Kanishka - Knowledge

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ethnic ally at the time of troubles after Vima's reign. Konow supports this theory by citing a Tibetan tradition that a Khotanese expedition to India of about A.D. 120 was commanded by a King Vijayakirti along with a King Kanika and the king of Guzan. Ghirshman's similar theory is that Kanishka was originally king of Kashmir before becoming suzerain of the dynasty as a whole. He cites the above mentioned Khalatse epigraph, which may allude to Kushan power reaching the northeast corner of Kashmir, and also the Rajatarangini, in which the list of Turushka kings of Kashmir gave Kanishka's name as the third of a sequence, suggesting that he had predecessors there (Hushka and Jushka). Finally, testimony of Kanishka's activity in Kashmir in favor of the Buddhist faith suggests that he favored the region above others and that he founded Peshawar as his capital to be close to Kashmir.

855: 1719: 1755: 1734: 832: 1773: 875: 2099: 1886: 1579: 1826: 1842: 1490: 990: 2046: 498: 1656:(with the legend "Metrago Boudo") cross-legged on a throne, holding a water pot, and also forming the Abhaya mudra. These coins are only known in copper and are quite worn out . On the clearest coins, Maitreya seems to be wearing the armbands of an Indian prince, a feature often seen on the statuary of Maitreya. The throne is decorated with small columns, suggesting that the coin representation of Maitreya was directly copied from pre-existing statuary with such well-known features. 2091: 180: 7519: 1900: 7530: 1641: 480: 3061: 546: 541: 531: 521: 1380: 171: 4928: 4915: 3089: 3078: 3072: 578: 3084: 3056: 2062:"At this time the King of Ngan-si (Pahlava) was very aggressive and of a violent nature....There was a bhikshu (monk) arhat who seeing the harsh deeds done by the king wished to make him repent. So by his supernatural force he caused the king to see the torments of hell. The king was terrified and repented and cried terribly and hence dissolved all his negatives within him and got self realised for the first time in life ." 1918: 584: 516: 3066: 3051: 561: 556: 551: 536: 526: 511: 3013: 1930: 4905: 572: 567: 59: 3687: 831: 2153:

chase and the hare suddenly disappeared at .... the king lost his patience and took the matter in his own hands and started resurrecting the plans precisely, thus completing the stupas with utmost perfection and perseverance. These two stupas are still in existence and were resorted to for cures by people afflicted with diseases."

2025:. The edge of the lid is decorated by a frieze of flying geese. The body of the casket represents a Kushan monarch, probably Kanishka in person, with the Iranian sun and moon gods on his side. On the sides are two images of a seated Buddha, worshiped by royal figures, can be assumed as Kanishka. A garland, supported by 2157:

King Kanishka because of his deeds was highly respected, regarded, honored by all the people he ruled and governed and was regarded the greatest king who ever lived because of his kindness, humbleness and sense of equality and self-righteousness among all aspects. Thus such great deeds and character

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became sovereign of all Jambudvīpa (Indian subcontinent) but he did not believe in Karma, but he treated Buddhism with honor and respect as he himself converted to Buddhism intrigued by the teachings and scriptures of it. When he was hunting in the wild country a white hare appeared; the king gave a

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On his coins, the king is typically depicted as a bearded man in a long coat and trousers gathered at the ankle, with flames emanating from his shoulders. He wears large rounded boots, and is armed with a long sword as well as a lance. He is frequently seen to be making a sacrifice on a small altar.

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Kanishka, known as the Great (....) He is also known through mentions of him in many Indian epic and religious sources, where he is associated with the spread of Buddhism in Central Asia (Bivar 1983: 190f; Staviskij 1986: 201-215). Despite this concentration on his support of Buddhism, however, he

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school of art (an inescapable religious syncretism pervades Kushana rule). Kanishka personally seems to have embraced both Buddhism and the Persian attributes but he favored Buddhism, proven by his devotion to Buddhist teachings and prayer styles depicted in various books related to kushan empire.

2962:"In Gandhara the appearance of a halo surrounding an entire figure occurs only in the latest phases of artistic production, in the fifth and sixth centuries. By this time in Afghanistan the halo/mandorla had become quite common and is the format that took hold at Central Asian Buddhist sites." in 2325:

There are two unconfirmed theories about Kanisha's having ruled in the periphery of the Kushan Empire before assuming power as the Shaonanoshao. Both are based on the supposition of a separate Kanishka dynasty. The earlier-Sten Konow's-is that Kanishka came from Khotan, having been summoned as an

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Kanishka standing.., clad in heavy Kushan coat and long boots, flames emanating from shoulders, holding standard in his left hand, and making a sacrifice over an altar. Kushan-language legend in Greek script (with the addition of the Kushan Ϸ "sh" letter): ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ ("Shaonanoshao

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In Buddhist tradition, Kanishka is often described as an aggressive, hot tempered, rigid, strict, and a bit harsh kind of King before he got converted to Buddhism of which he was very fond, and after his conversion to Buddhism, he became an openhearted, benevolent, and faithful ruler. As in the

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The iconography of these three types is very different from that of the other deities depicted in Kanishka's coinage. Whether Kanishka's deities are all shown from the side, the Buddhas only are shown frontally, indicating that they were copied from contemporary frontal representations of the

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Only six Kushan coins of the Buddha are known in gold (the sixth one is the centerpiece of an ancient piece of jewellery, consisting of a Kanishka Buddha coin decorated with a ring of heart-shaped ruby stones). All these coins were minted in gold under Kanishka I, and are in two different

894: 2014:(caitya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realisations at such a late date: "The servant Agisalaos, the superintendent of works at the vihara of Kanishka in the monastery of Mahasena" ("dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kaniskasa vihara mahasenasa sangharame"). 981:

The lower half of a lifesize limestone relief of Kanishka similarly attired, with a stiff embroidered surplice beneath his coat and spurs attached to his boots under the light gathered folds of his trousers, survived in the Kabul Museum until it was destroyed by the Taliban.

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In general, the representation of the Buddha on these coins is already highly symbolic, and quite distinct from the more naturalistic and Hellenistic images seen in early Gandhara sculptures. On several designs a mustache is apparent. The palm of his right hand bears the

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that the Kushans evidently spoke, and Greek divinities were replaced by corresponding Iranian ones. All of Kanishka's coins – even ones with a legend in the Bactrian language – were written in a modified Greek script that had one additional glyph (Ϸ) to represent /š/

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The attribution of the casket to Kanishka has been recently disputed, essentially on stylistic ground (for example the ruler shown on the casket is not bearded, to the contrary of Kanishka). Instead, the casket is often attributed to Kanishka's successor

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Standing Buddha in Hellenistic style, forming the gesture of "no fear" (abhaya mudra) with his right hand, and holding a pleat of his robe in his left hand. Legend in Greek script: ΒΟΔΔΟ "Boddo", for the Buddha. Kanishka monogram (tamgha) to the

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The gown of the Shakyamuni Buddha is quite light compared to that on the coins in the name of Buddha, clearly showing the outline of the body, in a nearly transparent way. These are probably the first two layers of monastic clothing the

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The ears are extremely large and long, a symbolic exaggeration possibly rendered necessary by the small size of the coins, but otherwise visible in some later Gandharan statues of the Buddha typically dated to the 3rd–4th century CE

2436:), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language"), from Falk (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, p. 133. 1478:. Like all coins of Kanishka, the design is rather rough and proportions tend to be imprecise; the image of the Buddha is often slightly overdone, with oversize ears and feet spread apart in the same fashion as the Kushan king. 2738:) and Ziri-Tambo (Janjgir-Champa). These cities lay to the east and south of Mathura, up to which locality Wima had already carried his victorious arm. Therefore they must have been captured or subdued by Kanishka I himself." 2907:

appears to have been a ruler more akin to Constantine the Great than Theodosius the Great, in that he did not himself convert to Buddhism, rather rendering his support to the religion (Stavinskij 1986: 215-229; Grenet 2006).

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In Buddhist tradition Kanishka is regarded as of utmost importance. Although he never converted to Buddhism, he encouraged its teachings and provided royal sponsorship. Notably, he administered the 4th Buddhist Council in

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The Buddhist coins of Kanishka are comparatively rare (well under one percent of all known coins of Kanishka). Several show Kanishka on the obverse and the Buddha standing on the reverse. A few also show the

2122:"A desire thus arose in ....at that time the four world-regents learnt the mind of the king. So for his sake they took the form of young boys.... began a stūpa of mud....the boys said to 'We are making the 854: 2002:"(*mahara)jasa kanishkasa kanishka-pure nagare aya gadha-karae deya-dharme sarva-satvana hita-suhartha bhavatu mahasenasa sagharaki dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kanishkasa vihare mahasenasa sangharame" 1667:

standing and seated Buddhas in statuary. Both representations of the Buddha and Shakyamuni have both shoulders covered by their monastic gown, indicating that the statues used as models were from the

1983:, during the archaeological excavations in 1908–1909 in Shah-Ji-Ki-Dheri, just outside the present-day Ganj Gate of the old city of Peshawar. It is today at the Peshawar Museum, and a copy is in the 1772: 1718: 2490:

According to one influential account, he was born in Khotan and came from a family line different from that of Kushan dynasty founder Kujūla Kadphises and his successor, Vīma Kadphises.

