Levantine archaeology

1720: 605:, who had studied under Albright and had taught Dever, emphasized that in Albright's view, biblical archaeology was not synonymous with Palestinian archaeology, but rather that, "William Foxwell Albright regarded Palestinian archaeology or Levantine archaeology as a small, if important section of biblical archaeology. One finds it ironical that recent students suppose them interchangeable terms." Dever agreed that the terms were not interchangeable, but claimed that "'Syro-Palestinian archaeology' is not the same as the 'biblical archaeology'. I regret to say that all who would defend Albright and 'biblical archaeology' on this ground, are sadly out of touch with reality in the field of archaeology." 1346:

the bottom, a spring known as Bir es-Sinjib. The tunnel allowed inhabitants to walk through it undetected, particularly useful during times of siege. There is evidence that the tunnel fell into disuse in the 8th century BCE, and that the entrance was subsequently rehabilitated some time in the Roman period, while the site itself shows occupation into the medieval period. Plans have been drawn up to turn the site into an archaeological park. G. Schumacher had described the water tunnel in 1908, and a small-scale excavation was conducted by Z. Yeivin in 1973. The water passage of Belameh is important for the understanding of ancient water systems in Palestine.

2061: 1011: 1872: 2128: 2000: 1063:, who headed the archaeology department at the university at the time. Glock's objective was to establish an archaeological program that would emphasize the Palestinian presence in Palestine, informed by his belief that, "Archaeology, as everything else, is politics, and my politics of the losers." Glock was killed in the West Bank by unidentified gunmen in 1992. The first archaeological site excavated by researchers from Bir Zeit University was undertaken in Tell 1558: 5300: 1274:

uncovered in these explorations, although critics say that "relatively little effort was made to preserve or protect archaeological remains from the later Islamic and Ottoman periods, which were of direct relevance to the areas Muslim inhabitants." By 2007, the ADCA had been involved with over 6,000 archaeological sites in the West Bank including surveys and excavations, the vast majority of which had been kept from public and academic knowledge..

5310: 2167:

and cultural overlap with its neighbouring regions, Akkermans and Schwartz note that specialists in Syria itself, rarely use the term "Syro-Palestinian archaeology" to describe their inquiries in the field. Syria can be seen as a distinct and autonomous geographical and cultural entity whose rainfall-farming plains could support larger scale populations, communities, and political units than those in Palestine and Lebanon.

1935: 518: 20: 912: 148:(1891–1971), biblical inquiry and narratives became increasingly important; indeed, Albright conceived of Palestinian archaeology or Levantine archaeology as a sub-field of biblical archaeology. "The archaeology of ancient Israel," is described by Franken and Franken-Battershill as, "but a small part of the far greater study of Palestinian archaeology." in 1834:, eradication, rebuilding, evasion, and ideological reinterpretation that has permitted ancient rulers and modern groups to claim exclusive possession," archaeologists have become active participants in the battle. Silberman writes that archaeology, a seemingly objective science, has exacerbated, rather than ameliorated the ongoing 851:. Yadin's world view was that the identity of modern Israel was directly tied to the revolutionary past of the ancient Jewish population of the region. He therefore focused much of his work on excavating sites related to previous periods of Israelite nationalistic struggles: Hazor, which he associated with the conquest of 2166:

Syria is often acknowledged to be a "crossroads of civilizations", "traversed by caravans and military expeditions moving between the economic and political poles of the Ancient Near Eastern world, from Egypt to Anatolia, from the Mediterranean to Mesopotamia." While there is significant geographical

215:(630-1918 CE) were part of Levantine archaeological research, and that while some periods had been "ignored, neglected, or even discarded for the sake of other periods," it is now "an almost universally accepted principle that archaeological evidence from all periods must be treated with equal care." 191:

Levantine archaeology in the 21st century has relegated biblical concerns to a less dominant position, functioning as a "big tent" incorporating multiple archaeological practices. The Levant has displayed cultural continuity during most historical periods, leading to the increased study of the region

1747:

is the only Early Bronze Age site in Gaza discovered to date. Located five kilometers south of Gaza City, the site was discovered by chance in 1998 during construction for a new housing complex, and work was halted to allow archaeological soundings to be conducted. The site spans an area of eight to

206:

From prehistoric times through the Iron Age, chronological periods are usually named in keeping with technological developments that characterized that era. From the Babylonian era onward, naming is based on historical events. Scholars often disagree on the exact dates and terminology to be used for

1476:

According to Hamdan Taha, great damage was inflicted on the historic core of the city during Israeli military incursions in 2002–2003. Taha's claim was confirmed by a series of reports produced by UNESCO that noted that pursuant to military operations undertaken in April 2002, hundreds of buildings

1345:

in 1974. Later on, excavations in Khirbet Belameh, led by Hamdan Taha of the Palestinian Antiquities Department, began in 1996. These have focused on a water tunnel carved out of rock sometime in the Late Bronze or Early Iron Age that connected the city at the top of the hill to its water source at

1149:

in July 2000 entitled, "The Debate on 'Ancient Israel': A Palestinian Perspective", that explicitly names the four "biblical revisionists" mentioned above, as evidence for his claim that their "rhetoric" has influenced Palestinian archaeologists. In the editorial itself, Nashef writes: "The fact of

1105:

who works with Taha, says that, "It doesn't surprise me that outsiders become frustrated sticks by his policy of equal partnership. That means Palestinians must be involved at every step," from planning and digging to publishing. In Van der Kooij's opinion, this policy is "fully justified and adds

1605:

makes the need for archaeological research all the more urgent to protect the region's archaeological heritage. Population pressure in the tiny Gaza Strip is intense, which means that numerous potential archaeological sites may have been built over and lost. According to specialists, there is much

263:

Prehistory is defined as the period preceding the advent of writing, which brought about the creation of written history. For the Levant the introduction of writing occurs at varying moments, but the Late Bronze Age is considered as the first period firmly outside prehistory. To avoid sub-regional

187:

In academic, political, and public settings, the region's archaeology can also be described in terms of ancient or modern Israel, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus, and the Hatay province of Turkey. Archaeologists may define the geographic range more narrowly, especially for inquiries that

1982:

news that the actions by the Waqf were linked to the routine denials of the existence of the Jerusalem Temples by senior officials of the Palestinian Authority. She stated that, "They want to turn the whole of the Temple Mount into a mosque for Muslims only. They don't care about the artifacts or

1689:

Palestinians, they see nothing unusual about their desire to protect and promote a Christian shrine in an area inhabited by only 3,500 Christians today. Said Yasser Matar, co-director of the dig: "This is our history; this is our civilisation and we want our people to know about it First we were

826:

By the 1950s, in contrast to the religious motivations of Biblical archaeologists, Israeli archaeology developed as a secular discipline motivated in part by the nationalistic desire to affirm the link between the modern, nascent Israeli nation-state and the ancient Jewish population of the land.

608:

In recent decades, the term Levantine archaeology has generally replaced Syro-Palestinian archaeology. Electronic database results reveal an "overwhelming adoption" of the term ‘Levant’ when compared to ‘Syria-Palestine’ for archaeological studies. This is primarily due to the strong cultural and

1596:

Having long been overlooked in archaeological research, the number of excavations in the Gaza Strip has multiplied since the establishment in 1995 of the Department of Antiquities in Gaza, a branch of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities of the Palestinian National Authority. Plans to build a

1273:

prohibits the removal of cultural property from militarily occupied areas, both foreign and Israeli archaeologists mounted extensive excavations that have been criticized as overstepping the bounds of legitimate work to protect endangered sites. Vast amounts of new archaeological data have been

720:

The solution proposed by Dessel and Joffe is for all archaeologists in the field to provide more explicit descriptions of the objects that they study. The more information provided and shared between those in related sub-disciplines, the more likely it is that they will be able to identify and

2158:

Coastal, central and southern Syria (including modern Lebanon) "constitute the major part of ancient Canaan, or the southern Levant," and according to Dever, the area is "potentially far richer in archaeology remains than Palestine." Yet, in the 19th century, Syria received significantly less

1915:

by Yosef Tekoa, Israel's permanent representative to the organization at the time, as a "policy of wanton vandalism, desecration and violation," which resulted in the destruction of all but one of 35 Jewish houses of worship. Synagogues were razed or pillaged. Many of them were demolished by

1503:, approximately two kilometers from the city center. Kathleen Kenyon's excavations at the site beginning in 1951, established that it was one of the earliest sites of human habitation, dating back to 9000 BCE. The mound contains several layers attesting to its habitation throughout the ages. 3903:

William Dever, "Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?" (2003), p.245, lists some of the major protagonists among the academic and scholarly community; Nachman Ben-Yehuda "Sacrificing Truth: Archaeology and the Myth of Masada" (2002), p.232 pp. 226–41, surveys the

2217:

Archaeology has been widely influenced by the modern Arab-Israeli conflict. During the British Occupation, many Jewish and Christian populations have renewed their interest in the ancient Judaic archaeological sites located in the region. Several Palestinian authors argue that Zionists, or

1181:

Excavation in Israel continues at a relatively rapid pace and is conducted according to generally high standards. Excavators return each year to a number of key sites that have been selected for their potential scientific and cultural interest. Current excavated sites of importance include

1581:, explains that, "It's found itself the target of constant sieges - constant battles The people have been subject to rule from all over the globe. Right through the centuries Gaza's been at the centre of the major military campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean." Gaza's main highway, the 1137:

shortly after their publication. Dever speculates that, "Nashef and many other Palestinian political activists have obviously read it." Harshly critical of both books, Dever accuses Whitelam's thesis that Israelis and "Jewish-inspired Christians" invented Israel, thus deliberately robbing

184:) and it takes into account the use and explanation of biblical texts, which Levantine archaeologist ignore. Beyond its importance to the discipline of classical archaeology, the region of the Levant is critical for an understanding of the history of the earliest peoples of the Stone Age 1506:

Despite recognition of its importance by archaeologists, the site is not presently included on the World Heritage List. In April 2007, Hamdan Taha announced that the Palestinian Authority's Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage had begun the procedures for its nomination.

