887:. A social understanding has risen among the Polish population that led to abandoning the class differences in order to defend national existence - the rich helped the poor to perform better in economy and were supported by the clergy in their actions. Rich nobility often sold their artistic heritage to invest in banking and financial enterprises, or to buy more land for Poles. This was viewed as moral and ethical behavior among the Polish population. Some Polish nationalists accused the Settlement Commission of being run by Germans and Jews, and distributed a leaflet in 1912 that warned "any Pole who buys from Jews and Germans undermines the existence of the Catholic Church and the Fatherland." Local newspapers attempted to intimidate residents who purchased goods from German and Jewish merchants by publishing their names in the paper and accusing them of "betray...their country."
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only 11.1 per cent of the population was ethnically German. After 1832 Poles could no longer hold high posts at the local administrative level (landrat). At the same time the
Prussian government and Prussian King pursued Germanization of the administrative and judicial systems, while local officials enforced Germanization of the educational system and tried to eradicate the economic position of Polish nobility. The provincial parliament issued calls to ensure the right of use of the Polish language and called for the creation of Polish educational institutions as well as autonomy, but those requests were rejected by the Prussian state. In 1847, two hundred fifty seven Polish activists were imprisoned upon charges of conspiracy and eight of them were sentenced to death, the
328:) in 1793 and 1815. The Polish language was abolished as an official language and the German language was introduced. Frederick the Great hoped to replace Poles with Germans, placing Germans in most of the administration as well. Poles were portrayed as "backward Slavs" by Prussian officials who acted to spread the German language and culture. The lands of Polish nobility were confiscated and given to German nobles. The Prussian hold on Polish areas was somewhat weakened after 1807 when parts of its partition were restored to the
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408:) took place, in which parts of the population of the eastern provinces migrated to western, more prosperous territories. The German government was concerned that Ostflucht would lower the percentage of Germans in the eastern regions. This event was used as pretext and justification presented to the international community for actions aiming at Germanisation of those provinces. In reality both Poles, Jews and Germans moved to richer western German provinces.
348:, however, stopped their execution. The Frankfurt Parliament showed that the German delegates refused to accept the rights of non-German peoples and, while the Prussian government declared itself ready to discuss Polish concerns, it soon ordered the Prussian military to crush the freedom movement of Polish activists and peasants. Afterwards, the victorious Prussian government retreated from its earlier declarations of autonomy in the Greater Poland region.
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all the land purchased remained in the hands of the
Germans within the new borders of Germany. The Germanisation policies resulted in strong measures against the German settlers by the Polish state after World War I. The Polish state refused to recognize the ownership rights of most of the German settlers, about half of whom fled or were driven out of Poland. These actions of the Polish state were condemned by the
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and cultural resistance among the Poles in
Pomerania, Masuria and Silesia. For the Settlement Commission, these countermeasures led to a decreasing availability of purchasable Polish-owned land, in 1895 and all years following 1898, the vast majority of estates was purchased from Germans instead of Poles, and since 1902, the commission was able to acquire land from Poles "only rarely and only through a middleman".
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The German settlements were to be always concentrated to provide a "barrier" to
Polishness. While the Commission bought mostly German land, this was not interfering with the goal of increase of German presence, and buying a large tract of land from a single German owner to distribute it among many German colonists was perceived as beneficial to the goal. Of the colonists, 96.9% were
213:(Vereinsbank der Erwerbsgenossenschaften) and local land acquisition cooperatives (spółki ziemskie) which collected private funds and succeeded to buy more latifundia from defaulted owners and settle more ethnically Polish Germans as farmers on the parcelled land than their governmentally funded counter-party. A big success of the Prussian activists for the Polish nation.
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activities had a countereffect in Poles using what has been termed "defensive nationalism", unifying "Polish nationalism, Catholicism and cultural resistance" and triggered countermeasures by the Polish minority. Efforts of new private initiatives by the minority, but actually a majority in wide parts of Posen and West
Prussia province, who founded the Prussian banks
421:) was to achieve the elimination of a Polish national identity. Polish landowners were regarded by Bismarck as the principal agitators for Polish nationalism, purchasing their estates and parceling them out to Germans in family-sized farms was intended to both disestablish this group and significantly increase the numbers of Germans in these areas.
