type of overarching theory found in mature hard sciences such as chemistry and physics. Because some areas of psychology rely on research methods such as
4971:(HR 7724). All of these measures encouraged researchers to obtain informed consent from human participants in experimental studies. A number of influential but ethically dubious studies led to the establishment of this rule; such studies included the
2246:
IUPsyS recognizes 66 national psychology associations and at least 15 others exist. The American Psychological Association is the oldest and largest. Its membership has increased from 5,000 in 1945 to 100,000 in the present day. The APA includes
10115:
Bettina; Lahti, Jari; Lee, Minyoung; Miller, Mike; Nutile, Teresa; Tanaka, Toshiko; Teumer, Alexander; Viktorin, Alexander; Wedenoja, Juho; Abecasis, Goncalo R.; Adkins, Daniel E.; Agrawal, Arpana; Allik, JĂĽri; Appel, Katja; et al. (2015).
4746:. Similarly, Fanelli (2010) found that 91.5% of psychiatry/psychology studies confirmed the effects they were looking for, and concluded that the odds of this happening (a positive result) was around five times higher than in fields such as
2390:
focuses on the physical basis of behavior. Behaviorial neuroscientists use animal models, often relying on rats, to study the neural, genetic, and cellular mechanisms that underlie behaviors involved in learning, memory, and fear responses.
9959:
Begemann, Martin; Belliveau, Richard A.; Bene, Judit; Bergen, Sarah E.; Bevilacqua, Elizabeth; Bigdeli, Tim B.; Black, Donald W.; Bruggeman, Richard; Buccola, Nancy G.; Buckner, Randy L.; Byerley, William; Cahn, Wiepke; et al. (2014).
5003:
Some of the ethical issues considered most important are the requirement to practice only within the area of competence, to maintain confidentiality with the patients, and to avoid sexual relations with them. Another important principle is
2721:
Starting in the 1950s, the experimental techniques developed by Wundt, James, Ebbinghaus, and others re-emerged as experimental psychology became increasingly cognitivist and, eventually, constituted a part of the wider, interdisciplinary
2559:
avoided discussing the inner workings of the mind, especially the unconscious mind, which they considered impossible to assess scientifically. Operant conditioning was first described by Miller and Kanorski and popularized in the U.S. by
10514:(2005). "...it is the disaster psychologist's role to utilize crisis intervention processes with the goal of preventing natural distress due to the critical event from developing into a more harmful, long-term psychological condition."
1699:
and embraced the doctrine of psychoanalysis as an antidote to sexual repression. Although pedology and intelligence testing fell out of favor in 1936, psychology maintained its privileged position as an instrument of the Soviet Union.
11434:
1129:(1646–1716) applied his principles of calculus to the mind, arguing that mental activity took place on an indivisible continuum. He suggested that the difference between conscious and unconscious awareness is only a matter of degree.
4393:
model which involves making predictions before conducting the experiment, then assessing how well the data collected are consistent with the predictions. These predictions are likely to originate from one or more abstract scientific
11207:"; Joint Hearing before the Senate Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety Fifth Congress, First Session, 3 August 1997; and
4198:
Interventions that improve climates are a way to address accidents and violence. Interventions that reduce stress at work or provide employees with tools to better manage it can help in areas where stress is an important component.
1675:. With funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, Mitscherlich established the first clinical psychosomatic medicine division at Heidelberg University. In 1970, psychology was integrated into the required studies of medical students.
12785:
3088:, death, aloneness, and freedom. It emphasizes subjective meaning, the rejection of determinism, and concern for positive growth rather than pathology. Some founders of the humanistic school of thought were American psychologists
3683:
When experimental psychology came to Britain, Francis Galton was a leading practitioner. By virtue of his procedures for measuring reaction time and sensation, he is considered an inventor of modern mental testing (also known as
4831:
wrote in 1994 that psychologists routinely confuse statistical significance with practical importance, enthusiastically reporting great certainty in unimportant facts. Some psychologists have responded with an increased use of
4019:
is now used to describe the fact that people's behavior can change when they think they are being observed. Although the Hawthorne research can be found in psychology textbooks, the research and its findings were weak at best.
2181:
of the American Psychological Association. Therefore, she was one of the creators of the APA's "Women in Psychology Timeline" which features the accomplishments of women of color in psychology. She is well known for co-editing
3583:, two designs where genetic and environmental influences can be partially un-confounded. More recently, gene-focused research has contributed to understanding genetic contributions to the development of psychological traits.
13153:; Hamlin, J. Kiley; Hannon, Erin E.; Kline, Melissa; Levelt, Claartje; Lew-Williams, Casey; Nazzi, Thierry; Panneton, Robin; Rabagliati, Hugh; Soderstrom, Melanie; Sullivan, Jessica; Waxman, Sandra; Yurovsky, Daniel (2017).
8370:
Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations, London: Routledge and Keagan Paul, 1963, pp. 33–39; from Theodore Schick, ed., Readings in the Philosophy of Science, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000, pp. 9–13.
3158:, which follows from existential psychology, is a therapeutic approach that is based on the idea that a person's inner conflict arises from that individual's confrontation with the givens of existence. Swiss psychoanalyst
2793:
On a broader level, cognitive science is an interdisciplinary enterprise involving cognitive psychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, linguists, and researchers in artificial intelligence, human–computer interaction, and
6338:(1997), pp. 86–87. "For Schultz-Hencke in this 1934 essay, life goals were determined by ideology, not by science. In the case of psychotherapy, he defined health in terms of blood, strong will, proficiency, discipline, (
4893:
employed WEIRD samples. Moreover, their analysis showed that several studies did not fully disclose the origin of their samples; the authors offered a set of recommendations to editors and reviewers to reduce WEIRD bias.
3789:
of behavior and life outcomes outside of testing situations. Psychological testing is regularly used in forensic contexts to aid legal judgments and decisions. Developments in psychometrics include work on test and scale
1781:) which referred to the interface between individual perceptions and the socially accepted worldview; failure to correspond with party doctrine was "incorrect recognition." Psychology education was centralized under the
2509:—known best for inducing dogs to salivate in the presence of a stimulus previously linked with food—became a leading figure in the Soviet Union and inspired followers to use his methods on humans. In the United States,
3859:, a thoroughly non-psychodynamic model that used behaviorist learning theory to change the actions of patients. A key aspect of behavior therapy is empirical evaluation of the treatment's effectiveness. In the 1970s,
3772:). In the United States, tens of thousands of men and women were sterilized. Setting a precedent that has never been overturned, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of this practice in the 1927 case
6777:
Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, John L.; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (June 2002).
3574:
Behavioral genetics researchers have employed methodologies that help to disentangle this confound and understand the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior. Traditionally the research has involved
2425:
The history of the biological foundations of psychology includes evidence of racism. The idea of white supremacy and indeed the modern concept of race itself arose during the process of world conquest by Europeans.
1760:
the leading social doctrine and Pavlovian conditioning the approved means of behavior change. Chinese psychologists elaborated on Lenin's model of a "reflective" consciousness, envisioning an "active consciousness"
3951:
post secondary institutions, community organizations and learning centers, Government or private research firms, and independent or private consultant. The work of developmental psychologists such as Lev Vygotsky,
1061:(1660–1730), and Wang Qingren (1768–1831). Wang Qingren emphasized the importance of the brain as the center of the nervous system, linked mental disorder with brain diseases, investigated the causes of dreams and
8726:
4158:, which is employee shared perceptions of the behaviors that are encouraged (e.g., wearing safety gear) and discouraged (not following safety rules) at work. Organizations with strong safety climates have fewer
3959:
has been influential in creating teaching methods and educational practices. Educational psychology is often included in teacher education programs in places such as North America, Australia, and New Zealand.
2269:
In some places, governments legally regulate who can provide psychological services or represent themselves as a "psychologist." The APA defines a psychologist as someone with a doctoral degree in psychology.
14297:
Sherwin, C.M.; Christionsen, S.B.; Duncan, I.J.; Erhard, H.W.; Lay Jr., D.C.; Mench, J.A.; O'Connor, C.E.; Petherick, J.C. (2003). "Guidelines for the Ethical use of animals in the applied ethology studies".
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Tirumalaraju, Vaishali; Suchting, Robert; Evans, Jonathan; Goetzl, Laura; Refuerzo, Jerrie; Neumann, Alexander; Anand, Deepa; Ravikumar, Rekha; Green, Charles E.; Cowen, Philip J.; Selvaraj, Sudhakar (2020).
8888:
Boyle, G.J. (2011). Changes in personality traits in adulthood. In D. Westen, L. Burton, & R. Kowalski (Eds.), Psychology: Australian and New Zealand 3rd edition (pp. 448–449). Milton, Queensland: Wiley.
8118:
3504:—an important factor causing the experience of hunger—but also on circadian rhythms, food availability, food palatability, and cost. Abstract motivations are also malleable, as evidenced by such phenomena as
3481:. Meanwhile, behaviorist researchers used simple dichotomous models (pleasure/pain, reward/punishment) and well-established principles such as the idea that a thirsty creature will take pleasure in drinking.
6342:), community, heroic bearing, and physical fitness. Schultz-Hencke also took the opportunity in 1934 to criticize psychoanalysis for providing an unfortunate tendency toward the exculpation of the criminal."
2375:, individual people with mental deficits traceable to physical brain damage have inspired new discoveries in this area. Modern behavioral neuroscience could be said to originate in the 1870s, when in France
14324:
Blum 1994, p. 95, Blum 2002, pp. 218–219. Blum 1994, p. 95: "... the most controversial experiment to come out of the Wisconsin laboratory, a device that Harlow insisted on calling the 'pit of despair.
5008:, the idea that a patient or research subject must understand and freely choose a procedure they are undergoing. Some of the most common complaints against clinical psychologists include sexual misconduct.
3111:
opened up humanistic themes to scientific study. Positive psychology is the study of factors which contribute to human happiness and well-being, focusing more on people who are currently healthy. In 2010,
2798:. The discipline of cognitive science covers cognitive psychology as well as philosophy of mind, computer science, and neuroscience. Computer simulations are sometimes used to model phenomena of interest.
12500:
4796:(conducting a large number of statistical tests on a great many variables but restricting reporting to the results that were statistically significant), 295 psychology and medical journals have adopted
4772:
in psychology has emerged. Many notable findings in the field have not been replicated. Some researchers were even accused of publishing fraudulent results. Systematic efforts, including efforts by the
2220:
created a new applied psychology organization called the International Congress of Psychotechnics Applied to Vocational Guidance, later called the International Congress of Psychotechnics and then the
2282:, which in the late nineteenth century enjoyed popularity (including the interest of scholars such as William James). Some people considered parapsychology to be part of "psychology." Parapsychology,
4638:
4437:
observational studies, psychologists collect data at a single point in time. The goal of many cross-sectional studies is the assess the extent factors are correlated with each other. By contrast, in
12269:, Fig. 2, p. 347 Harlow, John Martyn (1868). "Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head." Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society 2:327–347 (Republished in Macmillan 2000).
1712:, and Aron Zalkind, were denounced; Ivan Pavlov (posthumously) and Stalin himself were celebrated as heroes of Soviet psychology. Soviet academics experienced a degree of liberalization during the
3566:, to varying degrees. These two sources of influence are often confounded in observational research of individuals and families. An example of this confounding can be shown in the transmission of
7465:
5017:
the harm (physical or psychological) done to animals is outweighed by the benefits of the research. Psychologists can use certain research techniques on animals that could not be used on humans.
11783:
Schonfeld, I.S., & Mazzola, J.J. (2013). Strengths and limitations of qualitative approaches to research in occupational health psychology. In R. Sinclair, M. Wang, & L. Tetrick (Eds.),
11479:
Nixon, A. E., Mazzola, J. J., Bauer, J., Krueger, J. R., & Spector, P. E. (2011). "Can work make you sick? A meta-analysis of the relationships between job stressors and physical symptoms".
4655:
methods include interviews, first-hand observation, and participant observation. Creswell (2003) identified five main possibilities for qualitative research, including narrative, phenomenology,
13100:"Raising Awareness for the Replication Crisis in Clinical Psychology by Focusing on Inconsistencies in Psychotherapy Research: How Much Can We Rely on Published Findings from Efficacy Trials?"
5397:(Steven Blankaart, p. 13) as quoted in "psychology n." A Dictionary of Psychology. Edited by Andrew M. Colman. Oxford University Press 2009. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.
1564:
week-by-week-propaganda policy for the United States Government." Cartwright also wrote that psychologists had significant roles in managing the domestic economy. The Army rolled out its new
9527:(2008). "In short, then, the studies presented above indicate that humans are keen to act on the goals of other social beings that are implied in behavioral scenarios or scripts." Also see:
3690:). James McKeen Cattell, a student of Wundt and Galton, brought the idea of psychological testing to the United States, and in fact coined the term "mental test". In 1901, Cattell's student
951:
as "the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions." This definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades. However, this meaning was contested, notably by radical
13685:
4644:
survived an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, but the injury altered his personality and behavior.
2482:
3963:
School psychology combines principles from educational psychology and clinical psychology to understand and treat students with learning disabilities; to foster the intellectual growth of
3536:
a short paper detailing the development of innate forms of communication based on his observations of his infant son. The main origins of the discipline, however, are found in the work of
3294:) emerged as an important trait theory of personality. Dimensional models of personality are receiving increasing support, and a version of dimensional assessment has been included in the
1864:
in her research. She recorded both women and men performances on tasks (cognitive, perceptual, and motor) for three months. No evidence was found of decreased performance due to a woman's
4141:
campaigns and outreach to governmental laws and policies. Psychologists study the composite influence of all these different tools in an effort to influence whole populations of people.
4785:. Other subfields of psychology have also been implicated in the replication crisis, including clinical psychology, developmental psychology, and a field closely related to psychology,
2060:
1028:
had physical rather than supernatural causes. In 387 BCE, Plato suggested that the brain is where mental processes take place, and in 335 BCE Aristotle suggested that it was the heart.
4353:
The experimenter (E) orders the teacher (T), the subject of the experiment, to give what the latter believes are painful electric shocks to a learner (L), who is actually an actor and
4047:
has been to evaluate and counsel soldiers and other personnel. In the U.S., this function began during World War I, when Robert Yerkes established the School of Military Psychology at
14469:
Herman, Ellen. "Psychology as Politics: How Psychological Experts Transformed Public Life in the United States 1940–1970." Doctoral dissertation accepted by Brandeis University, 1993.
2161:
founded the Self Compassion Scale, a tool for therapists to use to measure their compassion for themselves. In addition to this, she has written several books the most relevant being
13293:
6852:"Psychology Constructs the Female; or the Fantasy Life of the Male Psychologist (with Some Attention to the Fantasies of his Friends, the Male Biologist and the Male Anthropologist)"
3597:
technologies allows researchers to measure participant DNA variation directly, and test whether individual genetic variants within genes are associated with psychological traits and
3242:
have developed taxonomies of personality constructs in describing personality in terms of key traits. Trait theorists have often employed statistical data-reduction methods, such as
3167:
death, free will, and meaning, suggesting that meaning can be shaped by myths and narratives; meaning can be deepened by the acceptance of free will, which is requisite to living an
1335:, was a 19th-century contributor to the field. He pioneered the experimental study of memory and developed quantitative models of learning and forgetting. In the early 20th century,
6140:
Hans Pols, "The World as Laboratory: Strategies of Field Research Developed by Mental Hygiene Psychologists in Toronto, 1920–1940" in Theresa Richardson & Donald Fisher (eds.),
2403:
is a cross-disciplinary, holistic model that concerns the ways in which interrelationships of biological, psychological, and socio-environmental factors affect health and behavior.
1884:
The first half of the 1900s was filled with new theories and it was a turning point for women's recognition within the field of psychology. In addition to the contributions made by
1359:
thoughts and behavior into smaller component elements, as in structuralism, the Gestaltists maintained that whole of experience is important, and differs from the sum of its parts.
8402:
2008:
As the field of psychology developed throughout the latter half of the 20th century, women in the field advocated for their voices to be heard and their perspectives to be valued.
1868:
cycle. She also challenged the belief intelligence is inherited and women here are intellectually inferior to men. She stated that women do not reach positions of power due to the
1559:
During World War II and the Cold War, the U.S. military and intelligence agencies established themselves as leading funders of psychology by way of the armed forces and in the new
15158:
3706:
developed and elaborated a new test of intelligence in 1905–1911. They used a range of questions diverse in their nature and difficulty. Binet and Simon introduced the concept of
10524:
Leichsenring, Falk; Leibing, Eric (2003). "The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: A meta-analysis".
9861:
4118:. These two African American psychologists studied segregation's adverse psychological impact on Black children. Their research findings played a role in the desegregation case
14950:
Peterson, Roger L.; Peterson, Donald R.; Abrams, Jules C.; Stricker, George; Ducheny, Kelly (2015). "Training in Clinical Psychology in the United States: Practitioner Model".
3821:
people who have graduated from doctoral programs in clinical psychology. In Canada, some of the members of the abovementioned groups usually fall within the larger category of
11251:
7360:
Irmingard Staeuble, "Psychology in the Eurocentric Order of the Social Sciences: Colonial Constitution, Cultural Imperialist Expansion, Postcolonial Critique" in Brock (ed.),
5425:
2359:
is the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals. A leading question in behavioral neuroscience has been whether and how mental functions are
12821:
7494:
4932:, may be dubious or even dangerous, despite their popularity. These practices, however, are outside the mainstream practices taught in clinical psychology doctoral programs.
2005:
decision, leading to the end of legal segregation across the nation. Clark went on to be an influential figure in psychology, her work continuing to focus on minority youth.
1704:
took a heavy toll and instilled a climate of fear in the profession, as elsewhere in Soviet society. Following World War II, Jewish psychologists past and present, including
4281:
as well. Other research psychologists rely on statistical methods to glean knowledge from population data. The statistical methods research psychologists employ include the
963:, the theoretical goal of which "is the prediction and control of behavior." Since James defined "psychology", the term more strongly implicates scientific experimentation.
14424:
Cina, Carol. "Social Science for Whom? A Structural History of Social Psychology." Doctoral dissertation, accepted by the State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1981.
13618:
4742:
In 1959, statistician Theodore Sterling examined the results of psychological studies and discovered that 97% of them supported their initial hypotheses, implying possible
4621:. Research in comparative psychology sometimes appears to shed light on human behavior, but some attempts to connect the two have been quite controversial, for example the
3694:
published discouraging results, suggesting that mental testing of Columbia and Barnard students failed to predict academic performance. In response to 1904 orders from the
8772:
Cattell, Raymond B.; Nichols, K. Ernest (1972). "An Improved Definition, from 10 Researchers, of Second Order Personality Factors in Q Data (with Cross-Cultural Checks)".
5401:
4232:
on physical and mental health, the influence of psychosocial factors on safety and accidents, and interventions designed to improve/protect worker health. OHP grew out of
5200:"The mission of the APA is to advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people's lives"; APA (2010).
2601:
is the term used for the application of the principles of operant conditioning to change socially significant behavior (it supersedes the term, "behavior modification").
13356:"Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching"
11228:
4874:
research findings to the rest of the global population. In 2010, Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan reported a bias in conducting psychology studies with participants from "
1720:
emerged. The field involved the study of the mental aspects of complex jobs (such as pilot and cosmonaut). Interdisciplinary studies became popular and scholars such as
10016:
Lee, S Hong; Decandia, Teresa R.; Ripke, Stephan; Yang, Jian; Sullivan, Patrick F.; Goddard, Michael E.; Keller, Matthew C.; Visscher, Peter M.; Wray, Naomi R. (2012).
8906:
Cattell, Raymond B.; Boyle, Gregory J.; Chant, David (2002). "Enriched behavioral prediction equation and its impact on structured learning and the dynamic calculus".
4887:
world. In 2018, Rad, Martingano, and Ginges showed that nearly a decade after Henrich et al.'s paper, over 80% of the samples used in studies published in the journal
2590:
used by rats to guess at the location of food at the end of a maze. Skinner's behaviorism did not die, in part because it generated successful practical applications.
11718:
Tetrick, L.E., & Quick, J.C. (2011). Overview of occupational health psychology: Public health in occupational settings. In J.C. Quick & L.E. Tetrick (Eds.),
11433:
Brown, A. D., Schultebraucks, K., Qian, M., Li, M., Horesh, D., Siegel, C., Brody, Y., Amer, A. M., Lev-Ari, R. K., Mas, F., Marmar, C. R., & Farmer, J. (2020). "
9127:
8428:
8098:
4972:
4792:
Focus on the replication crisis has led to other renewed efforts in the discipline to re-test important findings. In response to concerns about publication bias and
3781:
Today mental testing is a routine phenomenon for people of all ages in Western societies. Modern testing aspires to criteria including standardization of procedure,
1969:
was another woman in psychology that changed the field with her research. She was one of the first African-Americans to receive a doctoral degree in psychology from
2854:
involves research on the nature of leadership, organizational communication, and related phenomena. In recent years, social psychologists have become interested in
1636:
guidance and the active cooperation of the patient represent the best way to overcome individual mental problems and to subordinate them to the requirements of the
12775:
5253:
4051:
in Georgia. The school provided psychological training for military staff. Today, U.S. Army psychologists perform psychological screening, clinical psychotherapy,
1599:
In Germany after World War I, psychology held institutional power through the military, which was subsequently expanded along with the rest of the military during
11143:
8489:
12492:
11458:
Amiri, S., & Behnezhad, S. (2020). "Is job strain a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 longitudinal studies".
9691:
6043:
Cecilia Taiana, "Transatlantic Migration of the Disciplines of Mind: Examination of the Reception of Wundt's and Freud's Theories in Argentina", in Brock (ed.),
1444:, an expansive approach to psychology that underlined the Darwinian idea of a behavior's usefulness to the individual. In 1890, James wrote an influential book,
12621:
4342:
Flowchart of the four phases, enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis, of a parallel randomized trial of two groups modified from the
12752:
4273:
in laboratory settings, such research can only assess a limited range of short-term phenomena. Some psychologists rely on less rigorously controlled, but more
3457:
in European philosophy. With the steady rise of Darwinian and Freudian thinking, instinct also came to be seen as a primary source of motivation. According to
2830:, and the social environment influence human interactions. Social psychologists study such topics as the influence of others on an individual's behavior (e.g.
2570:
published an influential critique of radical behaviorism on the grounds that behaviorist principles could not adequately explain the complex mental process of
5036:. Harlow also devised what he called a "rape rack", to which the female isolates were tied in normal monkey mating posture. In 1974, American literary critic
3875:
cognitive-behavioral therapy is exposing patients to things they fear, based on the premise that their responses (fear, panic, anxiety) can be deconditioned.
5500:
4211:
and his National Institute of Industrial Psychology (NIIP) during the inter-War years. In the U. S. during the mid-twentieth century industrial psychologist
4083:(IO). Psychologists have sometimes been involved in assisting the interrogation and torture of suspects, staining the records of the psychologists involved.
3421:
before the mind becomes aware of them. The influence of unconscious forces on people's choices bears on the philosophical question of free will. John Bargh,
2850:
fuses elements of social and cognitive psychology for the purpose of understanding how people process, remember, or distort social information. The study of
1454:." James's ideas interested many American students in the emerging discipline. Dewey integrated psychology with societal concerns, most notably by promoting
4185:: These are injuries in bones, nerves and tendons due to overexertion and repetitive strain. They have been linked to job satisfaction and workplace stress.
1053:
balance, and analyzes mental disorder in terms of physiological and social disequilibria. Chinese scholarship that focused on the brain advanced during the
10560:
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Polderman, Tinca J C.; Benyamin, Beben; De Leeuw, Christiaan A.; Sullivan, Patrick F.; Van Bochoven, Arjen; Visscher, Peter M.; Posthuma, Danielle (2015).
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A different strain of experimentalism, with a greater connection to physiology, emerged in South America, under the leadership of Horacio G. Piñero at the
12162:
12113:
11997:
11039:
Steven Williams, "Executive Management: Helping Executives Manage Their Organizations through Organizational and Market Research" in Morgan et al. (ed.),
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is the technique research psychologists use to integrate results from many studies of the same variables and arriving at a grand average of the findings.
1569:
12896:
10250:
2248:
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11165:
9706:
Hunnius, S., & Bekkering, H. (2010). The early development of object knowledge: A study of infants' visual anticipations during action observation.
6178:
conducted, as well as the topics eligible for research support, shaped the whole field of sex research and, in many ways, still continue to support it."
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2239:. Psychology departments have since proliferated around the world, based primarily on the Euro-American model. Since 1966, the Union has published the
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3766:. Eugenicists used mental testing to justify and organize compulsory sterilization of individuals classified as mentally retarded (now referred to as
1664:, prominently advocated sterilization and euthanasia of men considered genetically undesirable, and devised techniques for facilitating this process.
14024:
Morgan-Consoli, M. L.; Inman, A. G.; Bullock, M.; Nolan, S. A. (2018). "Framework for competencies for U.S. psychologists engaging internationally".
13582:
12643:
Sterling, Theodore D. (March 1959). "Publication decisions and their possible effects on inferences drawn from tests of significance—or vice versa".
11309:
Robiner, W. N., & Seime, R. J. (2008). Psychologists in academic health centers: Traditions and innovations in education, science, and practice.
8994:
Goldberg, Lewis R.; Johnson, John A.; Eber, Herbert W.; Hogan, Robert; Ashton, Michael C.; Cloninger, C. Robert; Gough, Harrison G. (February 2006).
11909:
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Parsons, H. M. (1974). "What happened at Hawthorne?: New evidence suggests the Hawthorne effect resulted from operant reinforcement contingencies".
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have applied to the study of psychiatric disorders, concepts such as the social role, sick role, social class, life events, culture, migration, and
10712:
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Soon, Chun Siong; Brass, Marcel; Heinze, Hans-Jochen; Haynes, John-Dylan (2008). "Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain".
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Leichsenring, F.; Abbass, A.; Hilsenroth, M. J.; Leweke, F.; Luyten, P.; Keefe, J. R.; Midgley, N.; Rabung, S.; Salzer, S.; Steinert, C. (2017).
9677:
Schonfeld, I. S. (1986). The Genevan and Cattell-Horn conceptions of intelligence compared: The early implementation of numerical solution aids.
9523:
Hank Aarts, Ap Dijksterhuis, & Giel Dik, "Goal Contagion: Inferring goals from others' actions—and what it leads to", in Shah & Gardner,
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Psychotherapy as conducted by psychiatrists blurred the distinction between psychiatry and psychology, and this trend continued with the rise of
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2221:
1860:
worked to prove differences were not from male genetic superiority, but from culture. She also included the concept of women's impairment during
7846:
Miller, S.; Konorski, J. (1928). "Sur une forme particulière des reflexes conditionels" [On a particular form of conditional reflexes].
