724:(Relenza) based on an evaluation of the performance of these drugs in the scenario that the 2009 H1N1 'Swine Flu' neuraminidase (NA) were to acquire the tamiflu-resistance (His274Tyr) mutation which is currently widespread in seasonal H1N1 strains. Yet another example is in the case of the amantadines treatment may lead to the rapid production of resistant viruses, and over-use of these drugs has probably contributed to the spread of resistance. In particular, this high-level of resistance may be due to the easy availability of amantadines as part of over-the-counter cold remedies in countries such as China and Russia, and their use to prevent outbreaks of influenza in farmed poultry.
1155:(specifically, catechins and theanine that is found in tea products) has been correlated with reduced risk of contracting influenza, as well as having an antiviral effect upon types A and B. Specifically, the high levels of epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, and epigallocatechin present in green tea were found to inhibit influenza virus replication. Additionally, topical application has been suggested to possibly act as a mild disinfectant. Regular dietary intake of green tea has been associated with stronger immune response to infection, through the enhancement of T-Cell function.
655:, causing them to release interferons. Although interferon therapies became widespread in the Soviet Union, the method was doubted in the United States after high doses of interferon proved ineffective in trials. Though the 1969 study used 256 units of interferon, subsequent studies used up to 8.4 million units. It has since been proposed that activity of interferon is highest at low concentrations. Phase III trials in Australia are planned for 2010, and initial trials are planned in the U.S. for late 2009.
42:
1002:. Another review assessed the quality of evidence for alternative influenza treatments, it concluded that there was "no compelling evidence" that any of these treatments were effective and that the available data on these products is particularly weak, with trials in this area suffering from many shortcomings, such as being small and poorly-designed and not testing for adverse effects.
666:. This work was based on experiments in mice that suggested that type I interferons could enhance the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in mice. However, a clinical trial in 2008 found that oral dosing of elderly patients with interferon-alpha actually reduced their immune response to an influenza vaccine.
916:
and thus place people at greater risk of respiratory infections such as influenza. Seasonal variation in sunlight exposure, which is required for vitamin D synthesis within the body, has been proposed as one of the factors accounting for the seasonality of influenza. A meta-analysis of 13 studies
727:
On the other hand, a few strains resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors have emerged and circulated in the absence of much use of the drugs involved, and the frequency with which drug resistant strains appears shows little correlation with the level of use of these drugs. However, laboratory studies
1050:
Several animal studies found that in a mouse model of lethal infection with a high dose of influenza, oral supplementation with one gram of N-acetylcysteine per kilogram of body weight daily increased the rate of survival, either when administered alone or in combination with the antiviral drugs
1172:
was the direct transfusion of blood, plasma, or serum from recovered patients. Though medical experiments of the era lacked some procedural refinements, eight publications from 1918 to 1925 reported that the treatment could approximately halve the mortality in hospitalized severe cases with an
650:
of 1969, in which those treated prophylactically with interferon were more than 50% less likely to suffer symptoms, though evidence of latent infection was present. In these early studies leukocytes were collected from donated blood and exposed to a high dose of
630:
is also used as a treatment. Testing of the drug has predominantly occurred in these countries and, although no clinical trials have been published demonstrating this is an effective drug, some data suggest that this could be a useful treatment for influenza.
1587:
471:
In children other warning signs include irritability, failing to wake up and interact, rapid breathing, and a blueish skin color. Another warning sign in children is if the flu symptoms appear to resolve, but then reappear with fever and a bad cough.
1087:. The preparation has been reported to reduce the duration of influenza symptoms by raising levels of cytokines. However, the use of the preparation has been described as "imprudent" when an influenza strain causes death in healthy adults by
1010:
The activity of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against influenza was first suggested in 1966. In 1997 a randomized clinical trial found that volunteers taking 1.2 grams of N-acetylcysteine daily for six months were as likely as those taking
3534:
Thomas C. Luke, MD, MTMH; Edward M. Kilbane, MD, MPH; Jeffrey L. Jackson, MD, MPH; and
Stephen L. Hoffman, MD, DTMH (2006-10-17). "Meta-Analysis: Convalescent Blood Products for Spanish Influenza Pneumonia: A Future H5N1 Treatment?".
3490:
Rowe, CA; Nantz, MP; Bukowski, JF; Percival, SS (2007). "Specific formulation of
Camellia sinensis prevents cold and flu symptoms and enhances gamma, delta T cell function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study".