1414:"He has taught that it is the duty of Germany to use all the power of the State for crushing and destroying the Polish language and nationality; the Poles in Prussia are to become Prussian, as those in Russia have to become Russian. A hundred years ago the Polish State was destroyed; now the language and the nation must cease to exist."
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those (11,152 ha) from Poles for 16,6 million marks and the other 357 (19,282 ha) from
Germans for 27,9 million marks. Of the total of 955 million marks spent, about half (488 million marks) was spent for the actual land purchase, while the rest was spent for administration, parcellisation, infrastructure etc.
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in 1896. From 1890 till 1912 Polish enterprises, banks and associations grew in number and strength providing Poles with defence against the
Germanisation of their land. The efforts to Germanise the region in fact strengthened the Polish nationalist movement and united Polish nationalism, Catholicism
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Throughout its 32 years of existence the commission was able to buy 8% of the total land in Posen and West
Prussia. Altogether, about 22,000 families were settled, bringing the number of German colonists to 154,000. 5,400 families were German arrivals taken from other parts of the partitioned Poland,
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population in the
Province of Posen (Poznań) made up for nearly 60% (1,049,000 Poles vs 702,000 Germans in 1890), and in West Prussia for one third of the population (484,000 Poles vs 949,000 Germans in 1890). By 1885, Prussia still faced difficulties digesting her "Polish provinces", and the "Polish
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proposed expelling Poles from eastern territories of
Germany. With the coming of the war, those ideas begun to take real and determined form in the shape of plans to be realised after German victory and as consequence hegemony of Central and Eastern Europe. The idea of extraordinary measures was the
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By 1913, the SC had bought up about 5.4% of the land in West Prussia and 10.4% in Posen. By then, 450 new villages were founded, a total area of 438,560 ha was purchased, of which 124,903 ha were purchased from Poles. In 1914, Germans owned 59% of land in Province of Posen, while making up for about
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However, in practice, the right to use Polish in courts and institutions was respected only until 1830. While the Poles constituted the majority of population in the area, they held only 4 out of 21 official posts of high level. Despite the colonizing actions between 1793 and 1806, in 1815 in Poznań
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Overall, the commission bought 828 estates (430,450 ha) for 443 million marks, 214 of those (115,525 ha) from Poles for 96,4 million marks, and the other 614 (314,926 ha) from Germans for 346,7 million marks. Further the commission bought 631 peasant farms (30,434 ha) for 44,5 million marks, 274 of
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that "where the German plough will plow, there German fatherland will arise". The settlement was to isolate Polish settlements in German inhabited areas by surrounding them with German settlements and spread German ones into Polish dominated areas to isolate specified Polish villages from the rest.
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was established, new governmental Polish measures climaxed in the expropriation of Commission-owned lands and reversing Germanization. Some of the former colonists, then as ethnically German Poles part of the German minority in Poland, were active in a Nazi campaign of genocide against Poles during
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The Settlement Commission's goal to Germanise Polish territories failed and with the fall of German Empire in 1918 (at the end of World War I), the Commission ceased to function by 1924. In 1919 its headquarters were taken over by Polish state as well as most of its territory. 3.9% (18,200 ha.) of
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One of the chief aims of the commission was to stop the restoration of Polish population in Germanised territories of Greater Poland which was restoring its numbers after drastic fall during initial Prussian takeover. While the Commission never fully realised its goals, it managed to weaken Polish
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Due to operations of the commission the price of land in Polish territories rose in response. The economical attempt to Germanise those areas failed and with the beginning of World War I, German authorities and leading members of Commission started to look for new ways to secure German foothold on
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and wanted Polish nation to disappear in private going as far as expressing his wish to exterminate Poles. As a result, the Polish population faced economic, religious and political discrimination the Germanisation of their territories was promoted. In some places where Poles and Germans lived, it
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as part of his larger efforts aiming at the end of Poles in Germany (especially as a distinctive, recognised and self-recognising group inhabiting a contiguous arena), the Germanisation of greater territories, in particular those under German rule and strengthening of and ascendancy of “Germandom”
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It has been estimated that during his reign 300,000 individuals settled in Prussia.... While the commission for colonization established in the Bismarck era could in the course of two decades bring no more than 11,957 families to the eastern territories, Frederick settled a total of 57,475.... It
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1908: The Prussian diet passed a law permitting the forcible expropriation of Polish landowners by the Settlement Commission. In 1912, four Polish large estates of 1,656 ha were expropriated. The law faced criticism from international community and liberals concerned about the free market rights.