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According to one influential account, he was born in Khotan and came from a family line different from that of Kushan dynasty founder Kujūla Kadphises and his successor, Vīma Kadphises.

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Kanishka standing, clad in heavy Kushan coat and long boots, flames emanating from shoulders, holding a standard in his left hand, and making a sacrifice over an altar. Greek legend

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Chavannes, Édouard. (1906) "Trois Généraux Chinois de la dynastie des Han Orientaux. Pan Tch'ao (32–102 p. C.); – son fils Pan Yong; – Leang K'in (112 p. C.). Chapitre LXXVII du

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Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017

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Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1998): "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese."

821: 1450:. Archaeologists who rediscovered the base of it in 1908–1909 estimated that this stupa had a diameter of 286 feet (87 metres). Reports of Chinese pilgrims such as 956:

in his beliefs. Kanishka's coins from the beginning of his reign bear legends in Greek language and script and depict Greek divinities. Later coins bear legends in

685:. The connection of Kanishka with other Kushan rulers is described in the Rabatak inscription as Kanishka makes the list of the kings who ruled up to his time: 2118:, which first described how Kanishka would arrive 400 years after the death of the Buddha. The account also describes how Kanishka came to raise his stupa: 1598:), standing to front, with left hand on hip and forming the abhaya mudra with the right hand. All these coins are in copper only, and usually rather worn. 662:. Finally, testimony of Kanishka's activity in Kashmir in favor of the Buddhist faith suggests that he favored the region above others and that he founded 5669: 4851:

Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan

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claims that in the year 1 Kanishka I's authority was proclaimed in India, in all the satrapies and in different cities like Koonadeano (Kundina), Ozeno (

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played a key role in the development and the transmission of Buddhist ideas in the direction of northern Asia from the middle of the 2nd century CE. The

6584: 5059: 3000: 4372: 620:'s reign. Konow supports this theory by citing a Tibetan tradition that a Khotanese expedition to India of about A.D. 120 was commanded by a King 6588: 4676: 4672: 6812: 4684: 4544: 4423: 4419: 4380: 4364: 4287: 461:. However, historians no longer regard this date as that of Kanishka's accession. Falk estimates that Kanishka came to the throne in 127 CE. 5029: 4411: 4403: 4396: 1841: 3537:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250

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Additionally, the arrival of Kanishka was reportedly foretold or was predicted by the Buddha, as well as the construction of his stupa:

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indicate that its height was 600 to 700 (Chinese) "feet" (= roughly 180–210 metres or 591–689 ft.) and it was covered with jewels.

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Richard Salomon (July–September 1996). "An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman".

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Earlier scholars believed that Kanishka ascended the Kushan throne in 78 CE, and that this date was used as the beginning of the

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At Home in Many Worlds: Reading, Writing and Translating from Chinese and Jewish Cultures : Essays in Honour of Irene Eber

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The full gown worn by the Buddha on the coins, covering both shoulders, suggests a Gandharan model rather than a Mathuran one.

381:–150 CE) the empire reached its zenith. He is famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. A descendant of 3672: 3664: 3600: 3584: 3545: 3468: 3270: 3162: 2899: 2707: 2623: 2596: 2543: 2513: 2483: 2402: 2285: 2255: 840:(full line) and maximum extent of Kushan dominions under Kanishka (dotted line). The conquests in India are according to the 2868:

H. Humbach, 1975, pp. 402–408. K. Tanabe, 1997, p. 277, M. Carter, 1995, p. 152. J. Cribb, 1997, p. 40. References cited in

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to be built wholly (?) with a large stūpa and hither relics must be invited which the meritorious good beings...will bring."

2128:.'....At that time the boys changed their form.... said to him, 'Great king, by you according to the Buddha's prophecy is a 1979:" or "Kanishka reliquary", dated to the first year of Kanishka's reign in 127 CE, was discovered in a deposit chamber under 7565: 5222: 5064: 3026: 2520:

According to the Chinese sources, Kanishka came originally from Khotan and belonged to one of the smaller Yueh Chi tribes.

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According to the Chinese sources, Kanishka came originally from Khotan and belonged to one of the smaller Yueh Chi tribes.

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There are two theories about Kanisha's origins, both based on the supposition of a separate Kanishka dynasty. The earlier

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Several Buddhist statues are directly connected to the reign of Kanishka, such as several Bodhisattva statues from the

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and J. Cribb, who had a central role in the decipherment: "A new Bactrian inscription of Kanishka the Great", in

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Following the transition to the Bactrian language on coins, Iranian and Indic divinities replace the Greek ones:

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Standing Helios in Hellenistic style, forming a benediction gesture with the right hand. Legend in Greek script:

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Foucher, M. A. 1901. "Notes sur la geographie ancienne du Gandhâra (commentaire à un chapitre de Hiuen-Tsang)."

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Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE

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late in his reign. This war is attested in a single source, a Chinese translation of a lost Sanskrit original,

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Richard Salomon (1995) . "A Kharosthī Reliquary Inscription of the Time of the Apraca Prince Visnuvarma".

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Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies

2356:"The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas". Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII. 7394: 7207: 7197: 7069: 6052: 5632: 5393: 5368: 2181: 31: 5418: 3727: 3621:

Sims-Williams, Nicholas and Joe Cribb (1995/6): "A New Bactrian Inscription of Kanishka the Great."

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No. 4, 1995–1996. Also see, Mukherjee, B. N. "The Great Kushanan Testament", Indian Museum Bulletin.

1766:", with inscription "year 4 of Kanishka" (131 CE). Another similar statue has "Year 32 of Kanishka". 7560: 7499: 6851: 6665: 6643: 6636: 6539: 6072: 5692: 5508: 5453: 5074: 4880: 2343: 759:—known via a Chinese translation made in AD 472—refers to the conquest of Pataliputra by Kanishka. 646:

epigraph, which may allude to Kushan power reaching the northeast corner of Kashmir, and also the

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in Kanishka's coinage. The mandorla is normally considered as a late evolution in Gandhara art.

1435: 736: 336: 5776: 3260: 2687: 2642: 2613: 2586: 2533: 2275: 2245: 751:, where there was a town Kanishkapur (modern day Kanispora), named after him not far from the 7451: 7421: 7002: 6934: 6767: 6682: 6677: 6601: 6596: 6514: 5044: 4694: 4550: 4435: 3955: 3939: 3742: 3410: 2882:

Khodadad Rezakhani (2017). "From the Kushans to the Western Turks". In Touraj Daryaee (ed.).

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Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and established a translation bureau at the Chinese capital

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Identifying Several Visual Types of Gandharan Buddha Images. Archives of Asian Art 58 (2008)

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kings of Kashmir gave Kanishka's name as the third of a sequence, along with the names of

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of the king Kanishka made his name immortal and thus he was regarded "THE KING OF KINGS"

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as the head of the council. It was presided by Vasumitra and Ashwaghosha. Images of the

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with a Kushan army of 70,000 men led by an otherwise unknown Kushan viceroy named Xie (

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King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)

7170: 7123: 7118: 6974: 6939: 6914: 6909: 6660: 6616: 6529: 6204: 5860: 5853: 5637: 5627: 5513: 5177: 5049: 4805: 4036: 3735: 3187: 2887: 2695: 2077:". . . the Buddha, pointing to a small boy making a mud tope.... that on that spot 1740: 933: 777: 698: 686: 651: 382: 199: 6249: 4809: 3105: 2045: 7534: 7479: 7431: 7359: 7229: 7027: 7007: 6949: 6861: 6524: 6422: 6269: 6005: 5988: 5973: 5951: 5503: 5373: 5207: 5187: 4590: 4388: 4144: 3925: 3892: 3535: 3152: 3125: 3002:

Problems of Chronology in Gandharan. Positionning Gandharan Buddhas in Chronology

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before becoming suzerain of the dynasty as a whole. He cites the above-mentioned

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Falk, Harry (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." In:

7489: 7192: 7042: 6824: 6404: 6384: 6304: 5993: 5983: 5917: 5754: 5240: 5103: 4733: 4647: 4582: 4431: 4189: 4104: 3888: 3858: 3844: 3702: 3562: 2418: 2369:"The Date of Kanishka since 1960 (Indian Historical Review, 2017, 44(1), 1–41)" 2224: 1984: 1980: 1966: 1906: 1866: 1848: 1832: 1615: 1443: 1388: 1301: 1038: 904: 797: 785: 706: 694: 681:, as demonstrated by an impressive genealogy of the Kushan kings, known as the 678: 617: 599: 486: 402: 371: 309: 219: 100: 80: 67: 2919:

M. Saleem Beg (2020). "Sacred Architecture of Kashmir: Language of Identity".

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The lid of the casket shows the Buddha on a lotus pedestal, and worshipped by

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The qualification of "Buddha" for Maitreya is inaccurate, as he is instead a

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Although he never converted to the religion, his conquests and patronage of

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Pass and which still contains the base of a large stupa. The Buddhist text

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Museum (Singapore), Asian Civilisations; Krishnan, Gauri Parimoo (2007).

