Jurchen people - Knowledge

1986:, who were farmers that foraged, hunted, herded and harvested crops in the Liao and Yalu river basins. They gathered ginseng root, pine nuts, hunted for came pels in the uplands and forests, raised horses in their stables, and farmed millet and wheat in their fallow fields. They engaged in dances, wrestling and drinking strong liquor as noted during midwinter by the Korean Sin Chung-il when it was very cold. These Jurchens who lived in the northeast's harsh cold climate sometimes half sunk their houses in the ground which they constructed of brick or timber and surrounded their fortified villages with stone foundations on which they built wattle and mud walls to defend against attack. Village clusters were ruled by beile, hereditary leaders. They fought each other and dispensed weapons, wives, slaves and lands to their followers in them. This was how the Jurchens who founded the Qing lived and how their ancestors lived before the Jin. Alongside Mongols and Jurchen clans there were migrants from Liaodong provinces of Ming China and Korea living among these Jurchens in a cosmopolitan manner. Nurhaci, who was hosting Sin Chung-il, was uniting all of them into his own army, having them adopt the Jurchen hairstyle of a long queue and a shaved forecrown and wearing leather tunics. His armies had black, blue, red, white and yellow flags. These became the Eight Banners, initially capped to 4 then growing to 8 with three different types of ethnic banners as Han, Mongol and Jurchen were recruited into Nurhaci's forces. Jurchens like Nurhaci spoke both their native Tungusic language and Chinese, adopting the 3227:. "The Jurchen settlements in the Amnok River region had been tributaries of Koryŏ since the establishment of the dynasty, when T'aejo Wang Kŏn heavily relied on a large segment of Jurchen cavalry to defeat the armies of Later Paekche. The position and status of these Jurchen is hard to determine using the framework of the Koryŏ and Liao states as reference, since the Jurchen leaders generally took care to steer a middle course between Koryŏ and Liao, changing sides or absconding whenever that was deemed the best course. As mentioned above, Koryŏ and Liao competed quite fiercely to obtain the allegiance of the Jurchen settlers who in the absence of large armies effectively controlled much of the frontier area outside the Koryŏ and Liao fortifications. These Jurchen communities were expert in handling the tension between Liao and Koryŏ, playing out divide-and-rule policies backed up by threats of border violence. It seems that the relationship between the semi-nomadic Jurchen and their peninsular neighbours bore much resemblance to the relationship between Chinese states and their nomad neighbours, as described by Thomas Barfield." 1205:("Subdue Demon Corps"). In December 1107, Yun Kwan and O Yŏnch’on set out with 170,000 soldiers to conquer the Jurchens. The army won against the Jurchens and built Nine Fortresses over a wide area on the frontier encompassing Jurchen tribal lands, and erected a monument to mark the boundary. However due to unceasing Jurchen attacks, diplomatic appeals, and court intrigue, the Nine Fortresses were handed back to the Jurchens. In 1108, Yun Kwan was removed from office and the Nine Fortresses were turned over to the Wanyan clan. It is plausible that the Jurchens and Goryeo had some sort of implicit understanding where the Jurchens would cease their attacks while Goryeo took advantage of the conflict between the Jurchens and Khitans to gain territory. According to Breuker, Goryeo never really had control of the region occupied by the Nine Fortresses in the first place and maintaining hegemony would have meant a prolonged conflict with militarily superior Jurchen troops that would prove very costly. The Nine Fortresses were exchanged for Poju ( 2132:(C3*-Star Cluster) is a fraternal "brother" branch of C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro. A genetic test was conducted on 7 men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with 3 of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci. 3 of them turned out to share the C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, 2 of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees. The other 4 tested were unrelated. The Daur Ao clan carries the unique haplogroup subclade C2b1a3a2-F8951, the same haplogroup as Aisin Gioro and both Ao and Aisin Gioro only diverged merely a couple of centuries ago from a shared common ancestor. Other members of the Ao clan carry haplogroups like N1c-M178, C2a1b-F845, C2b1a3a1-F3796 and C2b1a2-M48. People from northeast China, the Daur Ao clan and Aisin Gioro clan are the main carriers of haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951. The Mongolic C2*-Star Cluster (C2b1a3a1-F3796) haplogroup is a fraternal branch to Aisin Gioro's C2b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup. 1140:

among Jurchens. Unmarried daughters of Jurchen families of lower and middle classes in Jurchen villages were provided to Khitan messengers for sex, as recorded by Hong Hao. Song envoys among the Jin were similarly entertained by singing girls in Guide, Henan. There is no evidence that guest prostitution of unmarried Jurchen girls to Khitan men was resented by the Jurchens. It was only when the Khitans forced aristocratic Jurchen families to give up their beautiful wives as guest prostitutes to Khitan messengers that the Jurchens became resentful. This suggests that in Jurchen upper classes, only a husband had the right to his married wife while among lower class Jurchens, the virginity of unmarried girls and sex with Khitan men did not impede their ability to marry later. The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants had Khitan linguistic and grammatical elements in their personal names like suffixes. Many Khitan names had a "ju" suffix.

1164:. The Jurchens switched allegiances between Liao and Goryeo multiple times depending on which they deemed the most appropriate. The Liao and Goryeo competed to gain the allegiance of Jurchen settlers who effectively controlled much of the border area beyond Goryeo and Liao fortifications. These Jurchens offered tribute but expected to be rewarded richly by the Goryeo court in return. However the Jurchens who offered tribute were often the same ones who raided Goryeo's borders. In one instance, the Goryeo court discovered that a Jurchen leader who had brought tribute had been behind the recent raids on their territory. The frontier was largely outside of direct control and lavish gifts were doled out as a means of controlling the Jurchens. Sometimes Jurchens submitted to Goryeo and were given citizenship. Goryeo inhabitants were forbidden from trading with Jurchens. 2366:Это отчасти связано с недостаточным количеством материалов, отчасти - с допущенными ошибками. Например, фонетическое отождествление древнего народа дунху (восточные ху) с тунгусами, сделанное в начале XIX в. Абелем Ремюса лишь на принципе звукового сходства дунху - тунгус, привело к тому, что всех потомков дунху долгое время считали предками тунгусов. (rough translation: 'This is due to the insufficient amount of materials and partly due to the mistakes made. For example, the phonetic identification of the ancient people of the Donghu (Eastern Hu) with the Tungus, made at the beginning of the 19th century by Abel-Rémusat only on the principle of sound similarity between Donghu and Tungus. This led to the fact that for a long time all the descendants of the Donghu were considered the ancestors of the Tungus.') 1718: 1579:. His fleet sailed down the Songhua into the Amur, and set up the Nurgan Command at Telin near the mouth of the Amur River. These missions are not well recorded in the Ming histories, but there exist two stone steles erected by Yishiha at the site of the Yongning Temple, a Guanyin temple commissioned by him at Telin. The inscriptions on the steles are in four languages: Chinese, Jurchen, Mongol, and Tibetan. There is probably quite a lot of propaganda in the inscriptions, but they give a detailed record of the Ming court's efforts to assert suzerainty over the Jurchen. When Yishiha visited Nurgan for the 3rd time in 1413, he built a temple called Yongning Temple at Telin and erected the 1236:). The Jin also put pressure on Goryeo and demanded that Goryeo become their subject. While many in Goryeo were against this, Yi Cha-gyöm was in power at the time and judged peaceful relations with the Jin to be beneficial to his own political power. He accepted the Jin demands and in 1126, the king of Goryeo declared himself a Jin vassal (tributary). However the Goryeo king retained his position as "Son of Heaven" within Goryeo. By incorporating Jurchen history into that of Goryeo and emphasizing the Jin emperors as bastard offspring of Goryeo, and placing the Jin within the template of a "northern dynasty", the imposition of Jin suzerainty became more acceptable. 1529:, the first ruler of Joseon, asked the Ming dynasty to send Mentemu back but was refused. The Yongle Emperor was determined to wrest the Jurchens out of Korean influence and have China dominate them instead. The Koreans tried to persuade Mentemu to reject the Ming dynasty's overtures but were unsuccessful. The Jurchen tribes presented tribute to the Ming dynasty in succession. They were divided in 384 guards by the Ming dynasty and the Jurchen became vassals to the Ming emperors. The name given to the Jurchen land by the Ming dynasty was 1255: 1412: 1733: 487: 1608: 6934: 1807:) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later, Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based on any real shared culture, but rather on pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism". He said to the Mongols, "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages". 888: 376:. Different Jurchen groups lived as hunter-gatherers, pastoralist semi-nomads, or sedentary agriculturists. Generally lacking a central authority, and having little communication with each other, many Jurchen groups fell under the influence of neighbouring dynasties, their chiefs paying tribute and holding nominal posts as effectively hereditary commanders of border guards. 809: 417:(Chinese: 野人, lit. 'Wild People,' or, 'savage,' 'barbarian'), a term sometimes used by Chinese and Korean commentators to refer to all Jurchens. It more specifically referred to the inhabitants of the sparsely populated north of Manchuria beyond the Liao and Songhua river valleys, supporting themselves by hunting, fishing, pig farming, and some migratory agriculture. 1220:. When the Jin was founded, the Jurchens called Goryeo their "parent country" or "father and mother" country. This was because it had traditionally been part of their system of tributary relations, its rhetoric, advanced culture, as well as the idea that it was "bastard offspring of Koryŏ". The Jin also believed that they shared a common ancestry with the 1974:

dead. The grave of the chieftain also contained a quiver with arrows and a bent sword. The archaeologists propose that the sword was purposely bent, to signify that the owner would no longer need it in earthly life. The researchers planned to return to Primorye to establish whether this was a singular burial or a part of the larger burial ground.

1489:(r. 1402–1424) found allies among the various Jurchen tribes against the Mongols. He bestowed titles and surnames to various Jurchen chiefs and expected them to send periodic tribute. One of the Yongle Emperor's consorts was a Jurchen princess, which resulted in some of the eunuchs serving him being of Jurchen origin. 1420: 1862:) Jurchens were sedentary, while hunting and fishing was the way of life of the "Wild Jurchens". Hunting, horseback archery, horsemanship, livestock raising, and sedentary agriculture were all practiced by Jianzhou Jurchens. The Jurchen way of life (economy) was described as agricultural. They farmed crops and 1139:

of raping married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls by Khitan envoys, which caused resentment from the Jurchens. The custom of having sex with unmarried girls by Khitan was itself not a problem, since the practice of guest prostitution - giving female companions, food and shelter to guests - was common

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speaking peoples mostly have C3c-M48 as their subclade of C3 which drastically differs from the C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro which originates from Mongolic speaking populations like the Daur. Jurchen (Manchus) are a Tungusic people. The Mongol Genghis Khan's haplogroup C3b1a3a1-F3796

2086:. The written Jurchen language died out soon after the fall of the Jin dynasty. The Translators' Bureau of the Ming tributary bureaucracy received a communication from the Jurchens in 1444 stating that nobody among them understood the Jurchen script, so all letters sent to them should be written in 1973:

in Russia. Fifteen graves dating to the 12th or 13th century were found, consisting of the grave of a chieftain placed in the centre, with the graves of 14 servants nearby. All the graves contained pots with ashes, prompting the scientists to conclude that the Jurchens cremated the corpses of their

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ancestors did not revere dogs, the Jurchens began to revere dogs around the time of the Ming dynasty and passed this tradition on to the Manchus. It was prohibited in Jurchen culture to use dog skin, and forbidden for Jurchens to harm, kill, or eat dogs. The Jurchens believed that the "utmost evil"

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led a force of 30,000 to conquer ten villages. However by the rise of the Wanyan clan, the quality of Goryeo's army had degraded and it mostly consisted of infantry. There were several clashes with the Jurchens, usually resulting in Jurchen victory with their mounted cavalrymen. In 1104, the Wanyan

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The (people of) Jianzhou and Mao Lian are the descendants of the Ta family of Balhae. They love to be sedentary and sow, and they are skilled in spinning and weaving. As for food, clothing and utensils, they are the same as (those used by) the Chinese. (Those living) south of Changbai Mountain are

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court handed out titles and degrees, trading with them, and sought to acculturate them by having Korean women marry Jurchens and integrating them into Korean culture. These measures were unsuccessful and fighting continued between the Jurchen and the Koreans. This relationship between the Jurchens

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clan. The Wanyan clan was intimately aware of the Jurchens who had submitted to Goryeo and used their power to break the clans' allegiance to Goryeo, unifying the Jurchens. The resulting conflict between the two powers led to Goryeo's withdrawal from Jurchen territory and acknowledgment of Jurchen

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and attempted to turn them into normal agricultural farmers but then the Warka just reverted to hunter gathering and requested money to buy cattle for beef broth. The Qing wanted the Warka to become soldier-farmers and imposed this on them, but the Warka simply left their garrison at Ningguta and

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for slaves. The Jurchen pirates slaughtered Japanese men while seizing Japanese women as prisoners. Fujiwara Notada, the Japanese governor was killed. In total, 1,280 Japanese were taken prisoner, 374 Japanese were killed and 380 Japanese owned livestock were killed for food. Only 259 or 270 were

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referred to the Jurchen-inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen as part of the "superior country" (sangguk) which they called Ming China. The Qing deliberately excluded references and information that showed the Jurchens (Manchus) as subservient to the Ming

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Poor Jurchen families in the southern Routes (Daming and Shandong) Battalion and Company households tried to live the lifestyle of wealthy Jurchen families and avoid doing farming work by selling their own Jurchen daughters into slavery and renting their land to Han tenants. The Wealthy Jurchens

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Unlike the Mongols, the Jurchens were a sedentary and agrarian society. They farmed grain and millet as their primary cereal crops, grew flax and raised oxen, pigs, sheep, and horses. "At the most", the Jurchen could only be described as "semi-nomadic" while the majority of them were sedentary.