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sought to restrict Poles from acquiring land, if this would interfere with the goals of the commission. Any new settlement required a building permit, even if it were only for renovation of an existing building to make it habitable. Local officials routinely denied these permits to Poles. The law
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from ethnic German owners and 214 from ethnic Poles, functioning to more often bail out German debtors rather than fulfilling its declared national mission. By the end of its existence, a total of 21,886 German families (154,704 persons) out of a planned 40,000 had been settled. The commission's
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Prussian policies of settlement and forced assimilation were an influence for German Nazi thinkers during their war in the East. Their plans were a renovation of the idea, this time however rather than colonize just the land purchased by Prussian Settlement Commission, Poles would be ethnically
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as the Prussian authorities believed that ‘the true German is a Protestant". The whole practice was new and unheard in Europe. Besides Ostflucht, the German government justified its action to the international community by labeling Poles as internal enemies of the state. Those attempts did not
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region (Province of Posen) and feeling of Polish national unity. Thus, faced with the inability to Germanise the Polish provinces by economic means led the German leaders and thinkers to consider pursuing extraordinary means. Catherine Epstein named Polish resistance to German methods as
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cleansed and murdered, and German colonists would occupy their place. The Nazis planned also to form a Reich Settlement Commission to coordinate all internal colonization within German Reich, which was to be based on Prussian Settlement Commission. The plan was laid out by Nazi official
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result of the failed economic attempt to Germanise Polish provinces. Heads of the Settlement Commission were among the architects and supporters of those plans. The president of the Settlement Commission, Gense, was one of the chief supporters and planners of the so-called "
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The creation of the Commission stimulated Poles to take countermeasures, that gradually turned into a competition of the Polish minority against the German state with Poles running their own settlement banks and settlement societies, resulting in a "battle for soil"
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marked a period, when the Prussian government attempted to Germanise the Poles through language, schooling, and religious restrictions. Later, the increase in the sheer numbers of Poles led the government to a direct anti-Polish demographic policy. The
1315:"In fact from Hitler to Hans we find frequent references to Jews as Indians. This, too, was a long standing trope. It can be traced back to Frederick the Great, who likened the 'slovenly Polish trash' in newly reconquered West Prussia to Iroquois".
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the commission was only a part of the German efforts to eradicate Poles from territories conquered by Prussia from Poland;in addition to 154,000 colonists, Germany also settled 378,000 German military personnel and officials in Polish territories.
259:). The majority of Polish sources translate the title as Colonization Commission rather than Settlement Commission, which is more politically charged. The issue of translation is also connected to the fact that in 1904 the legal difference between
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increased the German character of the population in the monarchy's provinces to a very significant degree.... in West Prussia where he wished to drive out the Polish nobility and bring as many of their large estates as possible into German hands.
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From 26 April 1886 until 1 January 1901, the Settlement Commission purchased 147,475 ha (3.64% of the Province of Posen and 1.65% of West Prussia), and settled 4,277 families (about 30,000 persons). A publication from German Empire named
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The goals of the commission were the financial weakening of Polish landowners, and ensuring Germanisation of Polish cities as well as rural areas. The destruction of Polish landownership combined with the fight against the Polish clergy
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916:, which would then become Germanised. The Poles remaining in Germany who would refuse to become Germanised were to be "encouraged" to move to a planned German-run Polish puppet state established from the remains of Congress Poland.