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for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian. The Bactrian

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Kanishka is said to have been particularly close to the Buddhist scholar

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stupa was dedicated in the 2nd century CE and contained coins of Kaniska

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The inscriptions in Greek are full of spelling and syntactical errors.

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The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires

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Greek deities, with Greek names are represented on these early coins:

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Knowledge of his hold over Central Asia is less well established. The

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The Divine Within: Art & Living Culture of India & South Asia

2103: 1899: 1816: 1379: 1363: 1270: 1184: 439: 431: 170: 63: 7012: 5848: 5702: 5468: 5250: 5119: 5111: 4849: 3632:. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden. 1998, pp. 79–93. 2761: 2368: 1648:" (with legend ΜΕΤΡΑΓΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ "Metrago Boddo") in Kanishka's coinage. 479: 7529: 7369: 7324: 7269: 7234: 7138: 6364: 6359: 6309: 6244: 6162: 6127: 6122: 5783: 5654: 5642: 5553: 5212: 4909: 4714: 4368: 4327: 4212: 4181: 3966: 3907: 3812: 3788: 3372: 3222: 3088: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3055: 2807: 2785:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1(g). 2203: 2192: 2173: 2139: 2115: 2034: 1988: 1940: 1936: 1835:

with inscription mentionning the "year 318", thought to be 143 CE.

1697:

are inscribed with a date in an era which is now thought to be the

1694: 1668: 1653: 1645: 1625: 1620: 1535: 1498: 1475: 1451: 1447: 1427: 1326: 1289: 993:

Gold coin of Kanishka I with Greek legend and Hellenistic divinity

900: 805: 769: 752: 663: 643: 583: 577: 515: 458: 427: 420: 412: 394: 319: 239: 110: 6354: 6344: 6329: 6152: 6022: 5290: 571: 566: 7274: 7217: 7202: 6349: 6339: 6314: 6189: 6184: 6142: 6112: 6044: 6010: 5897: 5838: 5833: 5687: 5590: 5428: 5378: 5165: 4991: 4208: 3985: 3827: 3237: 3065: 3050: 2690:. In Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). 2026: 1923:

Kanishka, surrounded by the Iranian Sun-God and Moon-God (detail)

1917: 1745: 1724: 1564: 1548: 1416: 1360: 1158: 949: 789: 748: 639: 560: 555: 550: 535: 525: 510: 489:. There is a dedicatory inscription along the bottom of the coat. 416: 189: 138: 131: 5961: 5729: 3238:

The Classical Art Research Centre, University of Oxford (2018).

2532:

Findeisen, Raoul David; Isay, Gad C.; Katz-Goehr, Amira (2009).

1929: 1812: 1514:, and a quarter dinar of about 2 gm. (about the size of an 723:

Kanishka's empire was certainly vast. It extended from southern

58: 7354: 7339: 7175: 7037: 7017: 6792: 6454: 6334: 6324: 6259: 5887: 5843: 5828: 5818: 5788: 5712: 5595: 5363: 5235: 4979: 4974: 4407: 4083: 4017: 3807: 3686: 2731: 2727: 2196: 2111: 2094:

Coin of Kanishka with the Bodhisattva Maitreya "Metrago Boudo".

2018: 1958: 1556: 1511: 1494: 1420: 1218: 1119: 1103: 1071: 1037:

A few coins at the beginning of his reign have a legend in the

994: 912: 881: 793: 773: 670: 121: 7494: 7329: 7187: 7153: 7133: 7103: 7032: 6449: 6294: 6172: 6167: 6137: 6092: 5939: 5934: 5813: 5518: 5343: 5310: 5300: 4110: 3782: 3648:

Spooner, D. B. (1908–9): "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī.";

3523:

Hargreaves, H. (1910–11): "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī";

2022: 2011: 1962: 1507: 1367: 1352: 1347: 1334: 945: 885: 613: 443: 3502:

Falk, Harry (2004): "The Kaniṣka era in Gupta records." In:

3178:

FUSSMAN, Gérard (1974). "Documents Epigraphiques Kouchans".

7364: 6157: 5823: 5320: 3398: 3262:

Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India

2142:, who travelled there around 630 CE also relays the story: 1560: 1442:

His greatest contribution to Buddhist architecture was the

1173: 732: 3123: 638:'s similar theory is that Kanishka was originally king of 454:

as the official language of administration in the empire.

7022: 5558: 3697: 1965:, and Kanishka standing at the center of the lower part, 1521:

The Buddha is represented wearing the monastic robe, the

1404:

Kanishki Koshano"): "King of Kings, Kanishka the Kushan".

1195: 848:

is mainly suggested by coin finds and Chinese chronicles.

3713:

Controversy regarding the beginning of the Kanishka Era.

3590: 3463:(in French). Lattes: Association imago-musée de Lattes. 2886:. Ancient Iran Series. Vol. 4. Brill. p. 201. 1819:, inscribed in "the year 8 of Emperor Kanishka". 135 CE. 2531: 1461:, who became his religious advisor in his later years. 419:. Coins of Kanishka were found in Tripuri (present-day 3657:

The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia

2694:. Oxford University Press. pp. 325–346 (at 339). 2006:

The text is signed by the maker, a Greek artist named

1423:

based on 32 physical signs were made during his time.

712: 593:"The Great King, King of Kings, Son of God, Kanishka". 3154:

The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

2671:

Iran: From the earliest times to the Islamic conquest

709:(his) father, and *also for himself, King Kanishka". 2161: 2029:

goes around the scene in typical Hellenistic style.

1567:, formed by one, two or three lines, surrounds him. 1481:

Three types of Kanishka's Buddhist coins are known:

903:

coinage of king Vira Jadamarah, in imitation of the

3566: 3530: 3461:

De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale

3157:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 48, Fig. 18. 3008:. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology. pp. 35–51. 1678: 1113: 1097: 1081: 1065: 1048: 808:. Several coins of Kanishka have been found in the 430:played an important role in the development of the 3641:. Vol. 3. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 2881: 2668: 2445:Falk (2001), pp. 121–136. Falk (2004), pp. 167–176 2367: 2323:. University of California Press. pp. 40–41. 2040: 747:and Sri Champa), and his territory also included 735:) in the north west to Northern India, as far as 389:, Kanishka came to rule an empire extending from 7547: 3516:Gnoli, Gherardo (2002). "The "Aryan" Language." 1573: 405:. The main capital of his empire was located at 4795: 4768: 2742:, S. R. Goyal, p. 93. See also the analysis of 1703: 1510:of about 8 gm, roughly similar to a Roman 697:as his father, and himself Kanishka: "for King 673:ethnicity and his native language was probably 4847: 3659:. University of California Press. Hbk (2003), 3180:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 1635: 4888: 3743: 3637:Sims-Williams, Nicolas. "Bactrian Language". 3534:; Puri, B. N.; Etemadi, G. F., eds. (1999) . 3048:Seated Buddha with inscription starting with 2918: 2822: 2558:Sims-Williams and Cribb (1995/6), pp. 75–142. 415:) in Gandhara, with another major capital at 344: 5670:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 3591:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (1998). 3455: 2778: 2347:, Vol. 28, No. 1/2 (Summer, 1964), pp. 39–46 1727:Bodhisattva, inscribed "Year 2 of Kanishka". 2762:"The Sino-Kharosthi coins of Khotan part 2" 2397:. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 278–281. 1632:, sometimes radiating, surrounds his head. 1547:). He has an abundant topknot covering the 1107: 1091: 1075: 1059: 1042: 1021: 1010: 4895: 4881: 3750: 3736: 2391:Dahiya, Poonam Dalal (15 September 2017). 2316: 1624:. He has an abundant topknot covering the 351: 337: 57: 3636: 3579:. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. 2663: 2657: 2538:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 138. 4843: 4841: 4839: 4771:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3150: 2805: 2685: 2675:. Baltimore: Penguin Books. p. 262. 2611: 2591:. Allied Publishers. 1988. p. 301. 2576:Sims-Williams and Cribb (1995/6), p. 80. 2501: 2273: 2097: 2089: 2044: 1706: 1639: 1577: 1488: 1378: 1374: 1129: 988: 6857:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 3525:Archaeological Survey of India, 1910–11 3177: 3103:"Year 4 of the Great King Kanishka" in 3042: 666:as his capital to be close to Kashmir. 14: 7548: 7060:List of Buddhist architecture in China 3650:Archaeological Survey of India, 1908-9 3306: 3285: 3258: 2471: 2390: 2365: 2243: 701:(his) great grandfather, and for King 590:Mahārāja Rājadhirāja Devaputra Kāṇiṣka 4876: 4848:Jongeward, David; Cribb, Joe (2014). 4576: 4470: 4454: 4429: 4401: 4362: 4359: 3929: 3731: 3130:. World Scientific Pub. p. 113. 2994: 2992: 2990: 2759: 78:"King of Kings, Kanishka the Kushan". 4816: 3763:Emperors, territories and chronology 3703:Online Catalogue of Kanishka's Coins 3561: 2638: 2502:Daniélou, Alain (11 February 2003). 2478:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 328. 2454: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2274:Daniélou, Alain (11 February 2003). 2250:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 328. 984: 822:A History of the Buddha's Successors 3567:Harmatta, Puri & Etemadi (1999) 3513:No. 4, Oct. 1901, pp. 322–369. 3116: 3106:"Seated Buddha with Two Attendants" 2998: 2753: 2508:. Simon and Schuster. p. 109. 2448: 2339:Shāh-jī-kī-ḍherī Casket Inscription 2280:. Simon and Schuster. p. 109. 2202:Kanishka was probably succeeded by 2138:Chinese pilgrims to India, such as 1464: 932:Kanishka's coins portray images of 927: 713:Conquests in India and Central Asia 24: 6847:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 4756:From the dated inscription on the 3490:The Stūpa and Vihāra of Kanishka I 3171: 2987: 2700:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0011 2417:The Kushans at first retained the 2210:also shows the signs of Kanishka. 2191:), became the first translator of 2172:Buddhist monks from the region of 2168:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 1663:(he is the Buddha of the future). 1484: 880:Bronze coin of Kanishka, found in 844:, the northern expansion into the 817:an invasion by the Parthian Empire 178: 169: 25: 7582: 3723:Photograph of the Kanishka casket 3698:A rough guide to Kushana history. 3679: 3618:. New Delhi, Sterling Publishers. 3485:7, (1906) p. 232 and note 3. 3375:, quoted in: Kumar (1973), p. 93. 2618:. Sarup & Sons. p. 260. 2297: 2162:Transmission of Buddhism to China 2083:would erect a tope by his name." 2010:, who oversaw work at Kanishka's 1860: 1748:, inscribed "Year 3 of Kanishka". 800:were Chinese dependencies in the 436:transmission of Mahayana Buddhism 7528: 7518: 7517: 7075:Thai temple art and architecture 6820:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 5060:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 4926: 4913: 4903: 4702:Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" ( 3685: 3327:Hargreaves (1910–11), pp. 25–32. 3087: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3011: 2782:A Historical atlas of South Asia 2779:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 2567:Sims-Williams (1998), pp. 79–83. 2394:ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA EBOOK 2110:The same story is repeated in a 2058:Sri-dharma-pitaka-nidana sutra: 1957:, with the Buddha surrounded by 1935:Relics from Kanishka's stupa in 1928: 1916: 1898: 1884: 1840: 1824: 1804: 1771: 1753: 1732: 1717: 1679:Buddhist statuary under Kanishka 1355:). A recent study indicate that 1053:" of Kanishka, king of kings." 893: 873: 853: 830: 705:(his) grandfather, and for King 677:. Kanishka was the successor of 582: 576: 570: 565: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 496: 478: 4927: 4789: 4762: 4750: 3595:. London; New York: Routledge. 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3300: 3279: 3252: 3231: 3220: 3214: 3144: 3031: 3019: 2975: 2956: 2947: 2912: 2875: 2862: 2849: 2840: 2799: 2772: 2730:), Kozambo (Kausambi), Zagedo ( 2716: 2679: 2648: 2605: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2525: 2495: 2472:Gakkai, Soka (1 January 2009). 2465: 2439: 2320:The Dynasty Arts of the Kushans 2244:Gakkai, Soka (1 January 2009). 1618:and suggestive of a scarf-like 7065:Japanese Buddhist architecture 6867:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 5947:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 5138:Places where the Buddha stayed 3859:INDO-SCYTHIAN Northern Satraps 3540:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 3384: 2812:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 2411: 2384: 2359: 2350: 2331: 2267: 2237: 2066:Śri-dharma-piṭaka-nidāna sūtra 2041:Kanishka in Buddhist tradition 1701:, starting in 186 to 175 BCE. 1337:divinities were used as well: 1292:divinities were used as well: 1015:" of Kanishka, king of kings". 952:divinities, demonstrating the 612:'s is that Kanishka came from 13: 1: 7080:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 4810:10.1080/02666030.1995.9628492 4718: 4703: 4651: 4639: 4624: 4568: 4554: 4523: 4511: 4495: 4483: 4460: 4439: 4347: 4331: 4232: 4194: 4161: 4041: 3996: 3623:Silk Road Art and Archaeology 3504:Silk Road Art and Archaeology 3497:Silk Road Art and Archaeology 3448: 3336:Spooner, (1908–9), pp. 38–59. 3259:Sircar, Dineschandra (1971). 3101:Maharajasya Kanishkasya Sam 4 2748:Silk Road Art and Archaeology 2430: 2185: 1783: 1778:Gandhara Buddhist Triad from 1708:Dated statuary under Kanishka 1392: 1387:with a representation of the 998: 916: 860:Probable statue of Kanishka, 503:The inscription is in middle 446:. Around 127 CE, he replaced 375: 75:Shaonanoshao Kanishki Koshano 6837:Buddhism and the Roman world 6813:Decline of Buddhism in India 6808:History of Buddhism in India 4908: Topics in 4142:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the 3875:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the 3488:Dobbins, K. Walton. (1971). 3265:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 2965:"Metropolitan Museum of Art" 2615:Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia 2612:Parashar, Parmanand (2004). 2344:The British Museum Quarterly 2317:Rosenfield, John M. (1967). 