2150:
2393:
8389:
2522:
4226:'s population. The population grew rapidly from 45 million in 1880 to 56 million in 1900, thanks to declining mortality, even as birth rates declined. About 6 million Germans, primarily young families migrated to the United States, especially the mid-western farming regions. Their place in agriculture was often taken by young Polish farm workers. In addition, large numbers of Polish miners moved to Upper Silesia and many Germans and Poles moved to industrial jobs in the fast-growing cities especially in the Rhineland and Westphalia. In 1910, the population had increased to 40.17 million (62% of the Empire's population). In 1914, Prussia had an area of 354,490 km. In May 1939 Prussia had an area of 297,007 km and a population of 41,915,040 inhabitants.
1923:
3097:. But the empire itself had no right to collect taxes directly from its subjects; the only incomes fully under federal control were the customs duties, common excise duties, and the revenue from postal and telegraph services. While all men above age 25 were eligible to vote in imperial elections, Prussia retained its restrictive three-class voting system. This effectively required the king/emperor and prime minister/chancellor to seek majorities from legislatures elected by two different franchises. In both the kingdom and the empire, the original constituencies were never redrawn to reflect changes in population, meaning that rural areas were grossly overrepresented by the turn of the 20th century.
3885:
2745:
99:
3518:
4215:
2658:
2766:. Bismarck was determined to defeat both the liberals and conservatives and increase Prussian supremacy and influence among the German states. There has been much debate as to whether Bismarck actually planned to create a united Germany when he set out on this journey, or whether he simply took advantage of the circumstances that fell into place. Bismarck curried support from large sections of the people by promising to lead the fight for greater German unification. He successfully guided Prussia through three wars, which unified Germany and brought William the position of
4609:
8026:
3450:
3853:
3133:
999:
4646:). It pioneered the model of the research university with well-defined career tracks for professors. The United States, for example, paid close attention to German models. Families focused on educating their sons. The traditional schooling for girls was generally provided by mothers and governesses. Elite families increasingly favoured Catholic convent boarding schools for their daughters. Prussia's Kulturkampf laws in the 1870s limited Catholic schools thus providing an opening for a large number of new private schools for girls.
115:
3607:
4569:
3290:
305:
291:
277:
263:
249:
7711:
4588:
2268:
7176:
4982:
2192:
1306:
4177:
1301:
3440:
1704:
3871:
2966:
3999:
4660:
2736:, was appointed by the king. He retained full executive authority, and ministers were responsible only to him. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the Junkers, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. The constitution nevertheless contained a number of liberal elements such as the introduction of jury courts and a catalog of fundamental rights that included freedom of religion, speech and the press.
1696:
2829:
2479:
3058:
2880:. While Hanover hoped in vain for help from Britain (as they had previously been in personal union), Britain stayed out of a confrontation with a continental great power and Prussia satisfied its desire for merging the once separate territories and gaining strong economic and strategic power, particularly from the full access to the resources of the Ruhr.
1617:, the ancestral home of the Prussian ruling family. The land that the Teutonic Knights occupied was flat and covered with fertile soil. The area was perfectly suited to the large-scale raising of wheat. The rise of early Prussia was based on the raising and selling of wheat. Teutonic Prussia became known as the "bread basket of Western Europe" (in German,
2229:". The state of Brandenburg-Prussia became commonly known as "Prussia", although most of its territory, in Brandenburg, Pomerania, and western Germany, lay outside Prussia proper. The Prussian state grew in splendour during the reign of Frederick I, who sponsored the arts at the expense of the treasury.
4815:
also became the capital of the newly founded empire in 1871. The capital city resolution of 1991, which designated Berlin as the federal capital of the reunified
Germany, the "Berlin Republic", stands in this tradition. Several federal institutions use buildings from former Prussian institutions, for
2729:
whose votes were weighted according to the amount of taxes paid. In one typical election, the first class (with those who paid the most in taxes) included 4% of voters and the third class (with those who paid the least) had 82%, yet each group chose the same number of electors. The system but assured
2005:
of Poland. As a symbol of vassalage, Albert received a standard with the
Prussian coat of arms from the Polish king. The black Prussian eagle on the flag was augmented with a letter "S" (for Sigismundus) and had a crown placed around its neck as a symbol of submission to Poland. Albert I, a member of
4949:
The states on the former territory of the Free State of
Prussia are successor states to Prussia in legal terms, particularly in terms of constitutional and international law. North Rhine-Westphalia, the largest successor state to Prussia, maintains its Prussian history and remembrance culture in the
4641:
The German states in the 19th century were world leaders in prestigious education and
Prussia set the pace. For boys free public education was widely available, and the gymnasium system for elite students was highly professionalized. The modern university system emerged from the 19th century German
3164:
Prussia nationalised its railways in the 1880s in an effort both to lower rates on freight service and to equalise those rates among shippers. Instead of lowering rates as far as possible, the government ran the railways as a profit-making endeavour, and the railway profits became a major source of
3100:
As a result, Prussia and the German Empire were something of a paradox. Bismarck knew that his new German Empire was now a colossus and economically and militarily dominant in Europe; Britain was still dominant in finance, trade and at sea. He declared
Germany a "satisfied" power, using his talents
2946:
As a result of the peace negotiations, the states south of the Main remained theoretically independent, but received the (compulsory) protection of
Prussia. Additionally, mutual defence treaties were concluded. However, the existence of these treaties was kept secret until Bismarck made them public
4384:
Much of religious life was often conventional and superficial by any normal, human standard. The state and the bureaucracy kept their distance, preferring to spoon-feed the churches and treat them like children. They saw the churches as channels for education, as a means of instilling morality and
3509:
on 21 March 1933 in the presence of
President Paul von Hindenburg. In a propaganda-filled meeting between Hitler and the Nazi Party, the "marriage of old Prussia with young Germany" was celebrated, to win over the Prussian monarchists, conservatives and nationalists and induce them into supporting
3321:
The German government seriously considered breaking up
Prussia into smaller states, but eventually traditionalist sentiment prevailed and Prussia became by far the largest state of the Weimar Republic, comprising 60% of its territory. With the abolition of the older Prussian franchise, it became a
2345:
on 1 October 1756. In spite of some victories afterward, his situation became far less comfortable the following years, as he failed in his attempts to knock
Austria out of the war and was gradually reduced to a desperate defensive war. However, he never gave up and on 3 November 1760 the Prussian
2680:
student movement, by students who encouraged the use of the black-red-gold flag, discussions of a unified German nation, and a progressive, liberal political system. Because of
Prussia's size and economic importance, smaller states began to join its free trade area in the 1820s. Prussia benefited
230:
4820:
uses the Prussian House of Lords building. The Federal President has his first official residence in Bellevue Palace, the first classical building in Prussia. As the central shield of the Reich coat of arms, the Prussian state coat of arms is depicted in the gable above the main entrance to the
3977:
in 1663, but the latter accepted the caveat that these privileges were not to be used to interfere with the exertion of the elector's sovereignty. As in Brandenburg, Frederick William ignored the privilege of the Prussian estates to confirm or veto taxes raised by the elector: while in 1656, an
2805:
In 1863, Denmark introduced a shared constitution for Denmark and Schleswig. This led to conflict with the German Confederation, which authorised the occupation of Holstein by the Confederation, from which Danish forces withdrew. In 1864, Prussian and Austrian forces crossed the border between
2584:
and making full citizens of them. The school system was rearranged, and in 1818 free trade was introduced. The process of army reform ended in 1813 with the introduction of compulsory military service for men. By 1813, Prussia could mobilize almost 300,000 soldiers, more than half of which were
4134:
Unlike its authoritarian pre-1918 predecessor, Prussia from 1918 to 1932 was a promising democracy within Germany. The abolition of the political power of the aristocracy transformed Prussia into a region strongly dominated by the left wing of the political spectrum, with "Red Berlin" and the
2448:. He built the world's best army, and usually won his many wars. He introduced a general civil code, abolished torture and established the principle that the Crown would not interfere in matters of justice. He also promoted an advanced secondary education, the forerunner of today's German
3165:
revenue for the state. The nationalisation of the railways slowed the economic development of Prussia because the state favoured the relatively backward agricultural areas in its railway building. Moreover, the railway surpluses substituted for the development of an adequate tax system.
3093:) retained their own small armies, coming under Imperial control in wartime. The imperial crown was a hereditary office of the House of Hohenzollern, the royal house of Prussia. The Minister President of Prussia was, except for two brief periods (January–November 1873 and 1892–94), also
228:
231:
222:
227:
226:
232:
225:
224:
223:
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of 1655–1660 had strengthened the elector politically, enabling him to reform the constitution of Cleves and Mark in 1660 and 1661 to introduce officials loyal to him and independent of the local estates. In the Duchy of Prussia he confirmed the traditional privileges of the
234:
2236:(1713–1740), the austere "Soldier King", who did not care for the arts but was thrifty and practical. He was the main creator of the vaunted Prussian bureaucracy and the professionalised standing army, which he developed into one of the most powerful in Europe. His troops
233:
229:
3076:
was a version of the North German Confederation's constitution. Officially, the German Empire was a federal state. In practice, Prussia overshadowed the rest of the empire. Prussia included three-fifths of the German territory and two-thirds of its population. The
2283:, whose accomplishments led to his reputation as "Frederick the Great". As crown prince, Frederick had focused, primarily, on philosophy and the arts. He was an accomplished flute player and composer. In 1740, Prussian troops crossed over the undefended border of
3833:
went bankrupt between 1618 and 1625. The margraves further had to yield to the veto of the estates in all issues concerning the "better or worse of the country", in all legal commitments, and in all issues concerning pawn or sale of the elector's real property.
2404:
Silesia, full of rich soils and prosperous manufacturing towns, became a vital region to Prussia, greatly increasing the nation's area, population, and wealth. Success on the battleground against Austria and other powers proved Prussia's status as one of the
2903:. As a result of these territorial gains, Prussia now stretched uninterrupted across the northern two-thirds of Germany and contained two-thirds of Germany's population. The German Confederation was dissolved, and Prussia impelled the 21 states north of the
3956:
chambers to administer and coordinate the elector's domains, tax income and privileges. Such chambers were introduced in Brandenburg in 1652, in Cleves and Mark in 1653, in Pomerania in 1654, in Prussia in 1661 and in Magdeburg in 1680. Also in 1680, the
220:
2634:
region, the centre of Germany's fledgling industrialisation, especially in the arms industry. These territorial gains also meant the doubling of Prussia's population. In exchange, Prussia withdrew from areas of central Poland to allow the creation of
2409:
of Europe. The Silesian Wars began more than a century of rivalry and conflict between Prussia and Austria as the two most powerful states operating within the Holy Roman Empire (although both had extensive territory outside the empire). In 1744, the
3905:(Privy Council for the Electorate), which instead of the estates would function as the supreme advisory council for the elector. While the council was permanently established in 1613, it failed to gain any influence until 1651, owing to the
1834:
officially formed in northern Europe in 1356 as a group of trading cities. This League came to hold a monopoly on all trade leaving the interior of Europe and Scandinavia and on all sailing trade in the Baltic Sea for foreign countries.
1846:(German eastward expansion) process, settlers were invited, bringing changes in the ethnic composition as well as in language, culture, and law of the eastern borders of the German lands. As a majority of these settlers were Germans,
4116:), was appointed by the king. He retained full executive authority and ministers were responsible only to him. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the Junkers, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. The
3364:, who was Prussian minister-president almost continuously from 1920 to 1932, is considered one of the most capable Social Democrats in history. He implemented several trend-setting reforms together with his minister of the interior,
5051:
Prūsa is the word for Baltic Prussia, which is Prussia without the German part of it, Brandenburg-Pomerania. Meanwhile, Prūsija is the word for the German state of Prussia, which is the Prussia most people know about. (Sources:
4150:) that became models for the later Federal Republic of Germany. For instance, a Prussian prime minister could only be forced out of office if there was a "positive majority" for a potential successor. This concept, known as the
4945:
The Rhineland Regional Association in North Rhine-Westphalia - in continuation of the tradition of the Rhine Province and its provincial association - also has the Prussian eagle in the upper part of its association coat of
3968:), which from 1667 replaced the property tax raised in Brandenburg for Brandenburg-Prussia's standing army with the estates' consent, was raised by the elector without consultation with the estates. The conclusion of the
2943:(Federal Council) was appointed by the state governments. The Bundesrat was, in practice, the stronger chamber. Prussia had 17 of 43 votes, and could easily control proceedings through alliances with the other states.
2914:
Prussia was the dominant state in the new confederation, as the kingdom comprised almost four-fifths of the new state's territory and population. Prussia's near-total control over the confederation was secured in the
2055:
of Brandenburg. When Albert Frederick died in 1618 without male heirs, John Sigismund was granted the right of succession to the Duchy of Prussia, then still a Polish fief. From this time the Duchy of Prussia was in
3994:
was introduced only between 1716 and 1720. Owing to Frederick William I's reforms, the state income increased threefold during his reign, and the tax burden per subject reached a level twice as high as in France.
2168:
in Brandenburg-Prussia, an achievement for which he became known as the "Great Elector". Above all, he emphasised the importance of a powerful military to protect the state's disconnected territories, while the
219:
2836:
Bismarck realised that the dual administration of Schleswig and Holstein was only a temporary solution, and tensions rose between Prussia and Austria. The struggle for supremacy in Germany then led to the
1000:
2540:
of 1795, only to go once more to war with France in 1806 as negotiations with that country over the allocation of the spheres of influence in Germany failed. Prussia suffered a devastating defeat against
1903:
During the period of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, mercenaries from the Holy Roman Empire were granted lands by the Order and gradually formed a new landed Prussian nobility, from which the
2565:. Beyond that, the king was obliged to pay a large indemnity, to cap his army at 42,000 men, and to let the French garrison troops throughout Prussia, effectively making the kingdom a French satellite.
3672:
was initially content to retain the name, Russians having a different historical view of their neighbour and sometime former ally. Nonetheless, by Law No. 46, which was accepted and implemented by the
4850:
In the tradition of the 1st Guards Regiment on Foot, which was introduced in 1806 as the personal regiment of the King of Prussia, the guard battalion at the Federal Ministry of Defense has followed.
4559:
4469:
Prussia contained a relatively large Jewish community, which was mostly concentrated in large urban areas. According to the 1880 census, it was the biggest one in Germany with 363,790 individuals.
2708:
offered Frederick William the crown of a united Germany, he refused on the grounds that he would not accept a crown from a revolutionary assembly without the sanction of Germany's other monarchs.
4972:
emerged from the Evangelical Church of the Union, a church association of the Old Prussian Protestant regional churches, i.e. H. of the churches whose area already belonged to Prussia before 1866
221:
3431:
made it easier, only half a year later, for Hitler to take power decisively in Germany, since he had the whole apparatus of the Prussian government, including the police, at his disposal.
3952:
in Mark and Cleves), which were the highest government agencies regarding jurisdiction, finances and administration. The elector attempted to balance the estates' governments by creating
3405:, which was still part of Prussia at that time) and by using fabricated evidence that the Social Democrats and the Communists were planning a joint "putsch". The Defence Minister General
5924:
Patrick R. Galloway, Eugene A. Hammel, and Ronald D. Lee, "Fertility decline in Prussia, 1875–1910: A pooled cross-section time series analysis." Population studies 48.1 (1994): 135-158
4608:
7671:
4836:, which only allows the head of government to be voted out if a new successor is simultaneously elected, is directly based on a constitutional regulation of the Free State of Prussia.
4154:, became part of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany. Historians regard the Prussian government during the 1920s as far more successful than that of Germany as a whole.
4857:, the presentation march of Friedrich Wilhelm III is a regular part of the federal diplomatic protocol at the reception with military honors and the marching down the front of the
928:
The heads of state listed here are the first and last to hold each title over time. For more information, see individual Prussian state articles (links in above History section).