944:" By 1918, the total ethnic Polish population was greater than when the commission began operations. Between 1918 and 1939, the German population in these areas declined by another 70%, and the land owned by Germans by 45%.
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While the commission planned to settle up to 40,000 families in Posen and West Prussia, it only managed to settle a total of 21,866 families until 1914, bringing the number of German colonists to 154,000.
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By 1914 the overall funding for the commission was 955 million marks. Additional funds were awarded to assistance projects such crediting bankrupt German estates (125 million marks in 1908).
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Ethno-nationality, Property Rights in Land and Territorial Sovereignty in Prussian Poland, 1886-1918: Buying the land from under the Poles' feet?" by Scott M. Eddie University of Toronto
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Additionally, the Austrian State Council, upon the request of the Poles, who enjoyed considerable autonomy and influence in Austro-Hungary, condemned the actions of German government.
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Prior to the Prussian Settlement Commission (established in 1886) the Kingdom of Prussia had made a number of attempts to settle ethnic Germans in regions inhabited by ethnic Poles.
336:, when Prussia tried to obtain the Duchy of Warsaw or at least its western provinces. In 1815 the Prussian king made several guarantees in his speech to Poles in the newly formed
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Scott M. Eddie citing Grzesś 1979:202, "Ethno-nationality and property rights in land in Prussian Poland, 1886-1918, Buying the land from under the Poles' feet?" in S. Engerman,
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1427:"If we want to exist, we have to exterminate them; the wolf can also not help if he was created by God and nevertheless he is being shot whenever one sees the opportunity"
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1932:: German resettlement and population policy, 1939-1945: a history of the Reich Commission for the Strengthening of Germandom, page 43, Harvard University Press
1237:- page 81 International Institute of Agriculture, International Institute of Agriculture Bureau of Economic and Social Intelligence, Social Intelligence - 1917
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1913: To prevent Poles redistributing their land to other Poles, a law was passed that forbade the dividing of private land without the agreement of the state.
827:, more than one newspaper in Europe wrote that Prussia was becoming a police state. In part due to those protests, the law's execution was delayed until 1914.
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332:. The power status of Prussia was dependent on hindering any form of Polish statehood and it didn't support Polish attempts at restoration of Poland during
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Scott M. Eddie, "Ethno-nationality and property rights in land in Prussian Poland, 1886-1918, Buying the land from under the Poles' feet?" in S. Engerman,
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To Germanise the region predominantly German military units were sent and later included in the region's population figures. Germans from West Prussia and
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claimed that in 1905-1906 that only 2,715 families were not native to these provinces. After this, the original budget of 100,000,000 marks was exhausted.
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Szymon Datner, 55 dni Wehrmachtu w Polsce. Zbrodnie dokonane na polskiej ludności cywilnej w okresie 1. IX. -25. X. 1939 r. (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo MON, 1967
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1896: Land acquired from the commission could be sold freely only to the settler's next of kin: the commission's approval was required for any other sale.
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912:" that envisioned expelling circa 2 million non-Germans (chiefly Poles and Jews) from 30,000 square kilometers of the would-be annexed territories from
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German craftsmen in Polish territories received the best locations in cities from authorities so that they could start their own business and prosper.
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Tax incentives and beneficial financial arrangements were proposed to German officials and clerks if they would settle in Polish inhabited provinces.
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1475:"Pokwitowanie dotyczące zakupu wozu mieszkalnego dla Michała Drzymały z 1908 roku - Katalog Skarbów - Skarby Dziedzictwa Narodowego - Polska.pl"
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t. 4 Polska w czasach walk o niepodległość (1815-1864). Od niewoli do niepodległości (1864–1918) Marian Zagórniak, Józef Buszko 2003 page 186
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Of those settled until the end of 1906, a quarter originated in Posen and West Prussia, another quarter in the neighboring provinces of
362:, who treated Poles with contempt and called them 'slovenly Polish trash', settled around 300,000 colonists in the eastern provinces of
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As a result, the German initiative created the very thing it tried to eliminate in the first place, a Polish national awakening in the
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German Colonialism: Race, the Holocaust, and Postwar Germany Volker Langbehn, Mohammad Salama page 60 Columbia University Press 2011
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government commission that operated between 1886 and 1924, but actively only until 1918. It was first up on the initiative of
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Alabama in Africa:Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South Andrew Zimmerman, page 100
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was below 1%, however in the years 1902–1906, locals only made up for 17% and Germans from Russia for 29% of the settlers.