1289:. The work of this society was more ethnographic and anthropological than archaeological. Interest in archaeological fieldwork increased as West Bank universities emerged in the 1980s and cultivated a new approach to Palestinian archaeology. A new generation of Palestinians, like 1978:, as well as into Jerusalem's municipal garbage dump, where it mixed with the local garbage, making it impossible to conduct archaeological examination. They further contended that the Waqf was deliberately removing evidence of Jewish remains. For example, Dr. Eilat Mazar told 1920:, tens of thousands of tombstones, some dating from as early as 1 BCE, were torn up, broken or used as flagstones, steps and building materials in Jordanian military installations. Large areas of the cemetery were levelled and turned into parking lots and gas stations. 1544:

damaged the remains of a 1,500-year-old Byzantine era monastery. Construction was halted to allow the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) to conduct a salvage excavation that recovered a mosaic, among other artifacts. Media reported that an IAA official media blamed the

2163:, and Ugarit. Albright envisioned Palestine and Syria within the same cultural orbit and, though best known for his pioneering work on biblical archaeology, he also foreshadowed contemporary scholars in using "Syro-Palestinian" to integrate the archaeology from Syria. 1931:. Noting the "severe destruction followed by a rapid urbanization," UNESCO determined that the site met "the criteria proposed for the inscription of properties on the List of World Heritage in Danger as they apply to both 'ascertained danger' and 'potential danger'." 1420:, responded that Israel's capture of the works after the 1967 war was theft "which should be rectified now"., Israel is now digitally photographing the thousands of fragments that make up the Dead Sea Scrolls in order to make them freely available on the Internet. 716:

among archaeologists working in the region. Attempts to identify and bridge the gaps made some headway at the Durham conference, though it was recognized that agreement on a single method of ceramic analysis or a single definition of a type may not be possible.

2202:

documented 178 ancient sites in the Amuq Valley, eight of which were then further excavated. Artifacts recovered from these excavations helped in the formation of a historical chronology of Syrian archaeology spanning from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age.

1001:

archaeologist, says they do not constitute genuine collaboration: " you might find, at a site, one hole with Jordanians and 20 holes with Americans digging in them. After the work, usually it's the Americans who explain to the Jordanians what they've found."

1089:

and Israeli "biblical archaeologists", and that Palestinians must themselves re-write that history, beginning with the archaeological recovery of ancient Palestine. Such a perspective can also be seen in the practices of Hamdan Taha, the director of the

859:

in c. 1250 BCE, and Masada, the site where Jewish rebels held out against the Romans in 72-73 CE. Masada was extensively excavated by a team led by Yadin from 1963 to 1965 and became a monument symbolizing the will of the new Israeli state to survive.

1950:

areas. From October 1999 to January 2000, the Waqf authorities in Jerusalem opened an emergency exit to the newly renovated underground mosque, in the process digging a pit measuring 18,000 square feet (1,672 m) and 36 feet (11 m) deep. The

685:

call "the imperial hubris of pan-optic 'Biblical Archaeology.'" The dominance of biblical archaeological approaches meant that the sub-discipline was cut off from other branches of ancient Near Eastern studies, apart from occasional references to

2042:, offer archaeology studies. Apart from the work of the official antiquities department, there are many foreign-educated professional archaeologists in Jordan, working on dozens of field projects. Findings have been published in the four-volume 1450:. Monuments in the city include "nine historic mosques (four built on Byzantine churches and five from the early Islamic period), an Ayyubid mausoleum, and a 17th-century church, but most buildings are Ottoman-era structures such as 2 major 749:

of Levantine archaeology. Without answers to these questions, the authors contend that research exploring the degree to which Phoenician art and symbolism penetrated into the different areas of Syria and Palestine will make little progress.

656:. Whole pots and richly decorated pottery are uncommon in the Levant and the plainer, less ornate ceramic artifacts of the region have served the analytical goals of archaeologists, much more than those of museum collectors. The ubiquity of 72:(PA), by its Ministry of Tourism and Antiquity, working under the auspices of the IAA. The Palestinian Authority prohibits unrestricted excavation at sites of archaeological importance. There are equivalent and similarly named authorities 1830:, an Israeli archaeologist, has demonstrated how legitimate archaeological research and preservation efforts have been exploited by Palestinians and Israelis for partisan ends. Rather than attempting to understand "the natural process of 210:

Some definitions for the temporal scope, particularly earlier on tended to exclude events after the Byzantine Period, but the temporal scope of Levantine archaeology has expanded over the years. In 1982, James A. Sauer wrote that the

609:

geographic continuity of the Levant, the northern sections of which were generally ignored in Syro-Palestinian archaeology. Towards the end of the twentieth century, Palestinian archaeology and/or Levantine archaeology became a more

171:

differs. Even scholars who have continued to advocate a role for Classical archaeology have accepted the existence of a general branch of Levantine archaeology. In addition, Classical archaeology may cover areas relevant to the

100:

Levantine archaeology encompasses excavations, salvage, conservation and reconstruction efforts, as well as off-site research, interpretation, and other scholarship. The geographical scope of Levantine archaeology includes the

1257:

Large-scale expeditions included those of the American Schools of Oriental Research at Tell Balata (1956–1964), the British School of Archaeology at Jericho (1952–1958), and the École Biblique at Tell el-Farah (1946–1960) and

4174:

Ego, Beate; Lange, Armin; Pilhofer, Peter; Ehlers, Kathrin (1999). ""Josephus' View on Judaism without the Temple in Light of the Discoveries at Masada and Murabba'at" in Gemeinde ohne Tempel: Community without Temple". Mohr

3354:"World Heritage 29 COM: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage - Twenty-ninth Session Durban, South Africa, 10–17 July" 1270: 1903:, and throughout the period of Jordanian rule of Jerusalem which ended in 1967, Jordanian authorities and military forces undertook a policy described by their military commander as "calculated destruction,", aimed at the 597:, non-biblical school of Syro-Palestinian archaeology and mounted a series of attacks on the very definition of biblical archaeology. Dever argued that the name of such inquiry should be changed to "archaeology of the 5265: 989:, the same archaeologist who discovered the site of Ebla in 1964. Unlike the joint missions between Americans and Jordanians, this project involved Italians and Palestinians digging at the same holes, side by side. 1702:

and rehabilitation for visitors. Another Byzantine era monastery and mosaic, since named the 'Jabalya Mosaic', was excavated by the Palestinian Department of Antiquities after its discovery by labourers working on

1690:

Christians and later we became Muslims. These people were our forefathers: the ancient Palestinians." Dr. Moin Sadeq, director general of the Department of Antiquities in Gaza, has submitted an application to the

1794:

from the land it occupies, but Israel alleges that the Palestinians have not been able to safeguard antiquities in the areas under their control. Hananya Hizmi, deputy of Israel's Department of Antiquities in

5275: 188:

focus on 'Israel' or 'Palestine,' whether construed as ancient or modern territories. The shifting terminology over the past 50 years reflects political tensions that operate within and upon the field.

1382:

between 1947 and 1956. The discovery of the scrolls was dubbed "nquestionably the greatest manuscript find of modern times" by William F. Albright, and the majority are transcribed in a unique form of

1942:

Work carried out by the Islamic Waqf since the late 1990s to convert two ancient underground structures into a large new mosque on the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif damaged archaeological artifacts in

238:(2001), indicates that Hoppe's critique is no longer valid. There, Dever writes that the time-frame of Levantine archaeology, "extends far beyond the 'biblical period,' embracing everything from the 2218:

individuals who believe in a Jewish homeland, use archaeology to create a sense of national identity. One author, in a highly controversial book, when as far as to state that a joint project of the

1150:

the matter is, the Palestinians have something completely different to offer in the debate on 'ancient Israel,' which seems to threaten the ideological basis of BAR (the American popular magazine,

5234: 2226:(Names Committee) attempted to rename sites from an Arab-Ottoman template to the template of biblical Israel. Today this attitude, is an important factor in the controversy over the West Bank. 1666:), the names of the mosaic's donors, Victor and Yohanan, and the date of the laying of the church's foundations (544 CE). Also found nearby were a Byzantine hot bath and artificial fishponds. 3564: 997:

Apart from Israeli archaeologists, Americans make up the largest group of archaeologists working in Israel. Joint American-Jordanian excavations have been conducted, but Nicolo Marchetti, an

1987:

magazine that while the fill did indeed contain shards from the First Temple period, they were located in originally unstratified fill and therefore lacked any serious archaeological value.