3878:
Mental health care today involves psychologists and social workers in increasing numbers. In 1977, National Institute of Mental Health director
3069:
in 1943 posited that humans have a hierarchy of needs, and it makes sense to fulfill the basic needs first before higher-order needs can be met.
992:
The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, India, and Persia all engaged in the philosophical study of psychology. In Ancient Egypt the
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seen the adult acting aggressively towards a toy, in turn, were aggressive towards their own toy when put in a situation that frustrated them.
1877:
was able to show there is no difference between the physiological and psychological traits of men and women, and women are not impaired during
10823:
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Anand C. Paranjpe, "From Tradition through Colonialism to Globalization: Reflections on the History of Psychology in India", in Brock (ed.),
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9622:
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advanced the idea of a subconscious mind, which could contain autonomous mental elements unavailable to the direct scrutiny of the subject.
2379:
traced production of speech to the left frontal gyrus, thereby also demonstrating hemispheric lateralization of brain function. Soon after,
1596:, an effort which enlisted psychologists and anthropologists to analyze the plans and policies of foreign countries for strategic purposes.
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rights and well-being of participants; an investigator's research project cannot be conducted unless approved by such an ethics committee.
2232:
1501:
630:
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9645:"Supplemental Material for Observer-Rated Environmental Sensitivity Moderates Children's Response to Parenting Quality in Early Childhood"
2150:
of African American women. She founded the organization Rise Sally Rise which helps Black women cope with anxiety. She published her work
12356:
Shackman, Gene; The Global Social Change Research Project (2017). "What is Program Evaluation? A Beginners Guide (Presentation Slides)".
11503:"Workplace mistreatment climate and potential employee and organizational outcomes: A meta-analytic review from the target's perspective"
10410:
Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices.
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counsel their clients to become aware of maladaptive thought patterns, the nature of which the clients previously had not been conscious.
4754:. Fanelli argued that this is because researchers in "softer" sciences have fewer constraints to their conscious and unconscious biases.
3314:
6435:
6209:
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Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010–11 Edition, Psychologists, on the Internet at
4940:
Ethical standards in the discipline have changed over time. Some famous past studies are today considered unethical and in violation of
4667:. Qualitative researchers sometimes aim to enrich our understanding of symbols, subjective experiences, or social structures. Sometimes
1255:
believed that the human mind was open to scientific investigation, even if the science is in some ways inexact. Mill proposed a "mental
8627:
Singal, J. (2021, June 7). Positive psychology goes to war: How the Army adopted an untested, evidence-free approach to fighting PTSD.
6114:
Nancy Tomes, "The Development of Clinical Psychology, Social Work, and Psychiatric Nursing: 1900–1980s", in Wallace & Gach (eds.),
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and the Asian American Psychological Association have arisen to promote the inclusion of non-European racial groups in the profession.
2047:
The latter half of the 20th century further diversified the field of psychology, with women of color reaching new milestones. In 1962,
1428:" psychology. The idea behind structuralism was to analyze and classify different aspects of the mind, primarily through the method of
14127:
12219:
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melded psychology with the Nazi theory of biology and racial origins, criticizing psychoanalysis as a study of the weak and deformed.
16204:
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8181:
Mandler, G. (2007). A history of modern experimental psychology: From James and Wundt to cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7398:
Judy E. Hall and George Hurley, "North American Perspectives on Education, Training, Licensing, and Credentialing", in Weiner (ed.),
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conducting surveys to identify issues and designing interventions to make work healthier. Some of the specific health areas include:
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veritable Manhattan Project for the behavioral sciences, at least by many of the intellectuals whose services were in heavy demand."
2752:
used experimental methods to link psychological phenomena to the structure and function of the brain. The rise of computer science,
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6160:
Sol Cohen, "The Mental Hygiene Movement, the Development of Personality and the School: The Medicalization of American Education";
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Developmental psychologists engage a child with a book and then make observations based on how the child interacts with the object.
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1164:. At the end of the Napoleonic era, Prussian authorities discontinued the Old University of MĂĽnster. Having consulted philosophers
814:
340:
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Knowland, Victoria C.P.; Purser, Harry; Thomas, Michael S.C. (2015). "Cross-Sectional Methodologies in Developmental Psychology".
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4446:, the type of problem in which bias is introduced when a certain type of research participant disproportionately leaves a study.
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14259:
12742:
10649:
Clarkson, P. (1996). The eclectic and integrative paradigm: Between the Scylla of confluence and the Charybdis of confusion. In
10117:"Meta-analysis of Genome-wide Association Studies for Neuroticism, and the Polygenic Association with Major Depressive Disorder"
8984:
Gough, H.G. (1987) California Psychological Inventory Administrator's Guide. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.
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includes a variety of practices that researchers use to reduce a great many variables to a small number overarching factors. In
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1300:
soon created another influential laboratory at Leipzig, a psychology-related lab, that focused more on experimental psychiatry.
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9577:, "Can Satisfaction Reinforce Wanting? A new theory about long-term changes in strength of motivation", in Shah & Gardner,
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for human subjects. There are pitfalls, however, in generalizing findings from animal studies to humans through animal models.
4261:
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3733:
2235:(IUPsyS) is the world federation of national psychological societies. The IUPsyS was founded in 1951 under the auspices of the
2109:"Best Doctors in the United States" is a lecturer, psychologist, and writer. She is known for her vast modern contributions to
1936:
Women in the second half of the 20th century continued to do research that had large-scale impacts on the field of psychology.
1771:) able to transcend material conditions through hard work and ideological struggle. They developed a concept of "recognition" (
1667:
After the war, new institutions were created although some psychologists, because of their Nazi affiliation, were discredited.
1366:, an American who studied with Wundt, founded a psychology lab that became internationally influential. The lab was located at
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4503:(EEG), a technique using amplified electrodes on a person's scalp to measure voltage changes in different parts of the brain.
3250:'s early biologically based model suggests at least three major trait constructs are necessary to describe human personality,
1355:. The approach of Gestalt psychology is based upon the idea that individuals experience things as unified wholes. Rather than
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Chartier, Chris; Kline, Melissa; McCarthy, Randy; Nuijten, Michele; Dunleavy, Daniel J.; Ledgerwood, Alison (December 2018).
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Houdmont, J., & Leka, S. (2010). An introduction to occupational health psychology. In S. Leka & J. Houdmont (Eds.).
11568:
Kreis, S. (1995). Early experiments in British scientific management: the Health of Munitions Workers' Committee, 1915-1920.
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11296:
Marilu Price Berry, "Interdisciplinary Medical Setting: The Multiple Roles of a Health Psychologist" in Morgan et al. (ed.),
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Franz Samuelson, "Organizing for the Kingdom of Behavior: Academic Battles and the Organizational Policies in the Twenties";
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was established because of Nazi abuses of experimental subjects. Later, most countries (and scientific journals) adopted the
4948:). The American Psychological Association has advanced a set of ethical principles and a code of conduct for the profession.
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2619:
2521:
and towards "behavioralism." In 1913, John B. Watson coined the term behaviorism for this school of thought. Watson's famous
2056:
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studied chimpanzee social and family life by careful observation of chimpanzee behavior in the field, psychologists conduct
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Physical health symptoms: Occupational stress has been linked to physical symptoms such as digestive distress and headache.
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mostly had marginalized Freudian theory, dismissing it as a "desiccated and dead" historical artifact. Researchers such as
2597:
was founded in 1974 and by 2003 had members from 42 countries. The field has gained a foothold in Latin America and Japan.
1508:
celebrating the centennial of the French Revolution. William James was one of three Americans among the 400 attendees. The
1451:
1362:
Psychologists in Germany, Denmark, Austria, England, and the United States soon followed Wundt in setting up laboratories.
11998:"From Single-Channel Recordings to Brain-Mapping Devices: The Impact of Electroencephalography on Experimental Psychology"
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4320:
Although this type of psychological research is much less abundant than quantitative research, some psychologists conduct
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Some clinical psychologists focus on the clinical management of patients with brain injury. This subspecialty is known as
2342:
1500:
in France, which lasted from 1885 to 1893. The first meeting of the International Congress of Psychology sponsored by the
16917:
16041:
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14214:
10913:
Yeh Hsueh, "The Hawthorne experiments and the introduction of Jean Piaget in American industrial psychology, 1929–1932";
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W. Edward Craighead & Linda Wilcoxon Craighead, "Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy" in Weiner (ed.),
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because employers were less likely to hire them due to the belief they would be incapable of working for 1 week a month.
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The name industrial and organizational psychology emerged in the 1960s. In 1973, it became enshrined in the name of the
2399:
conduct psychological assessments to determine how an individual's behavior and cognition are related to the brain. The
1543:, Rockefeller foundations helped establish research on sexuality in the U.S. Under the influence of the Carnegie-funded
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Clays, Els; De Bacquer, Dirk; Delanghe, Joris; Kittel, France; Van Renterghem, Lieve; De Backer, Guy (September 2005).
11141:
10610:
Jensen, J.P.; Bergin, A.E.; Greaves, D.W. (1990). "The meaning of eclecticism: New survey and analysis of components".
10309:"Forensic psychology and correctional psychology: Distinct but related subfields of psychological science and practice"
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8493:
8112:
7998:
Overmier J.B.; Seligman M.E.P. (1967). "Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding".
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5628:
T.L. Brink. (2008) Psychology: A Student Friendly Approach. "Unit One: The Definition and History of Psychology." pp 9
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4079:(PSYOP) until 2010, when these activities were reclassified as Military Information Support Operations (MISO), part of
3750:
3643:
Psychology encompasses many subfields and includes different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior.
3318:
2715:
2225:
2193:(Published in 2018), and co-authoring the award-winning "APA Handbook of the Psychology of Women" (published in 2019).
1509:
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S. Doyen, O. Klein, C. L. Pichon and A. Cleeremans. (2012). Behavioral priming: it's all in the mind, but whose mind?
5757:
Schwarz, Katharina A.; Pfister, Roland (2016). "Scientific psychology in the 18th century: A historical rediscovery".
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4136:
Medical facilities increasingly employ psychologists to perform various roles. One aspect of health psychology is the
2988:. These individuals ensured that psychoanalysis would evolve into diverse schools of thought. Among these schools are
1090:
texts that formed the foundations of Hinduism was the distinction between a person's transient mundane self and their
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The Stroop effect is the fact that naming the color of the first set of words is easier and quicker than the second.
2360:
1977:. Her master's thesis, "The Development of Consciousness in Negro Pre-School Children," argued that black children's
11893:
11684:
Everly, G.S., Jr. (1986). An introduction to occupational health psychology. In P.A. Keller & L.G. Ritt (Eds.),
11329:
Monica L. Baskin, "Public Health: Career Opportunities for Psychologists in Public Health", in Morgan et al. (ed.),
10510:
Teri L. Elliott, "Disaster Psychology: Keep Clients out of Your Office—Get into the Field!" in Morgan et al. (ed.),
7904:"The long good-bye: why B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior is alive and well on the 50th anniversary of its publication"
5074:
4629:. Animal models are often used to study neural processes related to human behavior, e.g. in cognitive neuroscience.
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16093:
12956:(September 2016). "Charting the future of social psychology on stormy seas: Winners, losers, and recommendations".
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11163:
11158:
Genderson, M.R., Schonfeld, I.S., Kaplan, M.S., & Lyons, M.J. (2009).Suicide associated with military service.
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Boyle, G.J. (2008). Critique of Five-Factor Model (FFM). In G.J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklofske. (Eds.),
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Clinical psychology is the practice of psychology, especially as a means of furthering human welfare and knowledge.
2207:
1565:
1066:
623:
547:
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12399:; Simonovits, Gabor (1 January 2016). "Underreporting in Psychology Experiments: Evidence From a Study Registry".
11703:
10972:"Was There Really a Hawthorne Effect at the Hawthorne Plant? An Analysis of the Original Illumination Experiments"
8324:
Moore, B.E.; Fine, B.D. (1968), A Glossary of Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts, Amer Psychoanalytic Assn, p. 78,
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2948:
Psychoanalytic theory is not monolithic. Other well-known psychoanalytic thinkers who diverged from Freud include
2775:, for example, is the tendency to overestimate the importance of something which happens to come readily to mind.
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and language use. The review, which was scathing, did much to reduce the status of behaviorism within psychology.
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Forgas, Williams, & Laham, "Social Motivation: Introduction and Overview", in Forgas, Williams, & Laham,
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4921:
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Technological advances also renewed interest in mental states and mental representations. English neuroscientist
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and the response to social problems including alcoholism, violence, and the country's crowded "lunatic" asylums.
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13775:
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Ron Sun, (2008). The Cambridge Handbook of Computational Psychology. Cambridge University Press, New York. 2008.
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Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr., and David B. Baker, "The Internationalization of Psychology: A History", in Baker (ed.),
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discovering and understanding phenomena that might have been missed if only more cursory examinations are made.
2251:, which since 1960 have steadily proliferated to include more specialties. Some of these divisions, such as the
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16388:
16229:
16088:
15539:
15012:
Spinath, Frank M.; Spinath, Birgit; Borkenau, Peter (2015). "Developmental Behavioral Genetics and Education".
14061:"Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens: Making psychological science more representative of the human population"
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7463:"Subjective and objective research in positive psychology: A biological characteristic is linked to well-being"
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theory, that women have lesser psychological and physical traits than men and were simply mediocre, incorrect.
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have challenged this hierarchy of selves, but have all emphasized the importance of reaching higher awareness.
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370:
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Research methods in occupational health psychology: State of the art in measurement, design, and data analysis
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4194:: Violence prevention climate is related to being physically assaulted and psychologically mistreated at work.
1985:. She and her husband conduced research building off her thesis throughout the 1940s. These tests, called the
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to assess the ability of millions of soldiers. The Army also engaged in large-scale psychological research of
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16341:
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16001:
15303:
13155:"A Collaborative Approach to Infant Research: Promoting Reproducibility, Best Practices, and Theory-Building"
12990:"A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry"
11613:
Zickar, M. J. (2003). Remembering Arthur Kornhauser: Industrial psychology's advocate for worker well-being.
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5165:, all of which are understood either to bypass or to occur outside of conscious effort or attention. Indeed,
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1465:. In Russia, too, researchers placed greater emphasis on the biological basis for psychology, beginning with
1165:
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as a discipline, with psychology an important subdivision. Kant, however, explicitly rejected the idea of an
1130:
572:
139:
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8264:
Allport, G. W (1985). "The Historical Background of Social Psychology". In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (ed.).
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2543:, and others did much to help behaviorism become a widely used paradigm. A new method of "instrumental" or "
797:
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4374:. Prototypical experimental research is conducted in a laboratory with a carefully controlled environment.
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1375:
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495:
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Yang, Liu-Qin; Caughlin, David E.; Gazica, Michele W.; Truxillo, Donald M.; Spector, Paul E. (July 2014).
4980:
4951:
The most important contemporary standards include informed and voluntary consent. After World War II, the
3508:: the adoption of goals, sometimes unconsciously, based on inferences about the goals of others. Vohs and
16234:
16156:
13192:
12493:"This research group seeks to expose weaknesses in science—and they'll step on some toes if they have to"
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with two layers, an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network of neurons in the human brain
4120:
3845:
3782:
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because it rejected the anti-mentalist dogma of behaviorism as well as the strictures of psychoanalysis.
2395:, by using neural imaging tools, investigate the neural correlates of psychological processes in humans.
2002:
1782:
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1519:
American psychology gained status upon the U.S.'s entry into World War I. A standing committee headed by
1213:(seated), a German psychologist, with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind,
616:
31:
17:
16151:
11355:
Beus, J. M., McCord, M. A., & Zohar, D. (2016). "Workplace safety:A review and research synthesis".
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3890:. In many countries, clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession. The emerging field of
3325:, which is in the public domain, has become a source of scales that can be used personality assessment.
2862:
models, and the interaction of person and social factors in accounting for behavior. Some concepts that
2630:
2529:(aversions to other stimuli) in an infant human, although such a conclusion was likely an exaggeration.
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3860:
3317:(MMPI), despite its name, is more a dimensional measure of psychopathology than a personality measure.
2795:
2633:. Psychologists make inferences about mental processes from shared phenomena such as optical illusions.
1830:. She stated it is important focus on the child's environment, support their development, and prevent
1462:
1425:
1307:
757:
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86:
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13041:"Biases in research: Risk factors for non-replicability in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy research"
9049:
Deber, James A; Jacoby, Larry L. (1994). "Unconscious Perception: Attention, Awareness, and Control".
5548:
The term "folk psychology" is itself contentious: see Daniel D. Hutto & Matthew Ratcliffe (eds.),
3417:, although there has been dispute with regard to replication. Some experimental data suggest that the
2736:
helped along the transition in psychology from behaviorism to cognitive psychology. Bandura and other
2586:
advanced a hybrid "cognitive behavioral" model, most notably with his 1948 publication discussing the
1180:. However, this discipline did not yet embrace experimentation. In England, early psychology involved
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ThBy coe SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment: Vol. 1 – Personality theories and models
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Soothe Your Nerves: The Black Woman's Guide to Understanding and Overcoming Anxiety, Panic, and Fearz
4917:
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4734:. These findings have led to calls for reform from within and from outside the scientific community.
4718:
Metascience involves the application of scientific methodology to study science itself. The field of
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in 1920 was at first thought to demonstrate that repeated use of upsetting loud noises could instill
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identifies the brain as the nexus of wisdom and sensation, includes theories of personality based on
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270:
151:
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American Psychological Association. (2016). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct.
14195:
11123:
Joshua N. Friedlander, "Military Psychology: An Army Clinical Psychologist" in Morgan et al. (ed.),
10691:
9727:
Finkel, Deborah; Reynolds, Chandra A.; McArdle, John J.; Gatz, Margaret; Pedersen, Nancy L. (2003).
9543:
9332:
9229:
9063:
7967:
7815:
3785:, output of an interpretable score, statistical norms describing population outcomes, and, ideally,
1160:
and gave lectures on scientific psychology, though these developments were soon overshadowed by the
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16677:
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16190:
15325:
15293:
15229:
15197:
13149:
Frank, Michael C.; Bergelson, Elika; Bergmann, Christina; Cristia, Alejandrina; Floccia, Caroline;
10018:"Estimating the proportion of variation in susceptibility to schizophrenia captured by common SNPs"
9385:
9039:
3, 17 October 1884; cited in William P. Banks & Ilya Farber, "Consciousness", in Weiner (ed.),
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4864:
4689:
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4229:
4182:
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3903:
3887:
3791:
3754:
3522:
2934:
2929:, and clinical observation. It became very well known, largely because it tackled subjects such as
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2707:
2522:
2152:
Soothe Your Nerves: The Black Woman's Guide to Understanding and Overcoming Anxiety, Panic and Fear
1962:
1913:
1367:
1169:
1020:
treatise), addressed the workings of the mind. As early as the 4th century BC, the Greek physician
871:, which means "study" or "research". The word psychology was first used in the Renaissance. In its
818:
761:
161:
129:
15114:
13853:
Arnett, J. J. (2008). "The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American".
11864:
10815:
9775:
5933:
Fechner, G. T. (1860). Elemente der Psychophysik. Breitkopf u. Härtel. (Elements of Psychophysics)
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16422:
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15715:
15637:
15395:
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15345:
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15330:
15279:
13644:
11435:
Mental health disorders and utilization of mental healthcare services in United Nations personnel
10561:"The common factors, empirically validated treatments, and recovery models of therapeutic change"
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8995:
7225:
Fierce Self-Compassion: How Women Can Harness Kindness to Speak Up, Claim Their Power, and Thrive
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and others involves the ideas of automaticity and unconscious processing in our understanding of
3270:
at the primary-factor level and up to eight broader second-stratum factors. Since the 1980s, the
3101:
2831:
2757:
2533:, a close collaborator with Watson, examined biological manifestations of learning in the brain.
2438:
2406:
2387:
2243:. IAAP and IUPsyS agreed in 1976 each to hold a congress every four years, on a staggered basis.
1974:
1753:
1716:. The topics of cybernetics, linguistics, and genetics became acceptable again. The new field of
1616:
1383:
1176:
established psychology as a mandatory discipline in its rapidly expanding and highly influential
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562:
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231:
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181:
176:
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115:
75:
12588:
12582:
11342:
Zohar, D. (2010). "Thirty years of safety climate research: Reflections and future directions".
8799:
Block, Jack (1995). "A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description".
8190:
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
6142:
The Development of the Social Sciences in the United States and Canada: The Role of Philanthropy
4879:
4269:
lends itself to the statistical testing of hypotheses. Although the field makes abundant use of
4224:
As interest in the worker health expanded toward the end of the twentieth century, the field of
2167:
Fierce Self-Compassion: How Women Can Harness Kindness to Speak Up, Claim Their Power and Thrive
940:
from which the term psychology is derived, is commonly associated with the field of psychology.
690:. As social scientists, psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals and groups.
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16297:
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15642:
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14190:
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11859:
10686:
9862:"Risk of Depression in the Adolescent and Adult Offspring of Mothers with Perinatal Depression"
9729:"Latent growth curve analyses of accelerating decline in cognitive abilities in late adulthood"
9538:
9380:
9327:
9058:
8941:
Boyle, Gregory J. (1995). "Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Some Psychometric Limitations".
7962:
7810:
6718:"Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter - Psychologists and Their Theories for Students | HighBeam Research"
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4722:
has revealed problems in psychological research. Some psychological research has suffered from
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Motivation can be modulated or manipulated in many different ways. Researchers have found that
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Women in the early 1900s started to make key findings within the world of psychology. In 1923,
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Kwiatkowski, R., Duncan, D. C., & Shimmin, S. (2006). "What have we forgotten - and why?"
9457:
Bill P. Godsil, Matthew R. Tinsley, & Michael S. Fanselow, "Motivation", in Weiner (ed.),
9124:
8996:"The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures"
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15783:
15725:
15677:
15504:
15469:
15444:
15335:
15224:
11136:
Thomas, J.L. (2008). OHP Research and Practice in the US Army: Mental Health Advisory Teams.
10274:"From Involuntary Sterilization to Genetic Enhancement: The Unsettled Legacy of Buck v. Bell"
8749:
Carver, C., & Scheier, M. (2004). Perspectives on Personality (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
8712:
6432:
5373:"Classics in the History of Psychology – Marko Marulic – The Author of the Term "Psychology""
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4860:
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4241:
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3626:
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2706:, and problem solving. Researchers in the field of cognitive psychology are sometimes called
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2400:
2190:
1990:
1982:
1721:
1653:
1652:, the leadership of the mind, to integrate people into the new vision of a German community.
1585:
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1285:
1276:
980:
793:
674:. Psychology is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between the
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335:
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171:
70:
65:
17020:
11379:"Associations between dimensions of job stress and biomarkers of inflammation and infection"
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catalogs hundreds of everyday events that Freud explains in terms of unconscious influence.
17003:
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16459:
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16324:
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15647:
15549:
15459:
15289:
15274:
14072:
12695:
12455:
12223:
11799:"CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials"
10797:
Peter E. Nathan & James Langenbucher, "Diagnosis and Classification", in Weiner (ed.),
10067:"Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: The emerging picture and its implications"
9972:
9205:
Also see: John A. Bargh, "The Automaticity of Everyday Life", in Robert S. Wyer Jr. (ed.),
9109:
6851:
6516:
5146:
4814:
4786:
4731:
4500:
4481:
4438:
4367:
4321:
4286:
4208:
4071:, involving techniques such as hypnosis, torture, and covert involuntary administration of
3836:, who established his practice in Philadelphia in 1896. Another modern psychotherapist was
3799:
3673:
3553:
3373:
3040:
3028:
2985:
2942:
2727:
2610:
2579:
2571:
2544:
2510:
2102:
2028:. Other women in the field also continued advocating for women in psychology, creating the
2009:
1823:
1757:
1756:
gained control of the country, the Stalinist Soviet Union became the major influence, with
1469:'s 1873 essay, "Who Is to Develop Psychology and How?" Sechenov advanced the idea of brain
1399:
1332:
1316:
1303:
1196:
1122:
698:
455:
380:
290:
125:
110:
13925:
13897:
5596:
5226:"To petition to join APA as a section of Division 12, the Division of Clinical Psychology"
4110:
An example of the contribution of psychologists to social change involves the research of
3143:
705:. Some psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and
8:
17073:
16799:
16793:
16719:
16634:
16579:
16454:
16319:
16265:
15554:
15544:
15529:
15494:
15489:
15474:
15454:
15449:
15320:
15259:
15190:
15163:
14154:
13315:
Makel, Matthew C.; Plucker, Jonathan A. (2014). "Facts Are More Important Than Novelty".
12807:
10216:
Myers, D. G., & DeWall, C. N. (2023). *Psychology in everyday life* (6th ed.). Worth.
9209:, Advances in Social Cognition, Volume X; Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997;
9139:
9105:
8727:"A Trojan Horse: Logotherapeutic Transcendence and its Secular Implications for Theology"
6225:
Dorwin Cartwright, "Social Psychology in the United States During the Second World War",
5736:
PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press,
5524:
5033:
4976:
4856:
4677:
4610:
4443:
4294:
4274:
4176:
4044:
3918:
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3815:
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put the Binet-Simon scale to work and introduced classifications of mental level such as
3429:
3391:
3310:
3155:
3108:
2745:
2556:
2459:
2143:
2025:
1970:
1965:. Because of her work, Ainsworth became one of the most cited psychologists of all time.
1893:
1745:
1311:
997:
852:
826:
789:
385:
375:
360:
325:
320:
305:
285:
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156:
95:
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13973:
Transnational Psychology of Women: Expanding International and Intersectional Approaches
12699:
12459:
9976:
9776:"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"
5349:
5322:
3234:
experience. According to Freud, personality is based on the dynamic interactions of the
2767:, or irrational thought. Psychologists (and economists) have classified and described a
1379:
1091:
16744:
16309:
16021:
15901:
15735:
15682:
15594:
15589:
15524:
15464:
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15021:
15000:
14986:
14959:
14932:
14905:
14878:
14851:
14824:
14797:
14770:
14761:
Demetriou, Andreas (2015). "Intelligence in Cultural, Social and Educational Context".
14743:
14716:
14689:
14680:
Cascio, Wayne F. (2015). "Industrial–Organizational Psychology: Science and Practice".