2230: 1559:mark, and his brow bear the 1239:ΑΟ (variants of pan-Asiatic 1201:ΜΙΘΡΟ, ΜΙΙΡΟ, ΜΙΟΡΟ, ΜΙΥΡΟ ( 464: 7: 7566:2nd-century Indian monarchs 6035:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 5775: 3613: 3506:X (2004), pp. 167–176. 3438: 3427: 3404: 3286:Sastri, H. krishna (1923). 2740:Ancient Indian Inscriptions 2213: 2148: 2130: 2124: 2079: 2065: 1994:The casket is dedicated in 1671:school of art, rather than 1446:at Purushapura, modern day 1247:, in a Zoroastrian context 1114: 1098: 1082: 1066: 1050:basileus basileon kaneshkou 1049: 788:policy. The territories of 719:Kanishka's war with Parthia 485:The Kanishka statue in the 27:Kushan emperor (c. 127–150) 10: 7587: 6985:The unanswerable questions 4746: 3625:4 (1996), pp. 75–142. 3151:Behrendt, Kurt A. (2007). 3038:Epigraphia Indica 8 p. 179 3025:Early History of Kausambi 2846:Wood (2002), illus. p. 39. 2165: 1864: 1682: 1044:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΟΥ 1012:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΟΥ 757:Śrīdharmapiṭakanidānasūtra 731:, north of the Amu Darya ( 716: 689:as his great-grandfather, 472:Mathura statue of Kanishka 29: 7513: 7465: 7380: 7295: 7070:Buddhist temples in Korea 6993: 6895: 6778: 6475: 6403: 6230: 6103: 6043: 5678: 5633:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 5544: 5536:Three planes of existence 5484: 5329: 5221: 5151: 5143:Buddha in world religions 5005: 4950: 4922: 4739: 4737: 4732: 4729: 4712: 4692: 4690: 4666: 4663: 4633: 4618: 4616: 4600: 4597: 4563: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4535: 4505: 4477: 4474: 4325: 4305: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4240: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4204: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4154: 4152: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4118: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4004: 3990: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3965: 3954: 3949: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3924: 3911: 3900: 3887: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3840: 3769: 3635:Sims-Williams, Nicholas. 3394: 3307:Luders, Heinrich (1961). 2892:10.1163/9789004460645_010 2461:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 2049:Kanishka in the Buddhist 1998:. The inscription reads: 1939:, sent by the British to 1693:, while a few other from 1628:, and a simple or double 1108: 1092: 1076: 1060: 1043: 1022: 1011: 920: 2nd–3rd century CE 815:Kanishka have fought off 781: 438:from Gandhara across the 137: 116: 106: 96: 88: 72:ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ 56: 46: 41: 32:Kanishka (disambiguation) 7571:Indian Buddhist monarchs 6852:Persecution of Buddhists 6073:Four stages of awakening 5454:Three marks of existence 5040:Physical characteristics 3289:Epigraphia Indica Vol-17 3244:. Archaeopress. p. 2686:Benjamin, Craig (2021). 2505:A Brief History of India 2458:India under the Kushāṇas 2455:Puri, Baij Nath (1965). 2374:Indian Historical Review 2277:A Brief History of India 370:, was an emperor of the 128:(per Chinese chronicles) 6215:Ten principal disciples 5098:(aunt, adoptive mother) 3885:(ruled 12 BCE – 15 CE) 3718:Kanishka Buddhist coins 3192:10.3406/befeo.1974.5193 2984:, p. 201. (Full here.) 2855:Sims-Williams (online) 2806:Lo Muzio, Ciro (2012). 2366:Bracey, Robert (2017). 1789:, similar to the dated 1426:He encouraged both the 739:in the south east (the 650:, in which the list of 6925:Buddhism and democracy 6438:Tibetan Buddhist canon 6433:Chinese Buddhist canon 5665:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 5660:Early Buddhist schools 3655:Wood, Frances (2003). 3499:VII, pp. 121–136. 2982:The Crossroads of Asia 2475:Dictionary of Buddhism 2247:Dictionary of Buddhism 2107: 2095: 2054: 1649: 1587: 1502: 1411: 1034: 768:, states that general 183: 174: 6935:Eight Consciousnesses 5045:Life of Buddha in art 3956:INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM 3940:INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM 3905:(ruled 10 BCE– 10 CE) 3845:INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGDOM 3639:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3609:Kumar, Baldev. 1973. 3575:Hill, John E. (2009) 3112:. Kimbell Art Museum. 2999:Rhi, Juhyung (2017). 2101: 2093: 2048: 1851:from the same period. 1763:Kimbell seated Buddha 1643: 1581: 1492: 1382: 1375:Kanishka and Buddhism 1130:Iranian / Indic phase 1029:. Kanishka monogram ( 992: 969:), as in the word 'Ku 374:, under whose reign ( 182: 173: 7412:East Asian religions 6842:Buddhism in the West 6413:Early Buddhist texts 6028:Four Right Exertions 5494:Ten spiritual realms 4987:Noble Eightfold Path 3694:at Wikimedia Commons 3644:Accessed: 20/12/2010 3565:. "The Kushans". In 3457:Bopearachchi, Osmund 3363:Kumar (1973). p. 89. 3354:Kumar (1973), p. 91. 3345:Kumar (1973), p. 95. 3310:Mathura Inscriptions 2857:Encyclopedia Iranica 2766:Numismatic Chronicle 2208:Sacred Rock of Hunza 954:religious syncretism 772:fought battles near 743:even claims he held 693:as his grandfather, 30:For other uses, see 7535:Religion portal 7282:Temple of the Tooth 7161:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 6200:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 5693:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 5476:Two truths doctrine 5296:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5096:Mahapajapati Gotamī 4798:South Asian Studies 3569:, pp. 247–264. 2870:De l'Indus à l'Oxus 2768:. pp. 129–152. 2760:Cribb, Joe (1984). 2724:Rabatak inscription 2688:"The Kushan Empire" 2654:Hill (2009), p. 11. 2423:Rabatak inscription 1582:Depictions of the " 1574:"Shakyamuni Buddha" 1533:, and the overcoat 1325:, the bodhisattava 1249:Aredvi Sura Anahita 842:Rabatak inscription 741:Rabatak inscription 683:Rabatak inscription 7457:Western philosophy 7055:Dzong architecture 6877:Vipassana movement 6872:Buddhist modernism 6300:Emperor Wen of Sui 6068:Pratyekabuddhayāna 6001:Threefold Training 5803:Vipassana movement 5519:Hungry Ghost realm 5339:Avidyā (Ignorance) 5286:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 5035:Great Renunciation 5030:Eight Great Events 4912: 4741:KIDARITES invasion 3852:INDO-GREEK KINGDOM 3593:A history of India 2434: 127 AD 2427:Kanishka the Great 2108: 2096: 2055: 1650: 1588: 1545:illustration, left 1503: 1432:Greco-Buddhist Art 1412: 1235:ΝΑΝΑ, ΝΑΝΑΙΑ, ΝΑΝΑ 1035: 864:, 2nd century CE. 838:Kushan territories 624:along with a King 368:Kanishka the Great 184: 175: 7543: 7542: 7181:Om mani padme hum 6887:Women in Buddhism 6803:Buddhist councils 6673:Western countries 6461:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 6222:Shaolin Monastery 5799:Samatha-vipassanā 5409:Pratītyasamutpāda 5213:Metteyya/Maitreya 5131: 5123: 5115: 5107: 5099: 5091: 5083: 4960:Four Noble Truths 4870: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4758:Rukhana reliquary 4432:KUSHANO-SASANIANS 3764: 3708:Coins of Kanishka 3690:Media related to 3673:978-0-520-24340-8 3665:978-0-520-23786-5 3602:978-0-415-15481-9 3585:978-1-4392-2134-1 3547:978-8-1208-1408-0 3470:978-2-9516679-2-1 3436:: 𑀓𑀸𑀡𑀺𑀱𑁆𑀓 3272:978-81-208-2790-5 3227:. pp. 53–56. 3164:978-1-58839-224-4 2901:978-90-04-46064-5 2709:978-0-19-753278-2 2625:978-81-7625-518-9 2598:978-81-8424-568-4 2545:978-3-447-06135-3 2515:978-1-59477-794-3 2485:978-81-208-3334-0 2404:978-93-5260-673-3 2337:B.N. Mukhjerjee, 2287:978-1-59477-794-3 2257:978-81-208-3334-0 1858: 1857: 1636:"Maitreya Buddha" 1596:Siddharta Gautama 1592:Shakyamuni Buddha 1584:Shakyamuni Buddha 1506:denominations: a 1493:Depiction of the 1472:Shakyamuni Buddha 1316:Shakyamuni Buddha 1232:the victorious?") 985:Hellenistic phase 459:Saka calendar era 385:, founder of the 366:,1 also known as 361: 360: 328: 327: 149: 148: 42:Kaniṣka, Kanishka 16:(Redirected from 7578: 7533: 7532: 7521: 7520: 7360:Sacred languages 7208:Maya Devi Temple 7171:Mahabodhi Temple 6975:Secular Buddhism 6940:Engaged Buddhism 5780: 5628:Tibetan Buddhism 5579:Vietnamese Thiền 5178:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 5129: 5121: 5113: 5105: 5097: 5089: 5081: 4930: 4929: 4917: 4907: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4856: 4855: 4845: 4814: 4813: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4723: 4720: 4708: 4705: 4656: 4653: 4644: 4641: 4629: 4626: 4623:, "Kushanshah" ( 4573: 4570: 4559: 4556: 4553:, "Kushanshah" ( 4528: 4525: 4516: 4513: 4500: 4497: 4494:, "Kushanshah" ( 4488: 4485: 4482:, "Kushanshah" ( 4465: 4462: 4444: 4441: 4352: 4349: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4237: 4234: 4199: 4196: 4166: 4163: 4046: 4043: 4037:Kujula Kadphises 4001: 3998: 3773: 3772: 3762: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3689: 3642: 3616: 3606: 3570: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3474: 3442: 3441: 3430: 3407: 3396: 3388: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3040: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3009: 3007: 2996: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2921:Social Scientist 2916: 2910: 2909: 2879: 2873: 2866: 2860: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2757: 2751: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2665:Ghirshman, Roman 2661: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2371: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2314: 2295: 2294: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2241: 2190: 2187: 2151: 2133: 2127: 2114:scroll found at 2082: 2068: 1953:", dated to 127 1943:, Burma in 1910. 