3575:" ("Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz"), certain exchanges of territory took place. Prussia was extended on 1 April 1937, for instance, by the incorporation of the Free and Hanseatic City of
3564:
This centralising policy went even further in Prussia. From 1934 to 1945, almost all ministries were merged and only a few departments were able to maintain their independence.
6671:
2421:
In the last 23 years of his reign until 1786, Frederick II, who understood himself as the "first servant of the state", promoted the development of Prussian areas such as the
4021:
reduced to provinces of the monarchy. Frederick William's testament would have divided Brandenburg-Prussia among his sons, but his firstborn son Frederick III (I), with the
4930:
The Prussian government and administration model was decisive for a large number of political institutions at the state level and is still expressed today in terms such as
7141:
3982:
was raised with the estates' consent, the elector by force collected taxes not approved by the Prussian estates for the first time in 1674. From 1704 the Prussian estates
3341:. Unlike in other states of the German Reich, majority rule by democratic parties in Prussia was never endangered. Nevertheless, in East Prussia and some rural areas, the
3372:. For instance, a Prussian minister-president could be forced out of office only if there was a "positive majority" for a potential successor. This concept, known as the
3397:, the government of the Reich deposed the Prussian government on 20 July 1932, under the pretext that the latter had lost control of public order in Prussia (during the
1243:, was officially abolished by an Allied declaration in 1947. The international status of the former eastern territories of the Kingdom of Prussia was disputed until the
1162:
shortly after becoming a kingdom. It became increasingly large and powerful in the 18th and 19th centuries. It had a major voice in European affairs under the reign of
3353:, the Nazi Party in 1932 became the largest party in most parts of the Free State of Prussia. However, the democratic parties in coalition remained a majority, while
3150:. He turned out to be a man of limited experience, narrow and reactionary views, poor judgment, and occasional bad temper, which alienated former friends and allies.
8388:
2668:
The first half of the 19th century saw a prolonged struggle in Germany between liberals, who wanted a united, federal Germany under a democratic constitution, and
2569:
1205:
lost nearly all of its legal and political importance following the 1932 coup led by Franz von Papen. Subsequently, it was effectively dismantled into Nazi German
2018:
river, later sometimes called "Prussia proper". For the first time, these lands came into the hands of a branch of the Hohenzollern family, who already ruled the
8278:
2591:
of variable quality. The rest consisted of regular soldiers that were deemed excellent by most observers, and very determined to repair the humiliation of 1806.
2794:. When the Danish government tried to integrate Schleswig, but not Holstein, into the Danish state, Prussia led the German Confederation against Denmark in the
2429:
with Austria and Russia in 1772, an act that geographically connected the Brandenburg territories with those of Prussia proper. The partition also added Polish
8598:
7664:
4053:
agencies initially concerned with the administration of the army, but before 1712 transformed into an agency also concerned with general tax and police tasks.
4029:
of 1599, which forbade a division of Hohenzollern territories. In 1689, a new central chamber for all Brandenburg-Prussian territories was established, called
1244:
3791:. The fundamental goal of this institution is protecting the cultural legacy of Prussia. As of 2021, it continues to operate from its headquarters in Berlin.
7905:
3714:
3322:
stronghold of the left. Its incorporation of "Red Berlin" and the industrialised Ruhr Area, both with working-class majorities, ensured left-wing dominance.
2876:. The century-long struggle between Berlin and Vienna for the dominance of Germany was now over. As a sideshow in this war, Prussia defeated Hanover in the
5586:
8593:
4568:
3709:
8415:
8195:
7872:
7627:
6575:
Wheeler, Nicholas C. (October 2011). "The Noble Enterprise of State Building Reconsidering the Rise and Fall of the Modem State in Prussia and Poland".
4800:
as a subject of international law is identical to the federal state initiated and dominated by Prussia, which was founded in 1867 under the name of the
6664:
4554:, East Prussia, most of Pomerania and Silesia, and the eastern part of Brandenburg were either annexed by the Soviet Union or given to Poland, and the
4139:
exerting major influence. During this period a coalition of centre-left parties ruled, predominantly under the leadership (1920–1932) of East Prussian
2248:
said later: "Prussia, is not a state with an army, but an army with a state." Frederick William also settled more than 20,000 Protestant refugees from
6199:
7657:
2437:
Prussia. During this period, he also opened Prussia's borders to immigrants fleeing from religious persecution in other parts of Europe, such as the
2149:
7134:
4104:
according to the amount of taxes paid. This assured dominance by the more well-to-do elements of the population. The upper house (First Chamber or
6158:
4760:
on the former territory of the Free State of Prussia are successor states to Prussia in legal terms, particularly in terms of constitutional and
3916:, the various territories of Brandenburg-Prussia remained politically independent from each other, connected only by the common feudal superior.
6098:"Bachelor of What, Master of Whom? The Humboldt Myth and Historical Transformations of Higher Education in German‐Speaking Europe and the U.S."
2868:, most north German states, and some smaller central German states. Eventually, the better-armed Prussian troops won the crucial victory at the
1270:" have often been used, especially outside Germany, to denote the militarism, military professionalism, aggressiveness, and conservatism of the
5976:
Clark, Christopher (1996). "Confessional Policy and the Limits of State Action: Frederick William III and the Prussian Church Union 1817-40".
4472:
In 1925, 64.9% of the Prussian population was Protestant, 31.3% was Catholic, 1.1% was Jewish, 2.7% was placed in other religious categories.
3932:
as a central authority for all territories in 1651, but this project proved unfeasible. Instead, the elector continued to appoint a governor (
6657:
4833:
3658:
3377:
1668:
and trade abroad. This meant that Poland and Lithuania would be traditional enemies of Prussia, which was still called the Teutonic Knights.
1345:
3409:, who was the prime mover behind the coup manufactured evidence that the Prussian police under Braun's orders were favouring the Communist
8271:
7127:
3917:
2392:
2154:
4417:. Time passed by, and the French Reformed assimilated into the wider Protestant community in Prussia. East Prussia's southern region of
3383:
In contrast to its pre-war authoritarianism, Prussia was a pillar of democracy in the Weimar Republic. This system was destroyed by the
2245:
2205:
On 18 January 1701, Frederick William's son, Elector Frederick III, elevated Prussia from a duchy to a kingdom and crowned himself King
8618:
6840:
6625:
6607:
1170:(1814–15), which redrew the map of Europe following Napoleon's defeat, Prussia acquired rich new territories, including the coal-rich
7898:
5247:
Rosenberg, H. (1943). The Rise of the Junkers in Brandenburg-Prussia, 1410–1653: Part 1. The American Historical Review, 49(1), 1–22.
4406:
3898:
3568:
himself became formally the governor of Prussia. However, his functions were exercised by Hermann Göring as Prussian prime minister.
3183:
of 1918, Wilhelm II abdicated as German Emperor and King of Prussia. Prussia was proclaimed a "Free State" (i.e. a republic, German:
2096:
1478:
with a black cross with gold insert and black imperial eagle. The combination of the black and white colours with the white and red
7680:
3641:
between three of the Allies: the United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. This included important Prussian cities like
3120:
3015:") to the question of uniting all German-speaking peoples into one state, because it excluded Austria, which remained connected to
2441:. Prussia became a safe haven in much the same way that the United States welcomed immigrants seeking freedom in the 19th century.
2257:
1699:
Situation after the conquest in the late 13th century. Areas in purple under control of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.
8378:
3986:
relinquished their right to approve the elector's taxes while formally still entitled to do so. In 1682 the elector introduced an
3474:
After the appointment of Hitler as the new chancellor, the Nazis used the absence of Franz von Papen as an opportunity to appoint
8613:
5013:
4969:
4876:, Federal Defense Ministers and senior military officers, is largely composed of traditional elements of Prussian military music.
4409:
opened the country to the fleeing French Calvinist refugees. In Berlin, they built and worshipped at their own church called the
4376:
from the Lutheran to the Calvinist church. Lutherans and Calvinist congregations all over the kingdom were merged in 1817 by the
3349:
gained more and more influence and popular support, especially from the lower middle class starting in 1930. Except for Catholic
3342:
2052:
4535:. Poles in this Polish-majority province (62% Polish, 38% German) resisted German rule. Also, the southeast portion of Silesia (
2798:(1848–1851). Because Russia supported Austria, Prussia also conceded predominance in the German Confederation to Austria in the
2022:, since the 15th century. Furthermore, with his renunciation of the Order, Albert could now marry and produce legitimate heirs.
1178:
in 1867, and then of the German Empire in 1871. The Kingdom of Prussia was now so large and so dominant in the new Germany that
8264:
6216:
Avraham, Doron (October 2008). "The Social and Religious Meaning of Nationalism: The Case of Prussian Conservatism 1815–1871".
4480:
In 1871, approximately 2.4 million Poles lived in Prussia, constituting the largest minority. Other minorities were Jews,
4369:
3528:
2929:
2088:
1715:
1649:
during the period of time from 1356 (official founding of the Hanseatic League) until the decline of the League in about 1500.
780:
7964:
6952:
6728:
6446:
6321:
6281:
5960:
5909:
4862:
4287:
3784:
3696:
1982:
1582:
1224:
943:
was introduced in 1792 when Prussia was a Kingdom; the Minister-Presidents shown here are the heads of the Prussian republic.
3069:
were the peak of Prussia's fortunes, but the seeds for potential strife were built into the Prusso-German political system.
7891:
4462:, although this is not the case of eastern Silesia as the majority of Catholics there were German. During the 19th-century
4434:
After 1814, Prussia contained millions of Catholics in the west and in the east. There were substantial populations in the
4073:
3813:
had become highly dependent on the estates (representing counts, lords, knights, and towns, but not prelates, owing to the
3019:
and whose territories included non-German populations. On 18 January 1871 (the 170th anniversary of the coronation of King
3004:, Württemberg and Bavaria, which had remained outside the North German Confederation, accepted incorporation into a united
1881:
5953:
Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar
3687:(officially, the German Democratic Republic) in 1949, the former Prussian territories were reorganised into the states of
3380:. Most historians regard the Prussian government during this time as far more successful than that of Germany as a whole.
2521:
1888:, a coalition of Hanseatic cities of western Prussia, rebelled against the Order and requested help from the Polish king,
8603:
8167:
8057:
8052:
7844:
7737:
7732:
7262:
7257:
6196:
Verwaltungsstrukturreformen in den deutschen Bundesländern. Radikale Reformen auf der Ebene der staatlichen Mittelinstanz
6125:
4061:
5131:
H. M. Scott, "Aping the Great Powers: Frederick the Great and the Defence of Prussia's International Position 1763–86",
3545:(Reich Governors) who were appointed by the chancellor. Parallel to that, the organisation of the party into districts (
8362:
8337:
8332:
7150:
6616:
6412:(1967) covers 1603–1702; pp. 144–177 for Prussia; pp. 178–200 for other Germany; pp. 111–143 for Austria
4829:
4151:
4140:
3826:
3479:
3373:
3326:
2237:
1998:
1096:
4724:
4466:, Prussian Catholics were forbidden from fulfilling any official functions for the state and were largely distrusted.
2473:
6787:
5222:
4743:
4097:
3073:
3024:
2721:
2652:
2146:
now held a territory free of any feudal obligations, which constituted the basis for their later elevation to kings.
2045:
1956:
114:
98:
7109:
4887:
of the Bundeswehr, is derived from the Prussian Guard Star, which went back to the eight-pointed breast star of the
4696:
2083:(1618–1648), various armies repeatedly marched across the disconnected Hohenzollern lands, especially the occupying
8152:
7829:
7457:
7302:
4550:
was granted not only these two areas, but also areas with a German majority in the province of West Prussia. After
3817:
in 1538). The margraviate's liabilities and tax income as well as the margrave's finances were in the hands of the
3427:
control on Prussia. Papen appointed himself Reich commissioner for Prussia and took control of the government. The
3419:
as part of an alleged plan to foment a Marxist revolution, which he used to get an emergency decree from President
3112:
3105:. Bismarck did not set up his own party. He had mixed success in some of his domestic policies. His anti-Catholic
2595:
2526:
2503:
1621:, or granary). The port cities which rose on the back of this wheat production included: Stettin in Pomerania (now
1519:
8025:
5517:
2988:, Bismarck took advantage of an incident in which the French ambassador had approached William. The government of
2883:
Bismarck desired Austria as an ally in the future, and so he declined to annex any Austrian territory. But in the
2676:
competing for influence. One small movement that signalled a desire for German unification in this period was the
2607:
8608:
2981:
2693:
2662:
2491:
1922:
1236:
7710:
3532:
3314:
1032:
8357:
7991:
7105:
7001:
6538:
6399:
5583:
4703:
4681:
4575:
4101:
4089:
4085:
3192:
3040:
2726:
2712:
2701:
2351:
2311:
2304:
2272:
2233:
1972:
1936:
1861:. Their initially close relationship with the Polish Crown deteriorated after they conquered Polish-controlled
1788:
1602:
1103: – conquered the lands inhabited by them. In 1308, the Teutonic Knights conquered the region of
4779:
Despite its dissolution in 1947, many aspects of Prussia have been preserved to this day in everyday life, in
2127:
1892:. The Teutonic Knights were forced to acknowledge the sovereignty of, and to pay tribute to Casimir IV in the
8370:
8287:
5008:
4643:
4022:
3810:
3732:(officially, the Federal Republic of Germany) in 1949, the former Prussian territories were divided up among
3700:
3126:
2841:(1866), triggered by the dispute over Schleswig and Holstein, with Bismarck using proposed injustices as the
2763:
2214:
1216:
660:
2887:
in 1866, Prussia annexed four of Austria's allies in northern and central Germany – Hanover,
8549:
6263:
5186:
3788:
3777:
3535:" ("Reichsstatthaltergesetz", 30 January 1935) the states were dissolved, in fact if not in law. The state
2877:
2873:
2362:
1893:
1708:
1132:
6420:
5641:
Rainer Fremdling, "Freight Rates and State Budget: The Role of the National Prussian Railways 1880–1913",
4898:
Social Minister Alwin Ziel suggested naming the planned new federal state of Berlin-Brandenburg "Prussia".
2557:
in 1807, the state lost about one-third of its area, including the areas gained from the second and third
1227:
that made up a significant part of Prussia lost the majority of their German population after 1945 as the
8623:
8144:
7914:
7821:
7523:
7175:
6736:
5925:
4710:
3884:
3498:
3119:. He tried to destroy the socialist movement, with limited success. The large Polish population resisted
3111:
inside Prussia (and not the wider German state) was a failure. He ended his support for the anticlerical
1900:) to Poland in the process. Pursuant to the Second Peace of Thorn, two Prussian states were established.
1339:
1228:
1112:
8559:
7969:
6748:
4587:
3757:
2996:. However, honouring their treaties, the German states joined forces and quickly defeated France in the
2014:
Protestant and secularized the Order's Prussian territories. This was the area east of the mouth of the
8486:
8478:
8322:
8136:
7813:
7649:
7510:
6892:
6703:
5018:
4942:. Today's North Rhine-Westphalia regional associations go back to the Prussian provincial associations.
4801:
4377:
4311:
3354:
3143:
3136:
3129:
became emperor in March 1888, after the death of his father, but he died of cancer only 99 days later.