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As the economic approach showed to be a failure, various laws were enacted to promote the Settlement Commission's aims.
340:(created out of territories of Duchy of Warsaw) in regards to rights of the Polish language and cultural institutions.
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Germany and Poland: from war to peaceful relations, Władysław Wszebór Kulski, page 24, Syracuse University Press, 1976
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Gesamtausgabe: Innere Kolonisation in Preussen; soziologische Studien und Kritiken erste Sammlung; Schriften 1923
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Gesamtausgabe: Innere Kolonisation in Preussen; soziologische Studien und Kritiken erste Sammlung; Schriften 1923
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Soldiers received orders that banned them from buying in Polish shops and from Poles under the threat of arrest.
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and the dominant German culture (in particular German Protestant culture) especially in the “East”, during the
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faced international criticism and opposition from liberal groups concerned about private property rights. The
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In 1871, the German Empire was founded with Prussia being the leading and dominating state. The advent of the
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that the position adopted by the Polish Government was not in conformity with its international obligations.
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achieve much success. Bismarck himself said that the Poles who find themselves without land should "move to
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Other notable names of Settlement Commission activists include Friedrich von Schwerin and industrialist
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region who took part in the settlement process declined over time, while the number of Germans from the
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1246:Życie gospodarczo-społeczne w Poznaniu, 1815-1918, Czesław Łuczak Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, page 283, 196
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Der polnische Grenzstreifen 1914-1918. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kriegszielpolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg
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Ethnic Germans were favoured in government contracts and only they won them, while Poles always lost.
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though it survived it, and the end of the Bismarck-era generalised anti-Catholic government policy.
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Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South
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influence. In Greater Poland the Polish share of the population didn't reach its pre-1815 levels:
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Nevertheless, this Polish success under difficult circumstances was little recognised, and after
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Numerous initiatives proved to be more elastic and efficient then the large centralised German
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Settlers of German Origin in Poland, Advisory Opinion, 1923 P.C.I.J. (ser. B) No. 6 (Sept. 10)
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strengthening Polish nationalism and notes the similarity of Commission actions to the Nazis.
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Selected Cliometric Studies on German Economic History: Edited by John Komlos and Scott Eddie
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Selected Cliometric Studies on German Economic History: Edited by John Komlos and Scott Eddie
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Localism, Landscape, and the Ambiguities of Place: German-speaking Central Europe, 1860–1930
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Martin Kitchen, A History of Modern Germany, 1800-2000 Blackwell Publishing 2006, page 130
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1511:"Lexikoneintrag zu »Ansiedelung«. Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, Band 1. Leipzig"
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and Bismarck viewed Poles as one of the chief threats to German power; as he declared
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region. 1894 saw Polish intellectuals in cooperation with Polish farmers founding
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Königlich Preußische Ansiedlungskommission in den Provinzen Westpreußen und Posen
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Even before the First World War some Germans like Hans Delbrück or Chancellor
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1184:"Rozwój polskiej bankowości w Poznaniu rozpoczął się w 2. połowie XIX wieku"
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Royal Prussian Settlement Commission in the Provinces West Prussia and Posen
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Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914
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and West Prussia constituted 48% of the settlers while the proportion of
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Ethnic Germans were also promoted in investment plans, supply contracts.
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Imperial Germany, 1871-1918: Economy, Society, Culture, and Politics
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Imperial Germany, 1871-1918: Economy, Society, Culture, And Politics
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Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, 6. Auflage 1905-1909, online at
1225:- page 478 Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki - 1996
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The SS: A History 1919-45 Robert Lewis Koehl Tempus, page 134, 2005
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German merchantmen were encouraged to settle in Polish territories.