1485:

between 1997 and 2002. According to UNESCO, reconstruction costs are estimated at tens of millions USD, though "the loss of irreplaceable heritage damage cannot be determined financially."

663:

and their long history of use in the region makes ceramics analysis a particularly useful sub-discipline of Levantine archaeology, used to address issues of terminology and periodization.

3479:

According to Byzantine historians, Saint Hilario was a Gazan who travelled to Egypt, converted to Christianity, and returned to found the Tell Umm Amer monastery on a hill overlooking the

863:

Today, Israeli universities have respected archaeology departments and institutes involved in research, excavation, conservation and training. Notable contemporary archaeologists include

5024: 1269:, all antiquities in the area came under the control of the Archaeological Staff Officer, who is the head of the Archaeology Department of the Civil Administration (ADCA). Though the 563:

in favour of subjective interpretations invited criticism. Paul W. Lapp, for example, whom many thought would take up the mantle of Albright before his premature death in 1970, wrote:

5270: 1416:, head of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), said that the 2,000-year-old documents were legally acquired and an inseparable part of Jewish tradition. A Palestinian academic, 583:

grounds and go on to cite our opinion as independent evidence for similarly dating a parallel group. Too much of Palestinian archaeology's foundation building has involved chasing

5229: 1691: 1857:, sparked a serious conflict in 1996. As a result, rioting broke out in Jerusalem and spread to the West Bank, leading to the deaths of 86 Palestinians and 15 Israeli soldiers. 1662:

and geometric shapes. The most impressive of these is a multi-colored medallion at the entrance to the church. Inscribed therein is the name of the church, St. John, (named for

5239: 1967:

would have been performed first." Seligman also said that the lack of archaeological supervision "has meant a great loss to all of humanity. It was an archeological crime.".

1838:

dispute: "The digging continues. Claims and counterclaims about exclusive historical 'ownership' weave together the random acts of violence of bifurcated collective memory."

5184: 5104: 5074: 5069: 5194: 5169: 5084: 5064: 5014: 4984: 1094:'s Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage, responsible for overseeing preservation and excavation projects that involve both internationals and Palestinians. 5280: 5159: 2091:

is believed to be located. An ancient Phoenician inscription on the tomb dates to between the 13th and 10th centuries BCE. Byblos, as well as archaeological sites in

973:

Italian archaeologists were the first to undertake joint missions with Palestinian archaeologists in the West Bank, which were possible only after the signing of the

5224: 5109: 4827:

Wolff, Samuel R. (2001). "Studies in the archaeology of Israel and neighboring lands in memory of Douglas L. Esse". Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

1109:

Dever submits that the recent insistence that Palestinian archaeology and history be written by "real Palestinians" stems from the influence of those he terms the "

506:(1857–1939) was the father of Palestinian archaeology, although Bliss is not well known in the field. Jeffrey A. Blakely attributes this to Bliss' successor at the 5199: 4979: 3288: 1434:

The Old City of Nablus consists of seven quarters representing a distinctive style of traditional urban architecture in Palestine. Founded in 72 CE by the emperor

1246:

was annexed by Jordan (1950), and archaeological excavations in the region were carried out by its Department of Antiquities, as had been the case throughout the

733:

culture, cosmopolitan in character and widespread in its distribution in the region. According to Benjamin Sass and Christoph Uehlinger, the questions of what is

5079: 4994: 4989: 4914: 533:

in the region, national schools of archaeology were established in the 1960s. The research focuses and perspectives of these institutions differed from those of

1262:(1951–1956). Rising nationalistic pressures led to Harding's dismissal in 1956 and thereafter, the Department of Antiquities was headed by Jordanian nationals. 5285: 5164: 5054: 3008: 2791: 5089: 5044: 1752:

support began in August 2000, covering an area of 1,400 square meters and revealed two main phases of occupation. Four strata at the base of the site reveal

2230:, (the name of the region prior to the occupation of the region by Jordan), are the locations of several archaeological sites and ancient Hebrew artifacts. 1748:

twelve hectares and shows evidence of continuous habitation throughout the Early Bronze Age (3,300 to 2,200 BCE). Joint Franco-Palestinian excavations with

1719: 2244: 2223: 3497: 502:

An early school of modern Palestinian archaeology was led by William F. Albright, whose work focused on biblical narratives. Albright himself held that

133:. The terminology for archaeology in the Levant has been defined in various, often competing or overlapping ways. Prior to and during the period of the 1394:. Israel purchased some of the parchments, believed to have been composed or transcribed between 1 BCE and 1 CE, after they were first unearthed by a 1477:

in the Old City were affected, sixty-four of which were severely damaged. Of these, seventeen were designated as being of particular significance to

1822:

Proposals to internationalize the Old City of Jerusalem have been rejected by all parties in the Israeli-Arab conflict, each insisting on exclusive

3624:"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Convention Concerning the Protestion of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage" 2819:

Ademar Ezzughayyar; Muhammad Al-Zawahra; Hamed Salem (5 January 1996). "Molluscan Fauna from Site 4 of Tell Jenin (Northern West Bank—Palestine)".

942:) in Syria and the Tell Iktanu and Tell es-Sa'adiyah sites in Jordan. Other notable European projects include Italian excavations at Tell Mardikh ( 3572: 4662:

Richards, Suzanne (2008). Deborah Pearsall (ed.). ""Archaeology of the Near East: The Levant" in Encyclopedia of Archaeology". Elsevier: 834–848.

2212: 1071: 4565:

Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2009). ""Corrections and Updates to 'Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E.'"

1159:

According to the Palestinian Authority's Ministry of Tourism and Antiquity, in the West Bank and Gaza Strip there are 12,000 archaeological and

81: 1955:(IAA) expressed concern over the damage sustained to Muslim-period structures within the compound as a result of the digging. Jon Seligman, a 1799:, explained, "Probably it was done to preserve the mosaic. Maybe there was an intention to return and it didn't work out. I don't know why." 1619:

Joint archaeological excavations by the Palestinian Department of Antiquities and the École Biblique et Archéologique Française began in the

1417: 1916:

explosives, and others subjected to ritual desecration, through the conversion to stables. In the ancient historic Jewish graveyard on the

575:

stratigraphic observation, is used to demonstrate the validity of another subjective interpretation. We assign close dates to a group of

5344: 2159:

archaeological exploration than Palestine. Beginning in the 1920s, large excavations have been conducted in such key sites as Ebla,

3125:. Ramallah, Palestine: The Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. 2007. p. 11. 681:

Ceramics analysis in Levantine archaeology has suffered from insularity and conservatism, due to the legacy of what J.P Dessel and

89: 1577:, it remained so for the many empires who sought to wield power in the region that followed. Gerald Butt, historian and author of 1465:

factories (7 of which were functioning), 2850 historic houses and exceptional family palaces, 18 Islamic monuments and 17 sabeel (

5214: 5189: 251: 201: 3565:"Letter dated 5 March 1968 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General" 5339: 4867: 4817: 4795: 4773: 4750: 4703: 4652: 4631: 4610: 4554: 4504: 4479: 4453: 4432: 4397: 4359: 4340: 4315: 4294: 4267: 4151: 4127: 4102: 4025: 3986: 3949: 3130: 835:, the pioneer of the Israeli School of archaeology, excavated some of the most important sites in the region, including the 5349: 4941: 2219: 768: 449:

and interpretation, and were often little more than treasure-hunting expeditions. A lack of awareness of the importance of

218:

Leslie J. Hoppe, writing in 1987, submits that Dever's definition of temporal scope of Levantine archaeology excludes the

3711: 403: 219: 77: 73: 3096:"W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, Jerusalem: Project Descriptions of Albright Appointees 1996-1997" 2413: 1156:, which turned down this piece - WGD): they simply exist, and they have always existed on the soil of Palestine ..." 1974:

Period (c. 960-586 BCE) was destroyed when the thousands of tons of ancient fill from the site were dumped into the

409: 397: 223: 4227:

Franken, Hendricus Jacobus; Franken-Battershill, C. A. (1963). "A Primer of Old Testament Archaeology". E.J. Brill.

3649: 3173:

Moshe J. Bernstein; Qimron, Elisha (December 1987). "Review: The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls by Elisha Qimron".

1924: 1473:

system runs under the city, part of which had recently been preserved by the municipality and opened for visitors.