1819:
Venkataramanan
Soundararajan; Kannan Tharakaraman; Rahul Raman; S. Raguram; Zachary Shriver; V. Sasisekharan; Ram Sasisekharan (9 June 2009). "Extrapolating from sequence β the 2009 H1N1 'swine' influenza virus".
1591:
1714:
Gatich RZ, Kolobukhina LV, Vasil'ev AN, Isaeva EI, Burtseva EI, Orlova TG, Voronina FV, Kol'tsov VD, Malinovskaia VV (2008). "Viferon suppositories in the treatment of influenza in adults (article in
Russian)".
1647:
Launay O, Grabar S, Bloch F, et al. (July 2008). "Effect of sublingual administration of interferon-alpha on the immune response to influenza vaccination in institutionalized elderly individuals".
700:
and H1N1 Influenza 09 (Human Swine Flu), stating that it was used successfully in Russia for eight years, but that "the medical profession in Europe and the USA is not informed about this medicine".
3662:
Kalamasz D, Long SA, Taniguchi R, Buckner JH, Berenson RJ, Bonyhadi M (2004). "Optimization of human T-cell expansion ex vivo using magnetic beads conjugated with anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28 antibodies".
1429:
Shi L, Xiong H, He J, et al. (2007). "Antiviral activity of arbidol against influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus and adenovirus in vitro and in vivo".
483:
directly target the viruses responsible for influenza infections. Generally, anti-viral drugs work optimally when taken within a few days of the onset of symptoms. Certain drugs are used
1906:
Bright RA, Medina MJ, Xu X, et al. (October 2005). "Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern".
403:. These drugs can reduce the severity of symptoms if taken soon after infection and can also be taken to decrease the risk of infection. However, virus strains have emerged that show
4661:
4656:
1683:
3758:
American
Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases (April 2008). "Prevention of influenza: recommendations for influenza immunization of children, 2007β2008".
1473:
1394:"[Sensitivity of various influenza virus strains to arbidol. Influence of arbidol combination with different antiviral drugs on reproduction of influenza virus A]"
3067:
Barak V, Birkenfeld S, Halperin T, Kalickman I (November 2002). "The effect of herbal remedies on the production of human inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines".
3238:
Ko HC, Wei BL, Chiou WF (September 2006). "The effect of medicinal plants used in
Chinese folk medicine on RANTES secretion by virus-infected human epithelial cells".
3160:
Kulichenko LL, Kireyeva LV, Malyshkina EN, Wikman G (2003). "A randomized, controlled study of Kan Jang versus amantadine in the treatment of influenza in
Volgograd".
1949:
Ilyushina NA, Govorkova EA, Webster RG (October 2005). "Detection of amantadine-resistant variants among avian influenza viruses isolated in North
America and Asia".
312:
2766:
Garozzo A, Tempera G, Ungheri D, Timpanaro R, Castro A (2007). "N-acetylcysteine synergizes with oseltamivir in protecting mice from lethal influenza infection".
728:
have shown that it is possible for the use of sub-optimal doses of these drugs as a prophylactic measure might contribute to the development of drug resistance.
1612:
Bracci L, Canini I, Venditti M, et al. (April 2006). "Type I IFN as a vaccine adjuvant for both systemic and mucosal vaccination against influenza virus".
642:
are cellular signalling factors produced in response to viral infection. Research into the use of interferons to combat influenza began in the 1960s in the
1091:
leading to primary viral pneumonia. The manufacturer cites a lack of evidence for cytokine-related risks, but labels the product only as an antioxidant and
3796:
4816:
735:
to amantadine and rimantadine led the CDC to recommend oseltamivir as a prophylactic drug, and the use of either oseltamivir or zanamivir as treatment.
917:
indicated some support for adjunctive vitamin D therapy for influenza, but called for more rigorous clinical trials to settle the issue conclusively.
5057:
3895:
3578:
3533:
2575:
1538:
2624:
Streightoff F, Redman CE, DeLong DC (1966). "In vivo antiviral chemotherapy. II. Anti-influenza action of compounds affecting mucous secretions".
692:
medicine, "Grippferon", nasal drops, is used for treatment and emergency prevention of
Influenza and cold. Its manufacturers have appealed to the
3203:
Glatthaar-SaalmΓΌller B, Sacher F, Esperester A (June 2001). "Antiviral activity of an extract derived from roots of
Eleutherococcus senticosus".