1932: 1920: 1905:Remnants of the 1902: 1888: 1844: 1828: 1808: 1788: 1785: 1775: 1757: 1741:Bala Bodhisattva 1736: 1721: 1704: 1652:The Bodhisattva 1497:envelopped in a 1465:Buddhist coinage 1397: 1394: 1312:shakamano boddho 1117: 1111: 1110: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1069: 1063: 1062: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1013: 1003: 1000: 962:Iranian language 928:Kanishka's coins 921: 918: 897: 877: 857: 834: 783: 699:Kujula Kadphises 687:Kujula Kadphises 628:and the king of 586: 580: 574: 569: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 500: 482: 383:Kujula Kadphises 380: 377: 353: 346: 339: 200:Kujula Kadphises 166: 165: 160: 151: 150: 61: 39: 38: 21: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7561:Kushan emperors 7546: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7527: 7509: 7461: 7376: 7291: 7028:Ordination hall 6989: 6891: 6862:Buddhist crisis 6774: 6471: 6423:Mahayana sutras 6399: 6395:Thích Nhất Hạnh 6226: 6099: 6039: 5989:Bodhisattva vow 5674: 5540: 5480: 5439:Taṇhā (Craving) 5374:Five hindrances 5325: 5217: 5147: 5001: 4946: 4918: 4901: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4859: 4846: 4817: 4794: 4790: 4777:(3): 418–452 . 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4721: 4706: 4698: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4627: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4591:Chandragupta II 4589: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4557: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4467: 4463: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4395: 4391: 4389:Damajadasri III 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4250: 4245: 4235: 4220: 4211: 4197: 4164: 4147: 4145:WESTERN SATRAPS 4143: 4044: 4034: 3999: 3994: 3983: 3958: 3942: 3906: 3904: 3895: 3893:Patika Kusulaka 3891: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3868:25 BCE – 10 CE 3804: 3800: 3791: 3777: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3682: 3677: 3603: 3563:Puri, Baij Nath 3552: 3550: 3548: 3532:Harmatta, János 3471: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3305: 3301: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3257: 3253: 3248:, notes 28, 29. 3236: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3121: 3117: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3075: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3005: 2997: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953:Dobbins (1971). 2952: 2948: 2917: 2913: 2902: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2863: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2830:"Samatata coin" 2828: 2827: 2823: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2777: 2773: 2758: 2754: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2684: 2680: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2470: 2466: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2389: 2385: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2336: 2332: 2315: 2298: 2288: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2216: 2188: 2170: 2164: 2051:Kanishka Casket 2043: 1977:Kanishka casket 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1951:Kanishka casket 1946: 1945: 1944: 1933: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1895: 1894: 1892:Kanishka casket 1889: 1880: 1879: 1878:Kanishka casket 1873: 1871:Kanishka casket 1865:Main articles: 1863: 1852: 1845: 1836: 1829: 1820: 1809: 1800: 1797:Peshawar Museum 1792:Brussels Buddha 1786: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1749: 1737: 1728: 1722: 1687: 1681: 1644:Depictions of " 1638: 1576: 1487: 1485:Standing Buddha 1467: 1405: 1399: 1395: 1377: 1366:conflated with 1321:ΜΕΤΡΑΓΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ ( 1310:ΑΚΑΜΑΝΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ ( 1132: 1054: 1016: 1005: 1001: 987: 930: 923: 919: 898: 889: 878: 869: 858: 849: 835: 721: 715: 636:Roman Ghirshman 606: 605: 604: 603: 602: 594: 592: 588: 587: 575: 508: 501: 492: 491: 490: 483: 474: 473: 467: 378: 357: 158: 157: 155:Kushan emperors 129: 126:Xinjiang, China 84: 79: 77: 73: 71: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7584: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7525: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7471: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7092:Greco-Buddhist 7084: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7043:Burmese pagoda 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 6999: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6901: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6825:Greco-Buddhism 6822: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6758:United Kingdom 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6703:Czech Republic 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6582: 6577: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6467:Abhidharmadīpa 6464: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6385:B. R. Ambedkar 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6305:Songtsen Gampo 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5984:Eight precepts 5981: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5863: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5772: 5762: 5757: 5755:Five Strengths 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5550: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5394:Mental factors 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5246:Mahamoggallāna 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5161:Avalokiteśvara 5157: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5125: 5117: 5109: 5101: 5093: 5085: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4815: 4788: 4761: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4734:Rudrasimha III 4731: 4727: 4726: 4711: 4691: 4689: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4632: 4617: 4615: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4583:Chandragupta I 4575: 4562: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4504: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4453: 4428: 4400: 4373:Damajadasri II 4361: 4357: 4356: 4324: 4304: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4239: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4190:Vima Kadphises 4186: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4153: 4151: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3989: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3953: 3948: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3923: 3910: 3899: 3889:Liaka Kusulaka 3886: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3823:Eastern Punjab 3820: 3818:Western Punjab 3815: 3810: 3805: 3795: 3785: 3779: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3681: 3680:External links 3678: 3676: 3675: 3667:; pbk. (2004) 3653: 3646: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3607: 3601: 3588: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3546: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3486: 3475: 3469: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3411:Greco-Bactrian 3382: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3299: 3278: 3271: 3251: 3230: 3221:Rhi, Juhyung. 3213: 3170: 3163: 3143: 3136: 3115: 3110:kimbellart.org 3095: 3094: 3081: 3069: 3041: 3030: 3018: 2986: 2974: 2955: 2946: 2927:(7/8): 75–80. 