1110: 1032:

The involvement of Palestinians as practitioners in the study of Palestinian archaeology is relatively recent. The

167:

and Levantine archaeology deal with the same general region of study, the focus and approach of these interrelated

2075:

Important sites in Lebanon dating to the Neanderthal period include Adloun, Chekka Jdidé, El-Masloukh, Ksar Akil,

1532:(WAC) and a call for Israel to abide by UNESCO conventions that protect cultural heritage. In the autumn of 2003, 1277:

In the early 20th century, Palestinians focused on investigating Palestinian "material culture," as it relates to

415: 227: 3041: 2739: 2367:"The Archaeology of the Levant in North America: The Transformation of Biblical and Syro-Palestinian Archaeology" 1812: 666:

Awareness of the value of pottery gained early recognition in a landmark survey conducted by Edward Robinson and

483:

carried out surveys of Byzantine Christian sites (1904–1909). In the early 1900s, major projects were set up at

256:

The list below, from the Paleolithic Age to the Byzantine period, is drawn from the definitions provided by the

5334: 5134: 4061:

Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1995). "The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.

3505: 1524:

has damaged and threatens to damage a number of sites of interest to Palestinian archaeology in and around the

1091: 633:

now work together to produce essential environmental and non-environmental data in multidisciplinary projects.

1585:, is one of the oldest in the world, and has been traversed by the chariots of the armies of the Pharaohs and 3855: 3313: 1753: 1623:

in Gaza in 1995. Various artifacts dating back as far as 800 BCE include high walls, pottery, warehouses and

1529: 926:

archaeologists also continue to excavate and research in the region, with many of these projects centered in

601:" or "archaeology of the Biblical period" to delineate the narrow temporal focus of Biblical archaeologists. 57:, the Levant is highly important when forming an understanding of the history of the earliest peoples of the 3963:

The archaeology of the land of Israel: from the prehistoric beginnings to the end of the First Temple period

2139: 2011: 1952: 1866: 1036:

notes that, "The 1990s have seen the development of Palestinian archaeological activities, with a focus on

65: 1963:

magazine that, "It was clear to the IAA that an emergency exit was necessary, but in the best situation,

5149: 2254: 1152: 982: 4901: 1293:, introduced innovations to the field by studying Islamic and Ottoman period ruins in village contexts. 930:

countries, primary among them Jordan and Syria, and to a lesser extent in Lebanon. The most significant

4964: 4884: 4695: 3978: 3209: 1904: 1876: 1685:, likely founded in the 3rd century by Saint Hilario. While the archaeologists working at the site are 507: 450: 4974: 4514: 3261: 2069: 1884: 1620: 1521: 1469:)." A few monuments within the Old City date back to the Byzantine and Crusader periods. A Roman-era 1239: 460: 4845: 4731: 4680: 4591: 4535: 4245: 4219: 4193: 4079: 3974:

The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-gatherers to Early Urban Societies (ca. 16,000-300 BC)

2961: 2512: 1643:

A 6th-century Byzantine church was discovered in 1999 by an Israeli archaeologist on the site of an

5154: 5034: 4956: 4934: 4407: 4007: 3999:

Palestine Before the Hebrews: A History, From the Earliest Arrival of Man to the Conquest of Canaan

2259: 2249: 1699: 1251: 446: 3331: 2763: 1756:

settlement dating towards the end of the 4th millennium BCE, while middle and upper strata reveal

5174: 5129: 5099: 4999: 4471: 4465: 4094: 3941: 2922: 2171: 548:

In doing so, Arab archaeologists added a "vigorous new element to Syro-Palestinian archaeology."

5114: 5094: 4969: 3884:

Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society

3307: 2055: 1791: 1546: 1391: 1361: 713: 580: 552: 152:(1963). In a survey of North American dissertations, the overwhelming emphasis has been on the 4887:

from the S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies, Tel Aviv University.

4857: 4740: 4689: 4544: 4494: 4330: 4141: 4088: 4011: 3891: 1983:

heritage on the site." However, Seligman and Gideon Avni, another Israeli archaeologist, told

1573:

to the fertile land of the Levant to the north. First strategically important to the Egyptian

1569:

For the last 3,500 years, Gaza's history has been shaped by its location on the route linking

935: 712:

As a result, widely varying principles, emphases, and definitions are used to determine local

469:

Biblical Researches in Palestine and the Adjacent Regions: Journal of Travels in the Year 1838

5244: 5179: 5144: 5059: 5049: 5009: 4832: 4718: 4667: 4621: 4600: 4578: 4522: 4443: 4422: 4257: 4232: 4206: 4180: 4117: 4066: 3935: 3887: 2948: 2499: 2239: 1900: 1647: 1644: 1247: 1176: 503: 351: 164: 137:(1920–1948), archaeology of the region was typically described as Palestinian archaeology or 134: 69: 4893:- Getty Conservation Institute, World Monuments Fund and Jordanian Department of Antiquities 4387: 3972: 3790: 2716:

A History of Archaeological Thought, Bruce G. Trigger, Cambridge University Press, p.273-274

2443:

James A. Sauer (Autumn 1982). "Syro-Palestinian Archeology, History, and Biblical Studies".

160:

alongside the southern that wider archaeological and historical questions can be addressed.

5204: 5139: 5119: 5029: 5019: 5004: 4783: 3418: 2577: 2035: 1943: 1908: 1808: 1677:

in 2001, a Byzantine-era mosaic was unearthed. Experts believe it forms part of the oldest

1628: 1045: 981:

and coordinated by Hamdan Taha, director of the Palestinian Antiquities Department and the

480: 476: 436: 138: 54: 4201:

Ferguson, Everett (2003). "Backgrounds of Early Christianity". Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.

1390:. Some 120 scrolls are written in Aramaic, and a few of the biblical texts are written in 8: 5254: 5124: 5039: 4927: 4896: 4253: 3654: 3602: 3152: 2112: 1964: 1879:

is at the bottom of the image. The two large domes at the middle and lowerground are the

1695: 1674: 1659: 1586: 1525: 1338: 1211: 831:

archaeology was of little interest, nor was archaeology of Christian and Muslim periods.

145: 3913:

Nachman Ben-Yehuda "Sacrificing Truth: Archaeology and the Myth of Masada" (2002), p.232

3623: 2060: 4805: 4374: 4326: 3961: 3735: 3683: 3190: 2468: 2460: 2303: 2039: 1956: 1590: 1402: 1342: 1223: 1122: 1114: 1037: 1022: 896: 682: 556: 363: 122: 50: 3377: 3353: 2174:, the Syrian school of archaeology has an official antiquities department, museums in 1285:. In 1920, the Palestine Oriental Society was founded by, most prominently among them 5309: 4863: 4853: 4813: 4791: 4769: 4746: 4713:

Ryan, Donald (2003). "Complete Idiot's Guide to the World of the Bible". Alpha Books.

4699: 4648: 4627: 4606: 4550: 4500: 4475: 4449: 4428: 4411: 4393: 4355: 4336: 4311: 4290: 4283: 4263: 4147: 4123: 4098: 4021: 3982: 3945: 3765: 3480: 3126: 3058: 2885: 2589: 2472: 2409: 2227: 1796: 1669:

Palestinian archaeologists have also discovered a number of sites of significance to

1651: 1582: 1565:(purple), King's Highway (red), and other ancient Levantine trade routes, c. 1300 BCE 1160: 1098: 1049: 900: 687: 647: 610: 602: 511: 357: 239: 4810:

Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources

2198:

of Turkey has aided in the understanding of western Syrian historical chronologies.

1970:

Some Israeli archaeologists also charged that archaeological material dating to the

1250:. Made up of Muslim and Christian officials and headed by the British archaeologist 457:

through the middle of a site that made work by later archaeologists more difficult.

4906: 4162: 4137: 4113: 4049: 3879: 3182: 3050: 2875: 2828: 2452: 2199: 2104: 1892: 1663: 1373: 1164: 1138:

Palestinians of their history, of being "extremely inflammatory" and "bordering on

1076: 788: 652:

A central concern of Levantine archaeology since its genesis has been the study of

391: 4053: 2880: 2863: 2487: 1768:

In 1974, the IAA removed a sixth-century Byzantine mosaic from Gaza City, dubbed '

1378:

The Dead Sea Scrolls are 981 parchments discovered in 11 caves in the hills above

1334: 1010: 4642: 4305: 3883: 3454: 2403: 1917: 1880: 1850: 1787: 1598: 1482: 1387: 1383: 1314:, a Canaanite city mentioned in the Egyptian Royal Archive that was conquered by 1227: 1134: 884: 537:

archaeological approaches, tending to eschew biblical studies and the search for

534: 157: 153: 3679: 3234: 2818: 2326:. On page ix, he defines "ancient Palestine" the same way but also includes the 1601:, which has been described as, "one of the world's oldest living cities." Rapid 1167:, and 500 sites which have been excavated to date, 60 of which are major sites. 4761: 4445:

Discoveries from Bible Times: Archaeological Treasures Throw Light on the Bible

4165:(1999–2001). "Syro-Palestinian and Biblical Archaeology". In Tim Murray (ed.). 3931: 3568: 3459: 2195: 1912: 1827: 1782: 1602: 1541: 1494: 1478: 1470: 1259: 1195: 1118: 986: 939: 931: 892: 812: 614: 421: 274: 260:. For periods thereafter, the terminology and dates come from Sauer and Hoppe. 234:(1517-1918). However, Dever's definition of the temporal scope of the field in 231: 102: 34: 3054: 1226:

represent leading figures in the debate over the nature and chronology of the

5328: 5303: 3927: 3062: 2593: 2557:

Dever, William G. "Syro-Palestinian and Biblical Archaeology", pp. 1244-1253.