2908:
2697:
2573:
2515:
2495:
2019:
1927:
1495:
1361:
1333:
1175:
646:
296:
5446:
1174:. The country then grew rapidly in influence economically and politically, and became the core of the
8509:
8162:
7839:
7592:
7042:
7038:
6908:
6880:
4817:
4636:
4077:
3787:
was established and implemented by federal statutes in West Germany in response to a ruling from the
3502:
2970:
2939:
2916:
2869:
2755:
2744:
2533:
2499:
2453:
2426:
2158:
583:
8015:
7210:
4692:
4162:
2853:
2810:. The Austro-Prussian forces defeated the Danes, who surrendered both territories. In the resulting
2672:, who wanted to maintain Germany as a patchwork of independent, monarchical states with Prussia and
8544:
8534:
8460:
8062:
7960:
7956:
7742:
7564:
7472:
7267:
6993:
6871:
6777:
6649:
4888:
4880:
4677:
4365:
4042:
3517:
3338:
3147:
2630:
and some other territories. These western lands were of vital importance because they included the
2576:
set about modernising the Prussian state. Among their reforms were the liberation of peasants from
2546:
2469:
2354:
1824:
1741:
1522:
in 1813, was also commonly associated with the country. The region, originally populated by Baltic
1507:
993:
31:
17:
6179:
5197:
3586:. However, most of this territory was not reintegrated back into Prussia but assigned to separate
2923:, assisted by a chancellor responsible only to him. The presidency was a hereditary office of the
2814:
of 1865 Prussia took over the administration of Schleswig while Austria assumed that of Holstein.
2715:
by his own authority in 1850. This conservative document provided for a two-house parliament, the
2610:
contributed crucially (alongside the British and Dutch) to the final victory over Napoleon at the
8342:
8317:
7944:
7119:
6939:
6690:
6631:
4670:
4353:
4214:
4146:. While in office Braun implemented several reforms (together with his Minister of the Interior,
4109:
4065:
3725:
3334:
3159:
2807:
2732:
2280:
2041:
1994:
1448:
1252:
1163:
556:
529:
204:
120:
6602:
6415:
Hornung, Erik. "Immigration and the diffusion of technology: The Huguenot diaspora in Prussia."
5101:
4120:, formed in response to the German revolutions of 1848–1849, aided the conservative government.
3279:
3012:
2992:, expecting another civil war among the German states, declared war against Prussia, continuing
2799:
2381:, a close friend of the king, once described Frederick the Great's Prussia by saying "...it was
1526:
who were Christianised, became a favoured location for immigration by (later mainly Protestant)
1276:
class of landed aristocrats in the East who dominated first Prussia and then the German Empire.
8539:
8504:
8227:
8157:
7999:
7834:
7617:
7587:
7554:
7014:
6972:
6772:
5312:
Rodney Gothelf, "Frederick William I and the beginnings of Prussian absolutism, 1713–1740." in
4765:
4547:
4394:
4361:
4117:
4014:
3814:
3733:
3680:
3673:
3582:
The Prussian lands transferred to Poland after the Treaty of Versailles were re-annexed during
3330:
3306:
3251:
3116:
3066:
3020:
2896:
2884:
2795:
2445:
2303:(1744–1745) have, historically, been grouped together with the general European war called the
2206:
2195:
2115:
1885:
1511:
1240:
631:
598:
397:
6944:
6807:
3772:
separate from the rest of Western Germany, was admitted to the Federal Republic of Germany as
3411:
3090:
1986:
1487:
8347:
8131:
8100:
7808:
7780:
7546:
7452:
7394:
7078:
7074:
7027:
6863:
4924:
4873:
4614:
4235:
4129:
3928:, started to centralise the Brandenburg-Prussian government with an attempt to establish the
3840:
3302:
3174:
3094:
2924:
2411:
2358:
2143:
2007:
1685:
1614:
1610:
1562:
1558:
1420:
1383:
1202:
1053:
767:
361:
8256:
6430:
4539:) had a Polish majority. But Catholics and Jews did not have equal status with Protestants.
3940:. The most powerful institution in the territories remained the governments of the estates (
1645:, Lithuania). Wheat production and trade brought Prussia into a close relationship with the
8496:
8465:
8445:
8302:
8067:
8047:
8042:
7973:
7747:
7727:
7579:
7402:
7386:
7272:
7247:
7242:
7047:
6957:
6921:
6752:
6716:
6066:
Karl A. Schleunes, "Enlightenment, reform, reaction: the schooling revolution in Prussia."
4990:
4869:
4579:
4543:
4532:
4251:
4069:
4026:
3913:
3906:
3843:
3745:
3718:
3665:
3626:
3511:
3482:
of 5 March 1933 strengthened the position of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (
3398:
3235:
3215:
3199:
3078:
3036:
3001:
2993:
2977:
2791:
2705:
2640:
2558:
2366:
2080:
1889:
1749:
1721:
1566:
1471:
1049:
1018:
801:
715:
282:
7883:
5269:
Francis L. Carsten, "The Great Elector and the foundation of the Hohenzollern despotism."
4920:
3765:
3753:
3561:) was again appointed by the chancellor who was at the same time chief of the Nazi Party.
8:
8450:
8327:
8211:
7995:
7952:
7410:
7226:
7005:
6985:
6967:
6741:
6732:
6521:
Schulze, Hagen, and Philip G. Dwyer. "Democratic Prussia in Weimar Germany, 1919–33." in
4443:
4398:
4006:
4002:
3969:
3800:
3591:
3572:
3521:
3420:
3406:
3259:
2997:
2960:
2888:
2838:
2823:
2689:
2657:
2581:
2483:
2452:(grammar school) system, which prepares the brightest pupils for university studies. The
2397:
2338:
2300:
2173:(1685) opened Brandenburg-Prussia for the immigration of Protestant refugees (especially
2123:
2061:
2031:
1952:
1776:
in 1219 and 1222. In 1226 Duke Konrad invited the Teutonic Knights to conquer the Baltic
1761:
1590:
1371:
1357:
1193:
The Kingdom ended in 1918 along with other German monarchies that were terminated by the
1148:
741:
711:
537:
417:
402:
392:
5939:
Regional Variations in the Economic Development of Germany During the Nineteenth Century
5191:
3449:
2711:
The Frankfurt Parliament was forced to dissolve in 1849, and Frederick William issued a
2252:
in thinly populated East Prussia, which was eventually extended to the west bank of the
2064:, consisted of geographically disconnected territories in Prussia, Brandenburg, and the
1978:
1908:
would evolve to take a major role in the militarization of Prussia and, later, Germany.
8090:
7987:
7934:
7929:
7770:
7695:
7292:
7205:
7195:
7190:
7082:
7062:
7054:
6962:
6928:
6799:
6764:
6757:
6552:
6516:
6496:
6384:
6374:
6364:
6247:
6233:
6001:
5993:
4931:
4822:
4166:
4088:
dated from 1848, but was only briefly in effect as it had been forced on the king. The
3804:
3749:
3619:
3490:
3310:
3102:
3016:
2900:
2861:
2849:
2811:
2790:, both of which had close ties with each other, although only Holstein was part of the
2783:
2716:
2615:
2611:
2554:
2449:
2342:
2334:
2322:
2308:
2296:
2241:
2186:
2139:
1874:
1858:
1784:
1681:
1586:
1570:
1426:
1377:
1167:
1152:
1073:
1065:
754:
412:
407:
6549:
The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of German History since 1815
6198:. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-15774-0, S. 162 (
4348:. The majority of the Prussian population was Lutheran, although there were dispersed
3852:
3219:
3132:
2920:
1406:
8432:
8307:
8010:
7979:
7700:
7370:
7297:
7200:
7097:
6856:
6851:
6835:
6827:
6820:
6815:
6588:
6534:
6485:
6442:
6395:
6392:
A History of Modern Germany (3 vol 1959–64); vol 1: The Reformation; vol 2: 1648–1840
6328:
6317:
6277:
6269:
6260:
Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy
6237:
6005:
5956:
5905:
5218:
4761:
4757:
4717:
4528:
4455:
4385:
obedience, or for propagating useful things, just like bee-keeping or potato-farming.
4222:
In 1871, Prussia's population numbered 24.69 million, accounting for 60% of the
4158:
4057:
3769:
3638:
3611:
3541:
3298:
3263:
3239:
3180:
2948:
2857:
2787:
2759:
2748:
2627:
2511:
2370:
2288:
2261:
2218:
2165:
2035:
2002:
1940:
1773:
1194:
1069:
1036:
899:
525:
502:
444:
382:
268:
254:
167:
79:
6291:
5557:
5120:
When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers
3475:
3394:
1803:). Around 1252 they finished the conquest of the northernmost Prussian tribe of the
1212:
694:
8588:
8554:
7490:
7325:
6899:
6721:
6698:
6584:
6460:
Muncy, Lysbeth W. "The Junkers and the Prussian Administration from 1918 to 1939."
6225:
5985:
4935:
4891:. The guard star can also be found on the bell trees of the Bundeswehr music corps.
4594:
4410:
4373:
4325:
3974:
3615:
3086:
2865:
2347:
2177:), and he established a bureaucracy to carry out state administration efficiently.
2170:
2135:
2131:
1968:
1917:
1905:
1831:
1787:, the Order established an independent state that came to control Prūsa. After the
1769:
1737:
1677:
1653:
1646:
1606:
1594:
1479:
1467:
1463:
1351:
1292:
1181:
1140:
1100:
1088:
958:
894:
728:
387:
7357:
3385:
8085:
7765:
7500:
7480:
7462:
7341:
7333:
7310:
7165:
7070:
6708:
6620:
6475:
6436:
6311:
6307:
6112:
Aneta Niewęgłowska, "Secondary Schools for Girls in Western Prussia, 1807-1911."
5590:
4555:
4380:, which came under tight royal control. In Protestant regions, writes Nipperdey:
3614:(in dark green) that are completely or mostly situated inside the old borders of
3606:
3402:
3390:
3283:
3271:
3188:
3032:
2892:
2673:
2636:
2599:
2562:
2465:
2226:
2222:
2199:
2111:
2069:
1964:
1820:
1765:
1452:
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1039:
985:
880:
679:
612:
564:
548:
497:
487:
377:
372:
348:
104:
65:
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2425:. At the same time he built up Prussia's military power and participated in the
8455:
8440:
8405:
8185:
8113:
8105:
8095:
7983:
7862:
7790:
7785:
7775:
7612:
7418:
7378:
7315:
6977:
6712:
6562:
6361:
Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1815–1871
6340:
Glees, Anthony. "Albert C. Grzesinski and the politics of Prussia, 1926–1930."
6145:
5855:
4913:
4524:
4414:
4357:
4329:
4176:
3921:
3494:
3416:
3231:
3227:
2767:
2677:
2537:
2374:
2134:(November 1656). In 1657 the Polish king renewed this grant in the treaties of
2084:
2073:
2057:
2049:
1870:
1315:
514:
6301:
5989:
2927:
rulers of Prussia. There was also a two-house parliament. The lower house, or
2164:
Frederick William I succeeded in organizing the electorate by establishing an
181:
8582:
7531:
7447:
7442:
7349:
6887:
6229:
6044:
Grundriss der Statistik. II. Gesellschaftsstatistik by Wilhelm Winkler, p. 36
4909:
4858:
4805:
4622:
4536:
4459:
4422:
4315:
4291:
4239:
4223:
4147:
3692:
3669:
3365:
3350:
3289:
3247:
3082:
3052:
3005:
2730:
dominance by the more well-to-do men of the population. The upper house, the
2430:
2330:
2326:
2315:
2314:
had died on 20 October 1740. He was succeeded to the throne by his daughter,
2292:
2100:
1944:
1897:
1777:
1598:
1574:
1542:
1523:
1365:
1327:
1136:
1116:
1084:
1057:
1022:
887:
534:
510:
310:
6636:
4868:
The Bundeswehr's Great Tattoo, played particularly when bidding farewell to
3646:
2092:
1634:
1061:
326:
8243:
8234:
8123:
8003:
7948:
7800:
7009:
6875:
4996:
4551:
4489:
4447:
4279:
4189:
4093:
3737:
3729:
3684:
3583:
3565:
3547:
3443:
3346:
3275:
3243:
2989:
2985:
2904:
2669:
2267:
2210:
1812:
1753:
1729:
1232:
1220:
1124:
1006:
873:
551:
192:
138:
4884:
3825:(Great Committee) of the estates. This was because of concessions made by
3081:
was, in practice, an enlarged Prussian army, although the other kingdoms (
2984:
to the Spanish throne was escalated both by France and Bismarck. With his
1400:
304:
290:
276:
262:
248:
8034:
7719:
6903:
5057:
5002:
4981:
4895:
4854:
4501:
4463:
4402:
4341:
4333:
4319:
3859:
3688:
3294:
3293:
Federal states of the Weimar Republic, with Prussia in light gray. After
3107:
2842:
2507:
2406:
2329:(the northwestern half of Silesia). In the next year, 1742, he conquered
2191:
2011:
1932:
1841:
1756:. In 1225 he expelled them, and they transferred their operations to the
1638:
1546:
1535:
1502:
1491:
1456:
1436:
1288:
1267:
1260:
1159:
1120:
7679:
5578:
Henry A. Kissinger, "The white revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck."
5364:
Robert A. Kahn, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 (1974) p. 96.
4218:
Ethnic structure of the eastern regions of Prussia between 1817 and 1823
4193:
3676:
on 25 February 1947, Prussia was officially proclaimed to be dissolved.
2550:
2095:, the historic capital of the Duchy of Prussia, in 1637. His successor,
1816:
1695:
1642:
8525:
8397:
8177:
7854:
7252:
6465:
6097:
6071:
5997:
5900:
Büsch, Otto; Ilja Mieck; Wolfgang Neugebauer (1992). Otto Büsch (ed.).
5565:
5053:
4844:
4840:
4684: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4513:
4493:
4439:
4337:
4299:
4243:
4185:
4181:
4143:
3925:
3595:
3439:
3361:
3267:
2682:
2623:
2365:, was finally able to hold the whole of Silesia against a coalition of
2244:. In view of the size of the army in relation to the total population,
1847:
1757:
1725:
1665:
1515:
1475:
1305:
1256:
1235:
both absorbed these territories and had most of its German inhabitants
911:
522:
507:
473:
367:
6438:
Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)
6345:
5274:
5136:
3486:
or "Nazi" Party), although they did not achieve an absolute majority.
3270:
was created mainly from formerly Prussian territories, except present
3000:
in 1870. Following victory under Bismarck's and Prussia's leadership,
2618:
was the recovery of her lost territories, as well as the whole of the
2549:, leading Frederick William III and his family to flee temporarily to
2287:
and rapidly conquered the region. Silesia was the richest province of
2122:
from the Polish crown. In January 1656, during the first phase of the
1703:
1300:
1239:
by 1950. Prussia, deemed "a bearer of militarism and reaction" by the
4769:
4497:
4435:
4428:
4349:
4345:
4263:
4247:
4136:
3630:
3557:
3531:" ("Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs", 30 January 1934) and the "
3223:
2965:
2619:
2494:(1786–1797), Prussia annexed additional Polish territory through the
2438:
2422:
2065:
1862:
1808:
1804:
1661:
1578:
1248:
1104:
453:
6679:
4659:
4197:
4037:). This chamber functioned as a superior agency of the territories'
3998:
3870:
3576:
3478:
federal commissioner for the Prussian ministry of the interior. The
3255:
2725:
was elected by all males over the age of 25. They were divided into
1990:
1866:
1626:
5042:
Monarchy abolished in 1918, abolished as a state of Germany in 1947
4773:
4505:
4485:
4425:
4390:
4295:
4283:
4275:
3990:
to Pomerania and in 1688 to Magdeburg, while in Cleves and Mark an
3773:
3637:, were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union in 1945 owing to the
3168:
2934:
2587:
2542:
2415:
2378:
2249:
2174:
2060:
with the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The resulting state, known as
1745:
1622:
1092:
1027:
785:
540:
517:
463:
449:
7149:
5899:
2919:
drafted for it by Bismarck in 1867. Executive power was held by a
1139:, becoming a province of Poland, and the eastern part, called the
1033:
an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government
8410:
8312:
8190:
7867:
7622:
6847:
4939:
4797:
4780:
4642:
universities, especially Friedrich Wilhelm University (now named
4451:
4418:
4170:
3829:
in 1541 in return for financial aid by the estates; however, the
3654:
3650:
3634:
3506:
3369:
3211:
3207:
2828:
2779:
2577:
2284:
2015:
1800:
1792:
1733:
1527:
1416:
1187:
1128:
1044:
1014:
807:
482:
468:
5604:
Bismarck's first war: the campaign of Schleswig and Jutland 1864
5556:
5081:
Fischer, Michael; Senkel, Christian (2010). Klaus Tanner (ed.).