2911: 2900: 2874: 2861: 2848: 2839: 2834:British Museum 2821: 2798: 2791: 2771: 2752: 2734:), Palabotro ( 2715: 2708: 2678: 2656: 2647: 2631: 2624: 2604: 2597: 2588:Indian History 2578: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2544: 2524: 2514: 2494: 2484: 2464: 2447: 2438: 2419:Greek language 2410: 2403: 2383: 2358: 2349: 2330: 2296: 2286: 2266: 2256: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2225:Greco-Buddhism 2222: 2215: 2212: 2166:Main article: 2163: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2136: 2135: 2088: 2087: 2071: 2070: 2042: 2039: 2004: 2003: 1985:British Museum 1981:Kanishka stupa 1967:British Museum 1948: 1947: 1934: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1907:Kanishka stupa 1904: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1867:Kanishka stupa 1862: 1861:Kanishka stupa 1859: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1849:Loriyan Tangai 1847:A Buddha from 1846: 1839: 1837: 1833:Loriyan Tangai 1830: 1823: 1821: 1810: 1803: 1801: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1738: 1731: 1729: 1723: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1691:Art of Mathura 1680: 1677: 1637: 1634: 1616:Bimaran casket 1575: 1572: 1486: 1483: 1466: 1463: 1444:Kanishka stupa 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1331: 1330: 1319: 1305: 1286: 1285: 1274: 1263: 1252: 1233: 1222: 1217:, variants of 1199: 1188: 1183:, personified 1177: 1162: 1151: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1039:Greek language 1033:) to the left. 986: 983: 929: 926: 925: 924: 905:Kushan coinage 899: 892: 890: 879: 872: 870: 859: 852: 850: 836: 829: 786:scorched-earth 717:Main article: 714: 711: 707:Vima Kadphises 695:Vima Kadphises 679:Vima Kadphises 600:Mathura Museum 581: 564: 502: 495: 494: 493: 487:Mathura Museum 484: 477: 476: 475: 471: 470: 469: 468: 466: 463: 403:Gangetic plain 372:Kushan dynasty 359: 358: 356: 355: 348: 341: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 322: 316: 315: 312: 306: 305: 302: 296: 295: 292: 286: 285: 282: 276: 275: 272: 266: 265: 262: 256: 255: 252: 246: 245: 242: 236: 235: 232: 226: 225: 222: 220:Vima Kadphises 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 202: 196: 195: 192: 186: 185: 176: 162: 161: 147: 146: 141: 135: 134: 124:, present-day 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 101:Vima Kadphises 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 81:British Museum 68:Greco-Bactrian 62: 54: 53: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7583: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7524: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7297:Miscellaneous 7294: 7288: 7287:Vegetarianism 7285: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7109:Buddha in art 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6763:United States 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6320:Padmasambhava 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6232:Major figures 6229: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6178:Western tulku 6176: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5979:Five precepts 5977: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5957:Dhamma vicaya 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5725:Buddhābhiṣeka 5723: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5369:Enlightenment 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5359:Dhamma theory 5357: 5355: 5354:Buddha-nature 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193:Samantabhadra 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4853: 4852: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4725: 4716: 4710: 4701: 4696: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4677:Rudrasena III 4674: 4673:Rudradaman II 4670: 4662: 4659: 4649: 4637: 4631: 4622: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4607:Rudrasimha II 4604: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4566: 4561: 4552: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4531: 4521: 4509: 4503: 4493: 4481: 4473: 4468: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4355: 4345: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4276:Damajadasri I 4273: 4269: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4244: 4241:Great Satrap 4230: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4192: 4191: 4183: 4176: 4159: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4137: 4122: 4113: 4112: 4106: 4095: 4086: 4085: 4079: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4031:KUSHAN EMPIRE 4022: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4008: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3879: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3798:Paropamisadae 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3760: 3759:Kushan Empire 3753: 3748: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3645: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3479:Heou Han chou 3476: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3406: 3400: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3282: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3234: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3147: 3139: 3137:9789810567057 3133: 3129: 3128: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3090: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3014: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2983: 2978: 2970: 2969:metmuseum.org 2966: 2959: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2852: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2745: 2744:Sims-Williams 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2651: 2644: 2640: 2635: 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1798: 1794: 1793: 1787: 132 CE 1781: 1780:Sahr-i-Bahlol 1774: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1647: 1642: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1580: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1408: 1402: 1396: 120 AD 1390: 1386: 1383:Gold coin of 1381: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1323:metrago boddo 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1148:Ashi Vanghuhi 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1127: 1121: 1116: 1105: 1100: 1089: 1084: 1073: 1068: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1008: 1002: 120 AD 996: 991: 982: 978: 976: 973:an' and 'Kani 972: 968: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 914: 910: 906: 902: 896: 891: 887: 883: 876: 871: 867: 863: 856: 851: 847: 843: 839: 833: 828: 827: 826: 824: 823: 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 779: 775: 771: 767: 766: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 720: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 648:Rajatarangini 645: 641: 637: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 601: 597: 591: 585: 579: 573: 568: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 506: 505:Brahmi script 499: 488: 481: 462: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 434:, and in the 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:Kushan empire 384: 373: 369: 365: 354: 349: 347: 342: 340: 335: 334: 332: 331: 323: 321: 318: 317: 313: 311: 308: 307: 303: 301: 298: 297: 293: 291: 288: 287: 283: 281: 278: 277: 273: 271: 268: 267: 263: 261: 258: 257: 253: 251: 248: 247: 243: 241: 238: 237: 233: 231: 228: 227: 223: 221: 218: 217: 213: 211: 208: 207: 203: 201: 198: 197: 193: 191: 188: 187: 181: 177: 172: 168: 167: 164: 163: 156: 153: 152: 145: 142: 140: 136: 133: 127: 123: 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 102: 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 76: 69: 66:of Kanishka. 65: 60: 55: 52: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7475:Bodhisattvas 7395:Christianity 7390:Baháʼí Faith 7255:Dharmachakra 7245:Prayer wheel 7235:Prayer beads 7003:Architecture 6882:969 Movement 6797: 6666:Saudi Arabia 6644:Central Asia 6637:South Africa 6459: 6442: 6375:Panchen Lama 6280:Buddhapālita 5876:Satipatthana 5871:Mindful Yoga 5784:Recollection 5698:Brahmavihara 5569:Japanese Zen 5564:Chinese Chan 5524:Animal realm 5331:Key concepts 5153:Bodhisattvas 4965:Three Jewels 4854:. p. 4. 4850: 4804:(1): 27–32. 