2096: 1975: 1777: 1744: 1723: 1650:

in the northwestern tip of the Gaza Strip. The well-preserved 1,461-year-old

1597:

national archaeological museum also promise to highlight the rich history of

1409: 1386:

now known as "Qumran Hebrew", and seen as a link between Biblical Hebrew and

1286: 1215: 1139: 868: 820: 808: 800: 706: 618: 567:"Too much of Palestinian archaeology is an inflated fabrication Too often a 110: 3036: 1627:

houses with colorful frescoed walls. Archaeologists believe the site may be

1085:, who writes that for too long the history of Palestine has been written by 4490: 4378: 4037: 2889: 2832: 2768: 2076: 1971: 1947: 1871: 1842: 1670: 1606:

more under ground and under the sea than what has been discovered to date.

1570: 1455: 1451: 1319: 1318:

in the 15th century BCE. Ibleam is also mentioned in three passages of the

1315: 1290: 1219: 1060: 974: 836: 832: 816: 626: 568: 472: 377: 290: 4788:

The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present

4546:

Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200-539

3095: 5313: 3904:

non-scholarly uses of archaeology in current Palestinian-Israel polemics.

2307: 2191: 1835: 1823: 1682: 1632: 1266: 1187: 1102: 1081:, a Palestinian archaeologist at Bir Zeit and editor of the university's 1041: 963: 888: 880: 876: 872: 864: 848: 828: 804: 771:

in 1914. Excavations at this early stage focused on sites related to the

742: 698: 694: 559:

grew in the mid-twentieth century, the continued tendency to ignore hard

538: 530: 492: 463:

identified numerous sites from antiquity and published his findings with

442: 268: 2206: 2127: 1999: 1635:

seaport on the Mediterranean which connected Asia and Africa to Europe.

1557: 1408:

When 350 participants from 25 countries gathered at a conference at the

545:

and concentrating more, though not exclusively on Islamic archaeology.

4902:

New Discoveries in Mosaics in the Territory under Palestinian Authority

3194: 2464: 2327: 1888: 1841:

An archaeological tunnel running the length of the western side of the

1831: 1769: 1763: 1510: 1413: 1086: 776: 585: 522: 296: 278: 168: 4919: 1911:

of Jerusalem. The Jordanian actions were described in a letter to the

1254:

until 1956, field archaeology was conducted primarily by foreigners.

304:

EB IV/Intermediate Bronze (IB) (formerly EB IV/MB I) = 2,500-2,000 BCE

4644:

Through the Ages in Palestinian Archaeology: An Introductory Handbook

4278: 4017: 3239: 2405:

The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: C. 8000-332 BCE

2323: 2108: 1773: 1708: 1678: 1562: 1533: 1459: 1435: 1355: 1282: 1243: 1199: 1127:

The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History

967: 844: 796: 792: 730: 690: 667: 630: 572: 542: 464: 441:

Modern Palestinian archaeology began in the late 19th century. Early

284: 212: 58: 3295:. November 24, 2006. Archived from the original on February 22, 2013 3186: 3120: 2456: 1536:

preparing the ground for a section of the barrier that runs through

3707: 2179: 1704: 1624: 1466: 1398: 1278: 1183: 1056: 784: 721:

understand the commonalities in the different typological systems.

670:, whose findings were published in first two works on the subject: 331: 4623:

Ceramics and Change in the Early Bronze Age of the Southern Levant

2366: 264:

conflicts, the prehistory as a category is left out of the list.

3966:. Translated by Rainey, Anson F. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. 2092: 2084: 1574: 1537: 1500: 1447: 1443: 1395: 1191: 1026: 1015: 978: 959: 764: 657: 653: 622: 594: 576: 496: 484: 114: 24: 4885:

The West Bank and East Jerusalem Archaeological Database Project

1692:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

1210:. Recent issues center on the veracity of such artifacts as the 1055:

The Palestinian Archaeology Institute at Bir Zeit University in

4742:

Studies in the Iconography of Northwest Semitic Inscribed Seals

3627: 3357: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2175: 2088: 2080: 2065: 2031: 1934: 1928: 1757: 1686: 1655: 1429: 1379: 1306:

Belameh, located a little over one mile (1.6 km) south of

1018: 955: 951: 923: 856: 852: 840: 702: 454: 181: 130: 126: 118: 106: 38: 4119:

What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and when Did They Know It?

3937:

Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking Between Israelis and Palestinians

1310:, is an important Bronze Age site identified with the ancient 763:

Jewish interest in archaeology dates to the beginnings of the

236:

What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?

3680:"Archaeologists Campaign to Stop Desecration of Temple Mount" 2100: 1854: 1307: 1207: 1203: 1064: 998: 780: 772: 660: 598: 514:(1870–1950), who underplayed his predecessor's achievements. 488: 177: 173: 85: 64:

Current archaeological digs in Israel are carried out by the

1131:

The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology and the Myth of Israel

799:. Early archaeological pioneers in 1920s and 1930s included 517: 4143:

Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come from?

3795: 3009:"The Biblical Pseudo-Archeologists Pillaging the West Bank" 2933: 2389:

For example, see Aharoni, Finklestein, Rast, and Silberman.

2160: 1979: 1802: 1749: 1462: 962:

excavations at Tell Masos (both in modern-day Israel), and

947: 943: 927: 916: 560: 19: 4371:

Judaism and Hellenism in Antiquity: Conflict Or Confluence

4226: 2578:"Frederick Jones Bliss: Father of Palestinian Archaeology" 1923:

The Old City of Jerusalem and its walls were added to the

1499:

Tel es-Sultan (meaning the "Sultan's Hill") is located in

1360:

As of April 2007, the procedures to add Bethlehem and the

1218:, as well as the validity of whole chronological schemes. 49:(particularly when the area of inquiry centers on ancient 4307:

Synchronized Chronology: Rethinking Middle East Antiquity

4090:

Shifting Sands: The Rise and Fall of Biblical Archaeology

2185: 2034:(formerly Transjordan) is limited. Two universities, the 1875:

The Old City of Jerusalem in the early 20th century. The

1846: 1549:

for proceeding without procuring the opinion of the IAA.

4890: 3351: 3262:"Israel to Display the Dead Sea Scrolls on the Internet" 3172: 3155:. Asharq Alawsat: The Leading Arabic International Daily 1401:

in 1947. The remainder were acquired by Israel from the

3334:. International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) 2936:

Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People. 2004

1364:

to the UNESCO World Heritage List have been initiated.

1163:

sites, 60,000 traditional houses, 1,750 major sites of

911: 4859:

World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services

4373:. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. 4173: 3971:

Akkermans, Peter M. M. G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2003).

2402:

Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. (2014-01-01).

4915:

Biblical Pseudo-Archeologists Pillaging the West Bank

4782: 3862:. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 3332:"Palestine: Destruction in the West Bank, April 2002" 3329: 2588:(3). American Schools of Oriental Research: 110–115. 2207:

Archaeology, history and modern Arab-Israeli politics

1412:

marking the fiftieth anniversary of their discovery,

3791:"Archaeologists: Waqf damaging Temple Mount remains" 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2245:

List of archaeological sites in Israel and Palestine

1764:

Challenges posed by the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

1511:

Challenges posed by the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

1145:

Dever cites an editorial by Nashef published in the

787:, as well as a second- to fourth-century village at 23:

Dwelling foundations unearthed at Tell es-Sultan in

4513: 2030:Compared to Israel, archaeological knowledge about 1142:", and Thompson's book of being "even more rabid." 4282: 3232: 3207: 2083:is a well-known archaeological site, a Phoenician 958:) in Syria, French excavations at Tell Yarmut and 4517:(1998). "The Holy Land". Oxford University Press. 3970: 3708:"The Destruction of the Temple Mount Antiquities" 2794:Sacred Geography: A Tale of Murder and Archeology 2789: 2540: 2318:to refer to the region encompassed by modern-day 2302:On page 16 of his book, Rast notes that the term 2182:, and at least two important scholarly journals. 1927:in 1982, after it was nominated for inclusion by 1860: 729:Levantine archaeology also includes the study of 245: 5326: 4464:Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (1990). 3960:Aharoni, Yohanan (1982). Aharoni, Miriam (ed.). 3733: 3235:"Scholars dispute ownership of Dead Sea Scrolls" 3100:American Schools of Oriental Research Newsletter 3094:Taha, Hamdan (Fall 1997). Seymour Gittin (ed.). 2401: 2044:Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 636: 313:MB II(-III) (formerly MB IIB/C) = 1,750-1550 BCE 2737: 2485: 2213:Politics of Archaeology in Israel and Palestine 2107:, contain artifacts indicating the presence of 1609: 1442:, the city flourished during the Byzantine and 1233: 53:). Besides its importance to the discipline of 4897:Dead Sea Scrolls still a puzzle after 50 years 4420: 4035: 3677: 3647: 3150: 3034: 2742:. Galileo: Diary of Science and Global Issues. 2733: 2731: 2442: 82:Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums 4935: 4739:Sass, Benjamin; Uehlinger, Christoph (1993). 4738: 3832: 3830: 3788: 3763: 3495: 3473: 3416: 2861: 2607: 2605: 2603: 1296: 1052:on the other (K. Nashef and M. Abu Khalaf)." 4647:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 4626:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 4605:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 4602:Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land 4463: 4392:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 4352:Just past? The making of Israeli archaeology 3452: 3325: 3323: 3093: 2864:"Palestinian Archaeology Braces for a Storm" 2575: 2348:Franken and Franken-Battershill, 1963, p. 1. 1552: 1034:Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land 4760: 4619: 4598: 3926: 3839: 3705: 3524: 3522: 3498:"Gaza Muslims dig up their Christian roots" 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3153:"Unrecognized: The World's Oldest Monument" 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3030: 3028: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2728: 2646: 2644: 1891:in 1948. The dome in the background is the 1481:, as per an inventory of sites prepared by 977:. The first joint project was conducted in 4942: 4928: 4852: 4421:Matthews, Roger; Roemer, Cornelia (2003). 4406: 4161: 3827: 3824:Kipfer, 2000, pp. 623, 632, 637, 647, 655. 3559: 3557: 3491: 3489: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3122:The Water Tunnel System at Khirbet Bal'ama 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2653: 2600: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 1760:settlement during the 3rd millennium BCE. 1265:After Israel occupied the area during the 1097:Gerrit van der Kooij, an archaeologist at 156:. However it is only when considering the 4891:MEGA–Jordan Archaeological Sites Database 3673: 3671: 3455:"Palestinians: Israel to steal artifacts" 3352:World Heritage Committee (30 June 2005). 3320: 3208:Joseph A. Fitzmyer (September 21, 1997). 3166: 3115: 3113: 3069: 2879: 2783: 2614: 2519: 2397: 2395: 2049: 1938:The Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif compound 1059:was established in 1987 with the help of 1040:archaeology on the one hand (H. Taha and 467:in a pivotal three-volume study entitled 307:Middle Bronze (MB) Age = 2,200-1,550 BCE 4804: 4766:Recent Archaeology in the Land of Israel 4691:Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict 4661: 4564: 4542: 4252: 4200: 4060: 4040:(February 1982). "Israeli Archaeology". 3809: 3729: 3727: 3701: 3699: 3519: 3399: 3201: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3078: 3025: 3006: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2855: 2839: 2755: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2641: 2560: 2533: 2531: 2287: 2059: 1990: 1933: 1870: 1803:Archaeology of the Old City of Jerusalem 1718: 1556: 1170: 1070:Glock's views are echoed in the work of 1009: 910: 775:and ancient Jewish history and included 516: 310:MB I (formerly MB IIA) = 2,000-1,750 BCE 95: 90:Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey) 68:(IAA), and in the areas governed by the 18: 4949: 4620:Philip, Graham; Baird, Douglas (2000). 4599:Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001). 4441: 4389:Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land 4349: 3959: 3554: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3486: 3435: 3283: 3281: 3259: 3253: 2982: 2968: 2790:Suzanne MacNeille (November 11, 2001). 2746: 2707: 2569: 2488:"Archaeology and Politics in Palestine" 2429: 2427: 2425: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2296: 2271: 2118: 1772:Playing the Lyre', which is now in the 1698:status and fund the site's protection, 906: 593:In 1974, William Dever established the 318:Late Bronze (LB) Age = 1,550-1,200 BCE 301:Early Bronze (EB) Age = 3,700-2,500 BCE 252:List of archaeological periods (Levant) 202:List of archaeological periods (Levant) 5327: 4489: 4416:. London: The Religious Tract Society. 4368: 4332:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology 4325: 4006: 3856:"The Amuq Survey and Related Projects" 3818: 3766:"In Jerusalem archaeology is politics" 3668: 3641: 3618: 3616: 3345: 3226: 3110: 2632: 2486:Leslie J. Hoppe (January–March 1987). 2392: 2342: 2186:Archaeology in Turkey (Hatay Province) 1887:, both of which were destroyed by the 1817: 724: 551:While the importance of stratigraphy, 475:carried out research in the 1860s and 453:in dating objects led to digging long 281:, Middle Stone) Age = 14,000-8,000 BCE 271:(Old Stone) Age = 1,500,000-14,000 BCE 4923: 4826: 4303: 4169:. ABC-Clio Press. pp. 1244–1253. 4136: 4112: 4086: 3996: 3734:Kristin M. Romey (March–April 2000). 3724: 3696: 3139: 2896: 2623: 2528: 2479: 2436: 2333: 1333:The site was initially discovered by 150:A Primer of Old Testament Archaeology 4712: 4687: 4640: 4413:A century of excavation in Palestine 4408:Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart 4385: 4277: 3782: 3586: 3545: 3531: 3278: 3035:Phythian-Adams, W. J. (1922-10-01). 2422: 2351: 2220:Jewish Palestine Exploration Society 2122: 1994: 1589:, the cavalry of the Crusaders, and 1515: 769:Jewish Palestine Exploration Society 641: 293:(Copper Stone) Age = 5,800-3,700 BCE 3845:Akkermans and Schwartz, 2003, p. 2. 3757: 3712:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 3613: 3370: 2812: 2764:"The mysterious death of Dr. Glock" 2761: 1367: 1106:more social value to the project." 13: 3542:Adam and Moodley, 2005, pp. 65-66. 3496:Inigo Gilmore (January 12, 2001). 3419:"Gaza's ancient history uncovered" 1654:contains three large and colorful 1638: 1528:, prompting condemnation from the 1326:during Roman-Byzantine times, and 1147:Journal of Palestinian Archaeology 1083:Journal of Palestinian Archaeology 1044:) and on the investigation of the 529:After the creation of independent 16:Archaeological study of the Levant 14: 5361: 5345:Archaeology of Palestine (region) 4878: 4496:A Century of Biblical Archaeology 3789:Yaakov Lappin (7 February 2007). 3764:Paul Reynolds (9 February 2007). 3528:Matthews and Roemer, 2003, p. 24. 3417:Alan Johnston (22 October 2005). 3151:Osama al Eissa (April 27, 2007). 2821:Journal of Archaeological Science 2695:Sass and Uehlinger, 1993, p. 267. 2364: 1133:(1999) were both translated into 992: 767:movement and the founding of the 287:(New Stone) Age = 8,000-5,800 BCE 195: 5308: 5299: 5298: 4768:. Biblical Archaeology Society. 4259:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 3289:"Sites and Shrines in Palestine" 3233:Christopher Walker (July 1997). 2740:"The Secrets Come Tumblin' Down" 2126: 1998: 1925:List of World Heritage in Danger 1714: 1488: 1446:periods, becoming the seat of a 753: 672:Biblical Researches in Palestine 445:lacked standardized methods for 4499:. Westminster John Knox Press. 3919: 3907: 3897: 3873: 3848: 3736:"Jerusalem's Temple Mount Flap" 3678:Michele Chabin (11 July 2006). 3648:Hershel Shanks (18 July 2008). 3595: 3075:Negev and Gibson, 2001, p. 239. 3042:Palestine Exploration Quarterly 3000: 2862:John Bohannon (21 April 2006). 2433:Mills and Bullard, 1990, p. 55. 1813:Excavations at the Temple Mount 369:Early Hellenistic = 332-198 BCE 5266:British Indian Ocean Territory 4745:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 4543:Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2004). 4467:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible 4262:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 4146:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 4122:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 3650:"Opinion:Biblical Destruction" 3571:. 