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attempt aimed at Germanisation was pursued by Prussia after 1832.
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The Royal Commission of Colonization for West Prussia and Posnania
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Other measures in support of the Germanisation policy included:
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Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939
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Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939
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Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939
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David Blackbourn, James N. Retallack University of Toronto 2007
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Królewska Komisja Osadnicza dla Prus Zachodnich i Poznańskiego
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The commission was ideologically motivated by German racism.
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was created as response to this law. According to historian
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most pressing problems. The state itself was led by German
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Land rights, ethno-nationality and sovereignty in history
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Land Rights, Ethno-nationality and Sovereignty in History
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Land rights, ethno-nationality and sovereignty in history
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The Polish question is to us a question of life and death
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Brockhaus Kleines Konversations-Lexikon, 1911, online at
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Sprachliche Minderheiten im preußischen Staat 1815-1914.
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Sprachliche Minderheiten im preußischen Staat 1815-1914
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Leo Lucassen University of Illinois Press, 2005 page 60
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and aimed at a removal of the Polish nobility. Another
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Former seat of the Prussian Settlement Commission, now
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1287:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
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increased. In the first years (1886–90), locals from
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In the late 19th century, an east-to west migration (
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Earlier settlement attempts by the Kingdom of Prussia
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19th-century establishments in the Province of Posen
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Andrzej Chwalba - Historia Polski 1795-1918 page 461
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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503:Acquisitions of the Prussian Settlement Commission
1688:Page 224. Anna Radziwiłł and Wojciech Roszkowski.
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1416:Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire
153:to increase land ownership by ethnically German
1257:"Berli ski proces - WIEM, darmowa encyklopedia"
424:The focus on land ownership was motived by the
1593:Migration und Politik in der Weimarer Republik
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1235:International Review of Agricultural Economics
1891:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 240.
1747:. University of Michigan Press. p. 140.
1973:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 51.
1558:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 51.
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200:. The Commission ultimately purchased 613
1373:Engerman, Stanley; Metzer, Jacob (2004).
1284:Frederick the Great: A Historical Profile
1223:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945
1150:Bideleux, Robert; ´Jeffreys, Ian (2007).
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1946:John Komlos; Scott McNeil Eddie (1997).
1788:John Komlos; Scott McNeil Eddie (1997).
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980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
507:
486:
2065:
1966:
1886:
1553:
1458:
1277:
1039:
947:
161:, by economic and political means, in
1952:. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 156.
1792:. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 156.
1434:
1004:
1002:
1000:
275:
2078:Germany–Poland relations (1918–1939)
1733:
967:
450:The funding for the commission was:
188:of the historically Polish lands of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1379:. Taylor & Francis. p. 7.
923:who worked for and represented the
494:Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
13:
2123:Colonisation of Partitioned Poland
2073:Organizations of the German Empire
997:
898:
809:Prussian Administrative High Court
14:
2139:
1939:
1153:Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change
1135:1795-1918 pages 175-184, 461-463
589:Impact on the ethnic composition
373:
254:Prussian Colonization Commission
58:"Prussian Settlement Commission"
23:
1994:. Berghahn Books. p. 106.
1923:
1914:
1905:
1859:
1843:
1781:
1772:
1761:
1713:
1691:
1679:
1651:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1585:
1572:
1547:
1533:. Berghahn Books. p. 106.
1503:
1492:
1467:
1421:
1408:
1393:
1334:
1322:
1309:
1271:
1249:
1240:
1213:, Gershon Shafir page 159, 1996
401:was a virtual apartheid state.
211:Bank Związku Spółek Zarobkowych
34:needs additional citations for
1418:by James Wycliffe Headlam 1899
1228:
1216:
1204:
1195:
1177:
873:Spólka Rolników Indywidualnych
790:
123:Prussian Settlement Commission
1:
1988:Volker Rolf Berghahn (2005).
1192:, retrieved on 5 August 2021.