14662:
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12989:
12888:
12718:
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12558:
12523:
12424:
12244:
Shettleworth, S.J. (2010) Cognition, Evolution and Behavior (2nd Ed), New York: Oxford.
12136:
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9935:
9910:
9886:
9841:
9806:
9406:
9353:
9196:
9025:
8954:
8397:
8066:
8023:
7923:
6879:
6807:
6578:
6570:
6077:
Windholz, G. (1997). "Ivan P. Pavlov: An overview of his life and psychological work".
5963:
5790:
5162:
4984:
4883:
4818:
4769:
4701:
4573:
4538:
4412:
4371:
4191:
4115:
4052:
3968:
3856:
3634:
3606:
3590:
3563:
3081:
2498:, which is used to help individuals replace undesirable behaviors with desirable ones.
2174:
1994:
1966:
1679:
1661:
1532:
1421:
1371:
1348:
1328:
773:
480:
425:
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355:
295:
256:
186:
16141:
14311:
12266:
11796:
10273:
9877:
8854:
Lucas, Richard E.; Baird, Brendan M. (2004). "Extraversion and Emotional Reactivity".
8609:
Bright-sided: How the relentless promotion of positive thinking has undermined America
8315:
Brenner, C. (1974). An elementary textbook of psychoanalysis. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
7063:
5298:
2909:
2782:, a form of psychotherapy modified from techniques developed by American psychologist
1608:
1271:
in the 1830s. He articulated the principle that human perception of a stimulus varies
16905:
16893:
16714:
16709:
16697:
16692:
16564:
16554:
16474:
16417:
16361:
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15400:
15385:
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15234:
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15052:
15025:
15004:
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14855:
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11552:
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11408:
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10944:
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10654:
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10541:
10458:
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9810:
9798:
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7828:
7686:
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7602:
7592:
7529:
7519:
7340:
Wade Pickren & Raymond D. Fowler, "Professional Organizations", in Weiner (ed.),
7281:
7277:
Eliminating Inequities for Women with Disabilities: An Agenda for Health and Wellness
7229:
7202:
7175:
7148:
7121:
7036:
6979:
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6918:
6883:
6871:
6811:
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are most typically associated with theories about the unconscious mind. By contrast,
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number, make their way through the filter. Much research has shown that subconscious
3305:, constructed during World War I. The popular, although psychometrically inadequate,
3279:
3159:
3117:
2867:
2807:
2723:
2427:
2415:
2307:
2183:
Eliminating Inequities for Women with Disabilities: An Agenda for Health and Wellness
2132:
2128:
2021:
1958:
1954:
1941:
1845:
1811:
1737:
1391:
1107:
1077:
1058:
822:
809:
769:
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405:
330:
236:
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105:
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16161:
13882:
13824:
13640:
13578:
13400:
Foundations for Success: The Final Report of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel
13385:
13355:
12140:
12086:
11889:
10998:
10956:
10358:
9179:
Bargh, John A.; Chartrand, Tanya L. (1999). "The unbearable automaticity of being".
8458:
The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life (Touchstone ed.)
8372:
8070:
8027:
7927:
7566:
Richard F. Thompson & Stuart M. Zola, "Biological Psychology", in Weiner (ed.),
6667:
4637:
4488:
3703:
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1604:
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14555:
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13797:
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13003:
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12862:
12780:
12713:
12703:
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12463:
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12361:
12181:
12177:
12163:"Great expectations: What can fMRI research tell us about psychological phenomena?"
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12012:
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9390:
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8007:
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7442:
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7004:
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6554:
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6271:
Inventing the Psychological: Toward a Cultural History of Emotional Life in America
6260:
Epistemology of the Bunker: The Brainwashed and Other New Subjects of Permanent War
6086:
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5766:
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5334:
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4743:
4601:
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3147:
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published a special issue devoted to positive psychological interventions, such as
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2901:
2847:
2583:
2469:
2419:
2136:
2124:
2110:
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1252:
1111:
908:
834:
659:
410:
365:
350:
345:
226:
201:
14181:
Beyerstein, Barry L. (Spring 2001). "Fringe Psychotherapies: The Public at Risk".
13809:
9268:
8785:
6721:
6229:
1.3, June 1948, p. 340; quoted in Cina, "Social Science For Whom?" (1981), p. 269.
4354:
3806:, and bifactor analysis have helped in strengthening test and scale construction.
3744:
Following the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests, which was developed by psychologist
2146:
views psychology through a Black lens and dedicated her career to focusing on the
2067:. Harriet McAdoo was appointed to the White House Conference on Families in 1979.
1744:
who received a PhD at the University of California, Berkeley, became President of
1413:. Witmer focused on the mental testing of children; Scott, on employee selection.
890:
749:
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16506:
16501:
16314:
16026:
15991:
15931:
15881:
15370:
15153:
15119:
14491:
Life After Graduate School in Psychology: Insider's Advice from New Psychologists
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10940:
10422:
9695:
9487:
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9236:
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9131:
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8733:
8437:
The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex
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Psychological testing has ancient origins, dating as far back as 2200 BC, in the
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underlined the value of comparing information processing in humans and machines.
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As a discipline, psychology has long sought to fend off accusations that it is a
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2013:
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became prominent in the field of child development. The Bolsheviks also promoted
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A professional practitioner or researcher involved in the discipline is called a
675:
206:
13801:
11274:(1998), Chapter 7: "Production of Black Psychologists in America" (pp. 155–213).
11100:
10761:
10537:
9529:
Aarts; Hassin; Gollwitzer (2004). "Goal Contagion: Perceiving is for Pursuing".
8919:
8812:
7931:
7881:
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management and labor practices that would improve the lives of working people."
3906:. Because of this, more training programs and psychologists are now adopting an
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Global promise: Quality assurance and accountability in professional psychology
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12971:
12953:
12747:
11847:
11622:
11467:
10700:
10623:
9926:
9824:
Turkheimer, Eric (2000). "Three Laws of Behavior Genetics and What They Mean".
9744:
9686:
9192:
9072:
8867:
8758:
Cattell, R.B. (1995). "The fallacy of five factors in the personality sphere".
8477:
Sacks, O. (1984). A leg to stand on. New York: Summit Books/Simon and Schuster.
8083:
Ruben Ardila, "Behavior Analysis in an International Context", in Brock (ed.),
7824:
7790:
on 3 August 2012 – via History & Theory of Psychology Eprint Archive.
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1259:" in which elementary thoughts could combine into ideas of greater complexity.
956:
933:
714:
679:
17037:
14210:
13916:
13377:
13056:
11961:
John T. Behrens and Chong-Ho Yu, "Exploratory Data Analysis" in Weiner (ed.),
11762:
11577:
11318:
9552:
9011:
8967:
Leslie C. Morey, "Measuring Personality and Psychopathology" in Weiner (ed.),
8291:
8209:
6795:
6668:"Karen Horney | German Psychoanalyst & Feminist Psychologist | Britannica"
5962:
Wozniak, R.H. (1999). Introduction to memory: Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885/1913).
4617:
It is closely related to other disciplines that study animal behavior such as
3832:
Credit for the first psychology clinic in the United States typically goes to
2501:
Early behavioral researchers studied stimulus–response pairings, now known as
2464:
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15662:
15564:
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14896:
McWilliams, Spencer A. (2015). "Psychology, History of (Twentieth Century)".
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12396:
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12016:
11941:
11749:
Alasuutari, Pertti (2010). "The rise and relevance of qualitative research".
11526:
11412:
11364:
11208:
11056:
10873:
Psychology and work: Perspectives on industrial and organizational psychology
10850:
10342:
10200:
9909:
Visscher, Peter M.; Brown, Matthew A.; McCarthy, Mark I.; Yang, Jian (2012).
9752:
9664:
9104:
at Wikisource, a faithful copy of the third edition translated in English by
7533:
7485:
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6566:
5778:
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techniques for improving workplace efficiency. The field was at first called
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3795:
3786:
3745:
3691:
3686:
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3422:
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sharply criticized psychoanalysis. Popper argued that psychoanalysis was not
3001:
2961:
2926:
2922:
2893:
2587:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2514:
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Early practitioners of experimental psychology distinguished themselves from
1909:
1819:
1807:
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1540:
1520:
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worked on developing tests of mental ability. Cattell, who also studied with
1321:
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1210:
1200:
1142:
993:
944:
858:
805:
655:
515:
475:
395:
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16986:
14357:
14279:
Stanley E. Jones, "Ethical Issues in Clinical Psychology", in Weiner (ed.),
14085:
12866:
11598:
11378:
10436:
George Stricker & Thomas A. Widiger, "Volume Preface", in Weiner (ed.),
9837:
9656:
8444:
The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness
8141:"American Psychological Association (2013). Glossary of psychological terms"
7546:
Michela Gallagher & Randy J. Nelson, "Volume Preface", in Weiner (ed.),
6418:
5920:
4499:
A classic and popular tool used to relate mental and neural activity is the
2625:
2578:
and his colleagues discovered that they could condition in dogs a state of "
2055:, the first Native American woman to get a Ph.D. in psychology, founded the
1288:
conducted parallel research on sensory perception, and trained physiologist
16604:
16544:
16292:
16250:
16016:
16011:
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15976:
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15906:
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13874:
13752:
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13479:
13351:
13252:
13188:
13135:
13064:
13025:
12921:
12884:
12727:
12567:
12189:
12078:
12055:"Functional Neuroimaging and Psychology: What Have You Done for Me Lately?"
12024:
11881:
11832:
11534:
11502:
11420:
10948:
10545:
10350:
10150:
10100:
10051:
10002:
9944:
9895:
9802:
9760:
9560:
9402:
9349:
8927:
8875:
8062:
7832:
7726:(1998), Chapter 5: "The Psychology of Survival and Education" (pp. 113–134)
6930:
6898:
5786:
5582:
5444:
5358:
5158:
5021:
4685:
4622:
4554:
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4407:
4068:
3864:
3774:
3699:
3576:
3458:
3426:
3406:
3364:
3259:
3247:
3182:
drew evidence of meaning's therapeutic power from reflections upon his own
3085:
3032:
3012:
2969:
2957:
2949:
2925:. Freud's psychoanalytic theory was largely based on interpretive methods,
2905:
2567:
2561:
2530:
2432:
2364:
2347:
2299:
2217:
2158:
2017:
1917:
1901:
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1705:
1692:
1628:
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1478:
1356:
1146:
1087:
1054:
1050:
1031:
In China, psychological understanding grew from the philosophical works of
737:
694:
687:
500:
191:
14653:
Badcock, Christopher R. (2015). "Nature-Nurture Controversy, History of".
14026:
International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation
11731:
John A. Schinka & Wayne F. Velicer, "Volume Preface" in Weiner (ed.),
11403:
11249:
US torture report: psychologists should no longer aid military, group says
10896:
Laura L. Koppes, "Industrial-Organizational Psychology", in Weiner (ed.),
10816:"What Does An Educational Psychologist Do | Touro University | Psychology"
10769:
10708:
10333:
9080:
8820:
8019:
7984:
7644:
7606:
6480:
4244:. OHP has also been informed by disciplines outside psychology, including
3309:
was developed to assess individuals' "personality types" according to the
3076:, which has been influenced by existentialism and phenomenology, stresses
2778:
Elements of behaviorism and cognitive psychology were synthesized to form
2310:
in surveys and questionnaires, critics asserted that psychology is not an
1920:. These great discoveries and contributions were made during struggles of
1896:
invented the paired associates technique of studying memory and developed
1000:
and thought disorders. Historians note that Greek philosophers, including
967:
is the understanding of the mental states and behaviors of people held by
16756:
16644:
16569:
16486:
16405:
16398:
16255:
16061:
15851:
15836:
15801:
15657:
15584:
15284:
13435:
12365:
12070:
11198:
Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification
8269:
7953:
Seligman M.E.P.; Maier S.F. (1967). "Failure to escape traumatic shock".
7584:
6826:"Featured Psychologists: Mamie Phipps Clark, PhD, and Kenneth Clark, PhD"
6206:
Measurement in Psychology: A Critical History of a Methodological Concept
5323:"The origin of the phrase comparative psychology: an historical overview"
5138:
4929:
4833:
4802:
4719:
4672:
4668:
4656:
4626:
4597:
4504:
3952:
3677:
3537:
3501:
3473:
3341:
3291:
3255:
3187:
3097:
3016:
2977:
2973:
2753:
2506:
2451:
2320:
2303:
2237:
United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (UNESCO)
1978:
1945:
1869:
1749:
1733:
1481:
1474:
1437:
1374:, who brought experimental psychology, emphasizing psychophysics, to the
1352:
1344:
1228:
1223:
1115:
1021:
1015:
952:
922:
781:
772:. They also consider the unconscious mind. Research psychologists employ
654:. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both
415:
120:
12875:
11654:
11446:
10990:
10971:
10844:
10415:
9984:
9443:(2013), Chapter 2, "The Psychoanalytic Theory of Motivation" (pp. 9–84).
7447:
7430:
5061:
5032:
in the 1970s. The aim of the research was to produce an animal model of
4805:, in contrast to an estimated 5 to 20 per cent in traditional research.
4349:
3939:
866:
16810:
16649:
16491:
16393:
15996:
15831:
15627:
15484:
15375:
15177:
14037:
13709:"Open science challenges, benefits and tips in early career and beyond"
13170:
12664:
11722:(2nd ed., pp. 3–20). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
11701:
10576:
10324:
8642:
American association for humanistic psychology, Articles of association
8241:(Winter 2020 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
7919:
7848:
Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de Ses Filiales
7032:
The Body Remembers: The Psychophysiology of Trauma and Trauma Treatment
6574:
6542:
6063:
Irina Sirotkina and Roger Smith, "Russian Federation", in Baker (ed.),
4751:
4675:'s application of psychological and sociological theories, in his book
4660:
4508:
4395:
4333:
4204:
3868:
3707:
3661:
3587:
3500:, for example, depends not only on the organism's fundamental need for
3482:
3441:
3410:
3183:
2981:
2843:
2835:
2787:
2695:
2615:
2552:
2376:
2094:
2001:
and development. In 1954, this research would help decide the landmark
1998:
1889:
1803:
1683:
1620:
1524:
1433:
1206:
1192:
1181:
1082:
745:
721:
710:
671:
315:
211:
13040:
9158:
William P. Banks & Ilya Farber, "Consciousness", in Weiner (ed.),
6626:
https://www.apa.org/about/governance/president/bio-mary-whiton-calkins
6543:"Variability as Related to Sex Differences in Achievement: A Critique"
5201:
3898:) involves professionals who respond to large-scale traumatic events.
2582:", which was not predicted by the behaviorist approach to psychology.
16584:
16481:
16410:
16304:
16277:
16031:
15816:
15720:
14059:
Rad, Mostafa Salari; Martingano, Alison Jane; Ginges, Jeremy (2018).
13369:
12280:
The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research
11873:
11814:
11797:
Schulz, K.F.; Altman, D.G.; Moher, D.; for the CONSORT Group (2010).
11518:
10609:
10476:
and Joel Weinberger, "Psychodynamic Psychotherapy", in Weiner (ed.),
9715:
8546:
Edited by Andrew M. Colman. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford: Author.
8104:
8054:
8011:
7976:
7064:"Famous Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present — Zencare Blog"
6914:
5486:
5320:
5278:
4944:(the Canadian Code of Conduct for Research Involving Humans, and the
3883:
The PsyD degree is more exclusively designed to train practitioners.
3614:
3199:
3175:
3151:
3077:
2953:
2897:
2863:
2699:
2564:, who emerged as a leading intellectual of the behaviorist movement.
2410:
2383:
identified a related area necessary for the understanding of speech.
2051:
became the first Latina woman to get a Ph.D. in psychology. In 1969,
1986:
1905:
1696:
1528:
1513:
1458:, inculcating moral values in children, and assimilating immigrants.
1386:—who, in 1905, founded a psychology department and laboratory at the
1256:
1240:
1103:
1036:
1009:
777:
729:
725:
683:
465:
12656:
12468:
12443:
12114:"Neuroimaging as a New Tool in the Toolbox of Psychological Science"
11688:(Vol. 5, pp. 331–338). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
11078:
Organizational behavior: Managing people and organizations, 12th ed.
10082:
10033:
9961:"Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci"
9794:
9341:
8472:
Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions
7491:
Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions
6517:"Classics in the History of Psychology -- Hollingworth (1914) Index"
4370:, and measures resulting changes in the factors of interest, called
3321:
contains 20 personality scales (e.g., independence, tolerance). The
1953:
circumstances. These field studies are also where she developed her
919:, which treats the Body, and Psychology, which treats of the Soul."
55:
15745:
15740:
15700:
14734:
Deakin, Nicholas (2015). "Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology".
14431:, second edition. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997.
13672:"The Cooperative Revolution Is Making Psychological Science Better"
12313:
Program evaluation: Alternative approaches and practical guidelines
11226:
PSYOP: On a Complete Change in Organization, Practice, and Doctrine
9239:", in John Baer, James C. Kaufmna, & Roy F. Baumeister (eds.),
8644:. Palo Alto, CA (mimeographed): August 28, 1963; in Severin (ed.),
6970:
Times, Robert Reinhold Special to The New York (6 September 1970).
6558:
5649:"Psychology: Definitions, branches, history, and how to become one"
4618:
2819:
2283:
2127:
herself, she has written several memoirs about her experience with
2061:
Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science
1831:
1660:, a German psychologist recognized for developing the technique of
1619:
were expelled and persecuted under the anti-Jewish policies of the
1470:
1403:
1095:
1080:
explored distinctions in types of awareness. A central idea of the
1073:
1062:
1040:
903:) in the decade 1510-1520 The earliest known reference to the word
883:
651:
490:
485:
445:
17054:
16849:
16182:
15068:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
15041:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
15014:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14979:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14952:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14925:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14898:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14871:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14844:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14817:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14815:
Henley, Tracy B. (2015). "Psychology, History of (Early Period)".
14790:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14763:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14736:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14709:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14682:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14655:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
14236:
13038:
9094:
6401:
Psychology in Utopia: toward a social history of Soviet psychology
4584:
4537:
and drugs also provide information about brain–mind interactions.
2063:. In 1971, The Network of Indian Psychologists was established by
16331:
15135:
14493:. New York: Psychology Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 2005.
12112:
Cacioppo, John T.; Berntson, Gary G.; Nusbaum, Howard C. (2008).
10113:
9773:
9371:
Baumeister, Roy F. (2008). "Free Will in Scientific Psychology".
7801:
Overskeid, Geir (2007). "Looking for Skinner and finding Freud".
7739:(1998), Chapter 2: "Brass Instruments and Dark Skins" (pp. 34–54)
6380:(1997), Chapter 14: "Reconstruction and Repression", pp. 351–375.
4064:
3527:
3122:
2827:
2823:
2714:
model of mental functioning. Cognitivist research is informed by
2287:
2147:
2012:
did not miss psychology. An outspoken feminist in psychology was
1827:
1268:
1232:
1173:
916:
880:
733:
667:
663:
10653:(R. Woolfe & W.L. Dryden, eds.). London: Sage, pp. 258–283.
10399:
Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 4th ed.
10065:
Sullivan, Patrick F.; Daly, Mark J.; O'Donovan, Michael (2012).
8538:
8536:
7748:
J.B. Watson & R. Rayner, "Conditioned emotional responses",
5121:
Hockenbury & Hockenbury. Psychology. Worth Publishers, 2010.
4671:
and critical aims can give rise to quantitative research, as in
1102:
encompasses a range of techniques used in pursuit of this goal.
15415:
15167:
14479:. Fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.
14296:
14023:
11160:
Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 6
11138:
Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 4
10523:
9858:
5617:
Early psychological thought: Ancient accounts of mind and soul.
4681:, to understanding why many ordinary Germans supported Hitler.
4154:
Accidents and injuries: A major contribution is the concept of
3497:
2703:
2526:
2236:
2044:
were some of the founding members of the organization in 1969.
1921:
1840:, the belief women are mentally and physically impaired during
1772:
1762:
1450:, which expanded on the structuralism. He memorably described "
1244:
1236:
1001:
14949:
14441:
Forgas, Joseph P., Kipling D. Williams, & Simon M. Laham.
12684:
Positive' Results Increase Down the Hierarchy of the Sciences"
12311:
Fitzpatrick, J.L., Sanders, J.R., & Worthen, B.R. (2011).
3749:
administered to 7 million children in the 1920s. In 1926, the
1275:
according to its intensity. The principle became known as the
1156:
In 1783, Ferdinand Ueberwasser (1752–1812) designated himself
971:, as contrasted with psychology professionals' understanding.
16911:
15182:
13220:
The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do
13154:
13148:
12812:"Psychology Is Starting To Deal With Its Replication Problem"
12524:"Replicability and Reproducibility in Comparative Psychology"
11376:
10672:"Toward a more clinically valid approach to therapy research"
8533:
8167:
The mind's new science: A history of the cognitive revolution
7089:
5679:"Natural harmony in Taoism— a cornerstone of Chinese society"
3712:
3559:
3295:
3186:. He created a variation of existential psychotherapy called
1588:. In 1965, public controversy called attention to the Army's
1484:
discovered in dogs a learning process that was later termed "
1032:
1005:
968:
872:
14340:
Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the science of affection
13669:
13501:
Simmons, Joseph P.; Nelson, Leif D.; Simonsohn, Uri (2011).
11549:
To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914–1918
10183:
Psychological testing: history, principles, and applications
9230:
The Automaticity Juggernaut—or, Are We Automatons After All?
8519:. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press. pp. 357–362.
8041:
Tolman, Edward C. (1948). "Cognitive maps in rats and men".
7997:
7516:
The critique of psychology: from Kant to postcolonial theory
6776:
4920:
for infantile autism"; memory-recovery techniques including
3451:
to refer to intention, in a sense similar to the concept of
3246:. Although the number of proposed traits has varied widely,
15760:
14156:
House of Cards – Psychology and Psychotherapy Built on Myth
13896:
Henrich, Joseph; Heine, Steven J.; Norenzayan, Ara (2010).
13609:"Psychology's Replication Crisis Has Made The Field Better"
10455:
Advanced psychology: applications, issues and perspectives.
9595:
Theories of development: Concepts and applications. 6th ed.
8692:. Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 523–532.
8677:. Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 546–547.
8662:. Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 528–536.
7379:
Statutes & Rules Relating to the Practice of Psychology
7198:
Self-Compassion: The Proven Power of Being Kind to Yourself
4723:
3558:
All researched psychological traits are influenced by both
3043:
have defended some of Freud's ideas on scientific grounds.
2189:
Journal about women of color's struggle with pregnancy and
2163:
Self Compassion: The Proven Power to Being Kind to Yourself
1638:
1114:, drew inspiration from these doctrines during her time in
1099:
717:
processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors.
647:
505:
15039:
Smith, Edward E. (2015). "Cognitive Psychology: History".
14489:
Morgan, Robert D., Tara L. Kuther, & Corey J. Habben.
14459:. Second edition. Boston, Allyn and Bacon (Viacon), 1998.
13544:"The Alleged Crisis and the Illusion of Exact Replication"
13434:
12845:
12581:
Arjo Klamer; Robert M. Solow; Donald N. McCloskey (1989).
12161:
Aue, Tatjana; Lavelle, Leah A.; Cacioppo, John T. (2009).
11500:
10669:
8589:
Ordinary Ecstasy: The Dialectics of Humanistic Psychology.
6745:"Mary Ainsworth, 85, Theorist On Mother-Infant Attachment"
6351:
JĂĽrgen Brunner, Matthias Schrempf, & Florian Steger, "
4476:
2355:
behavior in humans and other animals. The allied field of
1671:
founded a prominent applied psychoanalysis journal called
1057:
with the work of Western-educated Fang Yizhi (1611–1671),
16373:
14477:: Explorations Into the History of Psychological Research
13975:. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.
13964:
12848:"Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science"
12774:
Meyer, Michelle N.; Chabris, Christopher (31 July 2014).
10871:
Truxillo, D. M., Bauer, T. N., & Erdogan, B. (2016).
10064:
9908:
9726:
8345:. Vol. IV and V (2nd ed.). Hogarth Press, 1955.
7952:
7876:
Chomsky, N. (1959). Review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior.
5905:(Third ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
5181:
Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior
4072:
4060:
2295:
by Tomokichi Fukurai, but it was mostly shunned by 1913.
13788:
Cohen, Jacob (1994). "The earth is round (p < .05)".
12394:
8993:
8100:
Behavior Analysis and Learning: A Biobehavioral Approach
7090:"Tara Brach - Meditation, Psychologist, Author, Teacher"
6780:"The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century"
6247:
Occupational health psychology: Work, stress, and health
5178:
O'Neil, H.F.; cited in Coon, D.; Mitterer, J.O. (2008).
4471:
4086:
1623:, and all psychologists had to distance themselves from
682:. Biological psychologists seek an understanding of the
14977:
Poortinga, Ype H. (2015). "Cross-Cultural Psychology".
14507:: A Book of Readings. New York: McGraw Hill, 1965. ISBN
14457:
Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology
12988:
Duncan, Laramie E.; Keller, Matthew C. (October 2011).
12111:
10638:
Integrative and eclectic counselling and psychotherapy.
10232:(1998), Chapter 3: "Psychometric Scientism" (pp. 55–87)
10224:
10222:
9957:
9224:
9222:
8451:
Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow, and the feeling brain
7645:
Richard Frankel; Timothy Quill; Susan McDaniel (2003).
6173:
Vern L. Bullough, "The Rockefellers and Sex Research";
2016:, who was an accomplished researcher in psychology and
1724:
developed systems theory approaches to human behavior.
1187:
15172:
15011:
14443:
Social Motivation: Conscious and Unconscious Processes
14429:
Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: The Göring Institute
13895:
13707:
Allen, Christopher; Mehler, David M. A. (1 May 2019).
13500:
13494:
11978:
Frank L. Schmidt and John E. Hunter, "Meta-Analysis",
11924:
Melvin M. Mark, "Program Evaluation" in Weiner (ed.),
11311:
Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 15
9287:
Pashler, H; Harris, C; Coburn, N (15 September 2011).
8429:
Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
6495:"Anna Freud: Theory & Contributions To Psychology"
5531:, second edition; Oxford University Press, 1987/2004;
5191:(12th ed., pp. 15–16). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
4910:
4144:
3171:
life, albeit often with anxiety with regard to death.
2937:, and the unconscious. Freud pioneered the methods of
804:
involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing
16877:
13349:
11591:
Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology
10278:
Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy
9528:
9317:
7668:
7666:
7591:. Translated by Haigh, Basil. New York: Basic Books.