6 March 1968. Archived from 3453:Orly Halpern (July 21, 2005). 3330:ICOMOS Palestine (2002–2003). 3175:Journal of Biblical Literature 3007:Bergeson, Dylan (2013-02-28). 2792:"Books in Brief: Nonfiction - 2752:Negev and Gibson, 2001, p. 49. 2686:Philip and Baird, 2000, p. 45. 2668:Philip and Baird, 2000, p. 36. 2650:Philip and Baird, 2000, p. 31. 2383: 1861:Damage to archaeological sites 1113:", such as Keith W. Whitelam, 1092:Palestinian National Authority 1005: 985:"La Sapienza", represented by 589:arguments around in a circle." 258:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible 246:List of archaeological periods 1: 4424:Ancient Perspectives on Egypt 4054:10.1080/00438243.1982.9979836 3706:Mark Ami-El (1 August 2002). 3260:Bronner, Ethan (2008-08-27). 2881:10.1126/science.312.5772.352b 2265: 2170:Following the program of the 2111:dating back to the period of 1734: 1727: 1681:ever to be discovered in the 1530:World Archaeological Congress 954:participation in Ras Shamra ( 637:Foci in Levantine archaeology 571:interpretation, not based on 372:Late Hellenistic = 198-63 BCE 176:outside of the Levant (e.g., 5340:Archaeology of the Near East 4790:. Sheffield Academic Press. 2576:J.A. Blakely (20 May 1993). 1953:Israel Antiquities Authority 1867:Temple Mount Sifting Project 1349: 1248:British Mandate in Palestine 1234:Archaeology in the West Bank 1129:(1996) and Thompson's book, 745:, constitute one well-known 135:British Mandate in Palestine 66:Israel Antiquities Authority 43:Syro-Palestinian archaeology 7: 5350:Nationalism and archaeology 4167:Encyclopedia of Archaeology 2762:Fox, Edward (2 June 2001). 2255:Near Eastern bioarchaeology 2233: 1614: 1153:Biblical Archaeology Review 383:Early Roman = 63 BCE-135 CE 10: 5366: 4909:The Bible's Buried Secrets 4764:; Mazar, Benjamin (1985). 4696:Cambridge University Press 4688:Ross, Marc Howard (2007). 4491:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart 4386:Levy, Thomas Evan (1998). 3979:Cambridge University Press 2923:"Focus: Cultural Heritage" 2725:Barton, 2002, pp. 358-359. 2704:Freedman, 2000, pp. 93-94. 2611:Barton, 2002, pp. 359-361. 2582:The Biblical Archaeologist 2445:The Biblical Archaeologist 2210: 2053: 1864: 1806: 1610:Notable findings and sites 1492: 1427: 1371: 1353: 1322:. The location was called 1301: 1297:Notable findings and sites 1174: 1025:at Khirbat al-Mafjar near 758: 741:Phoenician, in Phoenician 645: 508:Palestine Exploration Fund 434: 430: 249: 199: 5294: 5253: 5213: 4955: 4087:Davis, Thomas W. (2004). 3836:Wedgeworth, 1993, p. 453. 3607:www.jewishworldreview.com 3312:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3055:10.1179/peq.1922.54.4.142 2070:National Museum of Beirut 1885:Tiferes Yisrael Synagogue 1553:Archaeology in Gaza Strip 1522:Israeli West Bank barrier 1423: 1330:in the Crusader sources. 676:Later Biblical Researches 613:practice. Specialists in 5015:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4641:Rast, Walter E. (1992). 3997:Anati, Emmanuel (1963). 3551:Ross, 2007, pp. 156-157. 3504:. London. Archived from 2260:Prehistory of the Levant 2250:Near Eastern archaeology 1252:Gerald Lankester Harding 934:excavations include the 697:, as exemplified in the 242:to the Ottoman period." 88:and a department of the 5276:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4515:Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome 4472:Mercer University Press 4442:Millard, Ralph (1997). 4427:. Routledge Cavendish. 4369:Levine, Lee I. (1998). 4285:The Fight for Jerusalem 4095:Oxford University Press 3942:Temple University Press 3815:Thompson, 2000, p. 293. 2677:Mykytiuk, 2004, p. 275. 1786:, it is illegal for an 915:The excavation site at 737:Phoenician and what is 386:Late Roman = 135-324 CE 324:LB II = 1,400-1,200 BCE 144:Under the influence of 47:Palestinian archaeology 4840:Cite journal requires 4726:Cite journal requires 4675:Cite journal requires 4586:Cite journal requires 4530:Cite journal requires 4289:. Regnery Publishing. 4240:Cite journal requires 4214:Cite journal requires 4188:Cite journal requires 4074:Cite journal requires 3293:This Week In Palestine 2956:Cite journal requires 2833:10.1006/jasc.1996.0001 2507:Cite journal requires 2072: 2056:Archaeology of Lebanon 2050:Archaeology in Lebanon 1939: 1896: 1754:Protodynastic Egyptian 1741: 1694:(UNESCO) to assign it 1579:Gaza at the Crossroads 1566: 1362:Church of the Nativity 1029: 920: 591: 526: 346:Iron IIC = 721-586 BCE 343:Iron IIB = 830-721 BCE 340:Iron IIA = 980-830 BCE 337:Iron I = 1,200-980 BCE 321:LB I = 1,550-1,400 BCE 41:. It is also known as 27: 5335:Levantine archaeology 4784:Silberman, Neil Asher 4350:Kletter, Raz (2006). 4310:. Algora Publishing. 4304:Henry, Roger (2003). 3388:(2). March–April 2004 2738:Manuela Evangelista. 2659:Millard, 1997, p. 23. 2620:Moorey, 1992, p. 131. 2240:Archaeology of Israel 2211:Further information: 2063: 1991:Archaeology in Jordan 1937: 1901:1948 Arab-Israeli war 1874: 1722: 1648:military installation 1560: 1240:1948 Arab-Israeli war 1177:Archaeology of Israel 1171:Archaeology in Israel 1111:biblical revisionists 1013: 914: 803:, Michael Avi-Yonah, 565: 520: 504:Frederick Jones Bliss 165:Classical archaeology 96:Terminology and scope 70:Palestinian Authority 31:Levantine archaeology 22: 5190:United Arab Emirates 4254:Freedman, David Noel 3210:"The Qumran Library" 3037:"The Site of Ibleam" 2852:Dever, 2003, p. 240. 2629:Davis, 2004, p. 147. 2566:Henry, 2003, p. 143. 2537:Rast, 1992, pp. 1-2. 2306:is commonly used by 2284:Davis, 2004, p. 146. 2119:Archaeology in Syria 2087:, where the tomb of 2036:University of Jordan 1853:, as it is known to 1845:, as it is known to 1809:Old City (Jerusalem) 1738: 2400/2350 BCE 1520:Construction of the 946:) and Tell Meskene ( 907:British and European 807:, Immanuel Ben-Dor, 481:Princeton University 477:Howard Crosby Butler 437:Biblical archaeology 230:(1250–1517) and the 139:Biblical archaeology 55:Biblical archaeology 5217:limited recognition 4950:Archaeology of Asia 4806:Thompson, Thomas L. 4327:Kipfer, Barbara Ann 3655:Wall Street Journal 3592:Gold, 2007, p. 157. 3575:on 16 February 2007 3502:The Daily Telegraph 2525:Dever, 2001, p. 62. 2293:Dever, 2001, p. 61. 2113:Classical antiquity 1965:salvage archaeology 1959:archaeologist told 1818:Sovereignty dispute 1696:World Heritage Site 1631:(Antidon), a major 1587:Alexander the Great 1339:Gottlieb Schumacher 1328:Castellum Beleismum 1212:Jehoash Inscription 1125:. Whitelam's book, 725:Defining Phoenician 521:Excavated ruins at 146:William F. Albright 4854:Wedgeworth, Robert 4013:The Biblical World 3684:Jewish United Fund 3378:"WAC vs. the Wall" 3266:The New York Times 3214:The New York Times 2997:Levy, 1998, p. 19. 2979:Levy, 1998, p. 18. 2800:The New York Times 2339:Rast, 1992, p. xi. 2138:. You can help by 2073: 2040:Yarmouk University 2010:. You can help by 1957:Jerusalem District 1940: 1897: 1790:to remove ancient 1742: 1621:Beach refugee camp 1591:Napoleon Bonaparte 1567: 1403:Rockefeller Museum 1343:Bellarmino Bagatti 1224:Israel Finkelstein 1186:, Hazor, Megiddo, 1123:Niels Peter Lemche 1115:Thomas L. Thompson 1030: 983:University of Rome 921: 897:Israel Finkelstein 683:Alexander H. Joffe 527: 364:Hellenistic period 28: 5322: 5321: 5259:other territories 4869:978-0-8389-0609-5 4819:978-90-04-11943-7 4797:978-1-85075-650-7 4775:978-0-9613089-2-6 4752:978-3-525-53760-2 4705:978-0-521-87013-9 4654:978-1-56338-055-6 4633:978-1-84127-135-4 4612:978-0-8264-8571-7 4556:978-90-04-12724-1 4506:978-0-664-25392-9 4481:978-0-86554-373-7 4455:978-0-7459-3740-3 4434:978-1-84472-002-6 4399:978-0-8264-6996-0 4361:978-1-84553-085-3 4342:978-0-306-46158-3 4317:978-0-87586-185-2 4296:978-1-59698-029-7 4269:978-0-8028-2400-4 4153:978-0-8028-0975-9 4138:Dever, William G. 4129:978-0-8028-2126-3 4114:Dever, William G. 4104:978-0-19-516710-8 4042:World Archaeology 4036:Bar-Yosef, Ofer; 4027:978-0-415-16105-3 3988:978-0-521-79666-8 3951:978-1-59213-396-3 3630:. 17 January 1983 3481:Mediterranean Sea 3132:978-9950-351-01-1 2874:(5772): 352–353. 2638:Levy, 1998, p. 5. 2322:, Jordan and the 2228:Judea and Samaria 2156: 2155: 2028: 2027: 1944:Solomon's Stables 1797:Judea and Samaria 1675:Tell Umm el ‘Amer 1603:urban development 1583:Salah al-Din Road 1516:West Bank barrier 1405:in the 1967 war. 1337:in 1874, then by 1161:cultural heritage 1099:Leiden University 1050:cultural heritage 903:, and many more. 901:Yizhar Hirschfeld 688:Northwest Semitic 648:Levantine pottery 642:Ceramics analysis 611:interdisciplinary 603:Frank Moore Cross 512:R.A.S. Macalister 404:Early Arab period 352:Babylonian period 240:Lower Paleolithic 226:(1099–1291), the 220:Early Arab period 5357: 5312: 5302: 5301: 5271:Christmas Island 4957:Sovereign states 4944: 4937: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4873: 4862:. ALA Editions. 