960:
270:
248:English translations include
2113:Settlement schemes in Europe
1477:. 2009-06-09. Archived from
759:
733:
714:
695:
664:
642:
623:
604:
7:
2009:
1822:. Oxford University Press.
1816:Epstein, Catherine (2010).
1529:Volker R. Berghahn (2005).
513:40% of population in 1890.
10:
2144:
1745:Comparing Jewish Societies
1156:. Routledge. p. 293.
930:
875:. Ignacy Sikorski founded
516:
445:
267:was abolished in Prussia.
125:, officially known as the
2021:Deutscher Ostmarkenverein
1850:Hostages of Modernization
1743:Todd M. Endelman (1997).
1580:Historia Polski 1795-1918
388:Question" was one of the
1967:Blanke, Richard (1993).
1887:Blanke, Richard (1993).
1554:Blanke, Richard (1993).
411:
308:) in 1772 and the later
165:'s eastern provinces of
1723:. Marburg 1998, S.17f.
243:
1329:Wielka historia Polski
940:, ruling out in 1923 "
858:Polish countermeasures
819:, a patriotic poem by
811:ended this legislation
688:Ethnic composition of
647:(including bilinguals)
542:Origin of the settlers
504:
466:1913 500 million marks
463:1908 150 million marks
460:1898 100 million marks
323:
315:
305:
297:
240:
222:Second Polish Republic
142:
134:
2128:Anti-Slavic sentiment
2049:52.40944°N 16.91917°E
1455:, Hamburg/Lübeck 1960
534:(Austrian province).
502:
231:
1429:The Immigrant Threat
1261:portalwiedzy.onet.pl
508:Acquisitions by 1913
487:Acquisitions by 1901
338:Grand Duchy of Posen
286:partitions of Poland
198:Grand Duchy of Posen
196:) and the dissolved
43:improve this article
2045: /
1657:Walter de Gruyter,
1629:Walter de Gruyter,
948:Influence on Nazism
910:Polish Border Strip
804:Prussian Government
560:Germans from Russia
360:Frederick the Great
324:Prowincja Poznańska
2093:Kingdom of Prussia
2083:Prussian Partition
2054:52.40944; 16.91917
1854:Herbert A. Strauss
1710:Marburg 1998, S.17
1705:2018-04-20 at the
1686:Historia 1789-1871
1578:Andrzej Chwalba -
905:Bernhard von Bülow
865:Kampf um den Boden
505:
474:Polish territory.
334:Congress of Vienna
282:Kingdom of Prussia
276:Kingdom of Prussia
241:
157:at the expense of
2108:Racism in Germany
2103:Politics and race
2088:History of Poznań
2001:978-1-84545-011-3
1959:978-3-515-06899-4
1898:978-0-8131-1803-1
1829:978-0-19-161384-5
1799:978-3-515-06899-4
1754:978-0-472-06592-9
1675:978-3-11-015847-2
1647:978-3-11-015847-2
1565:978-0-8131-1803-1
1540:978-1-84545-011-3
1386:978-0-203-07371-1
1163:978-0-415-36626-7
1025:978-0-691-12362-2
1010:Zimmerman, Andrew
955:Curt von Gottberg
877:Bank Parcelacyjny
780:
779:
683:
682:
454:1886 100 million
346:Spring of Nations
310:Province of Posen
234:Poznań University
151:Otto von Bismarck
119:
118:
111:
93:
2135:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
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2050:
2046:
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2042:
2041:
2038:
2026:Drzymała's wagon
2005:
1984:
1963:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1912:
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1903:
1902:
1884:
1875:
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1451:Imannuel Geiss,
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1347:
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1320:
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1268:
1263:. Archived from
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1006:
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921:Alfred Hugenberg
821:Maria Konopnicka
784:Władysław Kulski
716:total population
685:
684:
625:total population
597:
596:
326:
318:
159:Poles in Germany
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2143:
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1928:
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1762:
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1719:Leszek Belzyt:
1718:
1714:
1707:Wayback Machine
1697:Leszek Belzyt:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1656:
1652:
1628:
1624:
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1610:
1606:
1595:, p.142, 2005,
1591:Jochen Oltmer,
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1133:Historia Polski
1129:Andrzej Chwalba
1127:
1040:
1030:
1028:
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1007:
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993:
968:
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914:Congress Poland
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899:First World War
860:
825:Andrzej Chwalba
793:
763:
743:
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306:Prusy Zachodnie
278:
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238:Collegium Maius
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2018:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
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1985:
1979:
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1958:
1941:
1940:External links
1938:
1935:
1934:
1922:
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1904:
1897:
1876:
1871:2013-02-09 at
1858:
1856:, 1993 page 35
1842:
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1661:, 2006, p.19,
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1267:on 2007-04-28.