3326:"Green tea consumption is inversely associated with the incidence of influenza infection among schoolchildren in a tea plantation area of Japan"
3948:"Vaccines for pandemic influenza. The history of our current vaccines, their limitations and the requirements to deal with a pandemic threat"
2380:"Micronutrient deficiencies are associated with impaired immune response and higher burden of respiratory infections in elderly Ecuadorians"
340:
2138:
3275:"Effects of green tea catechins and theanine on preventing influenza infection among healthcare workers: a randomized controlled trial"
2944:
2095:
1369:
1292:
416:
2698:
Ungheri D, Pisani C, Sanson G, et al. (2000). "Protective effect of n-acetylcysteine in a model of influenza infection in mice".
1067:
production in cultured airway cells in response to influenza virus by 18%. The compound has been proposed for treatment of influenza.
5106:
2589:
Guo R, Pittler MH, Ernst E (November 2007). "Complementary medicine for treating or preventing influenza or influenza-like illness".
1223:. High concentrations of N-acetylcysteine have been used to enhance growth of these cells. This method is still in early research.
254:
3038:"The effect of Sambucol, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines: I. Inflammatory cytokines"
451:
Warning signs are symptoms that indicate that the disease is becoming serious and needs immediate medical attention. These include:
2528:
1690:
2996:
2653:"Attenuation of influenza-like symptomatology and improvement of cell-mediated immunity with long-term N-acetylcysteine treatment"
1506:
5212:
2970:
2036:
Lackenby A, Thompson CI, Democratis J (December 2008). "The potential impact of neuraminidase inhibitor resistant influenza".
5217:
3603:
3119:
2727:"Synergistic combination of N-acetylcysteine and ribavirin to protect from lethal influenza viral infection in a mouse model"
2168:
747:
do not directly affect the disease, but they do provide relief from influenza symptoms, as illustrated in the table below.
4753:
4465:
4427:
3593:
3037:
259:
17:
1240:
4784:
4956:
4951:
4758:
3022:
1794:
1769:
522:
264:
124:
119:
2480:"Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials"
1284:
940:
may help to shorten the course of influenza infection. The article cites more limited evidence including animal or
920:
A recent review discussing herbal and alternative medicines in influenza treatment details evidence suggesting that
860:
Several generic prescription medications might prove useful to treat a potential H5N1 avian flu outbreak, including
5064:
5019:
269:
209:
1055:
or oseltamivir. NAC was shown to block or reduce cytopathic effects in influenza-infected macrophages, to reduce
5044:
4651:
4646:
4641:
3135:
3094:
2081:"Prevention and Control of Influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)"
333:
107:
4830:
4728:
4671:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
1015:
to be infected by influenza, but only 25% of them experienced clinical symptoms, as contrasted with 67% of the
85:
63:
4377:
3109:
1111:, sold under the trade name Kan Jang, was reported in the Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy to outperform
5243:
4845:
4763:
4748:
744:
712:, this can result from over-use of these drugs. For example, a study published in the June 2009 Issue of
274:
249:
2529:"Colds and Influenza: A Review of Diagnosis and Conventional, Botanical, and Nutritional Considerations"
930:
731:
During the United States 2005β2006 influenza season, increasing incidence of drug resistance by strain
326:
3414:
Song, JM; Lee, KH; Seong, BL (2005). "Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus".
3367:"Additional inhibitory effect of tea extract on the growth of influenza A and B viruses in MDCK cells"
5191:
4806:
3365:
Imanishi, N; Tuji, Y; Katada, Y; Maruhashi, M; Konosu, S; Mantani, N; Terasawa, K; Ochiai, H (2002).
2290:"Commentary: From scarcity to abundance: pandemic vaccines and other agents for "have not" countries"
2142:
693:
1818:
594:
4385:
2948:
1131:
was shown to be most effective in inhibiting RANTES secretion by H1N1 influenza infected cells in
5148:
5034:
5004:
4999:
4893:
4698:
4420:
4077:
986:
936:
539:
376:
244:
224:
5207:
5009:
4811:
4779:
4714:
3757:
1863:
Lynch JP, Walsh EE (April 2007). "Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention".
1204:
1020:
364:
itself; or instead they may just offer relief to symptoms of the disease, while the body's own
307:
297:
199:
3324:
Park, M; Yamada, H; Matsushita, K; Kaji, S; Goto, T; Okada, Y; Kosuge, K; Kitagawa, T (2011).