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in front of it. Yishiha paid his 10th visit to Nurgan in 1432, during which he rebuilt the Yongning Temple and re-erected a stele in front of it. The stele bore the heading "Record of Re-building Yongning Temple". The setting up of the Nurgan Command Post and the repeated declarations to offer

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when he left. By the time he arrived and settled among the Wanyan, he was already 60 years old and accepted as a "wise man". He succeeded in settling a dispute between two families without resorting to violence, and as a reward, was betrothed to a worthy unmarried maiden also 60 years old. The

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Pre-marital sex was probably accepted in lower class Jurchen society since the practice of guest prostitution - providing visitors with sex - did not impede their ability to marry later. The Jurchens also allowed marriage with in-laws, a practice considered taboo in Chinese society.

1074:. A magpie dropped a piece of red fruit near Fekulen, who ate it. She then became pregnant with Bukūri Yongšon. However, another older version of the story by the Hurha (Hurka) tribe member Muksike recorded in 1635 contradicts Hongtaiji's version on location, claiming that it was in 1049:

described it as a "tribal legend" that may have born the tribe's memories. The two brothers remaining in Goryeo and Balhae may represent ancestral ties to those two peoples while Hanpu's marriage may represent the tribe's transformation from a matrilineal to patrilineal society.

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while pursuing tribes resisting them. Goryeo sent Lim Gan to confront the Jurchens, but his untrained army was defeated, and the Jurchens took Chongju castle. Lim Gan was dismissed from office and reinstated, dying as a civil servant in 1112. The war effort was taken up by

1027:

Because Hanpu arrived from Goryeo, some South Korean scholars have claimed that Hanpu hailed from Goryeo. According to Alexander Kim, this cannot be easily identified as him being Korean because many Balhae people lived in Goryeo at that time. Later when

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marriage was blessed with the gift of a dark ox, which was revered in Jurchen culture, and from this union came one daughter and three sons. With this, Hanpu became the chief of the Wanyan and his descendants became formal members of the Wanyan clan.

1560:) in the vicinity of Heilongjiang. The Jurchens came under the nominal administration of the Nurgan Command Post which lasted only 25 years and was abolished in 1434. Leaders of the Haixi and Jianzhou tribes did, however, accept the Ming titles. 3826:(from: "Политика Минской империи в отношении чжурчженей (1402 -1413 гг.)" (The Jurchen policy of the Ming Empire), in "Китай и его соседи в древности и средневековье" (China and its neighbors in antiquity and the Middle Ages), Moscow, 1970. 1900:

within their conquered territories to adopt the Jurchen hairstyle by shaving the front of their heads and adopting Jurchen dress, but the order was later lifted. Jurchens were impersonated by Han rebels who wore their hair in the Jurchen

1091:) and other Amur valley Jurchen tribes had an oral version of the same tale. It also fits with Jurchen history since some ancestors of the Manchus originated north before the 14th-15th centuries in the Amur and only later moved south. 1086:

and is much shorter and simpler in addition to being older. This is believed to be the original version and Hongtaiji changed it to the Changbai mountains. It shows that the Aisin Gioro clan originated in the Amur area and the Heje

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were established over tribal military units under their own hereditary tribal leaders. In the Yongle period, 178 commanderies were set up in Manchuria. Later on, horse markets were established in the northern border towns of

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As the geopolitical situation shifted, Goryeo unleashed a series of military campaigns in the early 12th century to regain control of its borderlands. Goryeo had already been in conflict with the Jurchens before. In 1080,

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also showed that the haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951 of the Aisin Gioro family came to southeastern Manchuria after migrating from their place of origin in the Amur river's middle reaches, originating from ancestors related to

411:, included several populous and independent tribes, largely divided between semi-nomadic pastoralists in the west and sedentary agriculturalists in the east. They were the Jurchens most strongly influenced by the Mongols. 2415:): "The chance similarity in modern pronunciation of Tung Hu "Eastern Hu,' and Tungus led to the once widely held assumption that the Eastern Hu were Tungusic in language. This is a vulgar error with no real foundation." 1036:

for support by emphasizing their common origin, he only mentioned those who descended from the "seven Wuji tribes", which the Goguryeo people were not a part of. It seems by that point, the Jurchens saw only the

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period, but the Jurchens opportunistically switched allegiance between Liao and Goryeo multiple times. They offered tribute to both courts out of political necessity and the desire for material benefits.

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Wang, Chi-Zao; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Ling-Xiang; Wen, Shao-Qing; Yu, Xue-Er; Shi, Mei-Sen; Li, Hui (August 2019). "Relating Clans Ao and Aisin Gioro from northeast China by whole Y-chromosome sequencing".

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out of political expediency. Nurhaci once said to the Mongols that "the languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same with us Manchus

1070:(布庫里雍順), was conceived from a virgin birth. According to the legend, three heavenly maidens, namely Enggulen (恩古倫), Jenggulen (正古倫) and Fekulen (佛庫倫), were bathing at a lake called Bulhūri Omo near the 4977: 3480:: "In the case of the Jurchen Jin, the court decided to transfer its tributary relationship from the Liao to Jin before serious violence broke out." Also p.172: "Koryŏ enrolled as a Jin tributary". 977:. The Mohe enjoyed eating pork, practiced pig farming extensively, and were mainly sedentary. They used both pig and dog skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybean, wheat, 3940: 3923: 5465:

Morgan, E. Delmar (1872), "An Expedition through Manchuria, from Pekin to Blagovestchensk, in 1870, by the Archimandrite Palladius, Chief of the Russo-Greek Church Mission at Pekin",

1001:(1021-74), when the Jurchens began to coalesce into a nation-like federation. According to tradition passed down via oral transmission, Wugunai was the 6th generation descendant of 6144: 1332:) in their ancestral homeland. The Jurchens who settled into urban communities eventually intermarried with other ethnicities in China. The Jin rulers themselves came to follow 827:—of the free Manchu people, who were themselves mostly the former Jurchens. To describe the historical people who founded the Jin dynasty, they reborrowed the Mongolian name as 4857:

Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century,

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Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Lim, Si-Keun; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; Yang, Huanming; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2005).

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Yan, Shi; Tachibana, Harumasa; Wei, Lan-Hai; Yu, Ge; Wen, Shao-Qing; Wang, Chuan-Chao (June 2015). "Y chromosome of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty".

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The Journey of William of Rubruck to The Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-55, As Narrated by Himself, With Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine

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has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but completely absent from Han Chinese.

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and Koreans was ended by the Ming which envisioned the Jurchens as a form of protective border to the north. In 1403, Ahacu, chieftain of Huligai, paid tribute to the

6149:, ISA's 49th Annual Convention, San Francisco, March 26–29, 2008, International Relations Department The London School of Economics and Political Science, pp. 1965:

Until recently, it was uncertain what kind of burial rites existed among the Jurchens. In July 2012, Russian archaeologists discovered a Jurchen burial ground in

1672:" (Taizu Shilu Tu) were kept in the palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin Gioro family had been ruled by the Ming dynasty. 5287:

Janhunen, Juha (2004), "From Choson to Jucher: On the Possibilities of Ethnonymic Continuity in Greater Manchuria", in Marek Stachowski; Kinga Maciuszak (eds.),

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tribes as a related people. Some western scholars consider the origin of Hanpu to be legendary in nature. Herbert Franke described the narrative provided in the

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A 1682 Italian map showing the "Kingdom of the Niuche" (i.e., Nǚzhēn) or the "Kin (Jin) Tartars", who "have occupied and are at present ruling China", north of

2097:

became the new literary language, the Jurchens used a combination of Mongolian and Chinese. The pioneering work on studies of the Jurchen script was done by

401:. They were noted as able to sew clothes similar to the Chinese, and lived by hunting and fishing, sedentary agriculture, and trading in pearls and ginseng. 1599:

suffered from famine forcing them to sell their daughters into slavery and moving to Liaodong to beg for help and relief from the Ming dynasty government.

3412: 6551: 5486: 962:). Scholarship since the Qing period traces the origin of the Jurchens to the "Wanyen tribe of the Mohos" around Mt Xiaobai, or to the Heishui or 6625: 5167:, vol. 2, Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee (illustrated ed.), Columbia University Press, p. 3868: 6213: 5558: 3839: 1909:, the Manchus, who descended from the Jurchens, similarly made Han Chinese men shave the front of their head and wear the rest of their hair in a 6510: 1045:

as an "ancestral legend" with a historical basis in that the Wanyan clan had absorbed immigrants from Goryeo and Balhae during the 10th century.

4741:"Asian Ancestry based on Studies of Y-DNA Variation: Part 3. Recent demographics and ancestry of the male East Asians – Empires and Dynasties" 2210:(apud Viktorova, 1980) Fan Zuoguai and Han Feimu (apud Zarrow, 2015) proposed that the Jurchens and other Tungusic peoples descended from the 906:

When the Jurchens first entered Chinese records in 748, they inhabited the forests and river valleys of the land which is now divided between

4077: 3130: 941: 1015:, when he came to the Wanyan tribe, it was for the repayment of a murder and a form of compensation. He had two brothers, one who stayed in 6618: 5665:

Rawski, Evelyn S. (November 1996), "Presidential Address: Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History",

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attempted to rewrite the historical record and claim that the Aisin Gioro were never subjects of past dynasties and empires trying to cast

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Jurchen culture shared many similarities with the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of Siberian-Manchurian tundra and coastal peoples. Like the

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Translation of the Ts'ing Wan K'e Mung, A Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language, with Introductory Notes on Manchu Literature

468:(r. 1616–26), who unified most Jurchen tribes, incorporated their entire population into hereditary military regiments known as the 5945: 4058: 3903: 1293: 3780: 3177: 1982:

Only the Mongols and the northern "wild" Jurchen were semi-nomadic, unlike the mainstream Jianzhou Jurchens descended from the

985:, the Mohe practiced slavery. Horses were rare in the region they inhabited until the 10th century under the domination of the 5591: 6036: 5996: 5932: 5842: 5822: 5712: 5410: 5032: 5014: 4378: 4336: 4139: 3422: 3284: 2845: 2436: 2389: 1680:(tribe, state) originally had the names Manju, Hada, Ula, Yehe, and Hoifa. Formerly ignorant persons have frequently called 1508:

dealt with the Jurchen military through appeals to material benefits and launching punitive expeditions. To appease them the

624: 571: 476:, already in official use by the Later Jin at that time, was in 1635 decreed to be the sole acceptable name for that people. 6933: 3002: 2919: 2892: 1826:). Not all clan members were blood related, and division and integration of different clans was common. Jurchen households ( 1696:

establishes the name Manju. Its rule will be long and transmitted over many generations. Henceforth persons should call our

1197:

Yun Kwan believed that the loss was due to their inferior cavalry and proposed to the king that an elite force known as the

3182: 1966: 1619: 1661:'s acceptance of Ming titles like Dragon Tiger General (longhu jiangjun 龍虎將軍) by claiming he accepted to "please Heaven". 1201:(別武班; "Special Warfare Army") be created. it existed apart from the main army and was made up of cavalry, infantry, and a 6366: 4740: 2172: 5721:

Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000), "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty",

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officials of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) classified them into three groups, reflecting relative proximity to the Ming:

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Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: The Franciscan Mission to China and Its Influence on the Art of the West, 1250–1350

4464: 4435: 4004: 3977: 3585: 3224: 840: 4503: 4248: 2310: 966:, and some sources stress the continuity between these earlier peoples with the Jurchen but this remains conjectural. 7265: 6259: 5896: 5874: 5599: 5456: 5371: 5328: 5216: 5152: 5121: 5093: 4872: 4845: 4513: 3950: 3012: 2958: 2929: 2571: 2559: 1754:, they took pride in feats of strength, horsemanship, archery, and hunting. Both Mongols and Jurchens used the title 864:

were uniform in their dress and hairstyle. They all shaved a portion of their scalp and kept the remaining hair in a

1005:, the founder of the Wanyan clan, who therefore must have lived around the year 900. Hanpu originally came from the 3198: 2443:

The Jin dynasty was established by the Jurchen people, ancestors of the Manchus who later founded the Qing dynasty.