4801: 4797: 4791: 4774: 4770: 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5025:Four sights 4952:Foundations 4730:388–396 CE 4664:320–388 CE 4598:300–320 CE 4565:Vasudeva II 4545:Datayola II 4457:Kanishka II 4448:Ardashir II 4424:Datarvharna 4420:Datarvharna 4381:Yasodaman I 4365:Samghadaman 4360:230–250 CE 4300:Rudrasena I 4288:Isvaradatta 4263:130–230 CE 4246:and Satrap 4218:PARATARAJAS 4178:100–120 CE 3961:Gondophares 3945:Gondophares 3902:Kharahostes 3882:Vijayamitra 3833:Pataliputra 3793:Balochistan 3313:. pp. 3292:. pp. 2736:Pataliputra 1811:Image of a 1661:Bodhisattva 1611:uttarasanga 1530:uttarasanga 1459:Ashvaghosha 1333:Only a few 1288:Only a few 1282:Verethragna 1254:ΜΑΝΑΟΒΑΓΟ ( 1224:ΜΟΖΔΟΟΑΝΟ ( 862:Surkh Kotal 846:Tarim Basin 810:Tarim Basin 802:Tarim Basin 745:Pataliputra 622:Vijayakirti 596:Mathura art 399:Pataliputra 290:Vasudeva II 260:Kanishka II 97:Predecessor 7550:Categories 7437:Psychology 7417:Gnosticism 7405:Comparison 7400:Influences 7382:Comparison 7265:Bhavacakra 7223:Kushinagar 7198:Pilgrimage 7144:Māgha Pūjā 7099:Bodhi Tree 6915:Buddhology 6905:Abhidharma 6897:Philosophy 6830:Menander I 6698:Costa Rica 6649:Uzbekistan 6490:Bangladesh 6444:Dhammapada 6428:Pali Canon 6390:Ajahn Chah 6370:Dalai Lama 6270:Kumārajīva 6265:Vasubandhu 6240:The Buddha 6148:Zen master 6083:Sakadagami 6063:Buddhahood 5994:Pratimokṣa 5809:Shikantaza 5765:Meditation 5740:Deity yoga 5611:Madhyamaka 5504:Deva realm 5399:Mindstream 5349:Bodhicitta 5261:Aṅgulimāla 5128:Devadatta 5104:Yaśodharā 5007:The Buddha 4997:Middle Way 4722: 335 4707: 350 4695:Varahran I 4655: 305 4643: 300 4628: 300 4572: 267 4558: 295 4551:Hormizd II 4527: 267 4515: 247 4499: 265 4487: 250 4464: 230 4443: 230 4436:Ardashir I 4412:Bhimarjuna 4404:Miratakhma 4397:Visvasimha 4385:Vijayasena 4351: 190 4344:Vasudeva I 4339: 190 4337: – c. 4335: 151 4254:Kanishka I 4236: 127 4228:Kanishka I 4198: 113 4157:Vima Takto 4139:75–100 CE 4051:Indravarma 4007:Sarpedones 3992:Vispavarma 3920:Strato III 3692:Kanishka I 3611:The Early 3520:26 (2002). 3483:T'oung pao 3449:References 2818:: 189–206. 2792:0226742210 2641:, p. 2220:Menander I 2131:Saṅghārāma 1996:Kharoshthi 1699:Yavana era 1685:Kushan art 1683:See also: 1430:school of 1385:Kanishka I 1276:ΟΡΑΛΑΓΝΟ ( 1260:Vohu Manah 1243:, Sogdian 1226:mozdaooano 1153:ΛΡΟΟΑΣΠΟ ( 1088:Hephaistos 909:Kanishka I 765:Hou Hanshu 729:Tajikistan 725:Uzbekistan 703:Vima Taktu 691:Vima Taktu 669:He was of 610:Sten Konow 408:Puruṣapura 379: 127 364:Kanishka I 324:335–350 CE 314:305–335 CE 304:300–305 CE 294:270–300 CE 284:267–270 CE 274:247–267 CE 264:230–247 CE 254:190–230 CE 250:Vasudeva I 244:151–190 CE 234:127–151 CE 230:Kanishka I 224:113–127 CE 210:Vima Takto 92:127–150 CE 7505:Festivals 7485:Buddhists 7447:Theosophy 7250:Symbolism 7240:Hama yumi 7213:Bodh Gaya 6980:Socialism 6955:Evolution 6930:Economics 6768:Venezuela 6683:Australia 6678:Argentina 6602:Sri Lanka 6597:Singapore 6515:Indonesia 6477:Countries 6418:Tripiṭaka 6380:Ajahn Mun 6255:Nagarjuna 6250:Aśvaghoṣa 6133:Anagārika 6128:Śrāmaṇerī 6123:Śrāmaṇera 6118:Bhikkhunī 6078:Sotāpanna 5967:Passaddhi 5908:Offerings 5883:Nekkhamma 5760:Iddhipada 5680:Practices 5650:Theravada 5623:Vajrayana 5616:Yogachara 5586:Pure Land 5499:Six Paths 5486:Cosmology 5266:Anuruddha 5241:Sāriputta 5231:Kaundinya 5223:Disciples 5198:Vajrapāṇi 5050:Footprint 5015:Tathāgata 4700:Shapur II 4697:(325–350) 4681:Simhasena 4611:Jivadaman 4603:Visvasena 4492:Hormizd I 4377:Viradaman 4320:Mirahvara 4316:Hvaramira 4296:Jivadaman 4280:Jivadaman 4268:Jayadaman 4248:Vanaspara 4165: 90 4124:50–75 CE 4097:45–50 CE 4078:Aspavarma 4070:40–45 CE 4057:Abdagases 4045: 50 4024:30-40 CE 4013:Bhadayasa 3980:Ubouzanes 3973:20–30 CE 3951:Indravasu 3914:Strato II 3897:Zeionises 3802:Arachosia 3439:Kā-ṇi-ṣka 3428:Ka-ṇi-ṣka 3419:Kharosthi 3413::Κανηϸκε 3200:0336-1519 3186:: 54–57. 2933:0970-0293 2667:(1965) . 2639:Puri 1999 2231:Footnotes 2182:Lokaksema 2112:Khotanese 2104:Ahin Posh 2053:(detail). 1991:, Burma. 1256:manaobago 1185:khwarenah 1083:ēphaēstos 944:and even 884:, modern 804:, modern 753:Baramulla 675:Tocharian 465:Genealogy 442:range to 440:Karakoram 432:Silk Road 214:90–113 CE 120:Possibly 107:Successor 64:Gold coin 7556:Kanishka 7523:Category 7452:Violence 7422:Hinduism 7370:Sanskrit 7325:Hinayana 7310:Amitābha 7270:Swastika 7139:Uposatha 7129:Holidays 7114:Calendar 6960:Humanism 6798:Kanishka 6788:Timeline 6612:Thailand 6580:Kalmykia 6575:Buryatia 6560:Pakistan 6545:Mongolia 6540:Maldives 6535:Malaysia 6500:Cambodia 6365:Shamarpa 6360:Nichiren 6310:Xuanzang 6245:Nagasena 6163:Rinpoche 5893:Pāramitā 5735:Devotion 5655:Navayana 5643:Dzogchen 5606:Nichiren 5554:Mahayana 5546:Branches 5424:Saṅkhāra 5173:Mañjuśrī 5130:(cousin) 5122:(cousin) 5090:(mother) 5082:(father) 5070:Miracles 5020:Birthday 4937:Glossary 4910:Buddhism 4715:Kipunada 4621:Peroz II 4536:280–300 4508:Vāsishka 4475:250–280 4369:Damasena 4328:Huvishka 4308:Bagamira 4222:Yolamira 4213:Nahapana 4182:Abhiraka 4149:Chastana 4002:–20 CE) 4000: 0 3967:Rajuvula 3934:10-20CE 3908:Mujatria 3813:Gandhara 3789:Pakistan 3787:Western 3781:Western 3459:(2003). 3391:Sanskrit 3373:Xuanzang 3208:43732476 2941:26978888 2214:See also 2204:Huvishka 2193:Mahayana 2174:Gandhara 2140:Xuanzang 2116:Dunhuang 2035:Huvishka 2008:Agesilas 1989:Mandalay 1941:Mandalay 1937:Peshawar 1695:Gandhara 1669:Gandhara 1654:Maitreya 1646:Maitreya 1626:ushnisha 1621:uttariya 1608:and the 1536:sanghati 1499:mandorla 1476:Maitreya 1452:Xuanzang 1448:Peshawar 1434:and the 1428:Gandhara 1327:Maitreya 1290:Buddhist 1155:lrooaspo 1144:ardoxsho 1077:ΗΦΑΗΣΤΟΣ 1018:Reverse: 1007:Obverse: 958:Bactrian 901:Samatata 806:Xinjiang 770:Ban Chao 664:Peshawar 652:Turushka 644:Khalatse 452:Bactrian 428:Buddhism 421:Jabalpur 413:Peshawar 395:Gandhara 320:Kipunada 270:Vāsishka 240:Huvishka 204:50–90 CE 111:Huvishka 7500:Temples 7480:Buddhas 7442:Science 7432:Judaism 7427:Jainism 7345:Lineage 7305:Abhijñā 7275:Thangka 7218:Sarnath 7203:Lumbini 7124:Funeral 7119:Cuisine 6995:Culture 6970:Reality 6920:Creator 6910:Atomism 6780:History 6753:Ukraine 6713:Germany 6632:Senegal 6622:Vietnam 6550:Myanmar 6350:Shinran 6340:Karmapa 6315:Shandao 6285:Dignāga 6210:Śrāvaka 6190:Donchee 6185:Kappiya 6143:Sayadaw 6113:Bhikkhu 6088:Anāgāmi 6045:Nirvana 6011:Samadhi 5898:Paritta 5839:Tonglen 5834:Mandala 5789:Smarana 5770:Mantras 5718:Upekkha 5688:Bhavana 5638:Shingon 5591:Tiantai 5444:Tathātā 5434:Śūnyatā 5429:Skandha 5419:Saṃsāra 5414:Rebirth 5389:Kleshas 5379:Indriya 5281:Subhūti 5166:Guanyin 5120:Ānanda 5112:Rāhula 4992:Nirvana 4932:Outline 4724:– 350) 4630:– 325) 4574:– 300) 4560:– 300) 4480:Peroz I 4450:(?-245) 4209:Bhumaka 4205:120 CE 3995:(ruled 3986:Pakores 3828:Mathura 3614:Kuṣāṇas 3553:31 July 3415:Kaniške 3405:Kaniṣka 2380:: 1–41. 2149:Kaṇiṣka 2080:Kaṇiṣka 2027:cherubs 1746:Sarnath 1725:Kosambi 1673:Mathura 1565:aureola 1549:usnisha 1436:Mathura 1417:Kashmir 1361:Avestan 1359:may be 1296:ΒΟΔΔΟ ( 1278:orlagno 1179:ΦΑΡΡΟ ( 1159:Drvaspa 950:Elamite 942:Iranian 798:Yarkand 790:Kashgar 778:Chinese 749:Kashmir 737:Mathura 640:Kashmir 417:Mathura 401:on the 194:1–30 CE 190:Heraios 139:Dynasty 132:Kashmir 70:legend: 51:emperor 18:Kaniska 7495:Sutras 7490:Suttas 7355:Siddhi 7340:Koliya 7315:Brahmā 7230:Poetry 7176:Mantra 7166:Kasaya 7038:Pagoda 7018:Kyaung 7013:Vihāra 7008:Temple 6950:Ethics 6793:Ashoka 6743:Sweden 6738:Poland 6733:Norway 6723:Mexico 6708:France 6693:Canada 6688:Brazil 6627:Africa 6607:Taiwan 6570:Russia 6495:Bhutan 6455:Vinaya 6335:Naropa 6325:Saraha 6260:Asanga 6016:Prajñā 5925:Refuge 5888:Nianfo 5849:Tertön 5844:Tantra 5829:Ganana 5819:Tukdam 5745:Dhyāna 5713:Mudita 5708:Karuṇā 5601:Risshū 5596:Huayan 5529:Naraka 5469:Anattā 5464:Dukkha 5459:Anicca 5364:Dharma 5316:Channa 5251:Ānanda 5236:Assaji 5203:Skanda 5106:(wife) 5075:Family 5055:Relics 4980:Sangha 4975:Dharma 4970:Buddha 4783:605147 4781: 4657:– 335) 4529:– 270) 4517:– 267) 4501:– 295) 4489:– 265) 4466:– 247) 4445:– 250) 4416:Koziya 4408:Kozana 4353:– 230) 4312:Arjuna 4238:–151) 4200:–127) 4167:–113) 4084:Gadana 4018:Sodasa 3926:Hagana 3808:Bajaur 3671: 3663: 3599: 3583: 3544: 3467: 3434:Brahmi 3395:कनिष्क 3269: 3206: 3198: 3161: 3134: 2939: 2931: 2898: 2789: 2732:Saketa 2728:Ujjain 2706: 2622: 2595: 2542: 2512: 2482: 2401: 2284: 2254: 2197:Loyang 2180:monk, 2178:Kushan 2019:Brahma 2012:stupas 1959:Brahma 1557:Chakra 1527:, the 1512:aureus 1495:Buddha 1421:Buddha 1410:right. 1389:Buddha 1302:Buddha 1265:ΟΑΔΟ ( 1219:Mithra 1203:mithro 1181:pharro 1120:Anemos 1115:anēmos 1109:ΑΝΗΜΟΣ 1104:Selene 1099:salēnē 1093:ΣΑΛΗΝΗ 1072:Hēlios 1031:tamgha 1027:Helios 995:Helios 960:, the 946:Sumero 934:Indian 913:Bengal 882:Khotan 794:Khotan 780:: 774:Khotan 671:Yuezhi 660:Jushka 656:Hushka 626:Kanika 614:Khotan 144:Kushan 122:Khotan 49:Kushan 7467:Lists 7335:Kalpa 7330:Iddhi 7193:Music 7188:Mudra 7154:Vassa 7134:Vesak 7104:Budai 7050:Candi 7033:Stupa 6965:Logic 6718:Italy 6617:Tibet 6555:Nepal 6525:Korea 6520:Japan 6510:India 6505:China 6450:Sutra 6405:Texts 6355:Dōgen 6345:Hōnen 6330:Atiśa 6295:Zhiyi 6205:Achar 6173:Tulku 6168:Geshe 6153:Rōshi 6138:Ajahn 6093:Arhat 6053:Bodhi 6023:Vīrya 5940:Sacca 5935:Satya 5930:Sādhu 5918:Music 5861:Merit 5854:Terma 5814:Zazen 5750:Faith 5703:Mettā 5384:Karma 5344:Bardo 5311:Asita 5301:Khema 5291:Upāli 5276:Nanda 5114:(son) 5088:Māyā 5065:Films 4942:Index 4779:JSTOR 4648:Shaka 4645:–305) 4111:Sases 4105:Sasan 4047:–90) 3783:India 3778:dates 3511:BEFEO 3317:–149. 3204:JSTOR 3027:p.xxi 3006:(PDF) 2937:JSTOR 2722:"The 2023:Indra 1975:The " 1963:Indra 1949:The " 1817:Nāgīs 1563:. 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