7589:
The working brain: an introduction to neuropsychology
6289:
Cina, "Social Science For Whom?" (1981), pp. 315–325.
5571:
The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences
4398:
about how the phenomenon under study actually works.
4168:: Cardiovascular disease has been related to lack of
3915:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
3913:
Diagnosis in clinical psychology usually follows the
3728:. In 1916, (after Binet's death), Stanford professor
3390:
memory. In another approach, one can also describe a
1818:
children. She believed that once a child reached the
1531:") to almost 1.8 million soldiers. Subsequently, the
15066:
Staerklé, Christian (2015). "Political Psychology".
14841:
13970:
13825:"McLeod, S. (2019). What does effect size tell you?"
11751:
International Journal of Social Research Methodology
11699:
Field of OHP. What is occupational health psychology
10219:
10015:
9219:
8360:. Vol. XIV (2nd ed.). Hogarth Press, 1955.
6463:
Psychological research in Communist China, 1949-1966
4415:
are used in psychology for the purpose of measuring
4025:
Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology
3855:. Some in the clinical psychology community adopted
3710:
and referred to the lowest scorers on their test as
3477:, a compulsion towards aggression, destruction, and
2253:
Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
14788:Gelso, Charles J. (2015). "Counseling Psychology".
14058:
13971:Collins, L. H.; Machizawa, S.; Rice, J. K. (2019).
10432:
10430:
9286:
8567:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 23.
8304:
Psychoanalysis: Evolution and development (3rd ed.)
8097:Pierce, W. David; Cheney, Carl D. (16 June 2017) .
8000:
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
7673:McGue M, Gottesman II (2015). "Behavior Genetics".
7647:
The Biopsychosocial Approach: Past, Present, Future
6364:
Israel Journal of Psychiatry & Related Sciences
6030:C. James Goodwin, "United States", in Baker (ed.),
5855:(8th ed.). Boston: Cengage. pp. 143–145.
4985:
Stanley Milgram's studies of obedience to authority
3301:An early example of personality assessment was the
3150:, psychoanalytically trained American psychologist
2763:A popular and representative topic in this area is
1382:, taught psychology at Harvard to students such as
14153:
14052:
13254:No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality
12160:
11383:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
8704:
7897:
7895:
7663:
7431:"Time to abandon the subjective–objective divide?"
7273:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7052:
6186:
6184:
5705:Yeh Hsueh and Benyu Guo, "China", in Baker (ed.),
5527:(DRD), "psychology", in Richard L. Gregory (ed.),
3605:. One goal of such research is similar to that in
2185:(published in 2016), her article published in the
2078:The Body Remembers: The Psychophysiology of Trauma
1133:identified psychology as its own science, writing
14923:Pe-Pua, Rogelia (2015). "Indigenous Psychology".
14707:Chryssochoou, Xenia (2015). "Social Psychology".
14275:
14273:
14271:
13989:
13719:(5). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e3000246.
12981:
9119:
9117:
8905:
7274:Miles-Cohen, Shari E.; Signore, Caroline (2016).
6598:"The Incredible Influence of Women in Psychology"
6129:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
6059:
6057:
6055:
6053:
5112:(pp.12–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
4219:
3465:, roughly corresponding to id and ego. Later, in
2472:, a mechanical invention to automate the task of
1046:The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine
17065:
14603:. Michela Gallagher & Randy J. Nelson, eds.
14394:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology
12332:Administration for Children and Families (2010)
10736:
10427:
10371:Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994).
10176:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10162:
10160:
9134:", in Lawrence Pervin & Oliver John (eds.),
8687:
8672:
8657:
8200:Juslin, Peter (2013). "Availability Heuristic".
7419:, 1st. ed., Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1962.
7336:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7322:
6353:Johannes Heinrich Schultz and National Socialism
5988:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5816:Horst U.K. Gundlach, "Germany", in Baker (ed.),
5569:Okasha, Ahmed (2005). "Mental Health in Egypt".
4317:is an essential part of these research designs.
4067:program involved more individualized efforts at
3943:An item from a cognitive abilities test used in
3668:, a pioneer of the experimental psychology field
2323:agenda through its efforts to control behavior.
959:, who in 1913 asserted that the discipline is a
686:properties of brains, linking the discipline to
14617:. Alice F. Healy & Robert W. Proctor, eds.
14589:. John A. Schinka & Wayne F. Velicer, eds.
14524:Wallace, Edwin R., IV, & John Gach (eds.),
14174:
14065:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
12645:Journal of the American Statistical Association
11686:Innovations in clinical practice: A source book
11112:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10558:
9478:(2013), Chapter 3, "Drive Theory" (pp. 85–138).
8474:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7901:
7892:
7562:
7560:
7068:The Couch: A Therapy & Mental Wellness Blog
7049:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6181:
5752:
5750:
5552:; Dorndrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 2007;
5223:
5124:
4973:MIT-Harvard Fernald School radioisotope studies
3917:(DSM). The study of mental illnesses is called
2595:Association for Behavior Analysis International
2222:International Association of Applied Psychology
1320:, was the first professor of psychology in the
697:. Some psychologists can also be classified as
14268:
13848:
13846:
12678:Fanelli, Daniele (2010). Enrico Scalas (ed.).
10845:National Association of School Psychologists.
10612:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
9615:"Developmental Psychology | Simply Psychology"
9492:Beyond Pleasure and Pain: How Motivation Works
9453:
9451:
9449:
9422:
9420:
9178:
9114:
9024:Charles Sanders Peirce & Joseph Jastrow, "
8771:
7845:
7672:
7422:
7117:An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness
6897:Ball, Laura C.; Rutherford, Alexandra (2016).
6896:
6269:", in Joel Pfister & Nancy Schnog (eds.),
6050:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5756:
5391:
4530:model rather than a localized function model.
4283:Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient
3130:American Association for Humanistic Psychology
2409:approaches thought and behavior from a modern
16198:
15198:
14183:The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine
13541:
10679:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
10185:(Sixth ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
10157:
8711:. New York: Washington Square Press. p.
7455:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7319:
6693:"Melanie Klein | Institute of Psychoanalysis"
5975:
5942:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2006).
5936:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5429:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
5415:
5413:
4541:is the study of drug-induced mental effects.
2771:which recur frequently in human thought. The
2196:
1810:, built on her father's work using different
1496:One of the earliest psychology societies was
1227:One of the dogs used in Russian psychologist
817:settings. Yet others are involved in work on
624:
14706:
14561:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
14526:History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology
14412:Internationalizing the History of Psychology
14017:
13995:
13453:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
13314:
12987:
12773:
12743:"The Crisis in Social Psychology That Isn't"
12401:Social Psychological and Personality Science
11790:
11697:Society for Occupational Health Psychology.
11649:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
10979:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
9531:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
9152:
8856:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
8702:
8690:An introduction to the history of psychology
8675:An introduction to the history of psychology
8666:
8660:An introduction to the history of psychology
8651:
8096:
8085:Internationalizing the History of Psychology
7557:
7375:Oregon State Law, Chapter 675 (2013 edition)
7362:Internationalizing the History of Psychology
7167:
6540:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6383:
6249:. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
6245:Schonfeld, I.S., & Chang, C.-H. (2017).
6241:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6116:History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology
6110:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6065:Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology
6045:Internationalizing the History of Psychology
6032:Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology
6012:Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology
5994:Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology
5851:An introduction to the history of psychology
5831:Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology
5818:Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology
5747:
5725:Internationalizing the History of Psychology
5707:Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology
5321:Raffaele d'Isa; Charles I. Abramson (2023).
4848:"WEIRD" redirects here. For other uses, see
4827:as misplaced. Psychologist and statistician
4038:
3732:modified the Binet-Simon scale (renamed the
2350:pathways affected, per Van Horn et al.
2233:International Union of Psychological Science
1504:took place in Paris, in August 1889, amidst
1502:International Union of Psychological Science
1491:
840:
14631:. George Stricker, Thomas A. Widiger, eds.
14128:"A Cognitive Revolution in Animal Research"
13843:
13706:
12220:"Ncabr.Org: About Biomedical Research: Faq"
12121:Current Directions in Psychological Science
11076:Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. W. (2017).
10384:Embretson, S.E., & Reise, S.P. (2000).
9826:Current Directions in Psychological Science
9446:
9417:
9138:; New York: Guilford Press, 1999. Also see
9048:
9037:Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
8681:
8601:
8177:
8175:
8169:. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04635-5
7509:
7507:
7479:
7356:
7354:
7141:Jamison, Kay Redfield (15 September 2009).
6006:
6004:
6002:
5881:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5701:
5699:
5236:(3). Taylor & Francis Online: 205–206.
4460:, exploratory data analysis corresponds to
3315:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
3039:; and individuals in the emerging field of
2690:Cognitive psychology involves the study of
2326:
1687:the military. The Russian state emphasized
1488:" and applied the process to human beings.
1477:view of human behavior. The Russian-Soviet
1158:Professor of Empirical Psychology and Logic
1013:
901:Psychology, on the Nature of the Human Soul
16205:
16191:
15205:
15191:
14895:
14331:
14180:
13606:
13097:
12952:
12806:
11839:
11748:
11720:Handbook of occupational health psychology
11609:
11607:
11570:Journal of Management History (archive), 1
10969:
10892:
10890:
10888:
9823:
9370:
9289:"Elderly-Related Words Prime Slow Walking"
9253:
9174:
9172:
8853:
8514:
7713:'The Noble Savage' and Science" (pp. 3–33)
7577:
7501:. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 9.
7387:
7384:21 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive.
7028:
6595:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6020:
5451:
5410:
5316:
5314:
5194:
4179:is associated with mental health disorder.
3848:to understand and treat the mentally ill.
3674:examinations for the Chinese civil service
3154:helped to develop existential psychology.
2032:to criticize how the field treated women.
1231:'s experiment with a surgically implanted
720:Psychologists are involved in research on
631:
617:
14976:
14869:Louw, Dap (2015). "Forensic Psychology".
14760:
14545:. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis, 2013.
14194:
14102:
14084:
13924:
13742:
13724:
13542:Stroebe, Wolfgang; Strack, Fritz (2014).
13518:
13469:
13178:
13125:
13115:
13015:
12959:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
12874:
12717:
12707:
12574:
12557:
12539:
12467:
12335:The Program Manager's Guide to Evaluation
12170:International Journal of Psychophysiology
12052:
11944:, "Experimental Design" in Weiner (ed.),
11863:
11852:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
11822:
11507:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
11402:
10970:Levitt, Steven D.; List, John A. (2011).
10739:"The effectiveness of psychotherapy: The
10690:
10332:
10140:
10090:
10041:
9992:
9934:
9885:
9589:
9587:
9542:
9384:
9331:
9062:
8562:
8482:
7966:
7814:
7800:
7446:
7428:
7114:Jamison, Kay Redfield (21 January 2009).
6944:Content, Contributed (14 February 1993).
6849:
6449:
6232:
6097:
5845:
5841:
5839:
5829:Alan Collins, "England", in Baker (ed.),
5494:
5348:
5338:
5172:
5115:
4836:statistics, rather than sole reliance on
4563:Computational modeling is a tool used in
4433:are commonly conducted in psychology. In
4401:
4389:Experimental researchers typically use a
4327:
3516:
3046:
2702:, language comprehension and production,
2135:, and other issues that arise from being
1928:, and little recognition for their work.
1814:(denial, repression, and suppression) to
1416:Another student of Wundt, the Englishman
15157:) is being considered for deletion. See
15065:
13607:Aschwanden, Christie (6 December 2018).
13448:"Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence"
12841:
12839:
12671:
12642:
12490:
12344:. Chapter 2: What is program evaluation?
11331:Life After Graduate School in Psychology
11298:Life After Graduate School in Psychology
11187:; Washington: Combat Forces Press, 1954.
11125:Life After Graduate School in Psychology
11101:Measuring the Mental Strength of an Army
11054:Behaving – Managing Yourself and Others.
11041:Life After Graduate School in Psychology
10512:Life After Graduate School in Psychology
8355:
8340:
8284:Work and mental health in social context
8172:
7504:
7351:
6460:
6144:; Stamford, CT: Ablex Publishing, 1999;
6076:
6010:Miki Takasuna, "Japan", in Baker (ed.),
5999:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5712:
5696:
5468:"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It"
4636:
4583:
4487:
4475:
4348:
4337:
4238:industrial and organizational psychology
3982:Industrial and organizational psychology
3938:
3660:
3646:
3547:
3526:
3060:
2887:
2870:, have influenced social psychologists.
2818:Social psychology is concerned with how
2624:
2614:
2489:The film of the Little Albert experiment
2478:
2463:
2341:
2059:. She was also a founding member of the
1222:
1205:
1191:
662:phenomena, and mental processes such as
14652:
14372:Modern Dogma and the Rhetoric of Assent
14125:
12776:"Why Psychologists' Food Fight Matters"
12677:
12605:
12587:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
12521:
11845:
11678:
11645:
11643:
11604:
11213:The Search for the Manchurian Candidate
10926:
10885:
10180:
9169:
8696:
8621:
8364:
8302:Thompson, C. & Mullahy, P. (1951).
8263:
8239:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8232:
7675:The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology
7417:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
7140:
7113:
6943:
6398:
6017:
5606:". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
5311:
4808:
4764:Replication crisis § In psychology
4632:
4131:
3419:brain begins to consider taking actions
3198:(in one's life), as opposed to Adler's
1498:La Société de Psychologie Physiologique
27:Study of mental functions and behaviors
14:
17066:
14922:
14814:
14733:
14679:
14514:. New York: The Guilford Press, 2008.
14510:Shah, James Y., and Wendi L. Gardner.
14145:
13852:
13822:
13247:
13213:
12740:
12611:
12441:
12315:. New York: Pearson Higher Education.
12053:Moran, Joseph M.; Zaki, Jamil (2013).
11995:
11635:Mental health of the industrial worker
11562:
10826:from the original on 30 September 2021
10636:Palmer, S.; Woolfe, R. (eds.) (1999).
10447:
10386:Item Response Theory for Psychologists
10212:
10210:
9915:The American Journal of Human Genetics
9584:
8517:A History of Psychology: Third Edition
8384:
8282:Tausig, M., & Fenwick, R. (2011).
8199:
8040:
7765:
7280:. American Psychological Association.
5900:
5836:
5730:
5615:Green, C.D. & Groff, P.R. (2003).
5568:
5462:
5093:
4708:
4544:
4262:List of psychological research methods
3479:psychic repetition of traumatic events
3471:, Freud introduced the concept of the
3174:Austrian existential psychiatrist and
1792:
896:Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae
16186:
15186:
15178:Association for Psychological Science
15038:
14787:
14475:Forty Studies That Changed Psychology
14151:
14003:. New York: Oxford University Press.
13787:
13688:from the original on 20 December 2018
13621:from the original on 20 December 2018
13551:Perspectives on Psychological Science
13407:United States Department of Education
13296:from the original on 23 December 2019
13281:
13195:from the original on 27 February 2020
12836:
12584:The Consequences of economic rhetoric
12278:Glaser, B. & Strauss, A. (1967).
11287:, 3rd ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace.
10670:Goldfried, M.R.; Wolfe, B.E. (1998).
10271:
9373:Perspectives on Psychological Science
9241:Are We Free? Psychology and Free Will
8940:
8798:
8492:. Honolulu.hawaii.edu. Archived from
8390:
7768:"Whatever happened to Little Albert?"
7619:
7583:
7168:Neal-Barnett, Angela (15 June 2010).
6969:
6461:Chin, Robert; Chin, Ai-li S. (1969).
5964:Classics in the history of psychology
5801:
5759:Perspectives on Psychological Science
5419:
5297:Online Etymology Dictionary. (2001).
4696:
4520:functional magnetic resonance imaging
4472:Direct brain observation/manipulation
4271:randomized and controlled experiments
4087:Health, well-being, and social change
3809:
2547:" conditioning added the concepts of
2057:National Indian Education Association
1740:as a greater thinker than Confucius.
756:. Psychologists' interests extend to
16918:
16836:
14868:
14445:. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
14337:
14254:The American Psychological Society:
14126:Preston, Elizabeth (19 March 2023).
13416:from the original on 18 January 2018
12920:
12902:from the original on 29 October 2019
12788:from the original on 10 January 2019
12491:Stokstad, Erik (19 September 2018).
12444:"Metascience: Reproducibility blues"
11675:(pp. 1–30). John Wiley: Hoboken, NJ.
11651:Occupational Health Psychology (OHP)
11640:
10416:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/met0000045
10306:
10253:from the original on 19 January 2022
9625:from the original on 29 October 2021
9299:from the original on 21 October 2016
8391:Cohen, Patricia (25 November 2007).
8147:from the original on 27 January 2019
7221:
7194:
7147:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
7120:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
7029:Rothschild, Babette (October 2000).
6742:
6596:Weinberger, Jessica (2 March 2020).
5379:from the original on 20 January 2017
5062:Frequently asked questions about APA
4737:
3485:formalized the latter idea with his
3360:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
2422:over the course of human evolution.
1908:" and neurotic needs. Psychoanalyst
1852:wanted to prove this hypothesis and
1691:and the study of child development.
1420:, created the psychology program at
1188:Beginning of experimental psychology
16212:
14505:Humanistic Viewpoints in Psychology
14414:. New York University Press, 2006.
13898:"The weirdest people in the world?"
12846:Open Science Collaboration (2015).
12824:from the original on 19 August 2017
11787:(pp. 268-289). New York: Routledge.
11052:See also for example Baden Eunson:
11026:Myers (2004). Motivation and work.
10207:
8725:Seidner, Stanley S. (10 June 2009)
8707:Man's search for meaning (rev. ed.)
8646:Humanistic Viewpoints in Psychology
8544:A Dictionary of Psychology, 4th ed.
7513:
6541:Hollingworth, Leta Stetter (1914).
5506:from the original on 8 January 2016
5291:
4911:Unscientific mental health training
4267:Quantitative psychological research
4251:
4145:Worker health, safety and wellbeing
3328:
3323:International Personality Item Pool
2726:. Some called this development the
2264:Interamerican Psychological Society
2241:International Journal of Psychology
2030:Association for Women in Psychology
1944:. Building off fellow psychologist
1306:, a professor of psychology at the
784:relationships between psychosocial
24:
15173:American Psychological Association
15076:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24079-8
15049:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03028-2
15022:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.92009-9
14987:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24011-7
14960:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.21086-6
14933:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24067-1
14906:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03046-4
14879:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.21074-X
14852:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.23235-2
14825:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03235-9
14798:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.21073-8
14771:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.92147-0
14744:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.27049-9
14717:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24095-6
14690:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.22007-2
14663:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03136-6
14645:
12995:The American Journal of Psychiatry
12612:Lehrer, Jonah (13 December 2010).
12503:from the original on 18 March 2022
11395:10.1097/01.jom.0000171056.22917.ad
11285:Learning to read: The great debate
10718:from the original on 9 August 2017
10651:Handbook of Counselling Psychology
10526:The American Journal of Psychiatry
9051:Journal of Experimental Psychology
9000:Journal of Research in Personality
8955:10.1111/j.1742-9544.1995.tb01750.x
7955:Journal of Experimental Psychology
7750:Journal of Experimental Psychology
7195:Neff, Dr Kristin (19 April 2011).
5659:from the original on 20 March 2021
4653:Qualitative psychological research
4075:. The U.S. military used the name
3853:community mental health facilities
3751:College Entrance Examination Board
3335:Unconscious mind § Psychology
3319:California Psychological Inventory
2620:Baddeley's model of working memory
2226:Association of Black Psychologists
1615:was renamed the Göring Institute.
1510:American Psychological Association
1039:, and later from the doctrines of
25:
17095:
15161:to help reach a consensus. ›
15094:
14217:from the original on 11 July 2007
13952:from the original on 4 April 2022
13831:from the original on 10 June 2021
13588:from the original on 15 June 2020
13282:Tyson, Charlie (14 August 2014).
12624:from the original on 12 July 2014
12295:New York: Farrar & Rinehart.
12059:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
11896:from the original on 17 July 2012
11615:Journal of Applied Psychology, 88
10288:from the original on 4 March 2016
9878:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8783
9494:; Oxford University Press, 2012;
9243:; Oxford University Press, 2008.
9207:The Automaticity of Everyday Life
9026:On Small Differences in Sensation
8542:Oxford University Press. (2015).
8266:The Handbook of Social Psychology
8245:from the original on 1 March 2021
7222:Neff, Dr Kristin (15 June 2021).
6972:"WOMEN CRITICIZE PSYCHOLOGY UNIT"
6465:. Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press.
5869:from the original on 30 July 2022
5765:(3). SAGE Publications: 399–407.
5256:from the original on 3 March 2022
5230:Journal of Personality Assessment
5064:Retrieved on November 28th, 2023.
5028:on rhesus macaque monkeys at the
4967:in 1966, and in 1974 adopted the
4579:
4535:transcranial magnetic stimulation
4458:Peirce's three modes of inference
3430:describe free will as an illusion
3311:personality theories of Carl Jung
2873:
2555:to the model of behavior change.
2070:
1648:." Psychologists were to provide
17046:
17029:
17012:
16995:
16978:
16961:
16944:
16927:
16899:
16887:
16859:
16848:
16835:
16824:
16823:
15414:
15134:
14364:
14318:
14300:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
14290:
14248:
14229:
14203:
14119:
13889:
13816:
13781:
13700:
13663:
13651:from the original on 21 May 2021
13633:
13600:
13535:
13471:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x
13428:
13392:
13343:
13308:
13275:
13241:
13207:
13142:
13091:
13079:from the original on 6 July 2019
13032:
12946:
12914:
12800:
12767:
12755:from the original on 7 July 2018
12734:
12636:
12515:
12484:
12442:Munafò, Marcus (29 March 2017).
12435:
12388:
12349:
12326:
12305:
12285:
12272:
12260:
12247:
12238:
12212:
12203:
12154:
12133:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00550.x
12105:
12046:
11989:
11972:
11955:
11935:
11918:
11777:
11742:
11725:
11712:
11691:
11665:
11627:
11583:
11541:
11494:
11473:
11452:
11427:
11370:
11357:Organizational Psychology Review
11349:
11344:Accident Analysis and Prevention
11336:
11323:
11303:
11290:
11277:
11264:
11242:
11218:
11190:
11174:
11152:
11130:
11117:
11090:
11070:
11046:
11033:
11030:. New York, NY: Worth Publishers
11020:
11008:from the original on 2 June 2018
10963:
10920:
10907:
10865:
10838:
10808:
10791:
10730:
10663:
10643:
10630:
10603:
10552:
10517:
10504:
10487:
10467:
10404:
10391:
10378:
10365:
10300:
10265:
10235:
10133:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0554
10107:
10058:
10009:
9951:
9902:
9852:
9817:
9767:
9720:
9700:
9671:
9637:
9607:
9567:
9517:
9504:
9481:
9468:
9433:
9395:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00057.x
9364:
9311:
9280:
9093:
9087:
9018:
8987:
8978:
8961:
8934:
8899:
8882:
8847:
8827:
8792:
8774:The Journal of Social Psychology
8765:
8752:
8743:
8719:
8634:
8581:
8556:
8508:
8417:
8405:from the original on 26 May 2024
8349:
8334:
8318:
8309:
8296:
8276:
8257:
8226:
8193:
8184:
8159:
8133:
8121:from the original on 3 June 2021
8090:
8077:
8034:
7991:
7946:
7870:
7858:
7839:
7794:
7759:
7742:
7729:
7716:
7699:
7638:
7613:
6378:Psychotherapy in the Third Reich
6336:Psychotherapy in the Third Reich
6323:Psychotherapy in the Third Reich
6310:Psychotherapy in the Third Reich
5529:The Oxford Companion to the Mind
5011:
4105:
3908:eclectic therapeutic orientation
3266:empirically derived a theory of
2838:) and the formation of beliefs,
2208:List of psychology organizations
1199:, the first psychologist in the
1094:. Divergent Hindu doctrines and
598:
54:
16778:List of social science journals
14256:Responsible Conduct of Research
13098:Hengartner, Michael P. (2018).
11848:"Behavioral Study of Obedience"
10847:"Who are school psychologists?"
8591:London, UK: Brunner-Routledge.
7540:
7409:
7367:
7294:
7267:
7242:
7215:
7188:
7161:
7134:
7107:
7082:
7022:
6997:
6963:
6937:
6890:
6843:
6818:
6770:
6736:
6720:. 23 March 2015. Archived from
6710:
6685:
6660:
6615:
6589:
6534:
6509:
6487:
6425:
6370:
6345:
6328:
6315:
6302:
6292:
6283:
6273:; Yale University Press, 1997;
6252:
6219:
6197:
6167:
6154:
6134:
6121:
6070:
6037:
5956:
5927:
5823:
5671:
5641:
5622:
5619:Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
5609:
5589:
5562:
5542:
5518:
5365:
5224:Farberow NL, Eiduson B (1971).
5167:cognitive-behavioral therapists
5030:University of Wisconsin–Madison
4924:; and other therapies, such as
4897:
4511:observed during non-REM sleep.
3620:
3603:genome-wide association studies
2346:False-color representations of
2293:Clairvoyance and Thoughtography
2257:American Psychology–Law Society
2201:
1613:Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute
1537:Social Science Research Council
985:For a chronological guide, see
879:, it was first employed by the
16735:Science and technology studies
15212:
15070:. Elsevier. pp. 427–433.
15043:. Elsevier. pp. 103–109.
14981:. Elsevier. pp. 311–317.
14927:. Elsevier. pp. 788–794.
14900:. Elsevier. pp. 412–417.
14873:. Elsevier. pp. 351–356.
14819:. Elsevier. pp. 406–411.
14765:. Elsevier. pp. 313–322.
14711:. Elsevier. pp. 532–537.
14684:. Elsevier. pp. 879–884.
14657:. Elsevier. pp. 340–344.
14587:Research Methods in Psychology
14512:Handbook of Motivation Science
14342:. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub.
13926:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-26A1-6
13008:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020191
12182:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.017
11984:Research Methods in Psychology
11967:Research Methods in Psychology
11950:Research Methods in Psychology
11930:Research Methods in Psychology
11737:Research Methods in Psychology
11673:Occupational health psychology
11215:, New York: Times Books, 1979.
10875:. New York: Psychology Press.
9911:"Five Years of GWAS Discovery"
9579:Handbook of Motivation Science
9525:Handbook of Motivation Science
9512:Handbook of Motivation Science
8973:Research Methods in Psychology
7683:10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp578
7250:"Women in Psychology Timeline"
7035:. W. W. Norton, Incorporated.