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Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty

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Encyclopedia of Spirits: The Ultimate Guide to the Magic of Fairies, Genies, Demons, Ghosts, Gods & Goddesses

2242: 1501:. Increased contact with the Chinese gave Jurchens the more complex and sophisticated organizational structures. 3823: 6421: 6060: 5904: 5793: 5629: 5436: 5196: 5176: 5053: 4961: 4933: 4031: 3804: 3158: 3108: 3081: 3065: 3055: 3038: 3028: 2985: 2902: 2684: 150: 54: 5614:

Asiatische Forschungen: Monographienreihe zur Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache der Völker Ost- und Zentralasiens

4148: 4086: 3717: 1760:

for the leaders of a political entity, whether "emperor" or "chief". A particularly powerful chief was called

1475:. They led a pastoral-agrarian lifestyle, hunting, fishing, and engaging in limited agriculture. In 1388, the 7260: 3843: 2407:*Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1983). "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic China," in 2023: 1999: 1834:) consisting of five to seven blood-related family members and a number of slaves. Households formed squads ( 765: 688: 6027:, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 36, American Philosophical Society, p. 4188: 3785:(Regional government site explaining the location of the Tyr (Telin) temples: just south of the Tyr village) 2728: 2712: 2644: 6069: 5968: 5482: 5143:, Cambridge: translated by J.R. Foster and Charles Hartman for Cambridge University Press in 1982, p. 1304:" 金, which means "gold", not to be confused with the earlier Jin 晋 dynasties named after the region around 760: 306: 6229: 4322: 3878: 1983: 1653:

were not used to source content on Jurchens during Ming rule in the History of Ming because of this. The

1482:

The issue of controlling the Jurchens was a point of contention between Joseon Korea and the early Ming.

1301: 1245: 1217: 449: 2207: 472:, and patronized the creation of an alphabet for their language based on the Mongolian script. The term 389:(Chinese: 建州) Jurchens, some of whom were mixed with Chinese populations, lived in the proximity of the 5112:, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 2177: 6099: 1167:

The tributary relations between Jurchens and Goryeo began to change under the reign of Jurchen leader

1082:

where Bulhuri lake was located where the "heavenly maidens" took their bath. This was recorded in the

753:. ("Horse Tungus" and "Reindeer Tungus" are still the primary divisions among the Tungusic cultures.) 7270: 6785: 6414: 6244: 6016:

The Historians' History of the World: Poland, The Balkans, Turkey, Minor Eastern States, China, Japan

5544: 4295: 2547: 2528: 1650: 1596: 1428: 620: 461: 4403:"A Large Burial Ground of the Jurchen People Has Been Found In Russia's Primorye: Russia-InfoCentre" 1209:), a region the Jurchens later contested when Goryeo hesitated to recognize them as their suzerain. 5402: 1371:. By 1215, after losing much territory to the Mongols, the Jurchens moved their capital south from 877: 567: 5535: 1276:

tribe, unified the various Jurchen tribes in 1115 and declared himself emperor. In 1120 he seized

6387: 6326: 6296: 6269: 4973:

The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo

3319: 2980:. Volume 2: Heian Japan (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. 1392: 1132:

returned by Koreans from the eight ships. The woman Uchikura no Ishime's report was copied down.

233: 5784:, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Pt. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 4952:, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Pt. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 4924:, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Pt. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 6093: 5610:"In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)" 5586:, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Pt. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 5353: 4561:"Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty" 4481: 1584:

blessings to this region by Yishiha and others were all recorded in this and the first steles.

1361: 6083: 6073: 6052: 5986: 5866: 5852: 5832: 5812: 5785: 5775: 5621: 5475: 5320: 5280: 5267: 5144: 5113: 5103: 5085: 5072: 4953: 4943: 4925: 4915: 4837: 4815: 4425: 4198: 4158: 4096: 4021: 3994: 3727: 3473: 3146: 2835: 2492: 2426: 2412: 2379: 6321: 6311: 6028: 5978: 5702: 5587: 5398: 5226: 4864: 4452: 4121: 3967: 3575: 3274: 3208: 3192: 3098: 2975: 2946: 2738: 2722: 2694: 2654: 2345: 1725: 1640:

as a clear break from their past as Chinese vassals. During the Ming dynasty, the Koreans of

1580: 1396: 1345: 1289: 856:

Sin Chung-il, a Korean emissary who in 1595 had visited the Jurchen living north-west of the

196: 5466: 5208:

Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan with Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics

4665: 4052: 2888: 1798:

Jurchen similarities and differences with the Mongols were emphasized to various degrees by

1136: 6780: 4047: 3897: 3892: 3459:, p. 229: "the king of Koryŏ declared himself a vassal of Chin in the summer of 1126." 2229:

being based on merely phonetic similarity between Tungus and modern Mandarin pronunciation

2226: 2075: 1269: 1213: 1157: 1120: 555: 8: 7086: 5862:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures, and Contemporary Issues

4811: 2141: 2079: 1991: 1612: 1553: 1415:

A Jurchen man hunting from his horse, from a 15th-century ink and color painting on silk.

1292:

and overran most of northern China. The Jurchens initially created the puppet regimes of

1067: 742: 650: 575: 6048:

Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas

5497: 6371: 6316: 6306: 6289: 6274: 5746: 5738: 5690: 5682: 5288: 5255: 5231:

The Phœnix: A Monthly Magazine for India, Burma, Siam, China, Japan, & Eastern Asia

5025:

Pre-Modern East Asia: To 1800: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Third Edition

4788: 4717: 4692: 4644: 4618: 4588: 4384: 3556: 3548: 2150: 2128: 1498: 1493: 1071: 914: 850: 778: 398: 394: 361: 276: 268: 6610: 5953: 1791:. According to tradition, any capable son or nephew could be chosen to become leader. 1228:. The Jin went on to conquer the Liao dynasty in 1125 and capture the Song capital of 7255: 7161: 7018: 6960: 6732: 6555: 6279: 6264: 6254: 6113: 6056: 6032: 5992: 5928: 5910: 5900: 5870: 5838: 5818: 5789: 5750: 5729:(4), Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History: 503–530, 5708: 5694: 5635: 5625: 5595: 5562: 5452: 5432: 5406: 5377: 5367: 5324: 5212: 5192: 5172: 5148: 5117: 5089: 5049: 5028: 5010: 4981: 4957: 4929: 4892: 4868: 4841: 4792: 4780: 4722: 4636: 4580: 4560: 4509: 4460: 4431: 4374: 4332: 4135: 4027: 4000: 3973: 3946: 3800: 3581: 3560: 3418: 3280: 3154: 3104: 3061: 3034: 3008: 2981: 2954: 2925: 2898: 2841: 2432: 2385: 2247: 2109: 2083: 1910: 1902: 1855: 1654: 1629: 1522: 1479:

dispatched a mission to establish contact with the Odoli, Huligai and T'owen tribes.

1468: 1388: 1285: 1249: 1233: 1181: 1046: 865: 386: 358: 354: 6193: 5814:

A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century

3779:[Tourism objects - Archaeological. Tyr temples] (in Russian). Archived from 1571:) led ten large missions to win over the allegiance of the Jurchen tribes along the 6700: 6437: 6331: 6284: 6188: 5924:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368

5856: 5730: 5674: 5304:

Kane, Daniel (1997), "Language Death and Language Revivalism: The Case of Manchu",

5247: 4772: 4712: 4704: 4648: 4628: 4592: 4572: 4453:"2 Rival Empires on the Hunt for Sable and People in Seventeenth-Century Manchuria" 4026:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. pp. 303–304. 3538: 3530: 2381:

Educating China: Knowledge, Society and Textbooks in a Modernizing World, 1902–1937

2155: 2145: 2087: 2050:

the gender of the female sky deity was switched to a male sky father, Abka Enduri (

1987: 1954: 1863: 1773: 1557: 1400: 1317: 1083: 970: 824: 803: 792: 723: 542: 517: 501:

The name Jurchen is derived from a long line of other variations of the same name.

457: 426: 342: 219: 83: 38: 4976:, Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia, vol. 3, Routledge, p. 3097:

Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.).

2313:[The State Name of the Liao Dynasty was not “Qara Khitai (Liao Khitai )”] 2154:, the Jurchens migrate westwards, reach Europe and become a serious threat to the 582:

and the original reason was uncertainty among dialects regarding the name's final

6198: 6077: 6046: 5972: 5922: 5884: 5860: 5779: 5609: 5552: 5446: 5392: 5361: 5314: 5271: 5206: 5191:, Handbook of Oriental Studies, vol. 7, Brill Academic Pub, pp. 13–14, 5186: 5162: 5131: 5107: 5076: 5043: 4971: 4947: 4919: 4882: 4855: 4831: 4816:"Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the Rise of the Manchu State (1368–1636)" 4355: 4326: 4125: 3811: 2115: 2094: 1838:) to engage in tasks related to hunting and food gathering and formed companies ( 1646: 1526: 1452: 1411: 1325: 1153: 813: 739: 727: 594: 505: 322: 255: 247: 1732: 1525:, defected from paying tribute to Korea, becoming a tributary to China instead. 1254: 730:

considers that the Jurchens' name probably derives from the Tungusic words for "

677: 65: 61: 45: 7223: 7192: 7023: 6559: 6394: 6381: 2067: 1970: 1851: 1588: 1568: 1514: 1486: 1476: 1456: 1367:

After 1189, the Jin dynasty became increasingly involved in conflicts with the

1357: 1011: 922: 628: 602: 579: 404: 104: 6690: 6176: 6146:

Traditional East Asian Structure from the Perspective of Sino-Korean Relations

4776: 4748: 4666:"Did you know DNA was used to uncover the origin of the House of Aisin Gioro?" 3518: 486: 7249: 7095: 7071: 7061: 7039: 6985: 6980: 6865: 6569: 6563: 6518: 6463: 6118: 5914: 5639: 5381: 3151:

China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries

2211: 2098: 1788: 1747: 1721: 1637: 1572: 1438: 1380: 1341: 1100: 986: 982: 756: 612: 473: 469: 438: 414: 408: 369: 6685: 6194:

The Russian news about the discovery of the Jurchen burial ground, July 2012

6103:, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 627 6079:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. XVII

5045:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

1135:

One of the causes of the Jurchen rebellion and the fall of the Liao was the

460:

on the Chinese territory. The latter dynasty, originally calling itself the

7202: 7100: 6747: 6737: 6579: 6532: 6485: 6480: 6458: 6045:

Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tyron, Darrell T., eds. (1996),

5941: 4784: 4726: 4640: 4584: 4388: 4368: 4256: 3543: 3477: 2322: 2281: 2187: 2182: 2071: 2047: 2043: 2014:

to their homes to herd, fish and hunt. The Qing accused them of desertion.