4796:
In the federal government according to the prevailing view, the
4370:
John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg and Grand Duke of Prussia
4352:
minorities in central and western parts of the state especially
3768:. The Saar region, which had been administered by the French as
3539:
were abolished and the state governments were now controlled by
2478:
2456:
was emulated in various countries, including the United States.
2350:. Despite being several times on the verge of defeat Frederick,
8352:
7940:
6782:
6313:
The Other Prussia. Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772
4955:
4812:
4509:
4259:
3794:
3642:
3551:) gained increasing importance, as the official in charge of a
3028:
2681:
greatly from the creation in 1834 of the German Customs Union (
2606:) against the French occupation. Prussian troops under Marshal
2386:
2382:
2279:
Frederick William I died in 1740 and was succeeded by his son,
2107:
1854:
1796:
1657:
1483:
1432:
1412:
1321:
1108:
545:
333:
42:
38:
6632:
Foundation for Prussian Palaces and Gardens Berlin-Brandenburg
6337:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); 157pp. Emphasis on historiography.
4025:'s backing, succeeded in becoming the sole ruler based on the
4017:(reign: 1688–1713), the Brandenburg Prussian territories were
3664:
As part of their wartime goals, the Western allies sought the
3325:
From 1919 to 1932, Prussia was governed by a coalition of the
3146:
after a difficult youth and conflicts with his British mother
2848:
On the Austrian side stood the south German states (including
2639:
under Russian sovereignty. In 1815 Prussia became part of the
2040:
Brandenburg and Prussia united two generations later. In 1594
1869:
in 1308. Eventually, Poland and Lithuania, allied through the
1211:
in 1935. Nevertheless, some Prussian ministries were kept and
8286:
8077:
7757:
6381:
The state and the industrial revolution in Prussia, 1740–1870
6335:
Brandenburg-Prussia, 1466–1806: The Rise of a Composite State
4951:
4784:
4517:
4481:
4372:
declared himself for the Calvinist creed and transferred the
4267:
4255:
3761:
3741:
3483:
3203:
3198:
Almost all of Germany's territorial losses, specified in the
3057:
2598:, Prussia quit its alliance with France and took part in the
2253:
1791:
joined the Teutonic Order in 1237, the Order also controlled
1514:
in 1701, was often associated with the whole of Prussia. The
1021:, also occupying southern and eastern regions. It formed the
5472:
5470:
5456:
5454:
5301:
The administrative reforms of Frederick William I of Prussia
4234:
Apart from ethnic Germans the country was inhabited also by
4049:) emerged as a second central agency, superior to the local
3936:) for each territory, who in most cases was a member of the
3920:(ruled 1640–1688), who envisioned the transformation of the
2433:
to the kingdom, allowing Frederick to re-style himself King
2118:
of Poland for the Duchy of Prussia, which was still held in
7913:
5424:
5422:
4271:
3821:, an institution not controlled by the elector, and of the
2685:), which included most German states but excluded Austria.
2631:
2536:, but remained quiet for more than a decade because of the
2119:
1948:
1823:
defined the final border between Prussia and the adjoining
1630:
1207:
1171:
976:
5904:(in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 42.
1853:
The Knights of the Teutonic Order were subordinate to the
1652:
The expansion of Prussia based on its connection with the
973:
6482:
Weimar Prussia, 1918–1925: The Unlikely Rock of Democracy
6274:
Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947
5881:
Weimar Prussia, 1918-1925: The Unlikely Rock of Democracy
5467:
5451:
5083:
Reichsgründung 1871: Ereignis, Beschreibung, Inszenierung
1494:, resulted in the black-white-red commercial flag of the
1247:
in 1990, but its return to Germany remains a cause among
970:
5419:
5196:. New York: The Polish Book Importing Company. pp.
3337:; from 1921 to 1925, coalition governments included the
6371:
The social foundations of German unification, 1858–1871
5122:, (University of Michigan Press, 2002), pp 27, 225–228.
3011:
The empire was a "Lesser German" solution (in German, "
2414:
fell to Prussia following the extinction of its ruling
6394:. Vol. 3: 1840–1945. Princeton University Press.
4649:
3527:
In the centralised state created by the Nazis in the "
2782:
was at the time in personal union with the Duchies of
1498:, which became the flag of the German Empire in 1871.
1245:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
1186:
and other Prussian élites identified more and more as
6033:
Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany, 1800–1914
4527:, where the Polish nation had originated, became the
6085:
State, society, and university in Germany: 1700-1914
3274:
district, which was part of the Kingdom of Bavaria.
2325:
on 10 April 1741, Frederick succeeded in conquering
967:
964:
6493:
Weimar Prussia, 1925–1933: The Illusion of Strength
2001:and received the title "Duke of Prussia" from King
1935:. After admitting the dependence of Prussia to the
961:
6410:Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century
6246:
6180:Präsentiermarsch Friedrich Wilhelms III. auf
4772:that the Free State of Prussia concluded with the
3661:, mostly to the Western zones, or was driven out.
2802:in 1850, resulting in a return to the status quo.
2444:Frederick the Great (reigned 1740–1786) practised
4123:
3897:To reduce the influence of the estates, in 1604,
2506:(1797–1840), announced the union of the Prussian
1025:when it united the German states in 1871. It was
8580:
3278:became an exclave, only reachable by ship. (the
3169:The Free State of Prussia in the Weimar Republic
2474:War of the Sixth Coalition § War in Germany
1613:; and a small detached area in the south called
6144:BGH, Urteil 31 January 1955, Az. II ZR 234/53,
5189:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5520:[The Prussian Three-Class Franchise].
4458:. Communities in Poland were often ethnically
3434:
3061:Prussia in the German Empire from 1871 to 1918
2614:of June 1815. Prussia's reward in 1815 at the
2568:In response to this defeat, reformers such as
2341:) Frederick won a victory over Austria at the
2130:who later granted him full sovereignty in the
2087:. The ineffective and militarily weak Elector
1815:, which developed into the major port city of
71:
8599:States and territories disestablished in 1947
8272:
7899:
7665:
7135:
6665:
6641:
6614:Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation website
5841:
5839:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5080:
3378:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
2688:In 1848 the liberals saw an opportunity when
2333:(the southeastern half). Furthermore, in the
1149:union of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia
8241:
8232:
6472:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866
6020:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866
5175:God's Playground: A History of Poland Vol. l
5089:
4834:Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany
3795:Administrative and constitutional frameworks
3202:, were areas that had been part of Prussia:
2044:, granddaughter of Albert I and daughter of
1839:
1573:(including much of the present-day state of
1533:
1271:
1179:
1121:immigration from central and western Germany
937:
909:
901:
885:
871:
324:
202:
179:
136:
57:
6288:The politics of the Prussian Army 1640–1945
6244:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5856:"Adolf Heinrich Graf von Arnim-Boitzenburg"
5388:The Anchor Atlas of World History: Volume 1
5375:Frederick the Great: the Magnificent Enigma
5340:Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma
5213:Robert S. Hoyt and Stanley Chodorow (1976)
3629:, mainly Eastern Prussia, Western Prussia,
3234:. Many of the areas Prussia annexed in the
2221:, allowed Frederick only to title himself "
1557:Before its abolition, the territory of the
1056:ruled Prussia, expanding its size with the
805:
146:
8594:States and territories established in 1525
8279:
8265:
7906:
7892:
7672:
7658:
7142:
7128:
6672:
6658:
5836:
5827:
5809:
5783:
5769:
5751:
5739:
4843:is, in a modified form, the symbol of the
3497:a few weeks earlier on 27 February, a new
2864:in the north. On the side of Prussia were
1768:, had unsuccessfully attempted to conquer
1707:The Teutonic Order (orange) following the
303:
289:
275:
261:
247:
27:European state, existing from 1525 to 1947
6501:
6306:
4744:Learn how and when to remove this message
4407:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
2856:), some central German states (including
2346:king won another battle, the hard-fought
7681:States of the North German Confederation
6022:(Princeton University Press, 2014) p 356
5886:
5386:Hermann Kinder & Werner Hilgermann,
4980:
4475:
4332:Lutheranism in 1525. In the wake of the
4213:
4175:
4056:The Kingdom of Prussia functioned as an
3997:
3605:
3598:during much of the duration of the war.
3516:
3510:and subsequently voting in favor of the
3448:
3438:
3288:
3131:
3056:
3041:the French capital was still under siege
2964:
2827:
2743:
2656:
2520:
2477:
2391:
2266:
2190:
2148:
2048:(reigned 1568–1618), married her cousin
1921:
1702:
1694:
1518:, a military decoration created by King
280:
6574:
6528:
6389:
6350:
6298:The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia To 1786
6215:
5160:Robert S. Hoyt & Stanley Chodorow,
5014:List of museums and galleries in Berlin
4923:contains the house coat of arms of the
4165:, executive power remained vested in a
3789:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
3463: Territory lost after World War II
3368:, which were also models for the later
1977:On 10 April 1525, after signing of the
1506:("to each, his own"), the motto of the
1474:. The Teutonic Order wore a white coat
1151:in 1618 led to the proclamation of the
14:
8581:
6569:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780
6513:A Social History of Germany, 1648–1914
5950:
5559:Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia
5190:Lewinski-Corwin, Edward Henry (1917).
5058:https://wirdeins.twanksta.org/#Prūsija
3529:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich
3457: Territory lost after World War I
3389:("Prussian coup") of Reich Chancellor
3101:to preserve peace, for example at the
2954:
2933:(Diet), was elected by universal male
2817:
2806:Holstein and Schleswig initiating the
2739:
2321:By defeating the Austrian Army at the
2291:. It signalled the beginning of three
2232:Frederick I was succeeded by his son,
2025:
1716:Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights
212:("Hail to thee in the Victor's Crown")
8260:
7887:
7653:
7123:
6653:
6640:
6451:
6276:(2009), a standard scholarly history
5975:
5518:"Das Preußische Dreiklassenwahlrecht"
5515:
5399:James K. Pollock & Homer Thomas,
4790:
4621:) were the mass expulsions of ethnic
4336:, Prussia was dominated by two major
3961:came under the aegis of the elector.
3785:Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation
3601:
3317:were formed from the remaining parts.
3115:and worked instead with the Catholic
2646:
2180:
1641:, Russia); and Memel in Prussia (now
1225:Former eastern territories of Germany
992:
6055:History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840
5902:Handbuch der preussischen Geschichte
5643:Journal of European Economic History
5443:Frederick the Great: King of Prussia
5054:https://wirdeins.twanksta.org/#Prūsa
4682:adding citations to reliable sources
4653:
4405:. Prussian monarchs, beginning with
4393:population after the issuing of the
4157:Similar to other German states both
4100:represented all taxpayers, who were
4074:Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg
3031:" (not "Emperor of Germany") in the
1873:(1385), defeated the Knights in the
6525:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 211–229.
5944:
4879:The police star, the emblem of the
4650:Continuation of Prussian traditions
3890:... according to the design of 1900
3876:... according to the design of 1702
2899:. Prussia also won full control of
2690:revolutions broke out across Europe
2532:Prussia took a leading part in the
2126:(1654–1660), he received the duchy
1911:
1785:struggles against the Old Prussians
1368:(Poland 1454/1466 – 1772)
24:
7151:States of the German Confederation
6209:
4985:The Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin
4830:constructive vote of no confidence
4152:constructive vote of no confidence
3964:Frederick William I's excise tax (
3695:, with the remaining parts of the
3374:constructive vote of no confidence
3357:and Nazis were in the opposition.
3191:and in 1920 received a democratic
2459:
1999:Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
1625:, Poland); Danzig in Prussia (now
25:
8635:
8619:1947 disestablishments in Prussia
6626:Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz
6596:
6571:(3rd ed. 2003). pp. 427–462.
6523:Modern Prussian History 1830–1947
5697:, London: Macmillan, 1967 p. 253.
5516:Peter, Jelena (1 February 2000).
5303:(Harvard University Press, 2013).
4902:
4204:
4098:Prussian House of Representatives
4096:parliament. The lower house, the
3142:At age 29, Wilhelm became Kaiser
3074:Constitution of the German Empire
2773:
2722:Prussian House of Representatives
2602:during the "Wars of Liberation" (
2256:river, and other regions. In the
2046:Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia
1807:as well as of the western Baltic
1690:
1158:Prussia entered the ranks of the
8387:
8024:
7709:
7174:
6589:10.5129/001041510X13815229366480
5645:, Spring 1980, Vol. 9#1 pp 21–40
5236:A History of East Central Europe
4950:form of the Prussian Museums in
4658:
4607:
4586:
4567:
3883:
3869:
3851:
3555:(the head of which was called a
3262:under the administration of the
3046:
2142:. With Prussia, the Brandenburg
2091:(1619–1640) fled from Berlin to
1304:
1299:
1143:from 1525, a feudal fief of the
957:
217:
113:
97:
6531:The Rise of Brandenburg Prussia
6454:Germany in Western Civilization
6188:
6173:
6151:
6138:
6119:
6106:
6090:
6077:
6060:
6047:
6038:
6025:
6012:
5969:
5931:
5918:
5873:
5848:
5726:
5713:
5700:
5687:
5674:
5661:
5648:
5635:
5630:Bismarck and Germany: 1862–1890
5622:
5609:
5596:
5572:
5549:
5536:
5509:
5496:
5483:
5435:
5406:
5393:
5380:
5367:
5358:
5345:
5332:
5319:
5306:
5293:
5280:
5263:
5250:
5241:
5228:
5207:
5180:
4669:needs additional citations for
4064:, after which Prussia became a
4062:German revolutions of 1848–1849
3707:abolished in 1952 in favour of
2982:Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern
2832:Expansion of Prussia, 1807–1871
2128:as a fief from the Swedish king
1633:in Livonia (now Riga, Latvia);
1135:split Prussia into the western
1091: – an organized
1060:. Prussia, with its capital at
8614:1525 establishments in Prussia
7501:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
6452:Maehl, William Harvey (1979).
6316:. Cambridge University Press.
6245:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1947).
5167:
5154:
5141:
5125:
5112:
5074:
5045:
5036:
4962:
4912:shows, among other things the
4839:The Prussian war award of the
4576:Frederick William I of Prussia
4124:Prussia inside Weimar Republic
3282:) or by a railway through the
2305:War of the Austrian Succession
1973:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
1850:became the dominant language.
1789:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1748:knights, headquartered in the
1330:(pre – 13th century)
1324:(983 – 12th century)
931:
924:
13:
1:
8288:States of the Weimar Republic
6680:Territories and provinces of
6249:The Origins of Modern Germany
6185:, retrieved 12 November 2010.
6101:European Journal of Education
5522:Deutsches Historisches Museum
5401:Germany: In Power and Eclipse
5314:The Rise of Prussia 1700–1830
5217:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
5024:
5009:East Prussian Regional Museum
4970:Union of Evangelical Churches
4644:Humboldt University of Berlin
4597:
4389:Prussia received significant
4209:
4169:and in laws established by a
4167:Minister-President of Prussia
3783:One year later, in 1957, the
3701:Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
2947:in 1867 when France tried to
2764:Minister President of Prussia
2653:German revolutions of 1848–49
2608:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher
1983:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21)
1981:, which officially ended the
1217:Minister President of Prussia
1064:and then, when it became the
1017:state located on most of the
6353:The Rise and Fall of Prussia
6133:(Error: unknown archive URL)
5316:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 47–67.