7005:"Women in Psychology Timeline"
6850:Weisstein, Naomi (June 1993).
6403:. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
6162:History of Education Quarterly
5903:A history of modern psychology
5271:
5242:10.1080/00223891.1971.10119654
5217:
5067:
5055:
4825:statistical hypothesis testing
4757:
4713:
4391:statistical hypothesis testing
4226:occupational health psychology
4220:Occupational health psychology
4101:Occupational health psychology
3741:dullness seems to be racial."
3696:Minister of Public Instruction
3631:List of psychology disciplines
3222:
2445:
2259:, began as autonomous groups.
1948:, Ainsworth spent years doing
1931:
1797:
1777:
1767:
1570:troop morale and mental health
1551:, and other institutions, the
1121:Psychology was of interest to
861:. The latter part of the word
13:
1:
15510:Industrial and organizational
15146:
14312:10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00288-5
13905:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
11059:, Sidney/New York City 1987,
9125:The Psychological Unconscious
8786:10.1080/00224545.1972.9918617
8629:Chronicle of Higher Education
8490:"Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs"
8237:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
6899:"Naomi Weisstein (1939–2015)"
6547:American Journal of Sociology
5048:
4961:National Institutes of Health
4843:
4045:psychologists in the military
3468:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
3435:
3303:Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
3114:Clinical Psychological Review
2814:Social psychology (sociology)
2718:and experimental psychology.
2331:
2273:
1730:Chinese Psychological Society
1592:, the "Manhattan Project" of
1214:
815:industrial and organizational
341:Industrial and organizational
17084:Cognitive behavioral therapy
15751:Human factors and ergonomics
15125:Resources in other libraries
14792:. Elsevier. pp. 69–72.
14738:. Elsevier. pp. 31–36.
14528:; New York: Springer, 2008;
14398:Oxford Library of Psychology
13772:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000587
13726:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000246
13354:; Clark, Richard E. (2006).
12709:10.1371/journal.pone.0010068
12522:Stevens, Jeffrey R. (2017).
12257:p. x, Cambridge, Ma: Harvard
11489:10.1080/02678373.2011.569175
10941:10.1126/science.183.4128.922
10457:Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.
10373:Psychometric theory, 3rd ed.
9708:Developmental Psychology, 46
9679:Developmental Psychology, 22
9101:The Interpretation of Dreams
8515:Benjafield, John G. (2010).
8343:The Interpretation of Dreams
8306:. New York: Hermitage House.
7766:Harris, B. (February 1979).
7461:Peterson, C. (23 May 2009).
6784:Review of General Psychology
5426:The principles of psychology
5102:Psychology: Six perspectives
5024:drew moral condemnation for
4590:Morris water navigation test
4524:positron emission tomography
4303:hierarchical linear modeling
4299:structural equation modeling
4248:, sociology, and economics.
4207:emerged with the efforts of
3924:
3804:structural equation modeling
3132:, formed in 1963, declared:
3100:, who created and developed
2780:cognitive behavioral therapy
2604:
2123:(Published in 2009). Having
2082:Trauma, and Trauma Treatment
1561:Office of Strategic Services
1523:administered mental tests ("
1473:and aggressively promoted a
1447:The Principles of Psychology
1376:Imperial University of Tokyo
1106:, a religion established by
915:. The dictionary refers to "
851:derives from the Greek word
808:in clinical, counseling, or
496:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
14575:. Donald K. Freedheim, ed.
14396:. Oxford University Press (
13802:10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.997
13503:"False-Positive Psychology"
12741:Marcus, Gary (1 May 2013).
10762:10.1037/0003-066X.50.12.965
10538:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1223
10243:"Army Alpha and Beta tests"
8920:10.1037/0033-295X.109.1.202
8813:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.187
8563:Gazzaniga, Michael (2010).
7624:. New York: Prentice Hall.
7302:"Shari E. Miles-Cohen, PhD"
6743:Ravo, Nick (7 April 1999).
5550:Folk Psychology Re-Assessed
5141:consider such phenomena as
4981:Willowbrook hepatitis study
4907:bias in study conclusions.
4175:Mental health: Exposure to
4121:Brown v. Board of Education
3846:psychodynamic psychotherapy
3307:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
3194:analysis that focuses on a
3015:and philosophers including
2187:Women's Reproductive Health
2087:which was published in 2000
2003:Brown v. Board of Education
1981:was negatively impacted by
1961:, which was a landmark for
1826:could be used as a mode of
1783:Chinese Academy of Sciences
1582:Central Intelligence Agency
1566:General Classification Test
1065:, and advanced a theory of
758:interpersonal relationships
646:is the scientific study of
32:Psychology (disambiguation)
10:
17100:
14385:
14211:"SRMHP: Our Raison d'ĂŠtre"
13867:10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.602
13259:W. W. Norton & Company
13223:(2nd ed.). New York:
12972:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.02.003
12930:Cambridge University Press
11623:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.363
11468:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.11.023
10820:Touro University WorldWide
10701:10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.143
10624:10.1037/0735-7028.21.2.124
10453:Brain, Christine. (2002).
9927:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.029
9745:10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.535
9687:10.1037/0012-1649.22.2.204
9193:10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462
9073:10.1037/0278-7393.20.2.304
8868:10.1037/0022-3514.86.3.473
8204:. SAGE Publications, Inc.
7825:10.1037/0003-066X.62.6.590
7784:10.1037/0003-066X.34.2.151
7476:. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
6091:10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.941
5944:"Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt"
5375:. Psychclassics.yorku.ca.
5340:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1174115
5214:Retrieved 20 October 2010.
4965:Institutional Review Board
4903:
4854:
4847:
4812:
4761:
4548:
4405:
4331:
4291:multiple linear regression
4255:
4090:
3979:
3928:
3861:cognitive-behavior therapy
3813:
3650:
3624:
3601:through methods including
3551:
3520:
3439:
3332:
3226:
3162:and American psychologist
3050:
2877:
2811:
2805:
2796:computational neuroscience
2786:and American psychiatrist
2769:sizeable catalog of biases
2748:and Canadian psychologist
2608:
2449:
2386:The contemporary field of
2335:
2205:
2197:Disciplinary organizations
1973:, along with her husband,
1904:developed the concept of "
1584:(CIA) to fund research on
1463:University of Buenos Aires
1308:University of Pennsylvania
1067:hemispheric lateralization
984:
978:
974:
29:
16819:
16786:
16770:
16517:
16243:
16220:
16137:
16074:
15781:
15691:
15603:
15440:Applied behavior analysis
15423:
15412:
15248:
15220:
15120:Resources in your library
14503:Severin, Frank T. (ed.).
13917:10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
13378:10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1
13057:10.1017/S003329171600324X
11846:Milgram, Stanley (1963).
11763:10.1080/13645570902966056
11659:10 September 2019 at the
11578:10.1108/13552529510088330
11319:10.1007/s10880-008-9091-1
11168:22 September 2017 at the
10737:Seligman, M.E.P. (1995).
10412:Psychological Methods, 21
10401:New York: Guilford Press.
10272:Berry, Robert M. (2012).
9553:10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.23
9130:19 September 2015 at the
9108:and published in 1913 by
9012:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007
8837:. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
8688:Hergenhahn, B.R. (2005).
8673:Hergenhahn, B.R. (2005).
8658:Hergenhahn, B.R. (2005).
8292:10.1007/978-1-4614-0625-9
8210:10.4135/9781452257044.n39
7886:29 September 2015 at the
7866:The Behavior of Organisms
7497:18 September 2015 at the
7429:Beveridge, Allan (2002).
6856:Feminism & Psychology
6796:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
6433:Reason Displaces All Love
6358:12 September 2014 at the
6265:19 September 2015 at the
5496:21.11116/0000-0001-9182-7
5404:15 September 2019 at the
5187:18 September 2015 at the
5081:. Oxford University Press
5079:Oxford English Dictionary
5020:Comparative psychologist
4990:
4935:
4918:facilitated communication
4869:Cross-cultural psychology
4596:to study the role of the
4493:Artificial neural network
4454:Exploratory data analysis
4039:Military and intelligence
4029:organizational psychology
3863:emerged with the work of
3252:extraversion–introversion
3217:
3156:Existential psychotherapy
3006:relational psychoanalysis
2801:
2738:social learning theorists
2599:Applied behavior analysis
2456:Psychological behaviorism
2393:Cognitive neuroscientists
2302:. Philosopher of science
1886:Leta Stetter Hollingworth
1850:Leta Stetter Hollingworth
1658:Johannes Heinrich Schultz
1603:. Under the direction of
1556:universities in England.
1492:Consolidation and funding
1411:Psychological Corporation
1370:. Hall, in turn, trained
1347:co-founded the school of
1281:Elements of Psychophysics
1127:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
841:Etymology and definitions
768:, and other areas within
271:Applied behavior analysis
15159:templates for discussion
14410:Brock, Adrian C. (ed.).
14262:24 November 2018 at the
13563:10.1177/1745691613514450
13520:10.1177/0956797611417632
13409:. 2008. pp. 45–46.
13361:Educational Psychologist
13329:10.3102/0013189X14545513
13117:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00256
12541:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00862
12413:10.1177/1948550615598377
12017:10.1037/1093-4510.8.1.95
11365:10.1177/2041386615626243
11254:14 December 2016 at the
10565:The Psychological Record
10559:Reisner, Andrew (2005).
10375:, New York: McGraw-Hill.
10307:Neal, Tess M.S. (2018).
10181:Gregory, Robert (2011).
9733:Developmental Psychology
9649:Developmental Psychology
9619:www.simplypsychology.org
8611:. New York: Henry Holt.
8460:. Simon & Schuster.
8202:Encyclopedia of the Mind
8103:(6 ed.). New York:
7908:The Psychological Record
7902:Schlinger, H.D. (2008).
7649:. Boydell & Brewer.
6868:10.1177/0959353593032005
5771:10.1177/1745691616635601
5653:www.medicalnewstoday.com
5210:2 September 2017 at the
4865:Transnational psychology
4798:result-blind peer review
4690:naturalistic observation
4423:, monitoring changes in
4230:involuntary unemployment
4183:Musculoskeletal disorder
4077:Psychological Operations
3967:students; to facilitate
3888:clinical neuropsychology
3755:Scholastic Aptitude Test
3523:Developmental psychology
3094:hierarchy of human needs
2523:Little Albert experiment
2327:Major schools of thought
2165:(Published in 2011) and
1963:developmental psychology
1940:'s work centered around
1914:developmental psychology
1368:Johns Hopkins University
1327:The German psychologist
1243:in the Pavlov Museum in
1092:eternal, unchanging soul
762:psychological resilience
16423:international relations
15716:Behavioral neuroscience
15280:Behavioral neuroscience
14615:Experimental Psychology
14392:Baker, David B. (ed.).
14242:6 February 2018 at the
14086:10.1073/pnas.1721165115
13645:Center for Open Science
13104:Frontiers in Psychology
12867:10.1126/science.aac4716
12528:Frontiers in Psychology
12358:SSRN Electronic Journal
11633:Kornhauser, A. (1965).
11599:10.1348/096317905X70832
11547:Hochschild, A. (2011).
11146:4 November 2021 at the
11106:20 January 2017 at the
10071:Nature Reviews Genetics
9838:10.1111/1467-8721.00084
9657:10.1037/dev0000795.supp
9573:Kathleen D. Vohs &
9463:Experimental Psychology
9164:Experimental Psychology
9136:Handbook of Personality
9045:Experimental Psychology
8943:Australian Psychologist
8607:Ehrenreich, B. (2009).
6212:9 February 2021 at the
6175:Journal of Sex Research
5901:Leahey, Thomas (2001).
5327:Frontiers in Psychology
4957:Declaration of Helsinki
4783:differential psychology
4779:Center for Open Science
4775:Reproducibility Project
4594:behavioral neuroscience
4565:mathematical psychology
4551:Computational cognition
4516:functional neuroimaging
3986:Organizational behavior
3975:
3823:professional psychology
3769:intellectual disability
3639:Subfields of psychology
3102:client-centered therapy
2758:artificial intelligence
2439:dysaesthesia aethiopica
2407:Evolutionary psychology
2388:behavioral neuroscience
1754:Chinese Communist Party
1728:Testing (1930) and the
1617:Freudian psychoanalysts
1452:stream of consciousness
1409:, went on to found the
1384:Narendra Nath Sen Gupta
1151:experimental psychology
1125:in Europe. In Germany,
913:The Physical Dictionary
798:symbolic interpretation
461:Behavioral neuroscience
116:Behavioral neuroscience
16750:Quantum social science
15766:Psychology of religion
15706:Behavioral engineering
15643:Human subject research
15299:Cognitive neuroscience
15265:Affective neuroscience
15139:Quotations related to
14559:Handbook of Psychology
14338:Blum, Deborah (2002).
14281:Handbook of Psychology
13999:; Hall, J. E. (2008).
13823:McLeod, S. A. (2019).
13317:Educational Researcher
13284:"Failure to Replicate"
13045:Psychological Medicine
12340:25 August 2012 at the
11996:Rösler, Frank (2005).
11980:Handbook of Psychology
11963:Handbook of Psychology
11946:Handbook of Psychology
11926:Handbook of Psychology
11733:Handbook of Psychology
11272:Even the Rat was White
11224:Alfred Paddock, Jr., "
11114:4.10, 15 October 1918.
10898:Handbook of Psychology
10799:Handbook of Psychology
10495:Handbook of Psychology
10478:Handbook of Psychology
10438:Handbook of Psychology
10388:. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
10230:Even the Rat was White
9514:(2008), entire volume.
9459:Handbook of Psychology
9160:Handbook of Psychology
9145:9 October 2016 at the
9041:Handbook of Psychology
8969:Handbook of Psychology
8801:Psychological Bulletin
8373:Faculty.washington.edu
8286:. New York: Springer.
8233:Thagard, Paul (2020).
7737:Even the Rat was White
7724:Even the Rat was White
7707:Even the Rat was White
7568:Handbook of Psychology
7548:Handbook of Psychology
7518:. New York: Springer.
7400:Handbook of Psychology
7342:Handbook of Psychology
7174:. Simon and Schuster.
6521:psychclassics.yorku.ca
6431:c.f. Hannah Proctor, "
6399:Kozulin, Alex (1984).
6192:Even the Rat was White
5597:Aristotle's Psychology
5288:(visited 8 July 2010).
5284:4 January 2012 at the
5143:classical conditioning
5045:to ensure ethicality.
4850:Weird (disambiguation)
4645:
4605:
4533:Interventions such as
4496:
4485:
4402:Other types of studies
4358:
4346:
4344:CONSORT 2010 Statement
4328:Controlled experiments
4258:Psychological research
4246:industrial engineering
4166:Cardiovascular disease
4081:Information Operations
3947:
3945:educational psychology
3931:Educational psychology
3783:consistency of results
3669:
3532:
3517:Development psychology
3276:openness to experience
3268:16 personality factors
3236:id, ego, and super-ego
3229:Personality psychology
3139:
3070:
3053:Existential psychology
3047:Existential-humanistic
3011:Psychologists such as
2917:
2773:availability heuristic
2712:information processing
2634:
2622:
2503:classical conditioning
2490:
2476:
2474:programmed instruction
2361:localized in the brain
2357:comparative psychology
2351:
2338:Cognitive neuroscience
1838:Functional periodicity
1768:tzu-chueh neng-tung-li
1718:engineering psychology
1669:Alexander Mitscherlich
1580:collaborated with the
1574:Rockefeller Foundation
1545:Eugenics Record Office
1486:classical conditioning
1388:University of Calcutta
1331:, a researcher at the
1314:and the co-founder of
1248:
1220:
1203:
1139:Psychologia Rationalis
1123:Enlightenment thinkers
1014:
987:Timeline of psychology
796:psychologists rely on
742:subjective experiences
511:Psychology of religion
451:Behavioral engineering
135:Cognitive neuroscience
101:Affective neuroscience
16787:Other categorizations
16640:International studies
16625:History of technology
16560:Communication studies
16443:public administration
16142:Wiktionary definition
15678:Self-report inventory
15673:Quantitative research
14601:Biological Psychology
14573:History of Psychology
14152:Dawes, Robyn (1994).
13855:American Psychologist
13790:American Psychologist
13507:Psychological Science
12614:"The Truth Wears Off"
12005:History of Psychology
11283:Chall, J. S. (1995).
11203:29 April 2011 at the
11185:Psychological Warfare
10915:History of Psychology
10902:History of Psychology
10750:American Psychologist
10397:Kline, R. B. (2016).
10313:American Psychologist
9694:14 April 2021 at the
9235:10 March 2015 at the
9181:American Psychologist
9110:The Macmillan Company
8703:Frankl, V.E. (1984).
8587:Rowan, John. (2001).
8565:Psychological Science
8470:Panksepp, J. (1998).
8456:LeDoux, J.E. (1998).
8378:26 March 2009 at the
7864:Skinner, B.F. (1932)
7803:American Psychologist
7772:American Psychologist
7572:History of Psychology
7552:Biological Psychology
7346:History of Psychology
6903:American Psychologist
6697:psychoanalysis.org.uk
6079:American Psychologist
5949:8 August 2019 at the
5683:The Financial Express
5026:isolation experiments
4969:National Research Act
4890:Psychological Science
4861:Indigenous psychology
4813:Further information:
4762:Further information:
4640:
4587:
4491:
4479:
4431:Observational studies
4406:Further information:
4368:independent variables
4352:
4341:
4242:occupational medicine
4009:employment psychology
4005:industrial psychology
3993:scientific management
3942:
3738:intelligence quotient
3736:) and introduced the
3664:
3647:Psychological testing
3627:Outline of psychology
3625:Further information:
3548:Genes and environment
3530:
3134:
3074:Humanistic psychology
3064:
3057:Humanistic psychology
3025:American universities
2891:
2628:
2618:
2496:behavior modification
2488:
2467:
2401:biopsychosocial model
2345:
2169:(Published in 2021).
2119:(Published 1995) and
1991:racial discrimination
1983:racial discrimination
1916:with her research of
1854:Edward L. Thorndike's
1722:Georgy Shchedrovitsky
1654:Harald Schultz-Hencke
1586:psychological warfare
1456:progressive education
1440:advanced the idea of
1378:. Wundt's assistant,
1286:Hermann von Helmholtz
1226:
1209:
1195:
1145:advanced the idea of
981:History of psychology
788:. Some, but not all,
709:. Others explore the
605:Psychology portal
17079:Behavioural sciences
16620:Historical sociology
15668:Qualitative research
15623:Behavior epigenetics
15016:. pp. 320–325.
14954:. pp. 517–523.
14846:. pp. 354–360.
13641:"Registered Reports"
13350:Kirschner, Paul A.;
12808:Aschwanden, Christie
12366:10.2139/ssrn.3060080
12293:Escape from freedom.
12253:Wilson, E.O. (1978)
12071:10.1162/jocn_a_00380
11912:11 June 2011 at the
11706:4 March 2016 at the
11439:Global Mental Health
11231:12 July 2015 at the
11181:Paul M.A. Linebarger
10421:28 July 2020 at the
9597:Edinburgh: Pearson.
9510:Shah & Gardner,
9274:30 July 2022 at the
9228:John F. Kihlstrom, "
9123:John F. Kihlstrom, "
8908:Psychological Review
8449:Damásio, A. (2003).
8442:Damásio, A. (1999).
8435:Damásio, A. (1996).
8426:Damásio, A. (1994).
8165:Gardner, H. (1985).
8043:Psychological Review
7620:Pinel, John (2010).
7514:Teo, Thomas (2005).
7468:30 July 2022 at the
7435:Psychiatric Bulletin
7144:Nothing Was the Same
5634:24 July 2012 at the
5475:Psychological Review
5304:18 July 2017 at the
5147:operant conditioning
4880:MĂĽller-Lyer illusion
4815:Misuse of statistics
4809:Misuse of statistics
4787:educational research
4732:misuse of statistics
4633:Qualitative research
4501:electroencephalogram
4439:longitudinal studies
4322:qualitative research
4287:analysis of variance
4209:Charles Samuel Myers
4132:Medical applications
3904:therapeutic alliance
3800:item-response theory
3787:effective prediction
3734:Stanford–Binet scale
3586:The availability of
3554:Behavioural genetics
3353:) or to his efforts
3118:gratitude journaling
3041:neuro-psychoanalysis
2986:Harry Stack Sullivan
2943:dream interpretation
2846:about other people.
2728:cognitive revolution
2631:Müller–Lyer illusion
2611:Cognitive psychology
2580:learned helplessness
2572:language acquisition
2557:Radical behaviorists
2511:Edward Lee Thorndike
2121:Nothing Was the Same
2103:Kay Redfield Jamison
2010:Second-wave feminism
1997:on black children's
1785:, supervised by the
1572:. In the 1950s, the
1547:, the Draper-funded
1400:James McKeen Cattell
1333:University of Berlin
1317:Psychological Review
1304:James McKeen Cattell
1197:James McKeen Cattell
1135:Psychologia Empirica
865:derives from -λογία
703:cognitive scientists
30:For other uses, see
16800:Geisteswissenschaft
16794:Behavioral sciences
16720:Political sociology
16635:Information science
16580:Development studies
16147:Wiktionary category
15711:Behavioral genetics
15683:Statistical surveys
15540:Occupational health
15275:Behavioral genetics
14629:Clinical Psychology
14285:Clinical Psychology
14077:2018PNAS..11511401R
14071:(45): 11401–11405.
13249:Harris, Judith Rich
13215:Harris, Judith Rich
12700:2010PLoSO...510068F
12460:2017Natur.543..619M
12150:on 31 October 2014.
12034:on 7 September 2015
11447:10.1017/gmh.2019.29
11080:. Boston: Cengage.
10991:10.1257/app.3.1.224
10803:Clinical Psychology
10499:Clinical Psychology
10482:Clinical Psychology
10442:Clinical Psychology
9985:10.1038/nature13595
9977:2014Natur.511..421S
9320:Nature Neuroscience
9293:psychfiledrawer.org
9106:Abraham Arden Brill
9031:9 June 2019 at the
8738:Mater Dei Institute
8648:(1965), pp. xv–xvi.
8496:on 11 February 2010
8235:"Cognitive Science"
7709:(1998), Chapter 1:
7448:10.1192/pb.26.3.101
7404:Clinical Psychology
6446:, 14 February 2014.
6438:27 May 2015 at the
6203:Michell, J, (1999)
5969:6 June 2019 at the
5655:. 1 February 2018.
5602:9 July 2010 at the
5525:Derek Russell Davis
5399:oxfordreference.com
5163:subliminal messages
5133:and other forms of
5108:8 June 2020 at the
5099:Fernald LD (2008).
5034:clinical depression
4977:Thalidomide tragedy
4959:. In the U.S., the
4857:Cultural psychology
4709:Contemporary issues
4678:Escape from Freedom
4588:A rat undergoing a
4545:Computer simulation
4518:techniques include
4444:selective attrition
4372:dependent variables
4295:logistic regression
4177:occupational stress
4001:business psychology
3997:economic psychology
3969:prosocial behaviors
3919:abnormal psychology
3896:crisis intervention
3892:disaster psychology
3844:and other forms of
3816:Clinical psychology
3609:and its success in
3392:subliminal stimulus
3355:to interpret dreams
3109:positive psychology
3092:, who formulated a
2980:, Freud's daughter
2896:, G. Stanley Hall,
2746:Charles Sherrington
2460:Radical behaviorism
2144:Angela Neal-Barnett
2131:, manic behaviors,
2026:gender construction
1971:Columbia University
1894:Mary Whiton Calkins
1793:Women in psychology
1746:Zhejiang University
1390:. Wundt's students
1312:Columbia University
1172:, however, in 1825
1069:in brain function.
1012:(especially in his
456:Behavioral genetics
371:Occupational health
111:Behavioral genetics
42:Part of a series on
16855:Society portal
16342:auxiliary sciences
16119:Schools of thought
16022:Richard E. Nisbett
15902:Donald T. Campbell
15580:Sport and exercise
14283:(2003), Volume 8:
14038:10.1037/ipp0000090
13171:10.1111/infa.12182
12926:Human Intelligence
12810:(27 August 2015).
12291:Fromm, E. (1941).
12282:. Chicago: Aldine.
12199:on 9 January 2016.
12093:on 2 February 2016
11982:(2003), Volume 2:
11965:(2003), Volume 2:
11948:(2003), Volume 2:
11928:(2003), Volume 2:
11735:(2003), Volume 2:
11637:. New York: Wiley.
11593:, 79(2), 183-201.
11237:Small Wars Journal
10900:(2003), Volume 1:
10801:(2003), Volume 8:
10577:10.1007/BF03395517
10497:(2003), Volume 8:
10480:(2003), Volume 8:
10440:(2003), Volume 8:
10325:10.1037/amp0000227
9593:Crain, W. (2014).
9461:(2003), Volume 4:
9162:(2003), Volume 4:
9043:(2003), Volume 4:
8971:(2003), Volume 2:
8732:1 May 2011 at the
8398:The New York Times
8107:. pp. 1–622.
7934:on 17 January 2020
7920:10.1007/BF03395622
7756:(2002), pp. 70–76.
7752:3, 1920; in Hock,
7570:(2003), Volume 1:
7550:(2003), Volume 3:
7402:(2003), Volume 8:
7344:(2003), Volume 1:
7201:. Harper Collins.
6976:The New York Times
6749:The New York Times
6672:www.britannica.com
6312:(1997), pp. 75–77.
6164:23.2, Summer 1983.
5846:Henley TB (2019).