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892:Greater Poland
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556:Greater Poland
552:Russian Empire
548:Greater Poland
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530:province) and
528:Russian Empire
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225:World War II.
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2016:Anti-Polonism
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1993:
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1980:0-8131-3041-7
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1481:on 2009-06-09
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54:Find sources:
48:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2098:West Prussia
2030:
1990:
1969:
1948:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1888:
1861:
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1833:. Retrieved
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1479:the original
1469:
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1152:
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190:West Prussia
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167:West Prussia
126:
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79:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2052: /
885:bureaucracy
791:Legislation
738:(including
575:Brandenburg
435:Protestants
419:Kulturkampf
394:nationalism
380:Kulturkampf
298:Westpreußen
284:during the
220:, when the
218:World War I
176:Kulturkampf
2067:Categories
2040:16°55′09″E
2037:52°24′34″N
1819:Model Nazi
1485:2023-12-12
961:References
802:1904: The
740:Kashubians
638:2.099.831
271:Background
261:settlement
69:newspapers
761:% Germans
726:1.641.936
723:1.433.681
666:% Germans
635:1.751.642
632:1.467.604
571:Pomerania
406:Ostflucht
288:acquired
2010:See also
1869:Archived
1703:Archived
1582:page 461
1281:(1974).
1012:(2010).
927:family.
428:völkisch
426:German "
169:and the
147:Prussian
145:) was a
1835:6 March
1289:179–180
1189:POZnan*
1169:6 March
1031:6 March
931:Outcome
869:Galicia
735:% Poles
644:% Poles
629:776.000
583:Silesia
532:Galicia
517:Overall
446:Funding
440:Morocco
390:Reich's
364:Prussia
202:estates
163:Prussia
155:Germans
83:scholar
1998:
1977:
1956:
1895:
1852:, ed.
1826:
1796:
1751:
1727:
1673:
1665:
1645:
1637:
1599:
1562:
1537:
1383:
1295:
1186:, on:
1160:
1022:
773:65,6%*
770:66,2%*
679:38,5%
660:61,5%
579:Saxony
430:" idea
385:Polish
302:Polish
294:German
265:colony
139:Polish
131:German
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1930:RKFDV
925:Krupp
776:~65%
767:69,1%
755:~35%
752:34,4%
749:33,8%
746:30,9%
710:1910
676:39,9%
673:43,4%
657:60,1%
654:54,6%
619:1910
456:marks
412:Goals
171:Posen
90:JSTOR
76:books
1996:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1837:2012
1824:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1171:2012
1158:ISBN
1033:2012
1020:ISBN
817:Rota
707:1905
704:1890
701:1858
697:year
616:1890
613:1861
610:1815
606:year
581:and
280:The
263:and
244:Name
121:The
62:news
670:25%
651:73%
442:".
236:'s
45:by
2069::
1879:^
1808:^
1735:^
1669:,
1641:,
1519:^
1436:^
1351:^
1301:.
1291:.
1259:.
1140:^
1131:-
1041:^
999:^
969:^
764:*
729:?
577:,
573:,
569:,
320:,
304::
300:,
296::
252:,
209:,
141::
137:;
133::
2004:.
1983:.
1962:.
1901:.
1839:.
1802:.
1757:.
1568:.
1543:.
1513:.
1488:.
1389:.
1173:.
1035:.
863:(
742:)
720:?
526:(
417:(
312:(
292:(
129:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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