5187:Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin
4764:. For example, the state of
4630:
4229:
4086:Prussia's first constitution
3903:Geheimer Rat für die Kurmark
3809:In the mid-16th century the
3778:1955 Saar Statute referendum
3376:, was carried over into the
2878:Battle of Langensalza (1866)
2874:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
2596:defeat of Napoleon in Russia
2260:(1720), he acquired half of
2106:Frederick William I went to
1894:Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
1709:Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
1552:
1133:Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
1123:, and, in the south, it was
1052:in 1947. For centuries, the
7:
7915:States of the German Empire
6508:, stress on cultural topics
6502:Reinhardt, Kurt F. (1961).
6351:Haffner, Sebastian (1998).
6035:(Bloomsbury Academic, 2001)
4976:
4863:Federal Ministry of Defense
4798:Federal Republic of Germany
4305:
3726:Western Zones of occupation
3435:Prussia and the Third Reich
3415:in street clashes with the
3370:Federal Republic of Germany
3238:, such as the provinces of
3153:
1884:(1454–1466) began when the
1482:colours of the free cities
1087:; in the 13th century, the
436:the Kingdom of Prussia 1880
10:
8640:
8604:Former countries in Europe
6704:Margraviate of Brandenburg
6218:European History Quarterly
6031:Helmut Walser Smith, ed..
5085:. Münster: Waxmann Verlag.
5019:List of museums in Germany
4919:The large coat of arms of
4908:The state coat of arms of
4861:'s honor formation at the
4802:North German Confederation
4634:
4378:Prussian Union of churches
4312:Prussian Union of Churches
4309:
4127:
4102:divided into three classes
4090:1850 Prussian Constitution
3798:
3172:
3157:
3065:The two decades after the
3050:
2958:
2909:North German Confederation
2821:
2650:
2496:Second Partition of Poland
2463:
2184:
2099:(1640–1688), reformed the
2029:
2020:Margraviate of Brandenburg
1962:
1915:
1896:, losing western Prussia (
1713:
1675:
1671:
1664:off from the coast of the
1577:and parts of the state of
1561:included the provinces of
1549:along the border regions.
1496:North German Confederation
1362:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
1334:Margraviate of Brandenburg
1279:
1266:The terms "Prussian" and "
1176:North German Confederation
364:(until early 18th century)
297:North German Confederation
36:
29:
8522:
8495:
8477:
8431:
8424:
8396:
8385:
8295:
8220:
8204:
8176:
8163:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
8122:
8076:
8033:
8022:
7922:
7853:
7840:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
7799:
7756:
7718:
7707:
7688:
7636:
7605:
7578:
7545:
7471:
7438:
7431:
7369:
7324:
7288:
7281:
7235:
7219:
7183:
7172:
7158:
7094:
7025:
6945:Principality of Neuchâtel
6919:
6798:
6689:
6647:
6642:Links to related articles
6342:English Historical Review
5990:10.1017/S0018246X00024730
5628:David Graham Williamson,
5414:Germany: A Modern History
5271:English Historical Review
5215:Europe in the Middle Ages
4637:Prussian education system
4135:industrial centre of the
4047:Generalkriegskommissariat
3901:created a council called
3469: Present-day Germany
2976:The controversy with the
2534:French Revolutionary Wars
2500:Third Partition of Poland
2490:During the reign of King
2454:Prussian education system
2427:First Partition of Poland
2369:, the Habsburg monarchy,
1997:resigned his position as
1466:were already used by the
920:
867:
863:
853:
843:
833:
829:
824:
820:
798:
777:
764:
751:
738:
725:
721:
707:
703:
688:
673:
669:
659:
655:
640:
625:
621:
611:
607:
592:
577:
573:
563:
493:
481:
429:
340:
325:
320:
244:
159:
131:
93:
88:
52:
7970:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
6610:chronology and summaries
6417:American Economic Review
6344:89.353 (1974): 814–834.
6255:, covers medieval period
6230:10.1177/0265691408094531
6096:Ash, Mitchell G. (2006)
6068:Central European History
5955:. Marburg: Herder-Inst.
5135:12#3 (1994) pp. 286–307
4043:General War Commissariat
4035:Generalfinanzdirektorium
3942:Landständische Regierung
3811:margraves of Brandenburg
3758:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
3571:As provided for in the "
3280:Sea Service East Prussia
3148:Victoria, Princess Royal
2561:, which now fell to the
2547:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
2502:in 1795. His successor,
2470:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
1825:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1508:Order of the Black Eagle
1229:Polish People's Republic
1215:remained in his role as
1072:, decisively shaped the
434:Religious confessions in
37:Not to be confused with
32:Prussia (disambiguation)
6114:Acta Poloniae Historica
6083:Charles E. McClelland,
5951:Belzyt, Leszek (1998).
5273:65.255 (1950): 175–202
5102:"Population of Germany"
4578:welcoming the expelled
4328:was the first state to
4173:elected by the people.
4110:Prussian House of Lords
4066:constitutional monarchy
3950:Geheime Landesregierung
3764:to create the state of
3760:were later merged with
3160:Prussian state railways
2907:river into forming the
2808:Second War of Schleswig
2733:Prussian House of Lords
2238:only briefly saw action
2042:Duchess Anna of Prussia
1459:on a white background.
1449:coat of arms of Prussia
1386:(1918 – 1947)
1380:(1701 – 1918)
1374:(1618 – 1701)
1354:(1525 – 1618)
1348:(1356 – 1806)
1342:(1224 – 1525)
1253:Federation of Expellees
1190:and less as Prussians.
930:
923:
557:Allied-occupied Germany
530:constitutional republic
205:Heil dir im Siegerkranz
72:
8609:History of Brandenburg
8242:
8233:
8228:German colonial empire
8158:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
7835:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
6419:104.1 (2014): 84–122.
6390:Holborn, Hajo (1982).
6379:Henderson, William O.
6296:Fay, Sidney Bradshaw.
5978:The Historical Journal
5845:Kotulla (2008), p. 270
5833:Kotulla (2008), p. 269
5824:Kotulla (2008), p. 266
5806:Kotulla (2008), p. 267
5780:Kotulla (2008), p. 265
5766:Kotulla (2008), p. 263
5748:Kotulla (2008), p. 262
5693:Wheeler-Bennett, John
4986:
4804:and expanded into the
4766:North Rhine-Westphalia
4625:between 1885 and 1890.
4548:Second Polish Republic
4421:was mostly made up of
4395:Edict of Fontainebleau
4387:
4219:
4201:
4184:settlements along the
4118:Prussian Secret Police
4010:
3815:Protestant Reformation
3734:North Rhine-Westphalia
3713:(districts), but were
3681:Soviet occupation zone
3674:Allied Control Council
3625:The areas east of the
3622:
3533:Law on Reich Governors
3524:
3471:
3446:
3318:
3252:Second Polish Republic
3139:
3067:unification of Germany
3062:
2980:over the candidacy of
2973:
2937:. The upper house, or
2833:
2796:First War of Schleswig
2751:
2719:. The lower house, or
2665:
2529:
2487:
2446:enlightened absolutism
2401:
2276:
2202:
2161:
2006:a cadet branch of the
1989:of the Polish capital
1960:
1886:Prussian Confederation
1877:(Tannenberg) in 1410.
1840:
1711:
1700:
1534:
1439:(1947–1952, from 1990)
1409:(1920–1939, from 1945)
1366:Royal (Polish) Prussia
1346:Elector of Brandenburg
1272:
1255:and various political
1180:
989:
938:
910:
902:
886:
872:
806:
788:, loss of independence
742:Union with Brandenburg
336:(1701–1806; 1806–1947)
203:
180:
147:
137:
58:
6464:9.4 (1947): 482–501.
6369:Hamerow, Theodore S.
6359:Hamerow, Theodore S.
6258:Carroll, E. Malcolm.
6070:12.4 (1979): 315-342
5299:Reinhold A. Dorwart,
5162:Europe in Middle Ages
4984:
4615:Prussian deportations
4476:Non-German population
4382:
4310:Further information:
4217:
4179:
4130:Free State of Prussia
4108:), later renamed the
4003:Prussian King's Crown
4001:
3697:Province of Pomerania
3609:
3520:
3452:
3442:
3339:German People's Party
3315:West Prussia district
3292:
3246:, as well as eastern
3175:Free State of Prussia
3135:
3060:
3039:outside Paris, while
2968:
2831:
2747:
2660:
2527:Frederick William III
2524:
2504:Frederick William III
2481:
2412:County of East Frisia
2395:
2270:
2213:of 16 November 1700,
2194:
2152:
2103:to defend the lands.
2008:House of Hohenzollern
1925:
1838:In the course of the
1706:
1698:
1686:Free State of Prussia
1676:Further information:
1559:Free State of Prussia
1520:Frederick William III
1421:Recovered Territories
1384:Free State of Prussia
1318:(965 – 983)
1203:Free State of Prussia
1054:House of Hohenzollern
768:Free State of Prussia
341:Common languages
8338:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
8333:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
8205:Imperial Territories
8058:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
8053:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
7974:Starostwo of Draheim
7738:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
7733:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
7263:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
7258:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
6958:Grand Duchy of Posen
6577:Comparative Politics
6567:Treasure, Geoffrey.
6529:Shennan, M. (1997).
5860:The Prussian Machine
5695:The Nemesis of Power
5589:24 June 2021 at the
5412:Marshall Dill, Jr.,
5353:A History of Prussia
5327:A History of Prussia
5258:A History of Prussia
5193:A History of Prussia
5149:A History of Prussia
4991:Alte Nationalgalerie
4678:improve this article
4580:Salzburg Protestants
4544:Treaty of Versailles
4533:Partitions of Poland
4252:Prussian Lithuanians
4246:in West Prussia and
4070:Frederick William IV
4027:House Treaty of Gera
3746:Rhineland-Palatinate
3719:German reunification
3703:. These states were
3666:abolition of Prussia
3512:Enabling Act of 1933
3305:came largely to the
3236:partitions of Poland
3200:Treaty of Versailles
3079:Imperial German Army
3013:kleindeutsche Lösung
2994:Franco-German enmity
2978:Second French Empire
2870:Battle of Königgrätz
2800:Punctation of Olmütz
2792:German Confederation
2706:Frankfurt Parliament
2696:agreed to convene a
2694:Frederick William IV
2663:Frederick William IV
2641:German Confederation
2582:Emancipation of Jews
2559:Partitions of Poland
2492:Frederick William II
2299:(1740–1742) and the
2275:, "the Soldier-King"
2144:Hohenzollern dynasty
1890:Casimir IV Jagiellon
1750:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1722:Andrew II of Hungary
1472:Hohenzollern dynasty
1462:The black and white
1166:(1740–1786). At the
1019:North European Plain
420:(until 20th century)
283:German Confederation
30:For other uses, see
8168:Waldeck and Pyrmont
7845:Waldeck and Pyrmont
7463:Waldeck and Pyrmont
7028:Territorial reforms
6986:Province of Prussia
6619:18 May 2010 at the
6506:. Vol. 2 vols.
6504:Germany: 2000 Years
6470:Nipperdey, Thomas.
6408:Horn, David Bayne.
6116:99 (2009): 137-160.
5403:(1952) pp. 297–302.
5390:(1974) pp. 282–283.
5030:Informational notes
4787:and even in names.
4542:As a result of the
4504:(101,500 in 1905),
4500:(248,000 in 1905),
4442:, eastern parts of
4399:Louis XIV of France
4254:(in East Prussia),
4238:minorities such as
4007:Hohenzollern Castle
3970:Second Northern War
3844:residence in Berlin
3801:Brandenburg-Prussia
3610:Map of the current
3592:Danzig-West Prussia
3573:Greater Hamburg Act
3522:Paul von Hindenburg
3421:Paul von Hindenburg
3412:Rotfrontkämpferbund
3407:Kurt von Schleicher
3307:2nd Polish Republic
3260:Free City of Danzig
3095:imperial chancellor
2998:Franco-Prussian War
2961:Franco-Prussian War
2955:Franco-Prussian War
2839:Austro-Prussian War
2824:Austro-Prussian War
2818:Austro-Prussian War
2740:Wars of unification
2484:Brandenburg-Prussia
2389:in the afternoon."
2301:Second Silesian War
2273:Frederick William I
2258:Treaty of Stockholm
2234:Frederick William I
2124:Second Northern War
2097:Frederick William I
2062:Brandenburg-Prussia
2032:Brandenburg-Prussia
2026:Brandenburg-Prussia
1953:Sigismund I the Old
1882:Thirteen Years' War
1783:During 60 years of
1372:Brandenburg-Prussia
1358:Malbork Voivodeship
1322:Lutician federation
1164:Frederick the Great
712:Early modern Europe
515:semi-constitutional
8624:Historical regions
7992:Schleswig-Holstein
7110:Jülich-Cleves-Berg
7102:
7063:Posen-West Prussia
7002:Schleswig-Holstein
6628:(picture archive).
6608:Preußen-Chronik.de
6603:population history
6462:Review of Politics
6435:Kotulla, Michael.
6427:History of Prussia
6333:Friedrich, Karin.
6270:Clark, Christopher
6018:Thomas Nipperdey,
5632:(Routledge, 2013).
5338:Robert B. Asprey,
4987:
4932:Minister-president
4894:In 2002, the then
4870:Federal Presidents
4823:Reichstag building
4811:Prussia's capital
4791:Federal government
4496:(72,500 in 1905),
4401:and the following
4250:in East Prussia),
4220:
4202:
4051:Kriegskommissariat
4013:Under the rule of
4011:
3934:Kurfürstlicher Rat
3827:Elector Joachim II
3805:Kingdom of Prussia
3750:Schleswig-Holstein
3623:
3620:Kingdom of Prussia
3602:The end of Prussia
3542:Reichsstatthaltern
3525:
3501:was opened in the
3491:Reichstag building
3480:Reichstag election
3472:
3447:
3360:The East Prussian
3319:
3311:Posen-West Prussia
3140:
3103:Congress of Berlin
3063:
2974:
2949:acquire Luxembourg
2901:Schleswig-Holstein
2834:
2812:Gastein Convention
2752:
2717:Landtag of Prussia
2666:
2647:Wars of liberation
2616:Congress of Vienna
2612:Battle of Waterloo
2585:conscripts of the
2555:Treaties of Tilsit
2530:
2488:
2402:
2343:Battle of Lobositz
2335:Third Silesian War
2323:Battle of Mollwitz
2309:Holy Roman Emperor
2297:First Silesian War
2277:
2242:Great Northern War
2203:
2187:Kingdom of Prussia
2181:Kingdom of Prussia
2162:
2110:in 1641 to render
1961:
1875:Battle of Grunwald
1859:Holy Roman Emperor
1712:
1701:
1682:Kingdom of Prussia
1603:Schleswig-Holstein
1427:Kaliningrad Oblast
1378:Kingdom of Prussia
1168:Congress of Vienna
1153:Kingdom of Prussia
1074:history of Germany
1066:Kingdom of Prussia
994:[ˈpʁɔʏsn̩]
755:Kingdom of Prussia
661:Minister-President
331:(1525–1701; 1806)
8574:
8573:
8568:
8567:
8518:
8517:
8254:
8253:
7881:
7880:
7825:
7817:
7647:
7646:
7601:
7600:
7527:
7514:
7427:
7426:
7371:Ernestine duchies
7117:
7116:
7098:Province of Posen
6948:(1814–1848)
6836:Western Pomerania
6828:Minden-Ravensberg
6729:Farther Pomerania
6557:Taylor, A. J. P.