1995: 1906: 1811: 1756: 1688:

refers to the Coo Mergen of Sibe barbarians and has nothing to do with our

1607: 1464: 1434: 1384: 1333: 1225: 1161: 1128: 1104: 1075: 1059: 1033: 1029: 1006: 963: 937: 911: 735: 534: 453: 434: 422: 90: 5420: 4370:

Women of the Conquest Dynasties: Gender and Identity in Liao and Jin China

4051: 3534: 3100:

China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History

2894:

The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, Volume 1

2396:

Fan and Han noted that the Jurchens were of the Eastern Hu race (Donghuzu)

2267:

The Japanese government and Franke give the modern Mandarin pronunciation

1419: 7166: 7049: 6975: 6970: 6742: 6725: 6642: 6589: 6584: 6574: 6526: 6354: 5388: 4693:"Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia" 4576: 3896: 2215: 2124: 2120: 1940: 1897: 1549: 1206: 1038: 952: 746: 694: 665: 390: 379: 4632: 4402: 4331:. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 14. 3552: 1664:

During the Qing dynasty, the two original editions of the books of the "

1194:, but the situation was unfavorable and he returned after making peace. 1160:

period. Taejo relied heavily on a large Jurchen cavalry force to defeat

7176: 7171: 7008: 6955: 6892: 6800: 6695: 6108: 5767:

The Manchus, or, The Reigning Dynasty of China: Their Rise and Progress

5742: 5686: 5259: 4887:, Brill's Korean Studies Library, vol. 1, Leiden: Brill, pp. 2006: 1705: 1633: 1576: 1538: 1349: 1198: 1149: 1108: 1079: 857: 711: 373: 6127:, vol. 6 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 189 6092: 5504:, Printed at the Honorable East India company's press, by P.P. Thoms; 5339:

On the Origin of the Jurchen People (A Study Based on Russian Sources)

3300: 3001:

Adolphson, Mikael S.; Kamens, Edward; Matsumoto, Stacie, eds. (2007).

1866:. Jurchens practiced slash-and-burn agriculture in the areas north of 644: 641: 638: 561: 7110: 6992: 6764: 6538: 4559:

Wei, Ryan Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Yu, Ge; Huang, Yun-Zhi (November 2016).

4131: 3873: 2428:

Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644

1740: 1336:

norms. The Jin dynasty captured the Northern Song dynasty's capital,

1116: 1063: 699: 365: 5734: 5678: 5251: 4216: 4023:

A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology

2837:

A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology

1787:. Also like the Mongols and the Turks, the Jurchens did not observe 623:

of this unattested original form of the native name, which has been

6897: 6870: 6815: 6468: 6406: 6361: 4708: 2223: 2219: 2031: 1867: 1592: 1191: 895: 844: 819:(Jussin). In Manchu, this word was more often used to describe the 750: 731: 491: 430: 337: 5921:

Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King; Franke, Herbert (1994),

5313:

Keane, Augustus Henry; Quiggin, A. Hingston; Haddon, A.C. (1920),

5211:, Aetas Manjurica, vol. 10, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, 4918:, in Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett; John K. Fairbank (eds.), 4916:"The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te Reigns, 1399–1435" 4623: 2953:. Translated by Lee, Suzanne. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 75. 2030:, literally sky woman). The Jurchens of the Jin dynasty practiced 1700:

its original name, Manju, and not use the previous demeaning name.

7228: 7105: 7081: 7076: 7044: 7013: 6965: 6914: 6887: 6880: 6858: 6853: 6820: 6720: 6715: 6474: 6376: 6004: 5704:

The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions

3942:

The Manchu era (1644–1912): arts of China's last imperial dynasty

3140: 3138: 2011: 1799: 1751: 1658: 1625: 1564: 1518: 1505: 1383:'s daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader 1376: 1372: 1368: 1340:, in 1127. Their armies pushed the Song all the way south to the 1337: 1312:

provinces. The name of the Jurchen dynasty in Chinese — meaning "

1277: 1229: 1186: 1168: 998: 891: 887: 861: 820: 465: 4482:"Chinese History – Jin Dynasty (Jurchen) 金 religion and customs" 4228: 3580:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94. 2002:. Most Jurchens raised pigs and stock animals and were farmers. 7218: 7197: 7132: 7127: 6902: 6875: 6832: 6810: 6759: 6754: 6710: 6705: 6680: 6664: 6494: 6453: 5653:

Ravenstein, Ernest George; Keane, Augustus Henry, eds. (1882),

2951:

The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism

2503: 2501: 2035: 1641: 1530: 1509: 1305: 1297: 1273: 1221: 1172: 1112: 1088: 1020: 1016: 978: 974: 926: 918: 659: 442: 173: 127: 5238:

Huang, Pei (1990), "New Light on The Origins of The Manchus",

5006:

Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire

3135: 1544:

In 1409, the Ming government created the Nurgan Command Post (

997:

There is no dated evidence of the Jurchens before the time of

7122: 7115: 6919: 6907: 6848: 6825: 6805: 6795: 6502: 6448: 5988:

Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics

5885:"Sino-J̌ürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403–1424" 5474:, London: William Clowes & Sons for John Murray, p. 4303: 2871: 2869: 1762: 1632:, united the Jurchen tribes. In 1635, his son and successor, 1534: 1472: 1309: 1002: 925:. In earlier records, this area was known as the home of the 907: 860:, notes that during his visit to Fe Ala all those who served 495: 6112: 5273:

Fisher's Colonial Magazine and Commercial Maritime Journal,

5048:(illustrated, reprint ed.), Stanford University Press, 3969:

The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture

2802: 2800: 2498: 1990:

for their own language, unlike the Jin Jurchen's use of the

1099:

By the 11th century, the Jurchens had become vassals of the

7066: 6790: 2034:, which became the prevalent religion of the Jurchens, and 1884:

Sino-J̌ürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403–1424

1777: 1768: 1739:

from the grave of a 12th-century Jurchen leader in today's

1736: 1395:

lasting about a year, Kaifeng fell to the Mongols in 1233.

1313: 4102: 3483: 3380: 3230: 2866: 2817: 2815: 2453: 2451: 1156:(r. 918-943), who called upon them during the wars of the 808: 5366:, Civiltà veneziana: Studi, vol. 36, L. S. Olschki, 4863:, London: Routledge, Trench, Trübner, & Co., p. 2974:

Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H., eds. (1988).

2797: 2768: 2744: 1783: 5950:

East Asian Studies 210: Introduction to Nomadic Cultures

5554:

China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia

3693: 3153:(illustrated ed.). University of California Press. 3000: 2700: 1284:), the northern capital of the Liao dynasty. During the 973:

Mohe tribes, were people of the multi-ethnic kingdom of

364:

people. They lived in northeastern China, also known as

6640: 6023:

Wittfogel, Karl August; Fêng, Chia-shêng (March 1946),

5920: 5363:

La donna nella Cina imperiale e nella Cina repubblicana

5299:, Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press, pp. 67 ff 4537: 4459:. Contemporary Chinese Studies. UBC Press. p. 68. 4176: 3519:"The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors" 3456: 3306: 2897:(reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 134. 2812: 2660: 2448: 2280:

First attested in a late 15th-century glossary for the

1766:("prince, nobleman"), corresponding with the Mongolian 1300:

but later adopted a dynastic name and became known as "

601:, and it soon appeared, e.g., on the 1660 world map by 554:). This is traditionally explained as an effect of the 5557:(reprint ed.), Harvard University Press, p. 5073:"The Forest Peoples of Manchuria: Kitans and Jurchens" 4283: 4271: 4204: 4164: 3705: 3606: 3392: 3368: 3344: 3254: 3242: 2924:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 102, 101, 100. 2787: 2785: 2783: 2756: 2672: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2411:, University of California Press, pp. 411–466. quote ( 2005:

The Qing stationed the "New Manchu" Warka foragers in

1437:

distinguished three different groups of Jurchens: the

1364:

took note and attempted to halt these things in 1181.

537:. The Jurchens were also interchangeably known as the 357:) is a term used to collectively describe a number of 5802:

Roth Li, Gertraude. "State Building Before 1644". In

4604: 4602: 3925:

Early Manchu Recruitment of Chinese Scholar-officials

3842:[It's also lost] (in Chinese). Archived from 3681: 1423:

A late Ming era woodblock print of a Jurchen warrior.

1152:

region were tributaries of Goryeo since the reign of

368:, before the 18th century. The Jurchens were renamed 109: 95: 6074:"On an Ancient Inscription in the Neu-chih Language" 6044: 5837:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p. 144, 4222: 3794: 3356: 3060:(2nd, illustrated ed.). Scribner. p. 371. 2854: 2833: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2463: 868:. All men wore leather boots, breeches, and tunics. 566:

being removed after the 1031 enthronement of Zhigu,

201: 155: 5778:, in Denis C. Twitchett; Frederick W. Mote (eds.), 5488:

A Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts

5448:

Chinese eunuchs: the structure of intimate politics

5233:, vol. II, no. 16, London, pp. 53–57 5225:Howorth, H.H. (October 1871), James Summers (ed.), 4946:, in Denis C. Twitchett; Frederick W. Mote (eds.), 4571:(3). The Japan Society of Human Genetics: 407–411. 4127:

Trade and Poverty: When the Third World Fell Behind

3733: 3669: 3630: 3618: 3594: 3495: 2921:

Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500-1300

2780: 2625: 2362:

Mongols: Origin of the People and Source of Culture

1905:to strike fear within their population. During the 1649:to hide their former subservient relationship. The 6228: 5312: 5106:, in Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert (eds.), 5084:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 4599: 3777:"Объекты туризма — Археологические. Тырские храмы" 3757: 3438: 3332: 5834:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present 5319:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 4660: 4658: 4608: 4554: 4552: 4457:Empire and Environment in the Making of Manchuria 3512: 3510: 3273:Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H (1995). 2973: 2840:. University of California Press. pp. 198–. 2598: 2425:Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (13 March 2014). 448:The Jurchens are chiefly known for producing the 407:(Chinese: 海西) Jurchens, named after the Haixi or 7247: 5720: 5023:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2014), 4944:"Sino-Korean Tributary Relations under the Ming" 4234: 3996:The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture 3147:"FIVE Sung Embassies: Some General Observations" 3122: 3120: 3103:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27. 1356:feasted and drank and wore damask and silk. The 6005:Wei Cuiyi Wei Ts'ui-i; Karl W. Luckert (1998), 5952:, Western Washington University, archived from 5652: 5468:The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 4830:Arnold, Lauren (1999), Mark Stephen Mir (ed.), 4771:(8). Japan Society of Human Genetics: 775–780. 4690: 3856:宣德九年，女真地区灾荒，女真人被迫卖儿鬻女，四处流亡，逃向辽东的女真难民，希望得到官府的赈济。 3799:. University of Washington Press. p. 158. 2355: 2353: 445:, are today considered distinct ethnic groups. 6138:, Liaoning People's Publishing, pp. 97–98 5707:, University of California Press, p. 43, 5204: 4810: 4761: 4655: 4549: 4430:(reprint ed.). Basic Books. p. 422. 4328:Diplomatic Missions of the Sung State 960-1276 4309: 3972:. University of Washington Press. p. 19. 3945:. Art Gallery of Greater Victoria. p. 5. 3928:. University of Wisconsin—Madison. p. 10. 3507: 3204: 3188: 2507: 2341: 1602: 1399:fled to Caizhou for shelter, but Caizhou also 1119:, who called upon them during the wars of the 853:, the Jurchens were "swarthy like Spaniards." 759:argues that these records already reflect the 6626: 6422: 6214: 6082:, London: John W. Parker & Son, pp. 6022: 5673:(4), Association for Asian Studies: 829–850, 5507: 5481: 5022: 4853: 4558: 3468: 3117: 1896:In 1126, the Jurchens initially ordered male 1403:in 1234, marking the end of the Jin dynasty. 969:The tentative ancestors of the Jurchens, the 734:people" and is cognate with the names of the 716: 675: 636: 559: 238: 224: 59: 43: 5345:Lach, Donald F.; Kley, Edwin J. Van (1998), 4528: 3797:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle 3214: 3007:. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 376. 2827: 2350: 1874:"建州毛憐則渤海大氏遺孽，樂住種，善緝紡，飲食服用，皆如華人，自長白山迤南，可拊而治也。 1344:and eventually settled on a border with the 981:, and rice in addition to hunting. Like all 698:are possibly cognates. It was the source of 178: 132: 5078:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, 5027:, Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 4479: 3573: 3272: 2384:. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. 704: 6633: 6619: 6429: 6415: 6221: 6207: 6051:, vol. 1, Walter de Gruyter, p. 6025:History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907–1125 5991:, Columbia University Press, p. 301, 5977:, Shanghai: London Mission Press, p. 5607: 5279:, London: Fisher, Son, & Co., p. 4508:. Cambridge University Press. March 1990. 4298: 4108: 2364:(in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. p. 183. 6187:(Chinese Traditional Big5 code page) via 6009:, University Press of America, p. 91 5817:, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 138, 5359: 5161:Goodrich, Luther Carrington, ed. (1976), 4907:Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography 4716: 4622: 4505:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 4351: 3999:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 216. 3921: 3577:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire 3542: 3516: 3417:. Harvard University Press. p. 126. 3173: 3126: 2887: 2834:Pamela Kyle Crossley (15 February 2000). 2359: 1845: 763:plural form of the name, recorded in the 533:) appeared in the 10th century under the 6013: 5850: 5803: 5756: 5581: 5444: 5344: 5286: 5184: 5160: 5009:, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 18, 4993: 4854:Bretschneider, E. (2013), "Pei Shi Ki", 4543: 4182: 4064:United States Government Printing Office 4019: 3909:United States Government Printing Office 3711: 3699: 3651: 3612: 3030:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 2 2762: 2750: 2678: 2666: 2619: 2592: 2539: 2537: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2424: 2093:Until the end of the 16th century, when 1731: 1716: 1606: 1418: 1410: 1253: 886: 773:(Jyrkät), and further reconstructed as * 686:recorded in geographical works like the 578:, however, argues that this was a later 485: 6185:The Jurchen language and Script Website 6007:Uighur Stories from along the Silk Road 5882: 5801: 5773: 5533: 5520:, Harvard University Press, p. 195 5265: 5224: 5164:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644 5041: 5002: 4880: 4366: 4277: 3687: 3647: 3645: 3489: 3398: 3386: 3350: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3220: 3096: 3057:Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 1 2875: 2734: 2718: 2690: 2650: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2543: 2524: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2457: 2237: 2038:. The Jurchen word for "sorceress" was 2026:and believed in a supreme sky goddess ( 464:, was founded by a Jianzhou commander, 7248: 5701:Rawski, Evelyn S. (15 November 1998), 5700: 5664: 5550: 5464: 5129: 5101: 5070: 4829: 4697:The American Journal of Human Genetics 4321: 4210: 4170: 4154: 4092: 4046: 3891: 3450: 3144: 3053: 2917: 2806: 2774: 2488: 2377: 2246: 2214:; this proposal has been critiqued by 1944:was the usage of dog skin by Koreans. 1882:据魏焕《皇明九边考》卷二《辽东镇边夷考》 Translation from 1842:) for larger activities, such as war. 353: 336: 6614: 6410: 6202: 6142: 6131: 6068: 5967: 5940: 5529:, Pan-Pacific Union, pp. 113–114 5429:Lecture Notes on Early Manchu History 5237: 4969: 4941: 4904: 4450: 4289: 4082:. Augustan Society. 1975. p. 34. 3992: 3763: 3745: 3739: 3723: 3675: 3457:Twitchett, Fairbank & Franke 1994 3362: 3307:Twitchett, Fairbank & Franke 1994 2860: 2706: 2607: 2534: 2513: 2337: 2335: 1931:), the traditional Manchu hairstyle. 1624:Over a period of 30 years from 1586, 1280:, also known as Linhuang Prefecture ( 1143: 1032:appealed to the Balhae people in the 16:Tungusic-speaking people in East Asia 6436: 6107: 6090: 5984: 5831:Seth, Michael J. (16 October 2010), 5830: 5810: 5764: 5757:Rockhill, William Woodville (1967), 5660:, J.S. Virtue & Co., p. 121 5524: 5515: 5418: 5336: 5303: 4913: 4423: 4194: 4059:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period 3938: 3904:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period 3751: 3663: 3642: 3636: 3624: 3600: 3501: 3054:Embree, Ainslie Thomas, ed. (1988). 3004:Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries 2944: 2918:Batten, Bruce L. (31 January 2006). 2821: 2791: 2638: 2577: 2475: 2360:Viktorova, Lydia Leonidovna (1980). 1620:Ethnic identity in the Eight Banners 1316:"—is derived from the "Gold River" ( 5985:Wang, Yuan-kang (6 December 2010), 5491:, Macao: East India Company's Press 5387: 5066:, Harcourt & Brace, p. 278 5061: 4246: 3965: 3462: 3444: 3374: 3338: 2409:The Origins of Chinese Civilization 2378:Zarrow, Peter (23 September 2015). 1947: 1814:, the Jurchens lived in sub-clans ( 1563:From 1411 to 1433, the Ming eunuch 1176:control over the contested region. 13: 6302:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty 5769:, London: Elliot Stock, p. 76 5582:Peterson, Willard J., ed. (2002), 5240:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 4223:Wurm, Mühlhäusler & Tyron 1996 3410: 2332: 1552:, about 100 km upstream from 1009:tribe of Balhae. According to the 841:Fashion in the Jurchen Jin dynasty 785:(Zürčid, Suurseita)) whose medial 14: 7282: 6170: 5608:Rachewiltz, Igor De, ed. (1993), 5360:Lanciotti, Lionello, ed. (1980), 5290:Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia, 5185:Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002), 5137:A History of Chinese Civilization 2947:"5: Goryeo, the Land of Buddhism" 1877:apt to be soothed and governed." 1521:, chieftain of Odoli clan of the 1212:Later, Wuyashu's younger brother 1062:emperor of the Aisin Gioro clan, 6932: 5865:, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 5308:, vol. 41, pp. 231–249 4909:, Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 4755: 4733: 4684: 4522: 4496: 4473: 4444: 4417: 4395: 4360: 4345: 4315: 4240: 4114: 2168:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 2101:at the end of the 19th century. 992: 807: 508:form of the name was said to be 421:Many "Yeren Jurchens", like the 6367:Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234) 5543:, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 5451:, C.E. Tuttle Co., p. 54, 4373:. University of Hawai'i Press. 4070: 4040: 4013: 3986: 3959: 3932: 3915: 3885: 3861: 3832: 3817: 3788: 3769: 3657: 3567: 3404: 3312: 3266: 3167: 3090: 3074: 3047: 3021: 2994: 2967: 2938: 2911: 2881: 2565: 2553: 2274: 2261: 2173:Korean–Jurchen border conflicts 2110:Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) 1406: 1111:region had been tributaries of 1094: 1066:claimed that their progenitor, 6018:, Outlook Company, p. 272 6014:Williams, Henry Smith (1904), 5927:, Cambridge University Press, 5781:The Cambridge History of China 5584:The Cambridge History of China 5347:Asia in the Making of Europe, 5109:The Cambridge History of China 4994:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997), 4949:The Cambridge History of China 4921:The Cambridge History of China 4020:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002). 3326:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 3033:. Kodansha. 1983. p. 79. 2977:The Cambridge History of Japan 2418: 2401: 2371: 2303: 2255: 2251: 2231: 2206:In the past, scholars such as 2200: 1977: 1927: 1587:In the ninth year of the Ming 1533:. Later, a Korean army led by 1447: 1387:in exchange for relieving the 1281: 1239: 1053: 901: 593:was introduced to the West by 202: 156: 110: 96: 60: 44: 1: 5227:"The Origines of the Manchus" 4405:. Russia-ic.com. 27 July 2012 4367:JOHNSON, LINDA COOKE (2011). 3877:. 8 July 2014. Archived from 3795:Shih-Shan Henry Tsai (2002). 3574:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018). 2291: 2135: 2082:that was inspired in turn by 1854:were "semi-agricultural, the 1541:would expel them from Korea. 1259: 956: 945: 930: 834: 791:does not appear in the later 689:Classic of Mountains and Seas 570:, because it appeared in the 5667:The Journal of Asian Studies 5620:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag: 4836:, Desiderata Press, p. 3523:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 2431:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 222. 2321:(in Chinese). Archived from 2296: 1645:dynasty, when composing the 7: 4255:. p. 1. Archived from 4079:The Augustan, Volumes 17-20 3149:. In Rossabi, Moris (ed.). 2161: 2104: 2061: 2017: 1666:Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu 1603:Establishment of the Manchu 1433:Chinese chroniclers of the 1288:, the Jurchens invaded the 738:(urakka, uroot, urhot,) of 599:De bello tartarico historia 574:form of his personal name. 239: 10: 7287: 6530:(controversial, including 6097:, in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), 5445:Mitamura, Taisuke (1970), 5431:], Zhonghua Book Co., 4881:Breuker, Remco E. (2010), 4803: 4455:. In Smith, Norman (ed.). 4310:Aisin Gioro & Jin 2007 3993:Smith, Richard J. (2015). 3922:Grossnick, Roy A. (1972). 