4823:Some critics view
4819:Misuse of p-values
4770:replication crisis
4702:Program evaluation
4697:Program evaluation
4646:
4606:
4539:Psychopharmacology
4497:
4486:
4359:
4347:
4311:operationalization
4275:ecologically valid
4192:Workplace violence
4116:Mamie Phipps Clark
4053:suicide prevention
3948:
3857:behavioral therapy
3810:Mental health care
3798:. Developments in
3670:
3635:Applied psychology
3607:positional cloning
3533:
3082:self-actualization
3071:
2918:
2710:. They rely on an
2635:
2623:
2491:
2477:
2397:Neuropsychologists
2352:
2175:suicide prevention
1967:Mamie Phipps Clark
1812:defense mechanisms
1806:, the daughter of
1736:introduced him at
1680:Russian Revolution
1662:autogenic training
1533:Rockefeller family
1422:Cornell University
1349:Gestalt psychology
1329:Hermann Ebbinghaus
1249:
1221:
1204:
1178:educational system
1174:the Prussian state
936:of the Greek word
907:in English was by
573:Schools of thought
411:Sport and exercise
257:Applied psychology
16875:
16874:
16715:Political economy
16710:Political ecology
16565:Community studies
16555:Cognitive science
16518:Interdisciplinary
16418:Political science
16180:
16179:
16157:Wikimedia Commons
16084:Counseling topics
16047:Ronald C. Kessler
16037:Shelley E. Taylor
15962:Lawrence Kohlberg
15937:Stanley Schachter
15736:Consumer behavior
15618:Archival research
15386:Psycholinguistics
15270:Affective science
15101:Library resources
15085:978-0-08-097087-5
15058:978-0-08-097087-5
15031:978-0-08-097087-5
14996:978-0-08-097087-5
14969:978-0-08-097087-5
14942:978-0-08-097087-5
14915:978-0-08-097087-5
14888:978-0-08-097087-5
14861:978-0-08-097087-5
14834:978-0-08-097087-5
14807:978-0-08-097087-5
14780:978-0-08-097087-5
14753:978-0-08-097087-5
14726:978-0-08-097087-5
14699:978-0-08-097087-5
14672:978-0-08-097087-5
14556:Weiner, Irving B.
14551:978-0-8058-0711-0
14534:978-0-387-34708-0
14520:978-1-59385-568-0
14485:978-0-13-032263-0
14455:Guthrie, Robert.
14427:Cocks, Geoffrey.
14420:978-0-8147-9944-4
14406:978-0-19-536655-6
14167:978-0-02-907205-9
14010:978-0-19-530608-8
13982:978-1-4338-3069-3
13513:(11): 1359–1366.
13462:SAGE Publications
13002:(10): 1041–1049.
12861:(6251): aac4716.
12598:978-0-521-34286-5
12454:(7647): 619–620.
12321:978-0-205-57935-8
11809:(mar23 1): c332.
11557:978-0-547-75031-6
11481:Work & Stress
11086:978-1-305-50139-3
11065:978-0-0745-2022-2
10935:(4128): 922–932.
10192:978-0-205-78214-7
9971:(7510): 421–427.
9866:JAMA Network Open
9575:Roy F. Baumeister
9500:978-0-19-976582-9
9428:Social Motivation
9249:978-0-19-518963-6
9215:978-0-8058-1699-0
9098:The full text of
8895:978-1-74216-644-5
8843:978-1-4129-4651-3
8617:978-0-8050-8749-9
8574:978-0-393-93421-2
8526:978-0-19-543021-9
8393:"June 2008 study"
8356:Freud, S (1915).
8341:Freud, S (1900).
8330:978-0-318-13125-2
8219:978-1-4129-5057-2
7692:978-1-118-62539-2
7677:. pp. 1–11.
7656:978-1-58046-102-3
7631:978-0-205-83256-9
7525:978-0-387-25355-8
7373:For example, see
7287:978-1-4338-2253-7
7235:978-0-06-299105-8
7228:. HarperCollins.
7208:978-0-06-207917-6
7181:978-1-4516-0363-7
7154:978-0-307-27313-0
7127:978-0-307-49848-9
7042:978-0-393-70372-6
6946:"E. KITCH CHILDS"
6648:Missing or empty
6497:. 24 January 2024
6472:978-0-262-03032-8
6340:Zucht und Ordnung
6258:Catherine Lutz, "
6131:21, January 1985.
5912:978-0-13-017573-1
5862:978-1-337-56415-1
5558:978-1-4020-5557-7
5537:978-0-19-866224-2
4942:established codes
4882:. Arnett (2008),
4738:Confirmation bias
4279:field experiments
4234:health psychology
4213:Arthur Kornhauser
4093:Health psychology
3935:School psychology
3657:social statistics
3595:genome sequencing
3591:molecular genetic
3463:reality principle
3280:conscientiousness
3160:Ludwig Binswanger
3144:Søren Kierkegaard
2868:total institution
2808:Social psychology
2724:cognitive science
2486:
2428:Carl von Linnaeus
2416:natural selection
2214:Édouard Claparède
2129:suicidal thoughts
2022:social psychology
1959:attachment styles
1957:and the order of
1955:attachment theory
1942:attachment theory
1738:Peking University
1553:eugenics movement
1432:. William James,
1392:Walter Dill Scott
1279:. Fechner's 1860
1277:Weber–Fechner law
1263:began conducting
1078:Indian philosophy
819:human development
774:empirical methods
770:social psychology
766:family resilience
750:brain functioning
641:
640:
538:Counseling topics
481:Consumer behavior
222:Psycholinguistics
106:Affective science
16:(Redirected from
17091:
17059:
17051:
17050:
17049:
17042:
17041:from Wikiversity
17034:
17033:
17032:
17025:
17017:
17016:
17015:
17008:
17000:
16999:
16998:
16991:
16983:
16982:
16981:
16974:
16966:
16965:
16964:
16957:
16949:
16948:
16947:
16940:
16932:
16931:
16930:
16920:
16904:
16903:
16902:
16892:
16891:
16890:
16883:
16863:
16853:
16852:
16839:
16838:
16827:
16826:
16730:Regional science
16575:Cultural studies
16550:Business studies
16207:
16200:
16193:
16184:
16183:
16114:Research methods
16057:Richard Davidson
16052:Joseph E. LeDoux
15927:George A. Miller
15917:David McClelland
15912:Herbert A. Simon
15812:Edward Thorndike
15633:Content analysis
15418:
15391:Psychophysiology
15207:
15200:
15193:
15184:
15183:
15138:
15089:
15062:
15035:
15008:
14973:
14946:
14919:
14892:
14865:
14838:
14811:
14784:
14757:
14730:
14703:
14676:
14543:Human Motivation
14379:
14377:
14370:Booth, Wayne C.
14368:
14362:
14361:
14335:
14329:
14327:
14322:
14316:
14315:
14294:
14288:
14277:
14266:
14252:
14246:
14233:
14227:
14226:
14224:
14222:
14207:
14201:
14200:
14198:
14178:
14172:
14171:
14159:
14149:
14143:
14142:
14140:
14138:
14123:
14117:
14116:
14106:
14088:
14056:
14050:
14049:
14021:
14015:
14014:
13993:
13987:
13986:
13968:
13962:
13961:
13959:
13957:
13951:
13928:
13902:
13893:
13887:
13886:
13850:
13841:
13840:
13838:
13836:
13820:
13814:
13813:
13796:(12): 997–1003.
13785:
13779:
13778:
13764:
13746:
13728:
13704:
13698:
13697:
13695:
13693:
13667:
13661:
13660:
13658:
13656:
13637:
13631:
13630:
13628:
13626:
13604:
13598:
13597:
13595:
13593:
13587:
13548:
13539:
13533:
13532:
13522:
13498:
13492:
13491:
13473:
13442:; Rohrer, Doug;
13432:
13426:
13425:
13423:
13421:
13415:
13404:
13396:
13390:
13389:
13347:
13341:
13340:
13312:
13306:
13305:
13303:
13301:
13289:Inside Higher Ed
13279:
13273:
13272:
13245:
13239:
13238:
13211:
13205:
13204:
13202:
13200:
13182:
13146:
13140:
13139:
13129:
13119:
13095:
13089:
13088:
13086:
13084:
13051:(6): 1000–1011.
13036:
13030:
13029:
13019:
12985:
12979:
12978:
12950:
12944:
12943:
12918:
12912:
12911:
12909:
12907:
12901:
12878:
12852:
12843:
12834:
12833:
12831:
12829:
12804:
12798:
12797:
12795:
12793:
12771:
12765:
12764:
12762:
12760:
12738:
12732:
12731:
12721:
12711:
12683:
12675:
12669:
12668:
12640:
12634:
12633:
12631:
12629:
12609:
12603:
12602:
12578:
12572:
12571:
12561:
12543:
12519:
12513:
12512:
12510:
12508:
12488:
12482:
12481:
12471:
12439:
12433:
12432:
12392:
12386:
12385:
12353:
12347:
12330:
12324:
12309:
12303:
12289:
12283:
12276:
12270:
12264:
12258:
12251:
12245:
12242:
12236:
12235:
12233:
12231:
12222:. Archived from
12216:
12210:
12207:
12201:
12200:
12198:
12192:. Archived from
12167:
12158:
12152:
12151:
12149:
12143:. Archived from
12118:
12109:
12103:
12102:
12100:
12098:
12089:. Archived from
12050:
12044:
12043:
12041:
12039:
12033:
12027:. Archived from
12002:
11993:
11987:
11976:
11970:
11959:
11953:
11939:
11933:
11922:
11916:
11905:
11903:
11901:
11874:10.1037/h0040525
11867:
11843:
11837:
11836:
11826:
11815:10.1136/bmj.c332
11794:
11788:
11781:
11775:
11774:
11746:
11740:
11729:
11723:
11716:
11710:
11695:
11689:
11682:
11676:
11669:
11663:
11647:
11638:
11631:
11625:
11611:
11602:
11587:
11581:
11566:
11560:
11545:
11539:
11538:
11519:10.1037/a0036905
11498:
11492:
11477:
11471:
11462:, 181, 158-167.
11456:
11450:
11431:
11425:
11424:
11406:
11374:
11368:
11353:
11347:
11346:, 42, 1517-1522.
11340:
11334:
11327:
11321:
11307:
11301:
11294:
11288:
11281:
11275:
11268:
11262:
11246:
11240:
11222:
11216:
11194:
11188:
11178:
11172:
11156:
11150:
11134:
11128:
11121:
11115:
11097:Robert M. Yerkes
11094:
11088:
11074:
11068:
11050:
11044:
11037:
11031:
11024:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11013:
11007:
10976:
10967:
10961:
10960:
10924:
10918:
10911:
10905:
10894:
10883:
10869:
10863:
10862:
10860:
10858:
10849:. Archived from
10842:
10836:
10835:
10833:
10831:
10822:. 29 July 2014.
10812:
10806:
10795:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10784:
10778:
10772:. Archived from
10747:
10741:Consumer Reports
10734:
10728:
10727:
10725:
10723:
10717:
10694:
10676:
10667:
10661:
10647:
10641:
10634:
10628:
10627:
10607:
10601:
10600:
10598:
10596:
10591:on 6 August 2020
10587:. Archived from
10556:
10550:
10549:
10532:(7): 1223–1233.
10521:
10515:
10508:
10502:
10491:
10485:
10474:Nancy McWilliams
10471:
10465:
10451:
10445:
10434:
10425:
10408:
10402:
10395:
10389:
10382:
10376:
10369:
10363:
10362:
10336:
10304:
10298:
10297:
10295:
10293:
10269:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10247:Oxford Reference
10239:
10233:
10226:
10217:
10214:
10205:
10204:
10178:
10155:
10154:
10144:
10111:
10105:
10104:
10094:
10062:
10056:
10055:
10045:
10013:
10007:
10006:
9996:
9955:
9949:
9948:
9938:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9889:
9856:
9850:
9849:
9821:
9815:
9814:
9780:
9771:
9765:
9764:
9724:
9718:
9716:10.1037/a0016543
9704:
9698:
9675:
9669:
9668:
9641:
9635:
9634:
9632:
9630:
9611:
9605:
9591:
9582:
9571:
9565:
9564:
9546:
9521:
9515:
9508:
9502:
9485:
9479:
9476:Human Motivation
9472:
9466:
9455:
9444:
9441:Human Motivation
9437:
9431:
9424:
9415:
9414:
9388:
9368:
9362:
9361:
9335:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9284:
9278:
9257:
9251:
9226:
9217:
9204:
9176:
9167:
9156:
9150:
9121:
9112:
9097:
9091:
9085:
9084:
9066:
9022:
9016:
9015:
8991:
8985:
8982:
8976:
8965:
8959:
8958:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8903:
8897:
8886:
8880:
8879:
8851:
8845:
8831:
8825:
8824:
8796:
8790:
8789:
8769:
8763:
8760:The Psychologist
8756:
8750:
8747:
8741:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8710:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8685:
8679:
8678:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8655:
8649:
8638:
8632:
8625:
8619:
8605:
8599:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8560:
8554:
8540:
8531:
8530:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8486:
8480:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8388:
8382:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8353:
8347:
8346:
8338:
8332:
8322:
8316:
8313:
8307:
8300:
8294:
8280:
8274:
8273:
8261:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8197:
8191:
8188:
8182:
8179:
8170:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8126:
8094:
8088:
8081:
8075:
8074:
8055:10.1037/h0061626
8038:
8032:
8031:
8012:10.1037/h0024166
7995:
7989:
7988:
7977:10.1037/h0024514
7970:
7950:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7939:
7930:. Archived from
7899:
7890:
7874:
7868:
7862:
7856:
7855:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7818:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7786:. Archived from
7763:
7757:
7746:
7740:
7733:
7727:
7720:
7714:
7712:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7670:
7661:
7660:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7581:
7575:
7564:
7555:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7511:
7502:
7483:
7477:
7474:Psychology Today
7459:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7426:
7420:
7413:
7407:
7396:
7385:
7371:
7365:
7358:
7349:
7338:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7298:
7292:
7291:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7060:
7047:
7046:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6941:
6935:
6934:
6915:10.1037/a0039886
6894:
6888:
6887:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6724:on 23 March 2015
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6651:
6646:
6644:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6458:
6447:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6396:
6381:
6374:
6368:
6349:
6343:
6332:
6326:
6319:
6313:
6306:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6287:
6281:
6256:
6250:
6243:
6230:
6223:
6217:
6201:
6195:
6188:
6179:
6171:
6165:
6158:
6152:
6138:
6132:
6125:
6119:
6112:
6095:
6094:
6074:
6068:
6061:
6048:
6041:
6035:
6028:
6015:
6008:
5997:
5990:
5973:
5960:
5954:
5940:
5934:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5898:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5843:
5834:
5827:
5821:
5814:
5799:
5798:
5754:
5745:
5734:
5728:
5721:
5710:
5703:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5645:
5639:
5626:
5620:
5613:
5607:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5566:
5560:
5546:
5540:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5505:
5498:
5487:10.1037/h0074428
5472:
5460:
5449:
5448:
5417:
5408:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5352:
5342:
5318:
5309:
5295:
5289:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5261:
5221:
5215:
5198:
5192:
5176:
5170:
5135:depth psychology
5128:
5122:
5119:
5113:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5006:informed consent
4963:established the
4744:publication bias
4602:spatial learning
4379:quasi-experiment
4252:Research methods
4017:Hawthorne effect
4013:psychotechnology
3760:Horace Mann Bond
3718:Henry H. Goddard
3581:adoption studies
3513:sex, and sleep.
3357:. His 1901 book
3329:Unconscious mind
3258:-stability, and
3211:will to pleasure
3148:Martin Heidegger
2994:object relations
2939:free association
2914:Clark University
2902:Abraham A. Brill
2848:Social cognition
2692:mental processes
2681:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2584:Edward C. Tolman
2487:
2470:teaching machine
2420:sexual selection
2125:Bipolar Disorder
2111:bipolar disorder
2065:Carolyn Attneave
2024:, especially in
1779:
1769:
1758:Marxism–Leninism
1748:and popularized
1702:Stalinist purges
1506:the World's Fair
1418:Edward Titchener
1380:Hugo MĂĽnsterberg
1253:John Stuart Mill
1219:
1216:
1112:Helena Blavatsky
1108:Russian-American
1026:mental disorders
1019:
909:Steven Blankaart
857:, for spirit or
827:forensic science
633:
626:
619:
603:
602:
601:
568:Research methods
227:Psychophysiology
87:Basic psychology
58:
39:
38:
21:
17099:
17098:
17094:
17093:
17092:
17090:
17089:
17088:
17064:
17063:
17062:
17052:
17047:
17045:
17035:
17030:
17028:
17018:
17013:
17011:
17007:from Wikisource
17001:
16996:
16994:
16984:
16979:
16977:
16967:
16962:
16960:
16950:
16945:
16943:
16939:from Wiktionary
16933:
16928:
16926:
16923:
16919:sister projects
16916:at Knowledge's
16910:
16900:
16898:
16888:
16886:
16878:
16876:
16871:
16847:
16815:
16782:
16766:
16740:Science studies
16524:Administration
16513:
16239:
16216:
16214:Social sciences
16211:
16181:
16176:
16133:
16109:Psychotherapies
16070:
16027:Martin Seligman
15992:Daniel Kahneman
15932:Richard Lazarus
15882:Raymond Cattell
15786:
15777:
15776:
15775:
15687:
15599:
15426:
15419:
15410:
15371:Neuropsychology
15251:
15244:
15216:
15211:
15162:
15131:
15130:
15129:
15109:
15108:
15104:
15097:
15092:
15086:
15059:
15032:
14997:
14970:
14943:
14916:
14889:
14862:
14835:
14808:
14781:
14754:
14727:
14700:
14673:
14648:
14646:Further reading
14643:
14539:Weiner, Bernard
14472:Hock, Roger R.
14388:
14383:
14382:
14375:
14369:
14365:
14350:
14336:
14332:
14325:
14323:
14319:
14295:
14291:
14278:
14269:
14264:Wayback Machine
14253:
14249:
14244:Wayback Machine
14234:
14230:
14220:
14218:
14209:
14208:
14204:
14196:10.1.1.462.3147
14179:
14175:
14168:
14150:
14146:
14136:
14134:
14124:
14120:
14057:
14053:
14022:
14018:
14011:
13997:Altmaier, E. M.
13994:
13990:
13983:
13969:
13965:
13955:
13953:
13949:
13900:
13894:
13890:
13851:
13844:
13834:
13832:
13821:
13817:
13786:
13782:
13766:(Erratum:
13765:
13705:
13701:
13691:
13689:
13668:
13664:
13654:
13652:
13639:
13638:
13634:
13624:
13622:
13614:FiveThirtyEight
13605:
13601:
13591:
13589:
13585:
13546:
13540:
13536:
13499:
13495:
13436:Pashler, Harold
13433:
13429:
13419:
13417:
13413:
13402:
13398:
13397:
13393:
13348:
13344:
13313:
13309:
13299:
13297:
13280:
13276:
13269:
13246:
13242:
13235:
13212:
13208:
13198:
13196:
13147:
13143:
13096:
13092:
13082:
13080:
13037:
13033:
12986:
12982:
12954:Baumeister, Roy
12951:
12947:
12940:
12919:
12915:
12905:
12903:
12899:
12850:
12844:
12837:
12827:
12825:
12817:FiveThirtyEight
12805:
12801:
12791:
12789:
12772:
12768:
12758:
12756:
12739:
12735:
12681:
12676:
12672:
12657:10.2307/2282137
12641:
12637:
12627:
12625:
12610:
12606:
12599:
12579:
12575:
12520:
12516:
12506:
12504:
12489:
12485:
12469:10.1038/543619a
12440:
12436:
12395:Franco, Annie;
12393:
12389:
12360:. Elsevier BV.
12354:
12350:
12342:Wayback Machine
12331:
12327:
12310:
12306:
12290:
12286:
12277:
12273:
12265:
12261:
12255:On Human Nature
12252:
12248:
12243:
12239:
12229:
12227:
12218:
12217:
12213:
12208:
12204:
12196:
12165:
12159:
12155:
12147:
12116:
12110:
12106:
12096:
12094:
12051:
12047:
12037:
12035:
12031:
12000:
11994:
11990:
11977:
11973:
11960:
11956:
11940:
11936:
11923:
11919:
11914:Wayback Machine
11899:
11897:
11844:
11840:
11795:
11791:
11782:
11778:
11747:
11743:
11730:
11726:
11717:
11713:
11708:Wayback Machine
11696:
11692:
11683:
11679:
11670:
11666:
11661:Wayback Machine
11648:
11641:
11632:
11628:
11612:
11605:
11588:
11584:
11567:
11563:
11546:
11542:
11499:
11495:
11478:
11474:
11457:
11453:
11432:
11428:
11375:
11371:
11354:
11350:
11341:
11337:
11328:
11324:
11308:
11304:
11295:
11291:
11282:
11278:
11269:
11265:
11256:Wayback Machine
11247:
11243:
11233:Wayback Machine
11223:
11219:
11205:Wayback Machine
11195:
11191:
11179:
11175:
11170:Wayback Machine
11157:
11153:
11148:Wayback Machine
11135:
11131:
11122:
11118:
11108:Wayback Machine
11095:
11091:
11075:
11071:
11051:
11047:
11038:
11034:
11025:
11021:
11011:
11009:
11005:
10974:
10968:
10964:
10925:
10921:
10912:
10908:
10895:
10886:
10870:
10866:
10856:
10854:
10843:
10839:
10829:
10827:
10814:
10813:
10809:
10796:
10792:
10782:
10780:
10779:on 21 July 2018
10776:
10756:(12): 965–974.
10745:
10735:
10731:
10721:
10719:
10715:
10692:10.1.1.475.7156
10674:
10668:
10664:
10648:
10644:
10635:
10631:
10608:
10604:
10594:
10592:
10557:
10553:
10522:
10518:
10509:
10505:
10492:
10488:
10472:
10468:
10452:
10448:
10435:
10428:
10423:Wayback Machine
10409:
10405:
10396:
10392:
10383:
10379:
10370:
10366:
10305:
10301:
10291:
10289:
10270:
10266:
10256:
10254:
10241:
10240:
10236:
10227:
10220:
10215:
10208:
10193:
10179:
10158:
10121:JAMA Psychiatry
10112:
10108:
10083:10.1038/nrg3240
10063:
10059:
10034:10.1038/ng.1108
10022:Nature Genetics
10014:
10010:
9956:
9952:
9907:
9903:
9857:
9853:
9822:
9818:
9795:10.1038/ng.3285
9783:Nature Genetics
9778:
9772:
9768:
9725:
9721:
9705:
9701:
9696:Wayback Machine
9676:
9672:
9643:
9642:
9638:
9628:
9626:
9613:
9612:
9608:
9592:
9585:
9572:
9568:
9544:10.1.1.312.5507
9522:
9518:
9509:
9505:
9488:E. Tory Higgins
9486:
9482:
9473:
9469:
9456:
9447:
9438:
9434:
9425:
9418:
9369:
9365:
9342:10.1038/nn.2112
9333:10.1.1.520.2204
9316:
9312:
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9276:Wayback Machine
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7888:Wayback Machine
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6444:The New Inquiry
6440:Wayback Machine
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6227:Human Relations
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5507:
5503:
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5464:Watson, John B.
5461:
5452:
5437:
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5411:
5406:Wayback Machine
5396:
5392:
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5286:Wayback Machine
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5272:
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5212:Wayback Machine
5199:
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5189:Wayback Machine
5177:
5173:
5155:implicit memory
5129:
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5110:Wayback Machine
5098:
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5084:
5082:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5014:
4993:
4938:
4913:
4902:Similar to the
4900:
4871:
4853:
4846:
4821:
4811:
4766:
4760:
4740:
4728:reproducibility
4716:
4711:
4699:
4665:grounded theory
4642:Phineas P. Gage
4635:
4582:
4570:dynamic systems
4561:
4547:
4484:recording setup
4474:
4435:cross-sectional
4410:
4404:
4363:true experiment
4336:
4330:
4264:
4256:Main articles:
4254:
4222:
4147:
4138:psychoeducation
4134:
4108:
4103:
4089:
4049:Fort Oglethorpe
4041:
3988:
3978:
3937:
3929:Main articles:
3927:
3834:Lightner Witmer
3818:
3812:
3730:Lewis M. Terman
3659:
3649:
3641:
3623:
3599:psychopathology
3556:
3550:
3525:
3519:
3487:drive reduction
3444:
3438:
3415:social behavior
3337:
3331:
3264:Raymond Cattell
3244:factor analysis
3240:trait theorists
3238:. By contrast,
3231:
3225:
3220:
3196:will to meaning
3059:
3051:Main articles:
3049:
3029:António Damásio
2910:Sándor Ferenczi
2886:
2878:Main articles:
2876:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2673:
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2663:
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2655:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2613:
2607:
2576:Martin Seligman
2479:
2462:
2450:Main articles:
2448:
2340:
2334:
2329:
2276:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2116:An Unquiet Mind
2107:Time Magazine's
2105:, named one of
2073:
2053:Marigold Linton
2038:Phyllis Chesler
2034:E. Kitsch Child
2014:Naomi Weisstein
1934:
1898:self-psychology
1800:
1795:
1734:T'sai Yuan-p'ei
1714:Khrushchev Thaw
1609:Matthias Göring
1590:Project Camelot
1578:Ford Foundation
1494:
1396:Lightner Witmer
1364:G. Stanley Hall
1337:Wolfgang Kohler
1273:logarithmically
1217:
1190:
1162:Napoleonic Wars
1131:Christian Wolff
1024:theorized that
990:
983:
977:
969:ordinary people
965:Folk psychology
961:natural science
843:
715:neurobiological
707:social behavior
680:social sciences
637:
599:
597:
590:
589:
588:
587:
563:Psychotherapies
531:
521:
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431:
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259:
249:
248:
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207:Neuropsychology
89:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17097:
17087:
17086:
17081:
17076:
17061:
17060:
17043:
17026:
17024:from Wikibooks
17009:
16992:
16990:from Wikiquote
16975:
16958:
16941:
16912:
16909:
16908:
16896:
16873:
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16695:
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16686:
16685:
16683:social science
16680:
16675:
16670:
16665:
16657:
16652:
16647:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16622:
16617:
16615:Global studies
16612:
16610:Gender studies
16607:
16602:
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16600:
16595:
16593:social science
16589:Environmental
16587:
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16317:
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16295:
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16288:macroeconomics
16285:
16283:microeconomics
16275:
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16078:
16072:
16071:
16069:
16067:Roy Baumeister
16064:
16059:
16054:
16049:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16024:
16019:
16014:
16009:
16004:
16002:Michael Posner
15999:
15994:
15989:
15987:Elliot Aronson
15984:
15982:Walter Mischel
15979:
15974:
15969:
15964:
15959:
15954:
15949:
15947:Albert Bandura
15944:
15939:
15934:
15929:
15924:
15922:Leon Festinger
15919:
15914:
15909:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15892:Neal E. Miller
15889:
15887:Abraham Maslow
15884:
15879:
15874:
15872:Ernest Hilgard
15869:
15867:Donald O. Hebb
15864:
15859:
15854:
15849:
15847:J. P. Guilford
15844:
15842:Gordon Allport
15839:
15834:
15829:
15824:
15822:John B. Watson
15819:
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15809:
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15645:
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15625:
15620:
15615:
15613:Animal testing
15609:
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15601:
15600:
15598:
15597:
15592:
15587:
15582:
15577:
15572:
15567:
15562:
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15409:
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15398:
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15373:
15368:
15363:
15358:
15353:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15316:Cross-cultural
15313:
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15287:
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15272:
15267:
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15232:
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15195:
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15170:
15144:
15128:
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15122:
15117:
15111:
15110:
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15098:
15096:
15095:External links
15093:
15091:
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14348:
14330:
14317:
14306:(3): 291–305.