6547:Taylor, A. J. P.
6491:Orlow, Dietrich.
6480:Orlow, Dietrich.
6447:978-3-540-48705-0
6323:978-0-521-58335-0
6282:978-0-7139-9466-7
6224:(38#4): 525–550.
5962:978-3-87969-267-5
5937:Frank B. Tipton,
5911:978-3-11-008322-4
5619:(1955) pp. 70–91.
5342:(1986) pp. 34–35.
5118:Vesna Danilovic,
4921:Baden-Württemberg
4889:Black Eagle Order
4762:international law
4754:
4753:
4746:
4728:
4619:Polenausweisungen
4560:forcibly expelled
4529:Province of Posen
4456:Province of Posen
4082:Ministerpräsident
4058:absolute monarchy
4031:Geheime Hofkammer
4015:Frederick III (I)
3918:Frederick William
3914:Thirty Years' War
3907:Thirty Years' War
3899:Joachim Frederick
3766:Baden-Württemberg
3754:Württemberg-Baden
3639:Treaty of Potsdam
3612:states of Germany
3297:the provinces of
3264:League of Nations
3187:) within the new
3181:German Revolution
3137:Kaiser Wilhelm II
2760:Otto von Bismarck
2749:Otto von Bismarck
2698:National Assembly
2545:'s troops in the
2512:Reformed churches
2295:(1740–1763). The
2262:Swedish Pomerania
2219:Holy Roman Empire
2217:, emperor of the
2166:absolute monarchy
2116:Władysław IV Vasa
2081:Thirty Years' War
2036:Holy Roman Empire
2003:Zygmunt I the Old
1941:Albert of Prussia
1451:, as well as the
1445:
1444:
1251:politicians, the
1219:until the end of
1195:German Revolution
1127:by settlers from
1083:derives from the
1037:German Chancellor
950:
949:
939:Ministerpräsident
690:• 1933–1945
642:• 1888–1918
627:• 1701–1713
594:• 1688–1701
579:• 1525–1568
526:semi-presidential
503:Absolute monarchy
445:United Protestant
269:Holy Roman Empire
255:Holy Roman Empire
235:
188:"Song of Prussia"
16:(Redirected from
8631:
8470:
8429:
8428:
8391:
8375:
8367:
8358:Schaumburg-Lippe
8281:
8274:
8267:
8258:
8257:
8247:
8238:
8153:Schaumburg-Lippe
8148:
8140:
8110:
8028:
8007:
7977:
7908:
7901:
7894:
7885:
7884:
7830:Schaumburg-Lippe
7823:
7815:
7713:
7674:
7667:
7660:
7651:
7650:
7571:
7570:
7561:
7560:
7538:
7537:
7525:
7520:
7519:
7512:
7507:
7506:
7497:
7496:
7491:Reuss-Lobenstein
7487:
7486:
7458:Schaumburg-Lippe
7436:
7435:
7415:
7407:
7399:
7391:
7383:
7362:
7354:
7346:
7338:
7326:Anhalt (Ascania)
7307:
7286:
7285:
7178:
7144:
7137:
7130:
7121:
7120:
7103:
7087:
7067:
7059:
7051:
7018:
6998:
6990:
6982:
6949:
6932:
6931:
6922:Post-Congress of
6912:
6900:New East Prussia
6896:
6884:
6868:
6860:
6844:
6832:
6824:
6812:
6769:
6761:
6745:
6725:
6699:Duchy of Prussia
6674:
6667:
6660:
6651:
6650:
6638:
6637:
6592:
6544:
6507:
6457:
6440:(Springer, 2008)
6405:
6356:
6327:
6308:Friedrich, Karin
6254:
6252:
6241:
6203:
6194:Markus Reiners:
6192:
6186:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6155:
6149:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6131:at bundestag.de
6130:
6123:
6117:
6110:
6104:
6094:
6088:
6081:
6075:
6064:
6058:
6051:
6045:
6042:
6036:
6029:
6023:
6016:
6010:
6009:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5948:
5942:
5935:
5929:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5897:
5884:
5879:Dietrich Orlow,
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5852:
5846:
5843:
5834:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5807:
5804:
5781:
5778:
5767:
5764:
5749:
5746:
5737:
5730:
5724:
5717:
5711:
5704:
5698:
5691:
5685:
5678:
5672:
5665:
5659:
5652:
5646:
5639:
5633:
5626:
5620:
5613:
5607:
5602:Michael Embree,
5600:
5594:
5582:(1968): 888–924
5576:
5570:
5569:
5563:
5553:
5547:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5513:
5507:
5500:
5494:
5487:
5481:
5474:
5465:
5458:
5449:
5439:
5433:
5426:
5417:
5410:
5404:
5397:
5391:
5384:
5378:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5356:
5349:
5343:
5336:
5330:
5323:
5317:
5310:
5304:
5297:
5291:
5284:
5278:
5267:
5261:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5239:
5238:, (2001), p. 30.
5232:
5226:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5184:
5178:
5171:
5165:
5158:
5152:
5145:
5139:
5129:
5123:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5098:
5087:
5086:
5078:
5061:
5049:
5043:
5040:
4936:Regierungsbezirk
4832:anchored in the
4768:is bound to the
4749:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4686:
4662:
4654:
4611:
4602:
4599:
4595:Berlin Cathedral
4590:
4571:
4411:French Cathedral
4374:Berlin Cathedral
4330:officially adopt
4326:Duchy of Prussia
4270:(in Schleswig),
4194:Memel (Klaipėda)
4076:Prussia's first
3975:Prussian estates
3912:Until after the
3887:
3873:
3855:
3774:a separate state
3627:Oder–Neisse line
3616:Imperial Germany
3468:
3462:
3456:
3335:German Democrats
3327:Social Democrats
3218:to Denmark; the
2692:. Alarmed, King
2604:Befreiungskriege
2498:in 1793 and the
2385:in the morning,
2348:Battle of Torgau
2339:Seven Years' War
2289:Habsburg Austria
2171:Edict of Potsdam
2132:Treaty of Labiau
1979:Treaty of Kraków
1969:Duchy of Prussia
1918:Duchy of Prussia
1912:Duchy of Prussia
1845:
1832:Hanseatic League
1780:on his borders.
1738:Teutonic Knights
1678:Duchy of Prussia
1654:Hanseatic League
1647:Hanseatic League
1637:in Prussia (now
1599:Austrian Silesia
1539:
1510:created by King
1490:, as well as of
1468:Teutonic Knights
1464:national colours
1403:area (from 1918)
1352:Duchy of Prussia
1308:
1303:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1185:
1147:up to 1657. The
1141:Duchy of Prussia
1101:German crusaders
1089:Teutonic Knights
1050:an Allied decree
1004:
1003:
1002:
996:
983:
982:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
941:
935:The position of
934:
927:
915:
905:
895:German gold mark
891:
877:
816:25 February 1947
811:
729:Duchy of Prussia
699:
684:
651:
636:
603:
588:
330:
329:
314:
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
258:
251:
237:
236:
213:
208:
185:
155:
150:
142:
117:
101:
83:
75:
69:
61:
50:
49:
21:
8639:
8638:
8634:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8628:
8579:
8578:
8575:
8570:
8569:
8564:
8524:
8514:
8491:
8473:
8468:
8466:Weimar-Eisenach
8420:
8392:
8383:
8373:
8365:
8291:
8285:
8255:
8250:
8216:
8212:Alsace–Lorraine
8200:
8172:
8146:
8138:
8118:
8108:
8072:
8068:Weimar-Eisenach
8048:Hesse-Darmstadt
8029:
8020:
7972:and the former
7968:(including the
7967:
7938:
7918:
7912:
7882:
7877:
7849:
7795:
7752:
7748:Weimar-Eisenach
7728:Hesse-Darmstadt
7714:
7705:
7684:
7678:
7648:
7643:
7632:
7597:
7574:
7568:
7567:
7558:
7557:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7517:
7516:
7504:
7503:
7494:
7493:
7484:
7483:
7481:Reuss-Ebersdorf
7467:
7423:
7413:
7405:
7403:Gotha-Altenburg
7397:
7389:
7387:Coburg-Saalfeld
7381:
7365:
7360:
7352:
7344:
7336:
7320:
7305:
7277:
7273:Weimar-Eisenach
7248:Hesse-Darmstadt
7231:
7215:
7179:
7170:
7154:
7148:
7118:
7113:
7101:
7090:
7085:
7071:Halle-Merseburg
7065:
7057:
7045:
7032:
7029:
7021:
7012:
6996:
6988:
6980:
6947:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6915:
6906:
6890:
6878:
6866:
6854:
6838:
6830:
6818:
6810:
6794:
6767:
6755:
6749:Lauenburg–Bütow
6739:
6719:
6685:
6678:
6643:
6621:Wayback Machine
6599:
6583:(44#1): 21–38.
6541:
6402:
6324:
6286:Craig, Gordon.
6253:(2nd ed.).
6212:
6210:Further reading
6207:
6206:
6193:
6189:
6178:
6174:
6164:
6162:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6111:
6107:
6095:
6091:
6082:
6078:
6065:
6061:
6052:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6030:
6026:
6017:
6013:
5984:(4): 985–1004.
5974:
5970:
5963:
5949:
5945:
5936:
5932:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5898:
5887:
5878:
5874:
5864:
5862:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5810:
5805:
5784:
5779:
5770:
5765:
5752:
5747:
5740:
5731:
5727:
5718:
5714:
5705:
5701:
5692:
5688:
5679:
5675:
5666:
5662:
5653:
5649:
5640:
5636:
5627:
5623:
5615:A.J.P. Taylor,
5614:
5610:
5601:
5597:
5591:Wayback Machine
5577:
5573:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5525:
5514:
5510:
5501:
5497:
5488:
5484:
5475:
5468:
5459:
5452:
5440:
5436:
5427:
5420:
5411:
5407:
5398:
5394:
5385:
5381:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5346:
5337:
5333:
5324:
5320:
5311:
5307:
5298:
5294:
5285:
5281:
5268:
5264:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5233:
5229:
5212:
5208:
5185:
5181:
5173:Norman Davies,
5172:
5168:
5159:
5155:
5146:
5142:
5130:
5126:
5117:
5113:
5100:
5099:
5090:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5064:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5027:
4979:
4965:
4905:
4859:guard battalion
4793:
4750:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4687:
4685:
4675:
4663:
4652:
4639:
4633:
4626:
4612:
4603:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4572:
4556:German-speaking
4478:
4322:
4308:
4286:, Russians (in
4236:ethnolinguistic
4232:
4212:
4207:
4198:Danzig (Gdańsk)
4141:Social Democrat
4132:
4126:
3948:in Prussia and
3895:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:... during the
3856:
3847:
3846:
3823:Großer Ausschuß
3807:
3799:Main articles:
3797:
3728:, which became
3683:, which became
3659:population fled
3604:
3503:Garrison Church
3470:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3437:
3403:Altona, Hamburg
3391:Franz von Papen
3331:Catholic Centre
3284:Polish corridor
3220:Memel Territory
3216:North Schleswig
3189:Weimar Republic
3179:Because of the
3177:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3055:
3049:
3033:Hall of Mirrors
3023:), William was
2963:
2957:
2885:Peace of Prague
2826:
2820:
2778:The Kingdom of
2776:
2742:
2655:
2649:
2637:Congress Poland
2600:Sixth Coalition
2563:Duchy of Warsaw
2476:
2466:Napoleonic Wars
2464:Main articles:
2462:
2460:Napoleonic Wars
2227:King of Prussia
2223:King in Prussia
2200:King in Prussia
2189:
2183:
2038:
2030:Main articles:
2028:
1975:
1965:Prussian Homage
1963:Main articles:
1928:Prussian Homage
1920:
1914:
1821:Treaty of Melno
1778:Prussian tribes
1766:Duke of Masovia
1718:
1693:
1688:
1674:
1555:
1453:flag of Prussia
1407:Klaipėda Region
1282:
1199:Weimar Republic
1145:Crown of Poland
1040:Franz von Papen
998:
997:
960:
956:
946:
908:
898:
893:
884:
881:Prussian thaler
879:
856:
846:
836:
813:
794:30 January 1934
791:
773:9 November 1918
770:
760:18 January 1701
757:
744:
731:
697:
691:
682:
680:Friedrich Ebert
676:
649:
643:
634:
628:
601:
595:
586:
580:
555:
544:
533:
528:
521:
513:
506:
501:
498:Feudal monarchy
476:
471:
466:
461:
457:
447:
442:
438:
435:
425:
424:
423:
362:Baltic Prussian
356:
347:
332:
316:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
273:
266:
259:
252:
240:
239:
238:
218:
214:
211:
210:
200:
198:
189:
187:
177:
175:
174:
172:
166:
164:
154:("God with us")
153:
152:
144:
127:
126:
125:
123:
118:
110:
109:
107:
102:
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8637:
8627:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8572:
8571:
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8557:
8552:
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8529:
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8516:
8515:
8513:
8512:
8507:
8501:
8499:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8489:
8483:
8481:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8437:
8435:
8426:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8402:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8381:
8376:
8368:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8299:
8297:
8293:
8292:
8284:
8283:
8276:
8269:
8261:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8248:
8239:
8230:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8182:
8180:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8142:
8134:
8128:
8126:
8124:Principalities
8120:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8111:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8082:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8039:
8037:
8031:
8030:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8013:
8008:
7932:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7919:
7911:
7910:
7903:
7896:
7888:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7859:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7819:
7811:
7805:
7803:
7801:Principalities
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7762:
7760:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7724:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7677:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7654:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7637:
7634:
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7615:
7609:
7607:
7603:
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7575:
7573:
7572:
7562:
7551:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7529:
7521:
7508:
7498:
7488:
7477:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7432:Principalities
7429:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7411:Hildburghausen
7408:
7400:
7392:
7384:
7375:
7373:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7355:
7347:
7339:
7330:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7300:
7295:
7289:
7283:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7162:
7160:
7156:
7155:
7147:
7146:
7139:
7132:
7124:
7115:
7114:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7068:
7060:
7055:Greater Berlin
7052:
7035:
7033:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7019:
6999:
6991:
6983:
6978:Rhine Province
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6942:
6936:
6934:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6897:
6885:
6869:
6861:
6845:
6833:
6825:
6813:
6804:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6770:
6762:
6746:
6726:
6706:
6701:
6695:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6677:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6654:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6623:
6611:
6605:
6598:
6597:External links
6595:
6594:
6593:
6572:
6565:
6555:
6545:
6539:
6526:
6519:
6511:Sagarra, Eda.
6509:
6499:
6489:
6478:
6468:
6458:
6449:
6433:
6423:
6413:
6406:
6400:
6387:
6377:
6367:
6357:
6348:
6338:
6331:
6322:
6304:
6294:
6284:
6267:
6256:
6242:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6187:
6172:
6150:
6137:
6129:(Date missing)
6118:
6105:
6089:
6076:
6059:
6053:Hajo Holborn,
6046:
6037:
6024:
6011:
5968:
5961:
5943:
5930:
5917:
5910:
5885:
5872:
5847:
5835:
5826:
5808:
5782:
5768:
5750:
5738:
5725:
5712:
5699:
5686:
5673:
5660:
5647:
5634:
5621:
5608:
5595:
5571:
5548:
5535:
5508:
5495:
5482:
5466:
5450:
5441:David Fraser,
5434:
5418:
5405:
5392:
5379:
5377:, pp. 195–208.
5366:
5357:
5344:
5331:
5318:
5305:
5292:
5279:
5262:
5249:
5240:
5234:Daniel Stone,
5227:
5206:
5179:
5166:
5164:(1976) p. 629.