2508:Aisin Gioro & Jin 2007 2178:List of Jurchen chieftains 2074:, acting on the orders of 1712: 1617: 1426: 1243: 989:. The Mohe rode reindeer. 940:(around AD 200), the 875: 871: 838: 657:(sulaisin). The ethnonyms 7211: 7185: 7154: 7147: 7032: 7001: 6948: 6941: 6930: 6841: 6773: 6673: 6657: 6650: 6598: 6444: 6342: 6245:Alliance Conducted at Sea 6237: 5851:Stolberg, Eva M. (2015), 5811:Seth, Michael J. (2006), 5776:"The Ming and Inner Asia" 5655:The Universal Geography, 5496:Morrison, Robert (1820), 5266:Huttman, William (1843), 5042:Elliott, Mark C. (2001), 5003:Dardess, John W. (2012), 4970:Cosmo, Nicola Di (2007), 4942:Clark, Donald N. (1998), 4777:10.1038/s10038-019-0622-4 4765:Journal of Human Genetics 4611:Journal of Human Genetics 4565:Journal of Human Genetics 3517:Schneider, Julia (2011). 3469:Ebrey & Walthall 2014 1960: 1922: 1859: 1651:Veritable Records of Ming 1636:, renamed his people the 1597:Manchuria under Ming rule 1545: 1460: 1442: 1429:Manchuria under Ming rule 1389:Mongol siege upon Zhongdu 1127:In 1019, Jurchen pirates 882: 676: 637: 560: 546: 521: 346: 312: 302: 297: 275: 267: 254: 246: 232: 225: 218: 213: 195: 190: 186: 179: 172: 167: 149: 144: 140: 133: 126: 121: 103: 89: 82: 77: 73: 53: 37: 32: 28: 23: 7266:Ancient peoples of China 5774:Rossabi, Morris (1998), 5551:Perdue, Peter C (2009), 5518:Imperial China, 900–1800 5516:Mote, Frederick (1999), 5403:Harvard University Press 5337:Kim, Alexander (2011b), 5130:Gernet, Jacques (1972), 5102:Franke, Herbert (1994), 5075:, in Denis Sinor (ed.), 5071:Franke, Herbert (1990), 4451:Bello, David A. (2017). 3320: 3276:China Under Jurchen Rule 3145:Franke, Herbert (1983). 2208:Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat 2193: 2070:was invented in 1120 by 1891: 1548:) at Telin (present-day 878:Timeline of the Jurchens 684:Old Chinese: */tsək-ti/) 568:Emperor Xingzong of Liao 55:Traditional Chinese 6388:Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka 6297:1194 Yellow River flood 6230:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 6124:Encyclopædia Britannica 6100:Encyclopædia Britannica 5883:Serruys, Henry (1955), 5306:Central Asiatic Journal 5205:Hoong Teik Toh (2005), 4484:. www.chinaknowledge.de 4247:萧国亮 (24 January 2007). 1934: 1246:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 1218:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 923:Primorsky Krai province 481: 6603:indicate extinct group 5889:Asiatische Forschungen 5534:Pelliot, Paul (1959), 5401:; Schultz, Edward J., 5394:A New History of Korea 5268:"An Account of Peking" 5188:Manchu Grammar, Part 8 4998:, Blackwell Publishers 4122:Williamson, Jeffrey G. 3414:A New History of Korea 2945:Kang, Jae-eun (2006). 2284:Bureau of Translators. 2227:Edwin G. Pulleyblankas 2078:. It was based on the 1889: 1846:Haixi, Jianzhou, Yeren 1743: 1729: 1710: 1615: 1424: 1416: 1362:Emperor Shizong of Jin 1266: 1171:(r. 1103–1113) of the 1107:. The Jurchens in the 1078:province close to the 898: 717: 705: 498: 281:Зүрчид, Зөрчид, Жүрчид 6132:Zhang Boquan (1984), 5723:Environmental History 5537:Notes on Marco Polo, 5316:Man: Past and Present 4914:Chan Hok-lam (1988), 4905:Brown, Kerry (2014), 4529:Judika Illes (2009). 4235:Reardon-Anderson 2000 4048:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. 3966:Kim, Sun Joo (2011). 3893:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. 3535:10.1353/sys.2011.0030 2328:on 27 September 2011. 2046:influence during the 1872: 1830:) lived as families ( 1735: 1726:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu 1720: 1674: 1628:, a chieftain of the 1610: 1581:Yongning Temple Stele 1465:Heilongjiang Province 1422: 1414: 1346:Southern Song dynasty 1290:Northern Song dynasty 1257: 890: 558:, with the character 489: 7261:History of Manchuria 6153:, 30, archived from 6091:Yule, Henry (1878), 5525:Muto, Tomio (1939), 5508:Morrison (1815–1823) 4812:Aisin Gioro, Ulhicun 4751:on 25 November 2013. 4577:10.1038/jhg.2016.142 3939:Till, Barry (2004). 3783:on 3 September 2009. 3411:Yi, Ki-baek (1984). 3083:朝鮮學報, Issues 198-201 2218:Lydia Viktorova and 2000:shamanist traditions 1967:Partizansky District 1822:) of ancient clans ( 1611:Ethnic map prior to 1158:Later Three Kingdoms 1148:The Jurchens in the 1121:Later Three Kingdoms 726:form of their name. 556:Chinese naming taboo 151:Revised Romanization 6143:Zhang Feng (2008), 5895:, O. Harrassowitz: 5765:Ross, John (1891), 5062:Fox, Ralph (1936), 4823:Ritsumeikan Bungaku 4814:; Jin, Shi (2007), 4633:10.1038/jhg.2015.28 4424:Keay, John (2011). 3205:Hoong Teik Toh 2005 3189:Hoong Teik Toh 2005 2889:Takekoshi, Yosaburō 2878:, pp. 220–221. 2709:, pp. 239–282. 2342:Hoong Teik Toh 2005 2311:"遼朝國號非「哈喇契丹(遼契丹)」考" 2142:Alternative History 2022:Jurchens practiced 1992:Khitan large script 1955:Abduction marriages 1613:Jurchen unification 1567:(who himself was a 1554:Nikolayevsk-on-Amur 1401:fell to the Mongols 1360:(Jinshi) says that 1115:since the reign of 761:Classical Mongolian 651:Khitan small script 576:Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun 298:Middle Chinese name 6372:Huining Prefecture 6290:Treaty of Shaoxing 5946:"Manchu (Jurchen)" 5419:Meng, Sen (2006), 5104:"The Chin Dynasty" 4745:Genebase Tutorials 4672:. 14 November 2016 4670:Did You Know DNA.. 3492:, p. 229-230. 3389:, p. 225-226. 3377:, p. 127-128. 3239:, p. 221-222. 2824:, p. 212-213. 2809:, p. 414-415. 2777:, p. 219-220. 2151:Agent of Byzantium 2084:Chinese characters 1744: 1730: 1616: 1425: 1417: 1379:. The Jin emperor 1267: 1144:Goryeo-Jurchen war 1072:Changbai Mountains 899: 866:long plaited braid 851:William of Rubruck 586:(Nussin, Naisin). 499: 458:conquest dynasties 395:Changbai mountains 7243: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7143: 7142: 6928: 6927: 6608: 6607: 6556:Jianzhou Jurchens 6552:Five state tribes 6404: 6403: 6265:Jingkang incident 6038:978-1-4223-7719-2 5998:978-0-231-52240-3 5934:978-0-521-24331-5 5844:978-0-7425-6717-7 5824:978-0-7425-4005-7 5714:978-0-520-92679-0 5500:Part II.—Vol. II. 5412:978-0-674-61576-2 5399:Wagner, Edward W. 5133:Le Monde Chinois 5034:978-1-133-60651-2 5016:978-1-4422-0490-4 4480:Ulrich Theobald. 4380:978-0-8248-3404-3 4338:978-0-909879-14-3 4141:978-0-262-29518-5 3881:on 28 April 2015. 3424:978-0-674-61576-2 3286:978-0-7914-2273-1 2847:978-0-520-92884-8 2753:, pp. 13–14. 2595:, pp. 67 ff. 2460:, pp. 11–13. 2438:978-0-7656-4316-2 2391:978-1-107-11547-7 2010:went back to the 1886:by Henry Serruys. 1856:Jianzhou Jurchens 1655:Yongzheng Emperor 1630:Jianzhou Jurchens 1523:Jianzhou Jurchens 1469:Jianzhou Jurchens 1451:) of what became 1234:Jingkang incident 1185:Jurchens reached 1182:Munjong of Goryeo 1047:Frederick W. Mote 1019:and the other in 722:, reflecting the 597:in his 1654 work 529:, whence English 362:Tungusic-speaking 316: 315: 209: 208: 197:McCune–Reischauer 168:North Korean name 163: 162: 122:South Korean name 117: 116: 84:Standard Mandarin 7278: 7271:Tungusic peoples 7152: 7151: 6946: 6945: 6936: 6655: 6654: 6645:peoples in China 6635: 6628: 6621: 6612: 6611: 6438:Tungusic peoples 6431: 6424: 6417: 6408: 6407: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6200: 6199: 6189:Internet Archive 6183: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6157:on 20 April 2014 6139: 6128: 6116: 6104: 6096: 6087: 6070:Wylie, Alexander 6065: 6041: 6019: 6010: 6001: 5981: 5969:Wylie, Alexander 5964: 5963: 5961: 5942:Vajda, Edward J. 5937: 5917: 5879: 5847: 5827: 5807: 5798: 5770: 5761: 5753: 5717: 5697: 5661: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5604: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5547: 5530: 5521: 5505: 5492: 5483:Morrison, Robert 5478: 5461: 5441: 5415: 5397:, translated by 5384: 5356: 5341: 5333: 5309: 5300: 5298: 5283: 5262: 5234: 5221: 5201: 5181: 5157: 5126: 5098: 5067: 5058: 5037: 5019: 4999: 4990: 4966: 4938: 4910: 4901: 4877: 4850: 4826: 4825:, pp. 12–34 4820: 4797: 4796: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4747:. Archived from 4737: 4731: 4730: 4720: 4703:(6): 1112–1116. 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4626: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4556: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4427:China: A History 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4364: 4358: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4293: 4292:, pp. 97–8. 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4055: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4017: 4011: 4010: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3900: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3846:on 12 March 2020 3836: 3830: 3829: 3821: 3815: 3810: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3546: 3514: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3218: 3212: 3202: 3196: 3186: 3180: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3114: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3025: 3019: 3018: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2810: 2804: 2795: 2789: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2732: 2726: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2541: 2532: 2522: 2511: 2505: 2496: 2486: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2422: 2416: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2316: 2307: 2285: 2278: 2272: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2233: 2204: 2156:Byzantine Empire 2146:Harry Turtledove 2024:shamanic rituals 1996:Confucian values 1988:Mongolian script 1948:Sex and marriage 1929: 1924: 1920: 1887: 1861: 1708: 1670:Manzhou Shilu Tu 1558:Russian Far East 1547: 1462: 1449: 1444: 1283: 1264: 1261: 1084:Jiu Manzhou Dang 961: 958: 950: 947: 935: 932: 811: 790: 779:modern Mongolian 720: 708: 685: 681: 680: 669: 648: 647: 565: 564: 548: 523: 452:(1115–1234) and 427:language isolate 356: 348: 340: 338:[dʒuʃən] 335: 328: 308: 242: 228: 227: 205: 204: 188: 187: 182: 181: 159: 158: 142: 141: 136: 135: 113: 112: 99: 98: 75: 74: 69: 68: 49: 48: 21: 20: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7235: 7207: 7181: 7139: 7028: 6997: 6937: 6924: 6837: 6769: 6669: 6646: 6641:Historical non- 6639: 6609: 6604: 6594: 6522:(controversial) 6514:(controversial) 6506:(controversial) 6498:(controversial) 6440: 6435: 6405: 6400: 6338: 6233: 6227: 6181: 6173: 6168: 6160: 6158: 6063: 6039: 5999: 5959: 5957: 5935: 5907: 5877: 5845: 5825: 5804:Peterson (2002) 5796: 5735:10.2307/3985584 5715: 5679:10.2307/2646525 5644: 5642: 5632: 5602: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5495: 5459: 5439: 5413: 5374: 5331: 5296: 5252:10.2307/2719229 5219: 5199: 5179: 5155: 5124: 5096: 5056: 5035: 5017: 4988: 4964: 4936: 4899: 4875: 4848: 4818: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4760: 4756: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4656: 4607: 4600: 4557: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4323:Franke, Herbert 4320: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4259:on 29 July 2014 4249:"明代汉族与女真族的马市贸易" 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4119: 4115: 4109:Rachewiltz 1993 4107: 4103: 4091: 4087: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4053:"Nurhaci" 4045: 4041: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3937: 3933: 3920: 3916: 3890: 3886: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3807: 3793: 3789: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3702:, p. 1066. 