4849: 4843: 4838: 4836: 4828: 4823: 4801: 4779: 4756: 4735: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4714: 4709: 4684: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4663: 4658: 4637: 4616: 4595: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4574: 4560: 4539: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4518: 4510: 4485: 4459: 4438: 4417: 4403: 4382: 4365: 4346: 4321: 4300: 4288: 4273: 4249: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4223: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4202: 4197: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4170: 4163:Dever, William G 4157: 4133: 4108: 4083: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4062: 4057: 4031: 4002: 4001:. Jonathan Cape. 3992: 3967: 3955: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3880:Nadia Abu El-Haj 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3825: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3675: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3561: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3529: 3526: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3508:on June 18, 2002 3493: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3450: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3414: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3311: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3148: 3137: 3136: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3091: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3032: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2980: 2977: 2966: 2965: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2927: 2919: 2894: 2893: 2883: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2837: 2836: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2735: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2598: 2597: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2538: 2535: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2495: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2420: 2419: 2399: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2377: 2371:www.academia.edu 2365:Burke, Aaron A. 2362: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2200:Robert Braidwood 2151: 2148: 2130: 2123: 2023: 2020: 2002: 1995: 1893:Dome of the Rock 1739: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1726:was in use from 1679:monastic complex 1664:John the Baptist 1374:Dead Sea Scrolls 1368:Dead Sea Scrolls 1271:Hague Convention 1165:human settlement 1080: 392:Byzantine period 380:= 63 BCE-324 CE 334:= 1,200-586 BCE 222:(640-1099), the 5365: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5290: 5258: 5249: 5230:Northern Cyprus 5216: 5209: 4951: 4948: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4820: 4798: 4776: 4762:Shanks, Hershel 4753: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4706: 4676: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4655: 4634: 4613: 4587: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4557: 4531: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4507: 4482: 4456: 4435: 4400: 4362: 4343: 4318: 4297: 4270: 4241: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4189: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4154: 4130: 4105: 4075: 4073: 4064: 4063: 4028: 3989: 3952: 3932:Moodley, Kogila 3922: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3860:oi.uchicago.edu 3854: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3787: 3783: 3774: 3772: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3747: 3732: 3725: 3716: 3714: 3704: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3676: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3578: 3576: 3563: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3532: 3527: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3494: 3487: 3478: 3474: 3465: 3463: 3451: 3436: 3427: 3425: 3415: 3400: 3391: 3389: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3360: 3350: 3346: 3337: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3305: 3304: 3298: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3279: 3270: 3268: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3243: 3231: 3227: 3218: 3216: 3206: 3202: 3187:10.2307/3260841 3171: 3167: 3158: 3156: 3149: 3140: 3133: 3119: 3118: 3111: 3092: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3033: 3026: 3017: 3015: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2983: 2978: 2969: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2897: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2840: 2817: 2813: 2804: 2802: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2773: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2601: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2508: 2506: 2497: 2496: 2484: 2480: 2457:10.2307/3209764 2441: 2437: 2432: 2423: 2416: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2375: 2373: 2363: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2272: 2268: 2236: 2215: 2209: 2188: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2136:needs expansion 2121: 2064:Sarcophagus of 2058: 2052: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2008:needs expansion 1993: 1918:Mount of Olives 1881:Hurva Synagogue 1869: 1863: 1851:Haram al-Sharif 1820: 1815: 1805: 1788:occupying power 1780:. According to 1776:section of the 1766: 1737: 1731: 3300 BCE 1730: 1717: 1641: 1639:Christian sites 1617: 1612: 1555: 1518: 1513: 1497: 1491: 1483:Graz University 1467:water fountains 1438:under the name 1432: 1426: 1388:Mishnaic Hebrew 1376: 1370: 1358: 1352: 1304: 1299: 1236: 1228:United Monarchy 1179: 1173: 1074: 1023:Hisham's Palace 1008: 995: 968:Tell Deir 'Alla 909: 885:Yohanan Aharoni 761: 756: 727: 650: 644: 639: 461:Edward Robinson 439: 433: 410:Crusader period 254: 248: 224:Crusader period 213:Islamic periods 204: 198: 158:northern Levant 154:southern Levant 98: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5363: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5306: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907:Nova special, 4904: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4880: 4879:External links 4877: 4875: 4874: 4868: 4850: 4842:|journal= 4824: 4818: 4802: 4796: 4786:, ed. (1997). 4780: 4774: 4758: 4751: 4736: 4728:|journal= 4710: 4704: 4685: 4677:|journal= 4659: 4653: 4638: 4632: 4617: 4611: 4596: 4588:|journal= 4562: 4555: 4540: 4532:|journal= 4511: 4505: 4487: 4480: 4461: 4454: 4439: 4433: 4418: 4404: 4398: 4383: 4366: 4360: 4347: 4341: 4323: 4316: 4301: 4295: 4275: 4268: 4250: 4242:|journal= 4224: 4216:|journal= 4198: 4190:|journal= 4171: 4159: 4152: 4134: 4128: 4110: 4103: 4084: 4076:|journal= 4058: 4048:(3): 310–325. 4033: 4026: 4004: 3994: 3987: 3968: 3957: 3950: 3928:Adam, Heribert 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3906: 3896: 3886:" (2001), pp. 3872: 3847: 3838: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3781: 3756: 3723: 3695: 3667: 3640: 3612: 3594: 3585: 3569:United Nations 3553: 3544: 3530: 3518: 3485: 3472: 3460:Jerusalem Post 3434: 3398: 3369: 3344: 3319: 3277: 3252: 3225: 3200: 3181:(4): 711–713. 3165: 3138: 3131: 3109: 3077: 3068: 3024: 2999: 2981: 2967: 2958:|journal= 2895: 2854: 2838: 2811: 2782: 2754: 2745: 2727: 2718: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2599: 2568: 2559: 2539: 2527: 2518: 2509:|journal= 2494:(1). The Link. 2478: 2451:(4): 201–209. 2435: 2421: 2414: 2408:. OUP Oxford. 2391: 2382: 2350: 2341: 2332: 2308:archaeologists 2295: 2286: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2235: 2232: 2224:Va‘adat Shemot 2208: 2205: 2196:Hatay Province 2187: 2184: 2172:French Mandate 2154: 2153: 2133: 2131: 2120: 2117: 2054:Main article: 2051: 2048: 2026: 2025: 2005: 2003: 1992: 1989: 1913:United Nations 1905:Jewish Quarter 1877:Jewish quarter 1862: 1859: 1828:Neil Silberman 1819: 1816: 1804: 1801: 1783:Jerusalem Post 1765: 1762: 1716: 1713: 1640: 1637: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1554: 1551: 1542:East Jerusalem 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1495:Tell es-Sultan 1493:Main article: 1490: 1487: 1479:world heritage 1428:Main article: 1425: 1422: 1372:Main article: 1369: 1366: 1354:Main article: 1351: 1348: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1260:Khirbet Qumran 1235: 1232: 1175:Main article: 1172: 1169: 1119:Phillip Davies 1048:landscape and 1007: 1004: 994: 993:North American 991: 987:Paolo Matthiae 936:Tell Nebi Mend 908: 905: 893:Gabriel Barkay 813:Benjamin Mazar 760: 757: 755: 752: 726: 723: 646:Main article: 643: 640: 638: 635: 615:archaeozoology 579:on subjective 432: 429: 428: 427: 426: 425: 424:= 1517-1918 CE 422:Ottoman period 419: 418:= 1250-1517 CE 413: 412:= 1099-1291 CE 407: 400:= 630-1918 CE 398:Islamic period 395: 389: 388: 387: 384: 375: 374: 373: 370: 361: 358:Persian period 355: 349: 348: 347: 344: 341: 338: 329: 328: 327: 326: 325: 322: 316: 315: 314: 311: 305: 302: 294: 288: 282: 275:Epipaleolithic 272: 247: 244: 232:Ottoman period 207:each period. 197: 196:Temporal scope 194: 103:Hatay Province 97: 94: 35:archaeological 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5362: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5305: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240:South Ossetia 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 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