5153:
5140:
5133:German History
5124:
5111:
5088:
5072:
5071:
5063:
5062:
5044:
5034:
5033:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4947:
4943:
4928:
4917:
4914:Prussian eagle
4904:
4903:Within Germany
4901:
4900:
4899:
4892:
4881:Federal Police
4877:
4866:
4851:
4848:
4837:
4826:
4809:
4792:
4789:
4752:
4751:
4666:
4664:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4635:Main article:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4613:
4606:
4604:
4592:
4585:
4583:
4573:
4566:
4525:Greater Poland
4477:
4474:
4415:Gendarmenmarkt
4307:
4304:
4266:(in Silesia),
4258:(in Lusatia),
4231:
4228:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Social history
4203:
4128:Main article:
4125:
4122:
4092:established a
4078:prime minister
4041:chambers. The
3922:personal union
3889:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3857:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3796:
3793:
3776:following the
3770:a protectorate
3603:
3600:
3476:Hermann Göring
3465:
3459:
3453:
3436:
3433:
3250:, went to the
3232:Czechoslovakia
3228:Hultschin area
3173:Main article:
3170:
3167:
3158:Main article:
3155:
3152:
3051:Main article:
3048:
3045:
2959:Main article:
2956:
2953:
2843:reason for war
2822:Main article:
2819:
2816:
2775:
2774:Schleswig Wars
2772:
2768:German Emperor
2741:
2738:
2678:Burschenschaft
2651:Main article:
2648:
2645:
2538:Peace of Basel
2461:
2458:
2185:Main article:
2182:
2179:
2089:George William
2058:personal union
2053:John Sigismund
2027:
2024:
1916:Main article:
1913:
1910:
1871:Union of Krewo
1811:, and erected
1742:military order
1714:Main article:
1692:
1691:Teutonic Order
1689:
1673:
1670:
1554:
1551:
1541:), as well as
1486:, Hamburg and
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1340:Teutonic Order
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1316:Northern March
1310:
1309:
1296:
1295:
1281:
1278:
1213:Hermann Göring
1131:. The imposed
1113:monastic state
1097:military order
1011:Prūsija, Prūsa
948:
947:
945:
944:
929:
921:
918:
917:
869:
865:
864:
861:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
847:
844:
841:
840:
837:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
799:
796:
795:
792:
778:
775:
774:
771:
765:
762:
761:
758:
752:
749:
748:
747:27 August 1618
745:
739:
736:
735:
732:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
709:
708:Historical era
705:
704:
701:
700:
695:Hermann Göring
692:
689:
686:
685:
677:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
657:
656:
653:
652:
644:
641:
638:
637:
629:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
609:
608:
605:
604:
596:
593:
590:
589:
581:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
561:
560:
495:
491:
490:
485:
479:
478:
431:
427:
426:
422:
421:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
358:
357:
352:
351:
342:
338:
337:
322:
318:
317:
302:
288:
274:
260:
246:
245:
242:
241:
216:
215:
190:
157:
156:
129:
128:
119:
112:
111:
103:
96:
95:
94:
91:
90:
86:
85:
56:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8636:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8577:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8521:
8511:
8510:Sondershausen
8508:
8506:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8494:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8476:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8434:
8430:
8427:
8423:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8390:
8380:
8377:
8372:
8369:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8294:
8289:
8282:
8277:
8275:
8270:
8268:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8175:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8143:
8141:
8139:(Junior Line)
8135:
8133:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8125:
8121:
8115:
8112:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8035:Grand Duchies
8032:
8027:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7975:
7971:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7921:
7916:
7909:
7904:
7902:
7897:
7895:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7820:
7818:
7816:(Junior Line)
7812:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7720:Grand Duchies
7717:
7712:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7687:
7682:
7675:
7670:
7668:
7663:
7661:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7594:
7593:Sondershausen
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7566:
7563:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7533:
7532:Reuss-Schleiz
7530:
7528:
7522:
7515:
7513:(Junior Line)
7509:
7502:
7499:
7492:
7489:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7448:Liechtenstein
7446:
7444:
7443:Hesse-Homburg
7441:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7430:
7420:
7417:
7412:
7409:
7404:
7401:
7396:
7393:
7388:
7385:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7368:
7359:
7356:
7351:
7348:
7343:
7340:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7323:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:Grand duchies
7234:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7218:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7177:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7152:
7145:
7140:
7138:
7133:
7131:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7111:
7107:
7099:
7093:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7064:
7061:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7044:
7043:Upper Silesia
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7024:
7016:
7011:
7007:
7003:
7000:
6995:
6992:
6987:
6984:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6918:
6910:
6905:
6901:
6898:
6894:
6889:
6888:South Prussia
6886:
6882:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6865:
6862:
6858:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6842:
6837:
6834:
6829:
6826:
6822:
6817:
6814:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6766:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6683:
6675:
6670:
6668:
6663:
6661:
6656:
6655:
6652:
6646:
6639:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6536:
6532:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6330:
6329:online review
6325:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6214:
6213:
6201:
6197:
6191:
6184:
6183:
6176:
6160:
6154:
6147:
6141:
6127:
6122:
6115:
6109:
6103:41.2: 245-267
6102:
6099:
6093:
6086:
6080:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6056:
6050:
6041:
6034:
6028:
6021:
6015:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5964:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5934:
5927:
5921:
5913:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5882:
5876:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5842:
5840:
5830:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5736:, pp. 670–682
5735:
5729:
5723:, pp. 655–670
5722:
5716:
5710:, pp. 647–648
5709:
5703:
5696:
5690:
5683:
5677:
5671:, pp. 630–639
5670:
5664:
5657:
5651:
5644:
5638:
5631:
5625:
5618:
5612:
5605:
5599:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5567:
5562:
5560:
5552:
5545:
5539:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5499:
5492:
5486:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5416:(1970) p. 39.
5415:
5409:
5402:
5396:
5389:
5383:
5376:
5370:
5361:
5354:
5348:
5341:
5335:
5328:
5322:
5315:
5309:
5302:
5296:
5289:
5283:
5276:
5272:
5266:
5259:
5253:
5244:
5237:
5231:
5224:
5223:0-15-524712-3
5220:
5216:
5210:
5203:
5202:lizard union.
5199:
5195:
5194:
5188:
5183:
5177:(1982) p. 81.
5176:
5170:
5163:
5157:
5151:(1978) p. 35.
5150:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5121:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5084:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4925:Hohenzollerns
4922:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4910:Saxony-Anhalt
4907:
4906:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4806:German Empire
4803:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4758:German states
4748:
4745:
4737:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695: –
4694:
4690:
4689:Find sources:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4667:This section
4665:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4647:
4645:
4638:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4605:
4596:
4589:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4546:in 1919, the
4545:
4540:
4538:
4537:Upper Silesia
4534:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:confessions:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4316:Old Lutherans
4313:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4224:German Empire
4216:
4199:
4195:
4192:spanned from
4191:
4188:coastline of
4187:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:Carl Severing
4145:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3946:Oberratsstube
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3886:
3872:
3861:
3854:
3845:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3693:Saxony-Anhalt
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3432:
3430:
3429:Preußenschlag
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3399:Bloody Sunday
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3386:Preußenschlag
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3366:Carl Severing
3363:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:Upper Silesia
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:Upper Silesia
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3127:Frederick III
3124:
3122:
3121:Germanisation
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3054:
3053:German Empire
3047:German Empire
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3006:German Empire
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2754:In 1862 King
2750:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2727:three classes
2724:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:conservatives
2664:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:Royal Prussia
2428:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2400:, "the Great"
2399:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:Great Britain
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2337:(part of the
2336:
2332:
2331:Upper Silesia
2328:
2327:Lower Silesia
2324:
2319:
2317:
2316:Maria Theresa
2313:
2310:
2307:(1740–1748).
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:Silesian Wars
2290:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2155:Great Elector
2151:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:Ducal Prussia
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1898:Royal Prussia
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:pagan Prussia
1767:
1764:, the Polish
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:In 1211 King
1717:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:in Germany);
1580:
1576:
1575:Saxony-Anhalt
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1524:Old Prussians
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1455:, depicted a
1454:
1450:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:Old Prussians
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:Royal Prussia
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Old Prussians
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:Prussian Army
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:dissolved by
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:German Empire
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
995:
991:
987:
981:
954:
942:
940:
933:
926:
922:
919:
914:
913:
906:
904:
896:
890:
889:
888:Vereinsthaler
882:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
852:
848:
842:
838:
832:
828:
823:
819:
815:
810:
809:
803:
797:
793:
789:
787:
782:
776:
772:
769:
763:
759:
756:
750:
746:
743:
737:
734:10 April 1525
733:
730:
724:
720:
717:
713:
710:
706:
702:
696:
693:
687:
681:
678:
672:
668:
664:
662:
658:
654:
648:
645:
639:
633:
630:
624:
620:
616:
614:
610:
606:
600:
597:
591:
585:
582:
576:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
550:
547:
542:
539:
536:
535:Authoritarian
531:
527:
524:
519:
516:
512:
511:parliamentary
509:
504:
499:
496:
492:
489:
486:
484:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
451:
446:
441:
437:
432:
428:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:Lower Sorbian
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
355:
350:
346:
343:
339:
335:
328:
323:
319:
312:
311:German Empire
306:
298:
292:
284:
278:
270:
264:
256:
250:
243:
207:
206:
196:
194:
186:
184:
183:
171:
170:
162:
158:
151:
149:
148:Nobiscum deus
143:
141:
140:
134:
130:
122:
116:
106:
100:
92:
87:
81:
74:
67:
60:
51:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
8576:
8523:Unrecognized
8469:(until 1920)
8374:(until 1929)
8244:Mitteleuropa
8235:Mittelafrika
8147:(Elder Line)
8145:Reuss-Greiz
8109:(until 1876)
8101:Coburg-Gotha
8004:West Prussia
7961:Hohenzollern
7957:Hesse-Nassau
7949:East Prussia
7824:(Elder Line)
7822:Reuss-Greiz
7781:Coburg-Gotha
7569:(until 1850)
7559:(until 1850)
7547:Hohenzollern
7536:(until 1848)
7526:(Elder Line)
7524:Reuss-Greiz
7495:(until 1824)
7485:(until 1824)
7414:(until 1826)
7406:(until 1826)
7395:Coburg-Gotha
7390:(until 1826)
7361:(until 1847)
7353:(until 1863)
7345:(until 1863)
7227:Hesse-Kassel
7010:Hesse-Nassau
6994:Hohenzollern
6876:West Prussia
6681:
6580:
6576:
6568:
6558:
6548:
6530:
6522:
6512:
6503:
6492:
6481:
6471:
6461:
6453:
6437:
6426:
6425:Koch, H. W.
6416:
6409:
6391:
6380:
6370:
6360:
6352:
6341:
6334:
6312:
6297:
6287:
6273:
6259:
6248:
6221:
6217:
6195:
6190:
6181:
6175:
6163:. Retrieved
6159:"Geschichte"
6153:
6140:
6121:
6113:
6108:
6100:
6092:
6084:
6079:
6067:
6062:
6054:
6049:
6040:
6032:
6027:
6019:
6014:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5952:
5946:
5938:
5933:
5920:
5901:
5880:
5875:
5863:. Retrieved
5859:
5850:
5829:
5734:Iron Kingdom
5733:
5728:
5721:Iron Kingdom
5720:
5715:
5708:Iron Kingdom
5707:
5702:
5694:
5689:
5682:Iron Kingdom
5681:
5676:
5669:Iron Kingdom
5668:
5663:
5658:, pp 620–624
5656:Iron Kingdom
5655:
5650:
5642:
5637:
5629:
5624:
5616:
5611:
5603:
5598:
5579:
5574:
5564:– via
5558:
5551:
5544:Iron Kingdom
5543:
5538:
5526:. Retrieved
5521:
5511:
5504:Iron Kingdom
5503:
5498:
5491:Iron Kingdom
5490:
5485:
5478:Iron Kingdom
5477:
5462:Iron Kingdom
5461:
5442:
5437:
5430:Iron Kingdom
5429:
5413:
5408:
5400:
5395:
5387:
5382:
5374:
5369:
5360:
5352:
5347:
5339:
5334:
5329:pp. 100–102.
5326:
5325:H. W. Koch,
5321:
5313:
5308:
5300:
5295:
5288:Iron Kingdom
5287:
5282:
5270:
5265:
5257:
5256:H. W. Koch,
5252:
5243:
5235:
5230:
5214:
5209:
5201:
5192:
5182:
5174:
5169:
5161:
5156:
5148:
5147:H. W. Koch,
5143:
5132:
5127:
5119:
5114:
5105:
5082:
5076:
5067:
5066:
5047:
5038:
5029:
5028:
4997:Altes Museum
4855:state visits
4816:example the
4778:
4755:
4740:
4731:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4688:
4676:Please help
4671:verification
4668:
4640:
4618:
4558:populations
4552:World War II
4541:
4523:The area of
4522:
4479:
4471:
4468:
4448:West Prussia
4433:
4388:
4383:
4366:Hesse-Nassau
4323:
4302:and others.