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3572: 3568: 3544:1854/LU-2045182 3515: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3219: 3215: 3203: 3199: 3187: 3183: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3143: 3136: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3095: 3091: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3015: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2813: 2805: 2798: 2790: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2733: 2729: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2542: 2535: 2523: 2514: 2506: 2499: 2487: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2449: 2439: 2423: 2419: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2376: 2372: 2358: 2351: 2340: 2333: 2325: 2319:愛新覚羅烏拉熙春女真契丹学研究 2314: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2262: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2164: 2138: 2116:Genetic testing 2107: 2064: 2020: 1994:. They adopted 1980: 1963: 1950: 1939:Although their 1937: 1918: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1875: 1848: 1715: 1709: 1704: 1647:History of Ming 1622: 1605: 1453:Outer Manchuria 1431: 1409: 1272:, chief of the 1262: 1252: 1244:Main articles: 1242: 1154:Taejo of Goryeo 1146: 1097: 1056: 995: 964:Blackwater Mohe 959: 948: 936: BC), the 933: 904: 885: 880: 874: 847: 845:Manchu clothing 837: 786: 683: 663: 633:Trjuwk-li-tsyin 619:, an attempted 611:(Jyrkin) is an 595:Martino Martini 484: 333: 326: 282: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7284: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7193:Khalkha Mongol 7189: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7125: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7098: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7047: 7042: 7036: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6952: 6950: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6661: 6659: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6638: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6615: 6606: 6605: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6560:Haixi Jurchens 6543: 6523: 6515: 6507: 6499: 6491: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6434: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6395:History of Jin 6391: 6384: 6382:Yanqing Temple 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6350:Jurchen people 6346: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6252: 6247: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6226: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6179: 6177:Jurchen script 6172: 6171:External links 6169: 6167: 6166: 6140: 6129: 6119:Chisholm, Hugh 6105: 6088: 6066: 6061: 6042: 6037: 6020: 6011: 6002: 5997: 5982: 5965: 5956:on 1 June 2010 5938: 5933: 5918: 5905: 5880: 5875: 5848: 5843: 5828: 5823: 5808: 5799: 5794: 5771: 5762: 5754: 5718: 5713: 5698: 5662: 5650: 5630: 5605: 5600: 5579: 5568:978-0674042025 5567: 5548: 5531: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5479: 5462: 5457: 5442: 5437: 5416: 5411: 5385: 5372: 5357: 5342: 5334: 5329: 5310: 5301: 5284: 5263: 5246:(1): 239–282, 5235: 5222: 5217: 5202: 5197: 5182: 5177: 5158: 5153: 5127: 5122: 5099: 5094: 5068: 5059: 5054: 5039: 5033: 5020: 5015: 5000: 4991: 4987:978-1135789558 4986: 4967: 4962: 4939: 4934: 4911: 4902: 4898:978-9004183254 4897: 4878: 4873: 4851: 4846: 4827: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4754: 4732: 4709:10.1086/498583 4683: 4654: 4598: 4548: 4536: 4521: 4514: 4495: 4472: 4466:978-0774832922 4465: 4443: 4437:978-0465025183 4436: 4416: 4394: 4379: 4359: 4352:Lanciotti 1980 4344: 4337: 4314: 4302: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4239: 4237:, p. 504. 4227: 4225:, p. 828. 4215: 4213:, p. 834. 4203: 4187: 4175: 4173:, p. 127. 4163: 4147: 4140: 4113: 4111:, p. 112. 4101: 4085: 4069: 4066:. p. 598. 4050:, ed. (1943). 4039: 4032: 4012: 4006:978-1442221949 4005: 3985: 3979:978-0295802176 3978: 3958: 3951: 3931: 3914: 3898:"Abahai" 3895:, ed. (1943). 3884: 3860: 3831: 3816: 3805: 3787: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3641: 3639:, p. 144. 3629: 3627:, p. 138. 3617: 3605: 3603:, p. 301. 3593: 3587:978-1108636629 3586: 3566: 3506: 3504:, p. 195. 3494: 3482: 3461: 3449: 3447:, p. 128. 3437: 3423: 3403: 3401:, p. 137. 3391: 3379: 3367: 3365:, p. 793. 3355: 3353:, p. 224. 3343: 3341:, p. 127. 3331: 3311: 3309:, p. 221. 3299: 3285: 3279:. SUNY Press. 3265: 3263:, p. 223. 3253: 3251:, p. 222. 3241: 3229: 3213: 3197: 3181: 3174:Lanciotti 1980 3166: 3159: 3134: 3127:Lanciotti 1980 3116: 3109: 3089: 3073: 3066: 3046: 3039: 3020: 3013: 2993: 2986: 2966: 2959: 2937: 2930: 2910: 2903: 2880: 2865: 2863:, p. 245. 2853: 2846: 2826: 2811: 2796: 2794:, p. 173. 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2727: 2711: 2699: 2683: 2671: 2669:, p. 153. 2659: 2643: 2641:, p. 232. 2624: 2612: 2597: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2544:Pelliot (1959) 2533: 2525:Pelliot (1959) 2512: 2497: 2474: 2462: 2447: 2437: 2417: 2400: 2390: 2370: 2349: 2331: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2273: 2260: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2137: 2134: 2106: 2103: 2068:Jurchen script 2063: 2060: 2019: 2016: 1998:and practiced 1979: 1976: 1962: 1959: 1949: 1946: 1936: 1933: 1893: 1890: 1879: 1864:raised animals 1852:Haixi Jurchens 1847: 1844: 1714: 1711: 1702: 1618:Main article: 1604: 1601: 1589:Xuande emperor 1517:. Soon after, 1515:Yongle Emperor 1487:Yongle Emperor 1477:Hongwu Emperor 1473:Jilin Province 1457:Haixi Jurchens 1427:Main article: 1408: 1405: 1397:Emperor Aizong 1358:History of Jin 1241: 1238: 1224:people in the 1145: 1142: 1103:rulers of the 1096: 1093: 1068:Bukūri Yongšon 1055: 1052: 1043:History of Jin 1012:History of Jin 994: 991: 903: 900: 884: 881: 873: 870: 836: 833: 766:Secret History 668:: */siwk-i-s/) 629:Middle Chinese 621:reconstruction 603:Nicolas Sanson 580:folk etymology 512:. The variant 483: 480: 419: 418: 412: 402: 314: 313: 310: 309: 304: 303:Middle Chinese 300: 299: 295: 294: 279: 273: 272: 265: 264: 258: 252: 251: 244: 243: 236: 230: 229: 222: 216: 215: 211: 210: 207: 206: 199: 193: 192: 191:Transcriptions 184: 183: 176: 170: 169: 165: 164: 161: 160: 153: 147: 146: 145:Transcriptions 138: 137: 130: 124: 123: 119: 118: 115: 114: 107: 101: 100: 93: 87: 86: 80: 79: 78:Transcriptions 71: 70: 57: 51: 50: 41: 35: 34: 30: 29: 26: 25: 24:Jurchen people 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7283: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7072:Khamag Mongol 7070: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6636: 6631: 6629: 6624: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6602: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6564:Wild Jurchens 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6270:Huangtiandang 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6255:Jin–Song Wars 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6114:"China" 6110: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6095: 6094:"China" 6089: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6003: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5878: 5876:9781317463993 5872: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5857:Steven Danver 5854: 5849: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5797: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5760: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5651: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5603: 5601:0-521-24334-3 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5570: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5545:§161: Ciorcia 5542: 5541: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5485:(1815–1823), 5484: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5458:9780804806534 5454: 5450: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5373:9788822229397 5369: 5365: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5343: 5340: 5335: 5332: 5330:9780521234108 5326: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5220: 5218:9783447051965 5214: 5210: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5154:9780521497817 5150: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123:9780521243315 5119: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5097: 5095:9780521243049 5091: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5018: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4874:9781136380211 4870: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4847:9780967062808 4843: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4603: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4553: 4546:, p. 38. 4545: 4544:Crossley 1997 4540: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4515:9780521243049 4511: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4420: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4312:, p. 18. 4311: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4286: 4280:, p. 22. 4279: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4253:艺术中国(ARTX.cn) 4250: 4243: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4185:, p. 31. 4184: 4183:Peterson 2002 4179: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4081: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4016: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3989: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3962: 3954: 3952:9780888852168 3948: 3944: 3943: 3935: 3927: 3926: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3857: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3742:, p. 30. 3741: 3736: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3714:, p. 13. 3713: 3712:Peterson 2002 3708: 3701: 3700:Goodrich 1976 3696: 3690:, p. 18. 3689: 3684: 3678:, p. 29. 3677: 3672: 3666:, p. 120 3665: 3660: 3653: 3652:Peterson 2002 3648: 3646: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3615:, p. 54. 3614: 3613:Mitamura 1970 3609: 3602: 3597: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3511: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3476:, p. 171, at 3475: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3269: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3139: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3093: 3086:. 朝鮮學會. 2006. 3085: 3084: 3077: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3050: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3014:9780824830137 3010: 3006: 3005: 2997: 2989: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2970: 2962: 2960:9781931907309 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2931:9780824842925 2927: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2884: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2862: 2857: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2771: 2765:, p. 17. 2764: 2763:Crossley 1997 2759: 2752: 2751:Gorelova 2002 2747: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2681:, p. 46. 2680: 2679:Crossley 1997 2675: 2668: 2667:Rockhill 1967 2663: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2621: 2620:Stolberg 2015 2616: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2594: 2593:Janhunen 2004 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2560:Baxter-Sagart 2556: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2510:, p. 12. 2509: 2504: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2489:Franke (1994) 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2472:, p. 27. 2471: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2421: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2374: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2354: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2306: 2302: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212:Donghu people 2209: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2102: 2100: 2099:Wilhelm Grube 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080:Khitan script 2077: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2052:abka-i enduri 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1957:were common. 