14289:
14267:
14247:
14228:
14202:
14173:
14166:
14160:. Free Press.
14144:
14118:
14051:
14032:(3): 174–188.
14016:
14009:
13988:
13981:
13963:
13911:(2–3): 61–83.
13888:
13861:(7): 602–614.
13842:
13815:
13780:
13699:
13662:
13632:
13599:
13534:
13493:
13440:McDaniel, Mark
13427:
13391:
13342:
13323:(6): 304–316.
13307:
13274:
13268:978-0393329711
13267:
13240:
13234:978-1439101650
13233:
13206:
13165:(4): 421–435.
13151:Gervain, Judit
13141:
13090:
13031:
12980:
12945:
12939:978-0521707817
12938:
12932:. p. 94.
12913:
12835:
12799:
12766:
12748:The New Yorker
12733:
12670:
12651:(285): 30–34.
12635:
12618:The New Yorker
12604:
12597:
12573:
12514:
12497:Science | AAAS
12483:
12434:
12397:Malhotra, Neil
12387:
12348:
12325:
12304:
12284:
12271:
12259:
12246:
12237:
12226:on 8 July 2008
12211:
12202:
12153:
12104:
12065:(6): 834–842.
12045:
11988:
11971:
11954:
11934:
11917:
11907:Full-text PDF.
11858:(4): 371–378.
11838:
11789:
11776:
11741:
11724:
11711:
11690:
11677:
11664:
11639:
11626:
11603:
11582:
11561:
11540:
11513:(3): 315–335.
11493:
11472:
11451:
11426:
11404:1854/LU-321816
11389:(9): 878–883.
11369:
11359:, 6, 352-381.
11348:
11335:
11322:
11302:
11289:
11276:
11263:
11261:, 11 July 2015
11241:
11217:
11189:
11173:
11151:
11129:
11116:
11089:
11069:
11045:
11032:
11019:
10985:(1): 224–238.
10962:
10919:
10917:5.2, May 2002.
10906:
10884:
10864:
10853:on 17 May 2008
10837:
10807:
10790:
10729:
10685:(1): 143–150.
10662:
10642:
10629:
10618:(2): 124–130.
10602:
10571:(3): 377–400.
10551:
10516:
10503:
10486:
10466:
10446:
10426:
10403:
10390:
10377:
10364:
10334:2286/R.I.50913
10319:(5): 651–662.
10299:
10264:
10234:
10218:
10206:
10191:
10156:
10106:
10077:(8): 537–551.
10057:
10028:(3): 247–250.
10008:
9950:
9901:
9872:(6): e208783.
9851:
9832:(5): 160–164.
9816:
9789:(7): 702–709.
9766:
9739:(3): 535–550.
9719:
9699:
9670:
9636:
9606:
9603:978-0205810468
9583:
9566:
9516:
9503:
9480:
9467:
9445:
9432:
9416:
9386:10.1.1.476.102
9363:
9326:(5): 543–545.
9310:
9279:
9252:
9218:
9187:(7): 462–479.
9168:
9151:
9113:
9086:
9057:(2): 304–317.
9017:
8986:
8977:
8960:
8933:
8914:(1): 202–205.
8898:
8881:
8862:(3): 473–485.
8846:
8826:
8807:(2): 187–215.
8791:
8780:(2): 187–203.
8764:
8751:
8742:
8718:
8695:
8680:
8665:
8650:
8633:
8620:
8600:
8580:
8573:
8555:
8532:
8525:
8507:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8475:
8468:
8454:
8447:
8440:
8433:
8416:
8383:
8363:
8348:
8333:
8317:
8308:
8295:
8275:
8256:
8225:
8218:
8192:
8183:
8171:
8158:
8132:
8114:978-1138898585
8113:
8089:
8076:
8049:(4): 189–208.
8033:
7990:
7945:
7914:(3): 329–337.
7891:
7869:
7857:
7838:
7809:(6): 590–595.
7793:
7778:(2): 151–160.
7758:
7741:
7728:
7715:
7698:
7691:
7662:
7655:
7637:
7630:
7612:
7597:
7576:
7556:
7539:
7524:
7503:
7478:
7454:
7441:(3): 101–103.
7421:
7408:
7386:
7366:
7350:
7318:
7293:
7286:
7266:
7241:
7234:
7214:
7207:
7187:
7180:
7160:
7153:
7133:
7126:
7106:
7081:
7070:. 3 March 2021
7048:
7041:
7021:
6996:
6962:
6936:
6889:
6862:(2): 194–210.
6842:
6817:
6790:(2): 139–152.
6769:
6735:
6709:
6684:
6659:
6614:
6588:
6559:10.1086/212287
6553:(4): 510–530.
6533:
6508:
6486:
6471:
6448:
6424:
6409:
6382:
6369:
6367:medical duty."
6344:
6327:
6325:(1997), p. 93.
6314:
6301:
6291:
6282:
6251:
6231:
6218:
6196:
6180:
6166:
6153:
6133:
6120:
6096:
6085:(9): 941–946.
6069:
6049:
6036:
6016:
5998:
5974:
5955:
5935:
5926:
5911:
5880:
5861:
5835:
5822:
5800:
5746:
5742:978-0887061394
5729:
5711:
5695:
5670:
5640:
5621:
5608:
5588:
5561:
5541:
5539:(pp. 763–764).
5517:
5481:(2): 158–177.
5450:
5435:
5421:James, William
5409:
5390:
5364:
5310:
5290:
5270:
5216:
5193:
5171:
5131:Psychoanalysis
5123:
5114:
5092:
5066:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5038:Wayne C. Booth
5013:
5010:
4992:
4989:
4953:Nuremberg Code
4946:Belmont Report
4937:
4934:
4912:
4909:
4899:
4896:
4845:
4842:
4810:
4807:
4759:
4756:
4739:
4736:
4726:, problematic
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4698:
4695:
4634:
4631:
4581:
4580:Animal studies
4578:
4559:Network theory
4546:
4543:
4528:neural network
4473:
4470:
4403:
4400:
4332:Main article:
4329:
4326:
4253:
4250:
4221:
4218:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4180:
4173:
4163:
4160:work accidents
4156:safety climate
4146:
4143:
4133:
4130:
4107:
4104:
4088:
4085:
4059:the Army. The
4040:
4037:
3977:
3974:
3926:
3923:
3842:psychoanalysis
3827:mental illness
3811:
3808:
3704:Théodore Simon
3666:Francis Galton
3648:
3645:
3622:
3619:
3552:Main article:
3549:
3546:
3521:Main article:
3518:
3515:
3506:goal contagion
3440:Main article:
3437:
3434:
3394:as meeting an
3346:Joseph Jastrow
3330:
3327:
3227:Main article:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3192:existentialist
3090:Abraham Maslow
3067:Abraham Maslow
3048:
3045:
2990:ego psychology
2966:D.W. Winnicott
2884:psychoanalysis
2880:Psychodynamics
2875:
2874:Psychoanalytic
2872:
2852:group dynamics
2806:Main article:
2803:
2800:
2765:cognitive bias
2750:Donald O. Hebb
2734:Albert Bandura
2636:
2609:Main article:
2606:
2603:
2588:cognitive maps
2447:
2444:
2348:cerebral fiber
2336:Main article:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2300:"soft" science
2280:parapsychology
2275:
2272:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2113:and her books
2072:
2071:2000 - Current
2069:
2042:Dorothy Riddle
1938:Mary Ainsworth
1933:
1930:
1926:discrimination
1870:societal norms
1846:women's rights
1824:child analysis
1820:latency period
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1633:psychoanalysis
1631:, founders of
1605:Hermann Göring
1594:social science
1493:
1490:
1424:and advanced "
1407:Francis Galton
1341:Max Wertheimer
1298:Emil Kraepelin
1261:Gustav Fechner
1189:
1186:
1072:Influenced by
979:Main article:
976:
973:
957:John B. Watson
842:
839:
639:
638:
636:
635:
628:
621:
613:
610:
609:
608:
607:
592:
591:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
534:
533:
532:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
262:
261:
260:
255:
254:
251:
250:
245:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
152:Cross-cultural
149:
144:
143:
142:
132:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
92:
91:
90:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
73:
68:
60:
59:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17096:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17071:
17069:
17058:from Wikidata
17057:
17056:
17044:
17040:
17039:
17027:
17023:
17022:
17010:
17006:
17005:
16993:
16989:
16988:
16976:
16973:from Wikinews
16972:
16971:
16959:
16955:
16954:
16942:
16938:
16937:
16925:
16924:
16921:
16915:
16907:
16897:
16895:
16885:
16884:
16881:
16868:
16867:
16862:
16858:
16856:
16851:
16846:
16844:
16843:
16834:
16832:
16831:
16822:
16821:
16818:
16812:
16809:
16807:
16806:Human science
16804:
16802:
16801:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16791:
16789:
16785:
16779:
16776:
16775:
16773:
16769:
16763:
16762:Vegan studies
16760:
16758:
16755:
16751:
16748:
16746:
16743:
16742:
16741:
16738:
16736:
16733:
16731:
16728:
16726:
16725:Public health
16723:
16721:
16718:
16716:
16713:
16711:
16708:
16704:
16701:
16699:
16696:
16694:
16691:
16690:
16688:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16664:
16661:
16660:
16659:Philosophies
16658:
16656:
16655:Media studies
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16630:Human ecology
16628:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16599:
16596:
16594:
16591:
16590:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16573:
16571:
16568:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16551:
16548:
16546:
16543:
16541:
16540:Anthrozoology
16538:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16525:
16523:
16522:
16520:
16516:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16484:
16483:
16480:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16465:developmental
16463:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16452:
16451:
16448:
16444:
16441:
16439:
16438:public policy
16436:
16434:
16431:
16429:
16426:
16424:
16421:
16420:
16419:
16416:
16412:
16409:
16408:
16407:
16404:
16400:
16397:
16395:
16392:
16390:
16389:legal systems
16387:
16385:
16384:legal history
16382:
16380:
16379:jurisprudence
16377:
16376:
16375:
16372:
16368:
16365:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16353:
16350:
16348:
16345:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16335:
16334:
16333:
16330:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16313:
16311:
16308:
16307:
16306:
16303:
16299:
16296:
16294:
16291:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16281:
16280:
16279:
16276:
16272:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16259:
16257:
16254:
16253:
16252:
16249:
16248:
16246:
16242:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16223:
16222:
16219:
16215:
16208:
16203:
16201:
16196:
16194:
16189:
16188:
16185:
16173:
16170:
16168:
16165:
16163:
16160:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16143:
16140:
16139:
16136:
16130:
16127:
16125:
16122:
16120:
16117:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16107:
16105:
16104:Psychologists
16102:
16100:
16097:
16095:
16094:Organizations
16092:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16081:
16079:
16077:
16073:
16068:
16065:
16063:
16060:
16058:
16055:
16053:
16050:
16048:
16045:
16043:
16042:John Anderson
16040:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16023:
16020:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15972:Ulric Neisser
15970:
15968:
15965:
15963:
15960:
15958:
15957:Endel Tulving
15955:
15953:
15950:
15948:
15945:
15943:
15942:Robert Zajonc
15940:
15938:
15935:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15918:
15915:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15897:Jerome Bruner
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15878:
15875:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15862:B. F. Skinner
15860:
15858:
15855:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15827:Clark L. Hull
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15810:
15808:
15807:Sigmund Freud
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15797:William James
15795:
15793:
15792:Wilhelm Wundt
15790:
15788:
15785:
15784:Psychologists
15780:
15772:
15771:Psychometrics
15769:
15767:
15764:
15762:
15759:
15757:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15731:Consciousness
15729:
15727:
15724:
15722:
15719:
15717:
15714:
15712:
15709:
15707:
15704:
15702:
15699:
15698:
15694:
15690:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15663:Psychophysics
15661:
15659:
15656:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15610:
15608:
15606:
15605:Methodologies
15602:
15596:
15593:
15591:
15588:
15586:
15583:
15581:
15578:
15576:
15573:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15565:Psychotherapy
15563:
15561:
15560:Psychometrics
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15538:
15536:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15526:
15523:
15521:
15518:
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15438:
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15432:
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15379:
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15374:
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15364:
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15359:
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15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15326:Developmental
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15305:
15302:
15301:
15300:
15297:
15295:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15257:
15255:
15253:
15247:
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15238:
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15231:
15228:
15226:
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15222:
15219:
15215:
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15196:
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15189:
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15185:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15165:
15160:
15156:
15155:
15150:
15145:
15142:
15137:
15133:
15132:
15126:
15123:
15121:
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15113:
15112:
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15102:
15087:
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15077:
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15069:
15064:
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15037:
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15027:
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14637:0-471-39263-4
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14626:
14624:
14623:0-471-39262-6
14620:
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14609:0-471-38403-8
14606:
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14595:0-471-38513-1
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14581:0-471-38320-1
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14570:
14569:
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14567:0-471-17669-9
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14500:
14499:1-84169-410-X
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14468:
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14465:0-205-14993-6
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14451:0-521-83254-3
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14437:1-56000-904-7
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14349:0-7382-0278-9
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13444:Bjork, Robert
13441:
13437:
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13395:
13387:
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13352:Sweller, John
13346:
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13290:
13285:
13278:
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13216:
13210:
13194:
13190:
13186:
13181:
13176:
13172:
13168:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13145:
13137:
13133:
13128:
13123:
13118:
13113:
13109:
13105:
13101:
13094:
13078:
13074:
13070:
13066:
13062:
13058:
13054:
13050:
13046:
13042:
13035:
13027:
13023:
13018:
13013:
13009:
13005:
13001:
12997:
12996:
12991:
12984:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12961:
12960:
12955:
12949:
12941:
12935:
12931:
12927:
12923:
12922:Hunt, Earl B.
12917:
12898:
12894:
12890:
12886:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12868:
12864:
12860:
12856:
12849:
12842:
12840:
12823:
12819:
12818:
12813:
12809:
12803:
12787:
12783:
12782:
12777:
12770:
12754:
12750:
12749:
12744:
12737:
12729:
12725:
12720:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12701:
12697:
12694:(4): e10068.
12693:
12689:
12685:
12674:
12666:
12662:
12658:
12654:
12650:
12646:
12639:
12623:
12619:
12615:
12608:
12600:
12594:
12590:
12586:
12585:
12577:
12569:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12551:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12533:
12529:
12525:
12518:
12502:
12498:
12494:
12487:
12479:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12445:
12438:
12430:
12426:
12422:
12418:
12414:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12391:
12383:
12379:
12375:
12371:
12367:
12363:
12359:
12352:
12345:
12343:
12339:
12336:
12329:
12322:
12318:
12314:
12308:
12302:
12301:0-7448-0014-5
12298:
12294:
12288:
12281:
12275:
12268:
12267:Harlow (1868)
12263:
12256:
12250:
12241:
12225:
12221:
12215:
12206:
12195:
12191:
12187:
12183:
12179:
12175:
12171:
12164:
12157:
12146:
12142:
12138:
12134:
12130:
12126:
12122:
12115:
12108:
12092:
12088:
12084:
12080:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12064:
12060:
12056:
12049:
12030:
12026:
12022:
12018:
12014:
12011:(1): 95–117.
12010:
12006:
11999:
11992:
11985:
11981:
11975:
11968:
11964:
11958:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11942:Roger E. Kirk
11938:
11931:
11927:
11921:
11915:
11911:
11908:
11895:
11891:
11887:
11883:
11879:
11875:
11871:
11866:
11865:10.1.1.599.92
11861:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11842:
11834:
11830:
11825:
11820:
11816:
11812:
11808:
11804:
11800:
11793:
11786:
11780:
11772:
11768:
11764:
11760:
11757:(2): 139–55.
11756:
11752:
11745:
11738:
11734:
11728:
11721:
11715:
11709:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11694:
11687:
11681:
11674:
11668:
11662:
11658:
11655:
11652:
11646:
11644:
11636:
11630:
11624:
11620:
11616:
11610:
11608:
11600:
11596:
11592:
11586:
11579:
11575:
11571:
11565:
11558:
11554:
11550:
11544:
11536:
11532:
11528:
11524:
11520:
11516:
11512:
11508:
11504:
11497:
11490:
11486:
11482:
11476:
11469:
11465:
11461:
11460:Public Health
11455:
11448:
11444:
11440:
11436:
11430:
11422:
11418:
11414:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11384:
11380:
11373:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11352:
11345:
11339:
11332:
11326:
11320:
11316:
11312:
11306:
11299:
11293:
11286:
11280:
11273:
11267:
11260:
11257:
11253:
11250:
11245:
11238:
11234:
11230:
11227:
11221:
11214:
11210:
11209:John D. Marks
11206:
11202:
11199:
11193:
11186:
11182:
11177:
11171:
11167:
11164:
11161:
11155:
11149:
11145:
11142:
11139:
11133:
11126:
11120:
11113:
11109:
11105:
11102:
11098:
11093:
11087:
11083:
11079:
11073:
11066:
11062:
11058:
11055:
11049:
11042:
11036:
11029:
11023:
11004:
11000:
10996:
10992:
10988:
10984:
10980:
10973:
10966:
10958:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10942:
10938:
10934:
10930:
10923:
10916:
10910:
10903:
10899:
10893:
10891:
10889:
10882:
10878:
10874:
10868:
10852:
10848:
10841:
10825:
10821:
10817:
10811:
10804:
10800:
10794:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10759:
10755:
10751:
10744:
10742:
10733:
10714:
10710:
10706:
10702:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10684:
10680:
10673:
10666:
10660:
10659:0-8039-8991-1
10656:
10652:
10646:
10640:London: Sage.
10639:
10633:
10625:
10621:
10617:
10613:
10606:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10578:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10555:
10547:
10543:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10520:
10513:
10507:
10500:
10496:
10490:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10470:
10464:
10463:0-17-490058-9
10460:
10456:
10450:
10443:
10439:
10433:
10431:
10424:
10420:
10417:
10413:
10407:
10400:
10394:
10387:
10381:
10374:
10368:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10348:
10344:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10303:
10287:
10283:
10279:
10275:
10268:
10252:
10248:
10244:
10238:
10231:
10225:
10223:
10213:
10211:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10188:
10184:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10171:
10169:
10167:
10165:
10163:
10161:
10152:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10127:(7): 642–50.
10126:
10122:
10118:
10110:
10102:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10068:
10061:
10053:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10012:
10004:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9954:
9946:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9912:
9905:
9897:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9863:
9855:
9847:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9820:
9812:
9808:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9784:
9777:
9770:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9723:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9703:
9697:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9684:
9680:
9674:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9640:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9610:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9590:
9588:
9580:
9576:
9570:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9536:
9532:
9526:
9520:
9513:
9507:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9484:
9477:
9471:
9464:
9460:
9454:
9452:
9450:
9442:
9436:
9429:
9423:
9421:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9367:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9314:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9283:
9277:
9273:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9256:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9231:
9225:
9223:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9175:
9173:
9165:
9161:
9155:
9148:
9144:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9126:
9120:
9118:
9111:
9107:
9103:
9102:
9096:
9090:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9027:
9021:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8990:
8981:
8974:
8970:
8964:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8937:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8902:
8896:
8892:
8885:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8850:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8830:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8795:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8768:
8761:
8755:
8746:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8728:
8722:
8714:
8709:
8708:
8699:
8691:
8684:
8676:
8669:
8661:
8654:
8647:
8643:
8640:A.J. Sutich,
8637:
8630:
8624:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8604:
8598:
8597:0-415-23633-9
8594:
8590:
8584:
8576:
8570:
8566:
8559:
8553:
8552:9780199657681
8549:
8545:
8539:
8537:
8528:
8522:
8518:
8511:
8495:
8491:
8485:
8476:
8473:
8469:
8467:
8466:0-684-83659-9
8463:
8459:
8455:
8452:
8448:
8445:
8441:
8438:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8424:
8420:
8404:
8400:
8399:
8394:
8387:
8381:
8377:
8374:
8367:
8359:
8352:
8344:
8337:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8312:
8305:
8299:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8279:
8271:
8267:
8260:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8229:
8221:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8196:
8187:
8178:
8176:
8168:
8162:
8146:
8142:
8136:
8120:
8116:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8101:
8093:
8086:
8080:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8037:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7994:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7949:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7898:
7896:
7889:
7885:
7882:
7879:
7873:
7867:
7861:
7853:
7850:(in French).
7849:
7842:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7797:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7754:Forty Studies
7751:
7745:
7738:
7732:
7725:
7719:
7708:
7702:
7694:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7669:
7667:
7658:
7652:
7648:
7641:
7633:
7627:
7623:
7622:Biopsychology
7616:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7598:0-465-09208-X
7594:
7590:
7586:
7580:
7573:
7569:
7563:
7561:
7553:
7549:
7543:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7521:
7517:
7510:
7508:
7500:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7458:
7449:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7425:
7418:
7412:
7405:
7401:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7383:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7363:
7357:
7355:
7347:
7343:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7307:
7303:
7297:
7289:
7283:
7279:
7278:
7270:
7255:
7251:
7245:
7237:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7218:
7210:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7191:
7183:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7164:
7156:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7137:
7129:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7110:
7095:
7091:
7085:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7044:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7025:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6966:
6951:
6947:
6940:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6773:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6739:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6655:
6642:
6627:
6624:
6618:
6603:
6599:
6592:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6496:
6490:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6464:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6410:0-262-11087-3
6406:
6402:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6379:
6373:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6348:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6324:
6318:
6311:
6305:
6295:
6286:
6280:
6279:0-300-06809-3
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6255:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6228:
6222:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6176:
6170:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6150:1-56750-405-1
6147:
6143:
6137:
6130:
6124:
6117:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6046:
6040:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6013:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5959:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5939:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5904:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5849:Hergenhahn's
5842:
5840:
5832:
5826:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5751:
5744:, pages 35-36
5743:
5739:
5733:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5625:
5618:
5612:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5592:
5584:
5580:
5577:(2): 116–25.
5576:
5572:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5436:0-674-70625-0
5432:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5416:
5414:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5394:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5294:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5274:
5267:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5118:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5012:Other animals
5009:
5007:
5001:
4997:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4908:
4905:
4895:
4892:
4891:
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16251:Anthropology
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16007:Amos Tversky
15977:Jerome Kagan
15967:Noam Chomsky
15907:Hans Eysenck
15877:Harry Harlow
15857:Erik Erikson
15756:Intelligence
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11266:
11259:The Guardian
11258:
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11027:
11022:
11010:. Retrieved
10982:
10978:
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10928:
10922:
10914:
10909:
10901:
10897:
10872:
10867:
10855:. Retrieved
10851:the original
10840:
10830:30 September
10828:. Retrieved
10819:
10810:
10802:
10798:
10793:
10781:. Retrieved
10774:the original
10753:
10749:
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10720:. Retrieved
10682:
10678:
10665:
10650:
10645:
10637:
10632:
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10593:. Retrieved
10589:the original
10568:
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10255:. Retrieved
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9678:
9673:
9648:
9639:
9627:. Retrieved
9618:
9609:
9594:
9578:
9569:
9537:(1): 23–37.
9534:
9530:
9524:
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9511:
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9483:
9475:
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9440:
9435:
9427:
9379:(1): 14–19.
9376:
9372:
9366:
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9313:
9301:. Retrieved
9292:
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9159:
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9050:
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9003:
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8989:
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8963:
8949:(1): 71–74.
8946:
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8564:
8558:
8543:
8516:
8510:
8498:. Retrieved
8494:the original
8484:
8471:
8457:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8427:
8419:
8407:. Retrieved
8396:
8386:
8366:
8357:
8351:
8342:
8336:
8320:
8311:
8303:
8298:
8283:
8278:
8272:. p. 5.
8268:. New York:
8265:
8259:
8247:. Retrieved
8238:
8228:
8201:
8195:
8186:
8166:
8161:
8149:. Retrieved
8135:
8123:. Retrieved
8099:
8092:
8084:
8079:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8006:(1): 28–33.
8003:
7999:
7993:
7958:
7954:
7948:
7936:. Retrieved
7932:the original
7911:
7907:
7878:Language, 35
7877:
7872:
7865:
7860:
7854:: 1155–1157.
7851:
7847:
7841:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7788:the original
7775:
7771:
7761:
7753:
7749:
7744:
7736:
7731:
7723:
7718:
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7701:
7674:
7646:
7640:
7621:
7615:
7588:
7585:Luria, A. R.
7579:
7571:
7567:
7551:
7547:
7542:
7515:
7490:
7486:Panksepp, J.
7481:
7473:
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7438:
7434:
7424:
7416:
7411:
7403:
7399:
7369:
7361:
7345:
7341:
7309:. Retrieved
7305:
7296:
7276:
7269:
7257:. Retrieved
7253:
7244:
7224:
7217:
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7190:
7170:
7163:
7143:
7136:
7116:
7109:
7097:. Retrieved
7093:
7084:
7072:. Retrieved
7067:
7031:
7024:
7012:. Retrieved
7008:
6999:
6987:. Retrieved
6975:
6965:
6953:. Retrieved
6949:
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6855:
6845:
6833:. Retrieved
6829:
6820:
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6783:
6772:
6760:. Retrieved
6748:
6738:
6726:. Retrieved
6722:the original
6712:
6700:. Retrieved
6696:
6687:
6675:. Retrieved
6671:
6662:
6650:|title=
6629:. Retrieved
6622:
6617:
6605:. Retrieved
6601:
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6524:. Retrieved
6520:
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6489:
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5871:. Retrieved
5852:
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5817:
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5758:
5732:
5724:
5706:
5686:. Retrieved
5682:
5673:
5663:20 September
5661:. Retrieved
5652:
5643:
5624:
5616:
5611:
5591:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5549:
5544:
5528:
5520:
5508:. Retrieved
5478:
5474:
5424:
5393:
5381:. Retrieved
5367:
5330:
5326:
5299:"Psychology"
5293:
5273:
5265:
5258:. Retrieved
5233:
5229:
5219:
5202:
5196:
5180:
5174:
5159:automaticity
5151:Cognitivists
5139:behaviorists
5126:
5117:
5101:
5095:
5083:. Retrieved
5078:
5075:"psychology"
5069:
5057:
5043:
5022:Harry Harlow
5019:
5015:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4950:
4939:
4914:
4901:
4898:STRANGE bias
4888:
4875:
4872:
4837:
4822:
4803:null results
4791:
4767:
4741:
4717:
4700:
4686:Jane Goodall
4683:
4676:
4651:
4647:
4623:Sociobiology
4615:
4607:
4562:
4555:Graph theory
4532:
4513:
4498:
4452:
4448:
4429:
4411:
4408:Video recall
4388:
4376:
4360:
4319:
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4223:
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4197:
4148:
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4109:
4069:mind control
4057:
4042:
4033:
4022:
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4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3962:
3949:
3914:
3912:
3900:
3891:
3885:
3877:
3872:
3865:Albert Ellis
3850:
3831:
3819:
3780:
3775:Buck v. Bell
3773:
3767:
3753:created the
3743:
3726:feebleminded
3725:
3721:
3711:
3700:Alfred Binet
3685:
3682:
3671:
3642:
3621:Applications
3611:Huntington's
3585:
3577:twin studies
3573:
3557:
3542:
3534:
3505:
3495:
3491:
3472:
3466:
3459:drive theory
3452:
3448:
3445:
3427:Ellen Langer
3407:automaticity
3404:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3365:Pierre Janet
3358:
3338:
3300:
3284:extraversion
3262:-normality.