4233:
4221:
4190:East Prussia
4156:
4133:
4113:
4106:Erste Kammer
4105:
4081:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4033:(from 1713:
4030:
4018:
4012:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3965:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3938:Geheimer Rat
3937:
3933:
3930:Geheimer Rat
3929:
3911:
3909:(1618–1648)
3902:
3896:
3841:Hohenzollern
3830:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3782:
3738:Lower Saxony
3730:West Germany
3723:
3708:
3704:
3685:East Germany
3678:
3663:
3624:
3587:
3584:World War II
3581:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3493:having been
3488:
3473:
3444:Adolf Hitler
3428:
3424:
3410:
3384:
3382:
3359:
3347:Adolf Hitler
3324:
3320:
3303:West Prussia
3276:East Prussia
3266:. Also, the
3244:West Prussia
3197:
3193:constitution
3184:
3178:
3163:
3141:
3125:
3117:Centre Party
3106:
3099:
3071:
3064:
3010:
2990:Napoleon III
2986:Ems Dispatch
2975:
2945:
2938:
2928:
2925:Hohenzollern
2917:constitution
2913:
2889:Hesse-Kassel
2882:
2847:
2835:
2804:
2777:
2753:
2731:
2720:
2713:constitution
2710:
2702:constitution
2700:and grant a
2687:
2667:
2603:
2593:
2586:
2567:
2553:. Under the
2531:
2489:
2443:
2434:
2420:
2407:great powers
2403:
2398:Frederick II
2363:Hesse-Kassel
2320:
2281:Frederick II
2278:
2231:
2211:Crown Treaty
2204:
2163:
2105:
2078:
2039:
1976:
1937:Polish Crown
1926:
1902:
1879:
1852:
1837:
1829:
1813:Memel Castle
1782:
1730:Transylvania
1719:
1651:
1618:
1615:Hohenzollern
1611:Hesse-Nassau
1563:East Prussia
1556:
1531:
1501:
1500:
1461:
1446:
1265:
1261:irredentists
1233:Soviet Union
1221:World War II
1206:
1192:
1160:great powers
1157:
1080:
1078:
1043:
1042:in 1932 and
1026:
1010:
1007:Old Prussian
952:
951:
936:
932:
925:
878:(until 1750)
874:Reichsthaler
855:• 1939
845:• 1871
835:• 1816
784:
716:Contemporary
675:• 1918
552:dictatorship
549:single-party
538:presidential
458:
439:
433:
353:
344:
193:Royal anthem
191:
178:
168:
160:
145:
139:Gott mit uns
135:
133:Motto:
132:
121:Coat of arms
47:
8560:Würzburg SR
8535:Bavarian SR
8497:Schwarzburg
8398:City-states
8379:Württemberg
8366:(from 1920)
8290:(1919–1933)
8178:City-states
8137:Reuss-Gera
8016:Württemberg
7945:Brandenburg
7937:as a whole
7917:(1871–1918)
7855:City-states
7814:Reuss-Gera
7683:(1866–1871)
7606:Free cities
7580:Schwarzburg
7565:Sigmaringen
7518:(from 1848)
7511:Reuss-Gera
7505:(1824-1848)
7398:(from 1826)
7382:(from 1826)
7337:(from 1863)
7306:(from 1839)
7220:Electorates
7211:Württemberg
7153:(1815–1866)
7106:Lower Rhine
6989:(1824–1878)
6940:Brandenburg
6904:New Silesia
6864:East Frisia
6737:Halberstadt
6691:Before 1701
6684:(1525–1947)
6161:(in German)
5524:(in German)
5003:Bode Museum
4963:In churches
4896:Brandenburg
4874:Chancellors
4853:As part of
4601: 1900
4502:Lithuanians
4464:Kulturkampf
4438:, parts of
4403:dragonnades
4368:. In 1613,
4354:Brandenburg
4342:Lutheranism
4334:Reformation
4320:Kulturkampf
4242:(including
4163:at the time
4094:two-chamber
4009:Collection)
3860:Renaissance
3689:Brandenburg
3495:set on fire
3395:coup d'état
3295:World War I
3258:became the
3108:Kulturkampf
3091:Württemberg
3021:Frederick I
2854:Württemberg
2704:. When the
2486:, 1600–1795
2352:allied with
2240:during the
2207:Frederick I
2196:Frederick I
2079:During the
1987:main square
1933:Jan Matejko
1857:and to the
1842:Ostsiedlung
1740:, a German
1639:Kaliningrad
1629:, Poland);
1567:Brandenburg
1547:Lithuanians
1536:Ostsiedlung
1512:Frederick I
1503:Suum cuique
1492:Brandenburg
1476:embroidered
1470:and by the
1457:black eagle
1437:Brandenburg
1429:(from 1945)
1423:(from 1945)
1336:(1157–1618)
1289:Brandenburg
1287:History of
1268:Prussianism
1257:revanchists
1115:was mostly
916:(1924–1947)
907:(1914–1923)
897:(1873–1914)
892:(1857–1873)
883:(1750–1857)
632:Frederick I
599:Frederick I
559:(1945–1947)
554:(1933–1945)
543:(1932–1933)
532:(1918–1932)
520:(1848–1918)
505:(1701–1848)
500:(1525–1701)
472:0.2% Other
459:Minorities:
354:Minorities:
309:Within the
295:Within the
281:Within the
267:Within the
253:Within the
199:(1795–1918)
182:Preußenlied
176:(1830–1840)
165:(1820–1830)
124:(1701–1871)
108:(1803–1892)
8583:Categories
8545:Bottleneck
8526:separatist
8505:Rudolstadt
8461:Saxe-Gotha
8425:Until 1920
8000:Westphalia
7588:Rudolstadt
7253:Luxembourg
7030:after 1918
6973:Westphalia
6800:After 1701
6788:St. Thomas
6778:Gold Coast
6717:Ravensberg
6540:0415129389
6401:0691007969
6165:17 January
5566:Wikisource
5106:tacitus.nu
5025:References
4865:is played.
4845:Bundeswehr
4841:Iron Cross
4734:March 2024
4704:newspapers
4531:after the
4514:Kursenieki
4494:Kashubians
4440:Westphalia
4423:Germanised
4362:Westphalia
4338:Protestant
4300:Hungarians
4210:Population
4182:Kursenieki
4144:Otto Braun
4114:Herrenhaus
4072:appointed
4060:until the
4039:Amtskammer
3959:Kreditwerk
3954:Amtskammer
3926:real union
3831:Kreditwerk
3819:Kreditwerk
3647:Königsberg
3596:Wartheland
3393:. In this
3362:Otto Braun
3355:Communists
3343:Nazi Party
3268:Saargebiet
3144:Wilhelm II
3037:Versailles
3025:proclaimed
2758:appointed
2683:Zollverein
2624:Westphalia
2594:After the
2574:Hardenberg
2516:one church
2482:Growth of
2312:Charles VI
2093:Königsberg
1951:from King
1848:Low German
1758:Baltic Sea
1726:Burzenland
1666:Baltic Sea
1635:Königsberg
1619:Kornkammer
1591:Westphalia
1516:Iron Cross
1117:Germanised
1062:Königsberg
912:Reichsmark
903:Papiermark
859:41,915,040
849:24,689,000
839:10,349,000
825:Population
647:Wilhelm II
494:Government
483:Demonym(s)
477:0.1% Other
418:Slovincian
403:Kursenieki
393:Lithuanian
368:Low German
327:Königsberg
105:State flag
8540:Bremen SR
8528:movements
8456:Meiningen
8441:Altenburg
8363:Thuringia
8343:Oldenburg
8318:Brunswick
8114:Meiningen
8106:Lauenburg
8096:Altenburg
8091:Brunswick
8063:Oldenburg
7984:Rhineland
7965:Pomerania
7791:Meiningen
7786:Lauenburg
7776:Altenburg
7771:Brunswick
7743:Oldenburg
7640:partially
7618:Frankfurt
7555:Hechingen
7419:Meiningen
7379:Altenburg
7316:Lauenburg
7293:Brunswick
7268:Oldenburg
7104:From the
7079:Kurhessen
7075:Magdeburg
6953:Pomerania
6929:(1814–15)
6808:Neuchâtel
6765:Magdeburg
6238:145574435
6006:159976974
5355:, p. 105.
5068:Citations
4885:Feldjäger
4818:Bundesrat
4770:concordat
4693:"Prussia"
4631:Education
4498:Masurians
4436:Rhineland
4429:Masurians
4358:Rhineland
4350:Calvinist
4346:Calvinism
4264:Moravians
4230:Ethnicity
4180:In 1649,
4137:Ruhr Area
4068:and King
3721:in 1990.
3715:recreated
3699:going to
3631:Pomerania
3558:Gauleiter
3499:Reichstag
3423:imposing
3272:Saarpfalz
3224:Lithuania
3185:Freistaat
2971:Wilhelm I
2940:Bundesrat
2930:Reichstag
2921:president
2897:Frankfurt
2784:Schleswig
2756:Wilhelm I
2626:, 40% of
2620:Rhineland
2450:gymnasium
2439:Huguenots
2423:Oderbruch
2418:dynasty.
2215:Leopold I
2209:. In the
2175:Huguenots
2068:lands of
2066:Rhineland
2010:became a
1985:, in the
1943:receives
1863:Pomerelia
1827:in 1422.
1809:Curonians
1805:Skalvians
1746:crusading
1662:Lithuania
1656:cut both
1597:(without
1587:Rhineland
1583:Pomerania
1579:Thuringia
1553:Territory
1480:Hanseatic
1447:The main
1401:Działdowo
1249:far-right
1197:. In the
1155:in 1701.
1125:Polonised
1105:Pomerelia
1095:medieval
1079:The name
1068:in 1701,
802:Abolition
781:Abolition
474:Christian
454:Calvinist
440:Majority:
430:Religion
413:Wymysorys
408:Kashubian
345:Official:
173:"Prussia"
89:1525–1947
7923:Kingdoms
7689:Kingdoms
7342:Bernburg
7298:Holstein
7184:Kingdoms
7100:in 1848.
6816:Guelders
6773:Colonies
6617:Archived
6561:(1955)
6559:Bismarck
6495:(1991).
6474:(1996).
6310:(2000).
6290:(1955)
6266:; 862pp.
6146:Volltext
6126:Archived
5865:27 March
5684:, p. 652
5617:Bismarck
5587:Archived
5580:Daedalus
5506:ch 13–14
5373:Asprey,
5005:, Berlin
4999:, Berlin
4993:, Berlin
4977:See also
4883:and the
4808:in 1871.
4774:Holy See
4506:Walloons
4490:Dutchmen
4486:Frisians
4454:and the
4426:Lutheran
4391:Huguenot
4306:Religion
4296:Italians
4284:Walloons
4276:Frisians
4019:de facto
3984:de facto
3944:, named
3705:de facto
3537:landtage
3313:and the
3154:Railways
3113:Liberals
3027:"German
2935:suffrage
2788:Holstein
2588:Landwehr
2543:Napoleon
2508:Lutheran
2416:Cirksena
2379:Voltaire
2250:Salzburg
2246:Mirabeau
2225:", not "
2159:his wife
2140:Bromberg
2114:to King
2012:Lutheran
1995:Albert I
1959:in 1525.
1774:crusades
1762:Konrad I
1724:granted
1643:Klaipėda
1623:Szczecin
1237:expelled
1231:and the
1119:through
1111:. Their
1093:Catholic
1028:de facto
1013:) was a
868:Currency
786:de facto
584:Albert I
541:republic
518:monarchy
488:Prussian
464:Catholic
450:Lutheran
169:Borussia
80:Prussian
18:Prussian
8589:Prussia
8555:Rhenish
8550:Bavaria
8411:Hamburg
8371:Waldeck
8348:Prussia
8313:Bavaria
8191:Hamburg
8078:Duchies
7996:Silesia
7953:Hanover
7935:Prussia
7930:Bavaria
7868:Hamburg
7758:Duchies
7696:Prussia
7623:Hamburg
7303:Limburg
7282:Duchies
7206:Hanover
7196:Bavaria
7191:Prussia
7166:Austria
7159:Empires
7096:Became
7015:1866–68
7006:Hanover
6968:Silesia
6881:1772–73
6848:Silesia
6843:/ 1815)
6753:Draheim
6682:Prussia
6551:(1945)
6515:(1977)
6484:(1986)
6476:excerpt
6429:(1987)
6383:(1958)
6373:(1969)
6363:(1958)
6300:(1937)
6262:(1938)
6182:YouTube
6087:(1980).
5998:2639865
5941:(1976).
5883:(1986).
5732:Clark,
5719:Clark,
5706:Clark,
5680:Clark,
5667:Clark,
5654:Clark,
5606:(2007).
5584:online
5542:Clark,
5528:3 April
5502:Clark,
5489:Clark,
5476:Clark,
5460:Clark,
5445:(2001)
5428:Clark,
5286:Clark,
5225:p. 629.
4940:Landrat
4781:culture
4718:scholar
4452:Ermland
4444:Silesia
4419:Masuria
4288:Wojnowo
4244:Kashubs
4171:Landtag
4023:emperor
3924:into a
3724:In the
3710:Bezirke
3679:In the
3655:Stettin
3651:Breslau
3635:Silesia
3507:Potsdam
3212:Belgium
3208:Malmedy
3083:Bavaria
3029:Emperor
3017:Hungary
2969:Kaiser
2862:Hanover
2860:), and
2850:Bavaria
2780:Denmark
2674:Austria
2578:serfdom
2359:Hanover
2285:Silesia
2050:Elector
2016:Vistula
1906:Junkers
1801:Estonia
1793:Livonia
1736:to the
1734:fiefdom
1672:History
1607:Hanover
1595:Silesia
1528:Germans
1419:within
1417:Masuria
1393:Present
1364:within
1293:Prussia
1280:Symbols
1188:Germans
1182:Junkers
1129:Masovia
1081:Prussia
1045:de jure
990:Preußen
953:Prussia
900:German
808:de jure
800:•
779:•
766:•
753:•
740:•
727:•
683:(first)
635:(first)
587:(first)
523:Federal
508:Federal
388:Swedish
383:Frisian
321:Capital
313:in 1871
299:in 1870
285:in 1815
271:in 1797
257:in 1714
161:Anthem:
59:Preußen
54:Prussia
8446:Coburg
8433:Ernest
8416:Lübeck
8406:Bremen
8353:Saxony
8303:Anhalt
8296:States
8196:Lübeck
8186:Bremen
8086:Anhalt
8011:Saxony
7988:Saxony
7941:Berlin
7873:Lübeck
7863:Bremen
7766:Anhalt
7701:Saxony
7628:Lübeck
7613:Bremen
7358:Köthen
7350:Dessau
7334:Anhalt
7311:Nassau
7201:Saxony
7086:(1944)
7083:Nassau
7066:(1922)
7058:(1920)
6997:(1850)
6981:(1822)
6963:Saxony
6924:Vienna
6867:(1744)
6831:(1719)
6811:(1707)
6783:Arguin
6768:(1680)
6733:Minden
6709:Cleves
6563:online
6553:online
6537:
6517:online
6497:online
6486:online
6466:online
6445:
6431:online
6421:online
6398:
6385:online
6375:online
6365:online
6346:online
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6072:online
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5275:online
5260:p. 33.
5221:
5137:online
4956:Minden
4813:Berlin
4720:
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4510:Czechs
4460:Polish
4318:, and
4292:French
4260:Czechs
4248:Mazurs
4186:Baltic
3992:Akzise
3988:Akzise
3980:Akzise
3966:Akzise
3862:period
3717:after
3670:Stalin
3657:. The
3653:, and
3643:Danzig
3577:Lübeck
3566:Hitler
3467:
3461:
3455:
3256:Danzig
3226:; the
3087:Saxony
2893:Nassau
2872:under
2858:Saxony
2628:Saxony
2580:, the
2472:, and
2387:Athens
2383:Sparta
2375:Russia
2371:France
2367:Saxony
2157:" and
2136:Wehlau
2112:homage
2108:Warsaw
2085:Swedes
2070:Cleves
1991:Kraków
1971:, and
1957:Poland
1867:Danzig
1855:papacy
1819:. The
1797:Latvia
1760:area.
1684:, and
1658:Poland
1627:Gdańsk
1571:Saxony
1488:Lübeck
1484:Bremen
1433:Berlin
1413:Warmia
1273:Junker
1241:Allies
1201:, the
1109:Danzig
1070:Berlin
1015:German
986:German
698:(last)
665:
650:(last)
617:
602:(last)
569:
469:Jewish
462:33.8%
443:64.6%
378:Danish
373:Polish
349:German
334:Berlin
197:
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66:German
62:
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39:Russia
8487:Reuss
8479:Reuss
8451:Gotha
8328:Lippe
8323:Hesse
8308:Baden
8221:Other
8132:Lippe
8043:Baden
7980:Posen
7809:Lippe
7473:Reuss
7453:Lippe
7243:Baden
7039:Lower
6852:Glatz
6234:S2CID
6135:(PDF)
6057:2:274
6002:S2CID
5994:JSTOR
5546:ch 14
5493:ch 10
5480:ch 11
5464:ch 12
4952:Wesel
4946:arms.
4785:sport
4783:, in
4725:JSTOR
4711:books
4623:Poles
4574:King
4518:Sorbs
4482:Danes
4280:Dutch
4268:Danes
4256:Sorbs
4240:Poles
3762:Baden
3742:Hesse
3484:NSDAP
3425:Reich
3299:Posen
3240:Posen
3204:Eupen
3002:Baden
2866:Italy
2661:King
2570:Stein
2551:Memel
2525:King
2514:into
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2271:King
2254:Neman
2153:The "
1947:as a
1817:Memel
1795:(now
1732:as a
1543:Poles
1107:with
467:1.3%
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7108:and
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6893:1793
6872:East
6857:1742
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6758:1657
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6713:Mark
6535:ISBN
6443:ISBN
6396:ISBN
6318:ISBN
6278:ISBN
6167:2024
5957:ISBN
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5867:2023
5530:2023
5432:ch 7
5290:ch 4
5219:ISBN
4968:The
4954:and
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4756:The
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2138:and
2120:fief
2101:army
2074:Mark
2072:and
2034:and
1949:fief
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1660:and
1631:Riga
1545:and
1532:see
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1360:and
1291:and
1259:and
1208:Gaue
1172:Ruhr
613:King
565:Duke
546:Nazi
6585:doi
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