1956: 1945: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1858:and Maolian ( 1857: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1789:primogeniture 1786: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1748:Khitan people 1742: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1723: 1722:Qilang people 1719: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1614: 1609: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:Songhua River 1570: 1569:Haixi Jurchen 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1440: 1439:Wild Jurchens 1436: 1430: 1421: 1413: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381:Wanyan Yongji 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:Yangtze River 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286:Jin–Song Wars 1279: 1275: 1271: 1256: 1251: 1250:Jin–Song Wars 1247: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1141: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 993:Wanyan origin 990: 988: 984: 983:Tungus people 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 954: 943: 939: 928: 924: 920: 916: 913: 909: 897: 893: 889: 879: 869: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 849:According to 846: 842: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 815: 810: 805: 801: 797: 794: 789: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 767: 762: 758: 754: 752: 748: 744: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 719: 713: 709: 707: 701: 697: 696: 691: 690: 679: 673: 667: 662: 661: 656: 652: 646: 643: 640: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613:anglicization 610: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 563: 557: 553: 552: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527: 519: 515: 511: 507: 502: 497: 493: 488: 479: 477: 475: 471: 470:Eight Banners 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 416: 413: 410: 409:Songhua river 406: 403: 400: 396: 392: 388: 385: 384: 383: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 360: 355: 352: 344: 339: 331: 324: 320: 311: 305: 301: 296: 293: 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 240:Chzhurchzheni 237: 235: 231: 223: 221: 217: 212: 200: 198: 194: 189: 185: 177: 175: 171: 166: 154: 152: 148: 143: 139: 131: 129: 125: 120: 108: 106: 102: 94: 92: 88: 85: 81: 76: 72: 67: 63: 58: 56: 52: 47: 42: 40: 36: 31: 27: 22: 19: 7148:Early Modern 7054: 6600: 6546: 6545: 6537: 6533:Heishui Mohe 6531: 6525: 6517: 6509: 6501: 6493: 6473: 6393: 6386: 6349: 6182:(in Chinese) 6159:, retrieved 6155:the original 6145: 6136: 6133: 6122: 6098: 6078: 6047: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5987: 5973: 5958:, retrieved 5954:the original 5949: 5923: 5892: 5888: 5861: 5833: 5813: 5780: 5766: 5758: 5726: 5722: 5703: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5643:, retrieved 5617: 5613: 5583: 5572:, retrieved 5553: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5517: 5501: 5498: 5487: 5471: 5467: 5447: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5393: 5389:Lee, Ki-baik 5362: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5315: 5305: 5293: 5289: 5276: 5272: 5243: 5239: 5230: 5207: 5187: 5163: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5108: 5081: 5077: 5064:Genghis Khan 5063: 5044: 5024: 5005: 4995: 4972: 4948: 4920: 4906: 4883: 4860: 4856: 4832: 4822: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4749:the original 4744: 4735: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4674:. Retrieved 4669: 4617:(6): 295–8. 4614: 4610: 4568: 4564: 4539: 4530: 4524: 4504: 4498: 4486:. Retrieved 4475: 4456: 4446: 4426: 4419: 4407:. Retrieved 4397: 4369: 4362: 4347: 4327: 4317: 4305: 4297: 4285: 4278:Serruys 1955 4273: 4261:. Retrieved 4257:the original 4252: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4150: 4126: 4116: 4104: 4088: 4078: 4072: 4057: 4042: 4022: 4015: 3995: 3988: 3968: 3961: 3941: 3934: 3924: 3917: 3911:. p. 2. 3902: 3887: 3879:the original 3872: 3863: 3855: 3848:. Retrieved 3844:the original 3834: 3828:(in Russian) 3819: 3812:Google Books 3796: 3790: 3781:the original 3771: 3766:, p. 3. 3759: 3754:, p. 21 3747: 3735: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3688:Dardess 2012 3683: 3671: 3659: 3654:, p. 15 3632: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3576: 3569: 3526: 3522: 3497: 3490:Breuker 2010 3485: 3478:Google Books 3472: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3428:. Retrieved 3413: 3406: 3399:Breuker 2010 3394: 3387:Breuker 2010 3382: 3370: 3358: 3351:Breuker 2010 3346: 3334: 3325: 3314: 3302: 3290:. Retrieved 3275: 3268: 3261:Breuker 2010 3256: 3249:Breuker 2010 3244: 3237:Breuker 2010 3232: 3221:Breuker 2010 3216: 3200: 3184: 3169: 3150: 3099: 3092: 3082: 3076: 3056: 3049: 3029: 3023: 3003: 2996: 2976: 2969: 2950: 2940: 2920: 2913: 2893: 2883: 2876:Breuker 2010 2856: 2836: 2829: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2735:Elliott 2001 2730: 2719:Elliott 2001 2714: 2702: 2691:Elliott 2001 2686: 2674: 2662: 2651:Elliott 2001 2646: 2615: 2567: 2555: 2470:Roth Li 2002 2465: 2458:Roth Li 2002 2442: 2427: 2420: 2408: 2403: 2395: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2323:the original 2318: 2305: 2276: 2271:(Sylissäin). 2268: 2263: 2236: 2230: 2216:ethnographer 2202: 2188:Toi invasion 2183:Nanai people 2149: 2144:timeline of 2139: 2114: 2108: 2092: 2076:Wanyan Aguda 2072:Wanyan Xiyin 2065: 2055: 2051: 2048:Qing dynasty 2039: 2027: 2021: 2004: 1981: 1964: 1951: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1907:Qing dynasty 1895: 1883: 1873: 1849: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812:Ming dynasty 1809: 1804: 1797: 1793: 1782: 1776: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1745: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1623: 1586: 1562: 1543: 1527:Yi Seong-gye 1503: 1494:commanderies 1491: 1484: 1481: 1463:) of modern 1448:yěrén Nǚzhēn 1446: 1435:Ming dynasty 1432: 1407:Ming dynasty 1385:Genghis Khan 1366: 1354: 1329: 1321: 1270:Wanyan Aguda 1268: 1226:Liao dynasty 1216:founded the 1211: 1202: 1196: 1178: 1166: 1162:Later Baekje 1147: 1134: 1129:raided Japan 1126: 1105:Liao dynasty 1098: 1095:Liao vassals 1076:Heilongjiang 1060:Qing dynasty 1057: 1042: 1034:Liao dynasty 1026: 1010: 1007:Heishui Mohe 996: 968: 912:Heilongjiang 905: 894:capturing a 855: 848: 828: 823:—though not 816: 799: 795: 787: 782: 774: 770: 764: 755: 715: 703: 693: 687: 671: 658: 654: 632: 616: 608: 607: 598: 590: 588: 583: 550: 549: 538: 535:Liao dynasty 530: 525: 524: 513: 509: 504:The initial 503: 500: 478: 456:(1644–1912) 447: 425:(speaking a 420: 378: 350: 329: 318: 317: 307:/ɳɨʌXt͡ɕiɪn/ 291: 287: 283: 260: 234:Romanization 214:Russian name 91:Hanyu Pinyin 33:Chinese name 18: 6550:(including 6355:Wanyan clan 6322:Sanfengshan 6312:Dachangyuan 6109:Yule, Henry 5960:16 February 5527:Pan-Pacific 4996:The Manchus 4389:j.ctt6wqjst 4211:Rawski 1996 4171:Perdue 2009 4155:Franke 1990 4093:Franke 1994 3824:Telin Stele 3726:, pp. 3529:(41): 389. 3223:, pp. 3191:, pp. 2807:Franke 1990 2775:Franke 1994 2125:Transbaikal 1984:Jin dynasty 1978:Agriculture 1898:Han Chinese 1810:During the 1684:. The term 1668:" and the " 1550:Tyr, Russia 1263: 1141 1240:Jin dynasty 1054:Qing origin 951:), and the 934: 1100 902:Mohe origin 695:Book of Wei 666:Old Chinese 649:) and into 625:transcribed 391:Mudan river 372:in 1635 by 7250:Categories 7009:Karakhanid 6062:3110134179 5906:0742540057 5853:"Tungusic" 5795:0521243335 5631:3447033398 5438:7101050301 5352:, p. 5198:9004123075 5178:023103833X 5055:0804746842 4963:0521243335 4935:0521243327 4676:5 November 4354:, p. 4290:Zhang 1984 4197:, p. 4157:, p. 4095:, p. 4033:0520234243 3806:0295981245 3764:Cosmo 2007 3740:Zhang 2008 3724:Clark 1998 3676:Zhang 2008 3363:Brown 2014 3207:, p. 3176:, p. 3160:0520043839 3129:, p. 3110:0791422739 3067:0684188988 3040:0870116223 2987:0521223539 2904:0415323797 2861:Huang 1990 2737:, p. 2721:, p. 2707:Huang 1990 2693:, p. 2653:, p. 2608:Vajda 2000 2546:, p. 2527:, p. 2491:, p. 2344:, p. 2292:References 2220:sinologist 2136:In fiction 2127:area. The 2066:The early 2056:abka-i han 1820:hala mukun 1706:Hong Taiji 1634:Hong Taiji 1577:Amur River 1539:Yi Sun-sin 1471:of modern 1350:Huai River 1348:along the 1199:Byeolmuban 1150:Yalu River 1109:Yalu River 1080:Amur river 960: 700 949: 500 876:See also: 858:Yalu River 839:See also: 835:Appearance 831:(Jyrkät). 740:Khabarovsk 712:Marco Polo 514:Nrjo-tsyin 374:Hong Taiji 359:East Asian 174:Chosŏn'gŭl 105:Wade–Giles 7111:Xueyantuo 7019:Khotanese 6801:Tocharian 6539:Sumo Mohe 5915:0571-320X 5751:143541438 5695:162388379 5640:0571-320X 5470:Vol. XLII 5423:《满洲开国史讲义》 5382:0069-438X 4793:171094135 4624:1412.6274 4488:17 August 4409:17 August 4195:Chan 1988 4132:MIT Press 3874:Ifeng.com 3869:"亦失哈八下东洋" 3752:Meng 2006 3664:Meng 2006 3637:Seth 2010 3625:Seth 2006 3601:Wang 2010 3561:162237648 3502:Mote 1999 3195:, 35, 36. 2822:Mote 1999 2792:Kim 2011b 2639:Kane 1997 2297:Citations 2269:Zhulizhen 2148:'s novel 2088:Mongolian 2044:Confucian 2028:abka hehe 1741:Ussuriysk 1334:Confucian 1278:Shangjing 1258:China in 1232:in 1127 ( 1203:Hangmagun 1117:Wang Geon 1064:Hongtaiji 892:Siberians 802:(Jussin)( 700:Fra Mauro 589:The form 539:Nrjo-drik 462:Later Jin 441:and many 366:Manchuria 277:Mongolian 269:Mongolian 226:Чжурчжэни 7256:Jurchens 7186:Northern 7155:Southern 7033:Northern 6949:Southern 6942:Medieval 6898:Shanrong 6871:Dingling 6842:Northern 6816:Quanrong 6701:Lạc Việt 6674:Southern 6547:Jurchens 6469:Negidals 6362:Jiaochao 6343:See also 6317:Daohuigu 6307:Yehuling 6275:Yancheng 6260:Timeline 6250:Military 6161:18 April 6111:(1911), 6072:(1860), 5971:(1855), 5944:(2000), 5657:Vol. VII 5645:10 March 5574:10 March 5391:(1984), 5349:Vol. III 4785:31148597 4727:16380921 4641:25833470 4585:27853133 4325:(1981). 4124:(2011). 3553:23496214 3445:Lee 1984 3375:Lee 1984 3339:Lee 1984 3292:18 March 2891:(2004). 2224:linguist 2162:See also 2129:Tungusic 2105:Genetics 2062:Language 2042:. Under 2032:Buddhism 2018:Religion 2007:Ningguta 1971:Primorye 1880:— 1868:Shenyang 1703:— 1593:Jurchens 1499:Liaodong 1492:Chinese 1467:and the 1391:. After 1338:Bianjing 1322:antʃu-un 1192:Yun Kwan 971:Tungusic 915:Province 896:reindeer 781:form is 757:Janhunen 751:Sakhalin 745:and the 743:Province 732:reindeer 692:and the 572:sinified 492:Liaodong 399:Liaodong 387:Jianzhou 261:dʒuuldʒi 7229:Khoshut 7224:Dzungar 7212:Western 7077:Khereid 7055:Jurchen 7045:Kumo Xi 7024:Tibetan 7002:Western 6966:Cuanman 6915:Xianyun 6888:Guifang 6881:Xianbei 6859:Xiongnu 6854:Chunwei 6821:Xianyun 6774:Western 6721:Yangyue 6716:Shanyue 6696:Dong'ou 6691:Âu Việt 6658:Eastern 6651:Ancient 6601:Italics 6570:Manchus 6475:Duchers 6464:Oroqens 6377:Zhongdu 6332:Caizhou 6327:Kaifeng 6280:Tangdao 6238:History 6121:(ed.), 5867:713–714 5859:(ed.), 5743:3985584 5687:2646525 5275:Vol. II 5260:2719229 5114:215–320 5086:400–423 4954:272–300 4926:182–304 4804:Sources 4718:1285168 4649:7505563 4593:7685248 4263:25 July 3430:30 July 3225:220–221 2238:Tung-hu 2140:In the 2123:in the 2040:shanman 2012:Sungari 1919:ᠰᠣᠨᠴᠣᡥᠣ 1915:soncoho 1832:booigon 1800:Nurhaci 1752:Mongols 1713:Culture 1659:Nurhaci 1638:Manchus 1626:Nurhaci 1565:Yishiha 1556:in the 1519:Mentemu 1506:Koreans 1393:a siege 1377:Kaifeng 1373:Zhongdu 1369:Mongols 1328:: 1320:: 1318:Jurchen 1230:Kaifeng 1187:Chongju 1169:Wuyashu 999:Wugunai 987:Khitans 872:History 862:Nurhaci 804:Jurchen 793:Jurchen 771:J̌ürčät 724:Persian 718:Ciorcia 655:Julisen 609:Jurchen 543:Chinese 531:Nurchen 518:Chinese 466:Nurhaci 431:Negidai 370:Manchus 343:Chinese 319:Jurchen 292:Jürchid 288:Zörchid 284:Zürchid 220:Russian 111:Nü-chên 39:Chinese 7219:Oirats 7198:Manchu 7133:Shatuo 7128:Yueban 7106:Uyghur 7096:Tangut 7082:Naiman 7062:Shiwei 7040:Khitan 7014:Karluk 6986:Zhuang 6981:Bouyei 6903:Sushen 6876:Wuhuan 6866:Donghu 6833:Yuezhi 6811:Xirong 6760:Yelang 6755:Nanman 6711:Nanyue 6706:Minyue 6686:Âu Lạc 6681:Baiyue 6665:Dongyi 6580:Nanais 6519:Shiwei 6495:Sushen 6486:Orochs 6481:Udeges 6459:Solons 6454:Evenks 6285:Caishi 6232:topics 6135:《金史简编》 6059: 6035: 5995: 5931: 5913: 5903: 5873: 5841: 5821: 5792: 5786:221–71 5749: 5741: 5711: 5693: 5685: 5638: 5628: 5598: 5565: 5539:Vol. I 5455: 5435: 5409: 5380: 5370: 5327: 5292:Vol. 9 5258: 5215: 5195: 5175: 5151: 5120: 5092: 5080:Vol. I 5052: 5031: 5013: 4984: 4960: 4932: 4895: 4891:-221, 4871: 4859:Vol. I 4844: 4838:p. 179 4791: 4783: 4725: 4715: 4647: 4639: 4591: 4583: 4512: 4463: 4434: 4387: 4377: 4335: 4138: 4030: 4003: 3976: 3949: 3803: 3584: 3559: 3551: 3421: 3283: 3157: 3107: 3064: 3037: 3011: 2984: 2957: 2928: 2901: 2844: 2572:《汲冢周书》 2435: 2413:p. 452 2388: 2232:Dōnghú 2095:Manchu 2036:Daoism 1961:Burial 1928:biànzi 1774:Turkic 1728:, 1769 1724:(奇楞). 1692:. 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