3260:psychoticism
3248:Hans Eysenck
3232:
3209:
3203:
3202:doctrine of
3195:
3190:, a type of
3173:
3164:George Kelly
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3113:
3106:
3072:
3033:Oliver Sacks
3013:Hans Eysenck
3010:
2970:Karen Horney
2958:Erik Erikson
2950:Alfred Adler
2947:
2919:
2906:Ernest Jones
2864:sociologists
2817:
2792:
2784:Albert Ellis
2777:
2762:
2743:
2732:
2720:
2708:cognitivists
2694:, including
2689:
2685:
2662:
2661:
2638:
2637:
2592:
2568:Noam Chomsky
2566:
2562:B.F. Skinner
2535:
2531:Karl Lashley
2500:
2492:
2437:
2433:drapetomania
2431:
2424:
2411:evolutionary
2405:
2385:
2365:Phineas Gage
2353:
2317:
2308:self-reports
2297:
2292:
2277:
2268:
2261:
2249:54 divisions
2245:
2240:
2230:
2218:Pierre Bovet
2211:
2202:Institutions
2186:
2182:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2159:Kristin Neff
2156:
2151:
2141:
2120:
2114:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2046:
2018:neuroscience
2007:
1935:
1918:play therapy
1902:Karen Horney
1883:
1879:menstruation
1875:Hollingworth
1862:menstruation
1858:Hollingworth
1842:menstruation
1836:
1801:
1776:
1766:
1752:. After the
1726:
1706:Lev Vygotsky
1693:Lev Vygotsky
1677:
1672:
1666:
1649:
1645:Gemeinschaft
1643:
1637:
1601:Nazi Germany
1598:
1558:
1549:Pioneer Fund
1518:
1497:
1495:
1479:physiologist
1460:
1445:
1415:
1361:
1326:
1315:
1302:
1280:
1267:research in
1251:Philosopher
1250:
1157:
1155:
1147:anthropology
1138:
1137:in 1732 and
1134:
1120:
1110:philosopher
1081:
1071:
1055:Qing dynasty
1044:
1030:
991:
953:behaviorists
948:
942:
937:
932:, the first
927:
923:
921:
912:
904:
900:
894:
893:in his book
877:psychiologia
876:
867:
862:
853:
846:
844:
802:
738:intelligence
719:
695:psychologist
692:
688:neuroscience
643:
642:
501:Intelligence
232:Quantitative
197:Mathematical
192:Intelligence
182:Experimental
177:Evolutionary
167:Differential
47:
36:
16936:Definitions
16866:Wikiversity
16757:Social work
16645:Linguistics
16570:Criminology
16487:criminology
16470:personality
16428:comparative
16406:Linguistics
16399:private law
16256:archaeology
16089:Disciplines
16062:Susan Fiske
15952:Roger Brown
15852:Carl Rogers
15837:Jean Piaget
15802:Ivan Pavlov
15658:Observation
15638:Experiments
15585:Suicidology
15480:Educational
15435:Anomalistic
15406:Theoretical
15381:Personality
15311:Comparative
15294:Cognitivism
15285:Behaviorism
15147:‹ The
14189:(2): 70–9.
13692:19 December
13625:19 December
13464:: 105–119.
13300:19 December
13083:28 December
12966:: 153–158.
12828:19 December
12792:19 December
12759:19 December
12407:(1): 8–12.
11617:, 363–369.
11057:McGraw-Hill
10414:, 137–150.
9921:(1): 7–24.
9710:, 446–454.
9681:, 204–212.
9140:web version
8500:10 December
8409:23 February
8270:McGraw Hill
8143:. Apa.org.
7415:T.S. Kuhn,
7306:www.apa.org
7254:www.apa.org
7009:www.apa.org
6830:www.apa.org
6623:www.apa.org
5383:10 December
5333:: 1174115.
4930:reparenting
4834:effect size
4829:Jacob Cohen
4758:Replication
4752:geosciences
4720:metascience
4714:Metascience
4673:Erich Fromm
4669:hermeneutic
4657:ethnography
4627:E.O. Wilson
4598:hippocampus
4505:Hans Berger
4355:confederate
4307:measurement
4170:job control
3953:Jean Piaget
3792:reliability
3678:physiognomy
3564:environment
3538:Jean Piaget
3502:homeostasis
3474:death drive
3402:threshold.
3342:C.S. Peirce
3292:neuroticism
3256:neuroticism
3223:Personality
3208:or Freud's
3200:Nietzschean
3188:logotherapy
3098:Carl Rogers
3021:falsifiable
3017:Karl Popper
2978:John Bowlby
2974:Erich Fromm
2892:Front row:
2860:mediational
2844:stereotypes
2754:cybernetics
2513:initiated "
2507:Ivan Pavlov
2452:Behaviorism
2446:Behaviorist
2321:patriarchal
2304:Thomas Kuhn
2098:countries.
1995:segregation
1979:self-esteem
1946:John Bowlby
1932:1950 - 1999
1844:, impacted
1798:1900 - 1949
1750:behaviorism
1482:Ivan Pavlov
1438:Harvey Carr
1353:Fritz Perls
1345:Kurt Koffka
1235:to measure
1229:Ivan Pavlov
1218: 1880
1022:Hippocrates
911:in 1694 in
754:personality
660:unconscious
543:Disciplines
416:Suicidology
311:Educational
266:Anomalistic
242:Theoretical
217:Personality
147:Comparative
130:Cognitivism
121:Behaviorism
18:Psychologic
17074:Psychology
17068:Categories
16987:Quotations
16914:Psychology
16906:Philosophy
16894:Psychology
16811:Humanities
16745:historical
16678:psychology
16650:Management
16492:demography
16450:Psychology
16433:philosophy
16394:public law
16325:integrated
16152:Wikisource
15997:Paul Ekman
15832:Kurt Lewin
15726:Competence
15648:Interviews
15628:Case study
15505:Humanistic
15485:Ergonomics
15470:Counseling
15445:Assessment
15427:psychology
15376:Perception
15336:Ecological
15252:psychology
15230:Philosophy
15214:Psychology
15164:Psychology
15141:Psychology
15106:Psychology
14627:Volume 8:
14613:Volume 4:
14599:Volume 3:
14585:Volume 2:
14571:Volume 1:
13420:3 November
13405:(Report).
13225:Free Press
12906:9 February
11028:Psychology
10881:1134705697
10783:25 October
10722:25 October
10257:18 January
9629:15 October
9303:17 October
8249:22 January
7961:(1): 1–9.
7094:Tara Brach
5049:References
5041:his work.
4926:rebirthing
4855:See also:
4844:WEIRD bias
4661:case study
4604:and memory
4576:modeling.
4574:stochastic
4549:See also:
4509:delta wave
4396:hypotheses
4334:Experiment
4315:constructs
4205:well-being
4091:See also:
3980:See also:
3869:Aaron Beck
3814:See also:
3708:mental age
3651:See also:
3588:microarray
3568:depression
3510:Baumeister
3483:Clark Hull
3449:motivation
3442:Motivation
3436:Motivation
3411:John Bargh
3400:subjective
3398:but not a
3333:See also:
3184:internment
2982:Anna Freud
2935:repression
2858:measures,
2836:persuasion
2832:conformity
2812:See also:
2741:behavior.
2696:perception
2553:punishment
2468:Skinner's
2377:Paul Broca
2332:Biological
2274:Boundaries
2206:See also:
2191:postpartum
2133:depression
2095:Tara Brach
1999:self-image
1987:doll tests
1890:Anna Freud
1804:Anna Freud
1710:A.R. Luria
1684:Bolsheviks
1678:After the
1621:Nazi Party
1607:'s cousin
1535:, via the
1525:Army Alpha
1434:John Dewey
1404:eugenicist
1182:phrenology
1086:and other
1083:Upanishads
998:depression
996:mentioned
949:psychology
905:psychology
863:psychology
848:psychology
833:, and the
825:, health,
794:counseling
746:motivation
722:perception
699:behavioral
644:Psychology
471:Competence
336:Humanistic
316:Ergonomics
301:Counseling
276:Assessment
212:Perception
172:Ecological
48:Psychology
17038:Resources
17021:Textbooks
16689:Planning
16668:economics
16585:Education
16482:Sociology
16460:cognitive
16411:semiotics
16362:political
16320:technical
16305:Geography
16278:Economics
16172:Wikibooks
16162:Wikiquote
16032:Ed Diener
15817:Carl Jung
15721:Cognition
15550:Political
15460:Community
15290:Cognitive
15005:220686434
14400:), 2012.
14191:CiteSeerX
14095:0027-8424
14046:159028411
13956:6 January
13943:220918842
13761:240061030
13735:1545-7885
13372:: 75–86.
13370:Routledge
13337:145571836
13217:(2009) .
12893:218065162
12550:1664-1078
12478:1476-4687
12429:143182733
12421:1948-5506
12374:1556-5068
11860:CiteSeerX
11771:143736805
11572:, 65-78.
11527:1939-1307
11413:1076-2752
11270:Guthrie,
10687:CiteSeerX
10585:142840311
10343:1935-990X
10228:Guthrie,
10201:620302854
9811:205349969
9753:1939-0599
9665:0012-1649
9539:CiteSeerX
9381:CiteSeerX
9328:CiteSeerX
9059:CiteSeerX
9047:; and in
8151:13 August
8105:Routledge
7963:CiteSeerX
7880:, 26–58.
7811:CiteSeerX
7735:Guthrie,
7722:Guthrie,
7705:Guthrie,
7534:209833302
6984:0362-4331
6923:1935-990X
6909:(1): 77.
6884:142246296
6876:0959-3535
6812:145668721
6804:1089-2680
6757:0362-4331
6602:Talkspace
6583:144414476
6567:0002-9602
6190:Guthrie,
5779:1745-6916
5250:0022-3891
5203:About APA
4922:body work
4840:-values.
4611:variables
4462:abduction
4417:attitudes
4003:; later,
3925:Education
3615:polygenic
3409:model of
3396:objective
3178:survivor
3176:Holocaust
3169:authentic
3152:Rollo May
3125:effects.
3078:free will
2954:Carl Jung
2931:sexuality
2898:Carl Jung
2840:attitudes
2820:behaviors
2700:attention
2605:Cognitive
2519:mentalism
2312:objective
2284:hypnotism
2212:In 1920,
2154:in 2003.
1950:fieldwork
1912:impacted
1906:womb envy
1866:menstrual
1697:free love
1529:Army Beta
1514:Esperanto
1257:chemistry
1241:preserved
1141:in 1734.
1104:Theosophy
1037:Confucius
1010:Aristotle
943:In 1890,
845:The word
831:education
821:, aging,
786:variables
776:to infer
730:attention
726:cognition
656:conscious
466:Cognition
381:Political
291:Community
126:Cognitive
76:Subfields
16830:Category
16698:regional
16693:land use
16528:business
16497:internet
16455:abnormal
16357:military
16347:economic
16337:cultural
16310:physical
16271:physical
16261:cultural
16167:Wikinews
16124:Timeline
15746:Feelings
15741:Emotions
15701:Behavior
15692:Concepts
15570:Religion
15555:Positive
15545:Pastoral
15530:Military
15495:Forensic
15490:Feminist
15475:Critical
15465:Consumer
15455:Coaching
15450:Clinical
15425:Applied
15321:Cultural
15260:Abnormal
15149:template
14358:50763066
14260:Archived
14240:Archived
14215:Archived
14137:22 March
14113:30397114
13947:Archived
13935:20550733
13883:21072349
13875:18855491
13829:Archived
13753:31042704
13686:Archived
13677:Observer
13649:Archived
13619:Archived
13583:Archived
13579:31938129
13571:26173241
13529:22006061
13480:26162104
13446:(2008).
13411:Archived
13386:17067829
13294:Archived
13251:(2006).
13193:Archived
13189:31772509
13136:29541051
13077:Archived
13065:27955715
13026:21890791
12924:(2011).
12897:Archived
12885:26315443
12822:Archived
12786:Archived
12753:Archived
12728:20383332
12688:PLOS ONE
12628:10 April
12622:Archived
12568:28603511
12501:Archived
12338:Archived
12190:19232374
12141:14565940
12097:24 April
12087:12546790
12079:23469884
12038:24 April
12025:16021767
11910:Archived
11894:Archived
11890:18309531
11882:14049516
11833:20332509
11704:Archived
11657:Archived
11535:24885687
11421:16155472
11252:Archived
11229:Archived
11201:Archived
11166:Archived
11144:Archived
11104:Archived
11003:Archived
10999:16678444
10957:38816592
10949:17756742
10824:Archived
10713:Archived
10546:12832233
10419:Archived
10359:46817929
10351:29431456
10292:24 April
10286:Archived
10251:Archived
10151:25993607
10101:22777127
10052:22344220
10003:25056061
9945:22243964
9896:32602910
9803:25985137
9761:12760521
9692:Archived
9651:. 2019.
9623:Archived
9561:15250790
9474:Weiner,
9439:Weiner,
9403:26158665
9350:18408715
9297:Archived
9272:Archived
9261:PLoS One
9233:Archived
9143:Archived
9128:Archived
9029:Archived
8928:11863038
8876:15008650
8730:Archived
8403:Archived
8376:Archived
8243:Archived
8145:Archived
8119:Archived
8071:42496633
8063:18870876
8028:17310110
7928:18114690
7884:Archived
7833:17874899
7587:(1973).
7495:Archived
7488:(1998).
7466:Archived
7382:Archived
6931:26766770
6641:cite web
6436:Archived
6419:10122631
6356:Archived
6263:Archived
6210:Archived
5967:Archived
5947:Archived
5921:43657139
5867:Archived
5787:27217252
5688:15 March
5657:Archived
5632:Archived
5600:Archived
5583:16342608
5510:24 April
5501:Archived
5466:(1913).
5423:(1890).
5402:Archived
5377:Archived
5359:37255515
5350:10225565
5302:Archived
5282:Archived
5254:Archived
5208:Archived
5185:Archived
5153:explore
5106:Archived
4884:Altmaier
4684:Just as
4619:ethology
4592:used in
4384:validity
4124:(1954).
3796:validity
3722:imbecile
3387:explicit
3381:implicit
3378:between
3272:Big Five
3002:Lacanian
2916:in 1909.
2856:implicit
2828:feelings
2824:thoughts
2288:psychism
2255:and the
2157:In 2003
1832:neurosis
1778:jen-shih
1689:pedology
1642:and the
1471:reflexes
1357:reducing
1247:, Russia
1096:Buddhism
1074:Hinduism
1063:insomnia
1051:yin–yang
1041:Buddhism
1016:De Anima
955:such as
947:defined
888:Latinist
884:humanist
881:Croatian
790:clinical
684:emergent
668:feelings
664:thoughts
652:behavior
578:Timeline
491:Feelings
486:Emotions
446:Behavior
440:Concepts
401:Religion
386:Positive
376:Pastoral
361:Military
326:Forensic
321:Feminist
306:Critical
296:Consumer
286:Coaching
281:Clinical
157:Cultural
96:Abnormal
16880:Portals
16842:Commons
16673:history
16663:science
16598:studies
16332:History
16244:Primary
16230:History
16225:Outline
16099:Outline
15595:Traffic
15590:Systems
15525:Medical
15351:Gestalt
15225:History
15151:below (
14386:Sources
14104:6233089
14073:Bibcode
13835:10 June
13744:6513108
13592:21 July
13488:2112166
13199:21 July
13180:6879177
13159:Infancy
13127:5835722
13110:: 256.
13073:1872762
13017:3222234
12855:Science
12719:2850928
12696:Bibcode
12665:2282137
12589:173–174
12559:5445189
12534:: 862.
12456:Bibcode
12382:3060080
11824:2844940
11313:, 3–6.
11300:(2005).
11162:, 5–7.
11140:, 4–5.
11127:(2005).
11043:(2005).
10929:Science
10770:8561380
10709:9489268
10595:21 July
10142:4667957
10092:4110909
10043:3327879
9994:4112379
9973:Bibcode
9936:3257326
9887:7327545
9846:2861437
9581:(2008).
9430:(2005).
9411:9630921
9358:2652613
9201:5726030
9081:8151275
8821:7724687
8087:(2006).
8020:6029715
7985:6032570
7938:21 July
7364:(2006).
7311:4 March
7259:4 March
7099:4 March
7074:4 March
7014:6 March
6989:6 March
6955:6 March
6835:6 March
6762:6 March
6728:6 March
6702:6 March
6677:6 March
6631:6 March
6607:4 March
6575:2762962
6526:6 March
6501:4 March
6376:Cocks,
6334:Cocks,
6321:Cocks,
6308:Cocks,
6216:, p.143
6118:(2008).
6067:(2012).
6047:(2006).
6034:(2012).
6014:(2012).
5996:(2012).
5873:4 March
5833:(2012).
5820:(2012).
5795:6784135
5727:(2006).
5709:(2012).
5445:9557883
5279:bls.gov
5260:2 March
5085:23 June
4777:of the
4413:Surveys
4112:Kenneth
4065:MKULTRA
3489:model.
3374:priming
3123:placebo
3107:Later,
2545:operant
2527:phobias
2363:. From
2148:anxiety
2137:Bipolar
1828:therapy
1527:" and "
1269:Leipzig
1233:cannula
1170:Herbart
1059:Liu Zhi
975:History
917:Anatomy
734:emotion
676:natural
672:motives
553:Outline
426:Traffic
421:Systems
356:Medical
187:Gestalt
71:History
66:Outline
16533:public
16475:social
16367:social
16266:social
16129:Topics
15575:School
15500:Health
15401:Social
15304:Social
15250:Basic
15235:Portal
15168:Curlie
15154:Curlie
15103:about
15082:
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15028:
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13810:380942
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13655:20 May
13577:
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13527:
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12883:
12726:
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12507:24 May
12476:
12448:Nature
12427:
12419:
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12230:1 July
12188:
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12023:
11900:24 May
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9965:Nature
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8740:. p 2.
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4991:Humans
4983:, and
4979:, the
4975:, the
4936:Ethics
4867:, and
4730:, and
4663:, and
4557:, and
4514:Newer
4421:traits
4305:. The
4301:, and
4285:, the
4240:, and
4099:, and
3965:gifted
3955:, and
3713:idiots
3637:, and
3498:eating
3425:, and
3313:. The
3290:, and
3218:Themes
3096:, and
3035:, and
3004:, and
2996:, and
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2802:Social
2756:, and
2704:memory
2677:Purple
2667:Purple
2656:Purple
2650:Purple
2458:, and
2286:, and
2040:, and
1922:sexism
1775::
1773:pinyin
1765::
1763:pinyin
1682:, the
1673:Psyche
1611:, the
1436:, and
1398:, and
1343:, and
1245:Ryazan
1237:saliva
1008:, and
1002:Thales
938:psyche
934:letter
868:-logia
854:psyche
823:sports
810:school
778:causal
752:, and
670:, and
583:Topics
406:School
331:Health
237:Social
140:Social
17004:Texts
16953:Media
16703:urban
16507:urban
16502:rural
16352:human
16315:human
16235:Index
16076:Lists
15535:Music
15520:Media
15515:Legal
15366:Moral
15001:S2CID
14042:S2CID
13950:(PDF)
13939:S2CID
13901:(PDF)
13879:S2CID
13806:S2CID
13757:S2CID
13586:(PDF)
13575:S2CID
13547:(PDF)
13484:S2CID
13460:(3).
13414:(PDF)
13403:(PDF)
13382:S2CID
13368:(2).
13333:S2CID
13069:S2CID
12900:(PDF)
12889:S2CID
12851:(PDF)
12781:Slate
12682:'
12661:JSTOR
12425:S2CID
12197:(PDF)
12166:(PDF)
12148:(PDF)
12137:S2CID
12117:(PDF)
12083:S2CID
12032:(PDF)
12001:(PDF)
11886:S2CID
11767:S2CID
11441:, 7.
11239:2010.
11196:See "
11006:(PDF)
10995:S2CID
10975:(PDF)
10953:S2CID
10777:(PDF)
10746:(PDF)
10716:(PDF)
10675:(PDF)
10581:S2CID
10355:S2CID
9842:S2CID
9807:S2CID
9779:(PDF)
9407:S2CID
9354:S2CID
9197:S2CID
8423:See:
8067:S2CID
8024:S2CID
7924:S2CID
6880:S2CID
6808:S2CID
6579:S2CID
6571:JSTOR
5791:S2CID
5504:(PDF)
5471:(PDF)
4904:WEIRD
4876:WEIRD
4011:, or
3894:(see
3560:genes
3296:DSM-V
2680:Green
2674:Green
2640:Green
1629:Adler
1625:Freud
1166:Hegel
1088:Vedic
1033:Laozi
1006:Plato
875:form
873:Latin
835:media
529:Lists
366:Music
351:Media
346:Legal
202:Moral
17055:Data
16970:News
16771:List
15761:Mind
15080:ISBN
15053:ISBN
15026:ISBN
14991:ISBN
14964:ISBN
14937:ISBN
14910:ISBN
14883:ISBN
14856:ISBN
14829:ISBN
14802:ISBN
14775:ISBN
14748:ISBN
14721:ISBN
14694:ISBN
14667:ISBN
14633:ISBN
14619:ISBN
14605:ISBN
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14577:ISBN
14563:ISBN
14547:ISBN
14530:ISBN
14516:ISBN
14495:ISBN
14481:ISBN
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14447:ISBN
14433:ISBN
14416:ISBN
14402:ISBN
14354:OCLC
14344:ISBN
14223:2008
14162:ISBN
14139:2023
14109:PMID
14091:ISSN
14005:ISBN
13977:ISBN
13958:2022
13931:PMID
13871:PMID
13837:2021
13749:PMID
13731:ISSN
13694:2018
13657:2021
13627:2018
13594:2019
13567:PMID
13525:PMID
13476:PMID
13422:2020
13302:2018
13263:ISBN
13229:ISBN
13201:2019
13185:PMID
13132:PMID
13085:2018
13061:PMID
13022:PMID
12934:ISBN
12908:2019
12881:PMID
12830:2018
12794:2018
12761:2018
12724:PMID
12630:2011
12593:ISBN
12564:PMID
12546:ISSN
12509:2019
12474:ISSN
12417:ISSN
12378:SSRN
12370:ISSN
12317:ISBN
12297:ISBN
12232:2008
12186:PMID
12099:2015
12075:PMID
12040:2015
12021:PMID
11902:2010
11878:PMID
11829:PMID
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11531:PMID
11523:ISSN
11417:PMID
11409:ISSN
11082:ISBN
11061:ISBN
11014:2021
10945:PMID
10877:ISBN
10859:2008
10832:2021
10785:2017
10766:PMID
10724:2017
10705:PMID
10655:ISBN
10597:2019
10542:PMID
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10347:PMID
10339:ISSN
10294:2015
10259:2022
10197:OCLC
10187:ISBN
10147:PMID
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9305:2016
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8891:ISBN
8872:PMID
8839:ISBN
8817:PMID
8613:ISBN
8593:ISBN
8569:ISBN
8548:ISBN
8521:ISBN
8502:2011
8462:ISBN
8411:2017
8326:ISBN
8251:2021
8214:ISBN
8153:2014
8127:2021
8109:ISBN
8059:PMID
8016:PMID
7981:PMID
7940:2019
7829:PMID
7687:ISBN
7651:ISBN
7626:ISBN
7603:OCLC
7593:ISBN
7530:OCLC
7520:ISBN
7313:2024
7282:ISBN
7261:2024
7230:ISBN
7203:ISBN
7176:ISBN
7149:ISBN
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7101:2024
7076:2024
7037:ISBN
7016:2024
6991:2024
6980:ISSN
6957:2024
6927:PMID
6919:ISSN
6872:ISSN
6837:2024
6800:ISSN
6764:2024
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6730:2024
6704:2024
6679:2024
6654:help
6633:2024
6609:2024
6563:ISSN
6528:2024
6503:2024
6477:OCLC
6467:ISBN
6415:OCLC
6405:ISBN
6275:ISBN
6146:ISBN
5917:OCLC
5907:ISBN
5875:2022
5857:ISBN
5783:PMID
5775:ISSN
5738:ISBN
5690:2024
5665:2021
5579:PMID
5554:ISBN
5533:ISBN
5512:2015
5441:OCLC
5431:ISBN
5385:2011
5355:PMID
5262:2022
5246:ISSN
5145:and
5087:2024
4928:and
4817:and
4724:bias
4572:and
4522:and
4425:mood
4419:and
4309:and
4260:and
4114:and
3984:and
3976:Work
3933:and
3867:and
3794:and
3762:and
3724:and
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3454:will
3405:The
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3146:and
3128:The
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3055:and
2941:and
2882:and
2664:Blue
2653:Blue
2646:Blue
2629:The
2593:The
2551:and
2436:and
2371:and
2369:H.M.
2262:The
2231:The
2216:and
2142:Dr.
2101:Dr.
2093:Dr.
1993:and
1888:and
1639:Volk
1627:and
1576:and
1310:and
1296:and
1168:and
1100:Yoga
1035:and
886:and
859:soul
792:and
780:and
713:and
678:and
658:and
650:and
648:mind
506:Mind
16374:Law
15166:at
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15045:doi
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12968:doi
12871:hdl
12863:doi
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