880:
Malnutrition can reduce the ability of the body to resist infections and is a common cause of
4789:
4204:
3947:
3889:
3572:
2569:
2146:
709:
708:
Influenza viruses can show resistance to anti-viral drugs. Like the development of bacterial
495:
438:
4393:
3707:"In vitro effect of bioactive compounds on influenza virus specific B- and T-cell responses"
3548:
4799:
713:
688:(vitamin E) which was reported in two small studies to be as effective as arbidol. Another
3451:"Evaluation of the antiviral activity of a green tea solution as a hand-wash disinfectant"
1546:
8:
4859:
4743:
4460:
2118:
963:
743:
Antiviral drugs are prescription-only medication in the United States. Readily available
137:
4223:
4162:"Major issues and challenges of influenza pandemic preparedness in developing countries"
3966:
2551:
1524:
1474:"The results of controlled observations on the prophylaxis of influenza with interferon"
1019:. The authors concluded that resistance to flu symptoms was associated with a shift in
5238:
4991:
4933:
4680:
4450:
4413:
4353:
4326:
4313:
4235:
4186:
4161:
4143:
4118:
4105:
4064:
3978:
3929:
3904:
3872:
3847:
3821:
3783:
3736:
3687:
3644:
3560:
3516:
3396:
3383:
3366:
3301:
3274:
3185:
3000:
2791:
2652:
2504:
2479:
2455:
2428:
2404:
2379:
2319:
2265:
2238:
2214:
2189:
2173:
2123:
2061:
1931:
1888:
1845:
1493:
1454:
981:
969:
689:
607:
503:
388:
302:
192:
149:
4016:
3991:
3216:
2205:
2010:
1985:
1919:
1364:
1335:
1318:
5014:
4943:
4501:
4455:
4358:
4305:
4270:
4227:
4191:
4148:
4097:
4056:
4021:
4007:
3970:
3934:
3877:
3848:"Estimating influenza vaccine efficacy from challenge and community-based study data"
3826:
3775:
3728:
3723:
3706:
3679:
3675:
3636:
3619:
Korhonen H, Marnila P, Gill HS (November 2000). "Bovine milk antibodies for health".
3599:
3552:
3508:
3472:
3431:
3388:
3347:
3306:
3255:
3220:
3177:
3115:
3076:
3049:
2925:
2898:
2871:
2830:
2783:
2748:
2707:
2677:
2633:
2606:
2543:
2509:
2460:
2409:
2360:
2311:
2270:
2219:
2099:
2053:
2015:
1966:
1923:
1892:
1880:
1837:
1751:
1724:
1665:
1629:
1569:
1532:
1498:
1446:
1405:
1393:
1340:
1252:
1218:
1200:
1169:
1084:
1056:
998:
819:
663:
652:
576:
100:
4399:
4317:
4239:
4109:
3982:
3920:
3740:
3691:
3648:
3520:
3427:
3400:
3189:
2795:
2190:"Confronting an influenza pandemic with inexpensive generic agents: can it be done?"
2065:
1986:"Use of antiviral drug in poultry is blamed for drug resistant strains of avian flu"
1849:
1458:
888:, micronutrient deficiencies were found to be common in the elderly, especially for
51:
5156:
5101:
5091:
5029:
4693:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4496:
4348:
4338:
4295:
4260:
4249:"Flu myths: dispelling the myths associated with live attenuated influenza vaccine"
4219:
4181:
4173:
4138:
4130:
4089:
4068:
4046:
4011:
4003:
3962:
3924:
3916:
3867:
3859:
3816:
3808:
3787:
3767:
3718:
3671:
3628:
3564:
3544:
3504:
3500:
3462:
3423:
3378:
3337:
3296:
3286:
3247:
3212:
3169:
2861:
2822:
2775:
2738:
2667:
2598:
2499:
2491:
2450:
2440:
2399:
2391:
2350:
2323:
2301:
2260:
2250:
2209:
2201:
2045:
2005:
1997:
1958:
1935:
1915:
1872:
1829:
1657:
1621:
1561:
1488:
1438:
1330:
1199:
using beads holding specific antigens to activate the cells and stimulate growth.
1044:
992:
921:
881:
845:
785:
677:
219:
75:
70:
2974:
2306:
2289:
1661:
1625:
840:
Children and teenagers with flu symptoms (particularly fever) should avoid taking
356:
include a range of medications and therapies that are used in response to disease
5129:
5113:
4119:"Respiratory viruses other than influenza virus: impact and therapeutic advances"
2672:
2602:
2049:
1547:"Systemic effects of interferons after oral administration in animals and humans"
1208:
1092:
1032:
973:
769:
697:
558:
404:
361:
80:
58:
41:
1962:
4868:
4475:
4327:"Modelling the evolution of drug resistance in the presence of antiviral drugs"
3797:"Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide"
2779:
2743:
2726:
2239:"Pandemic influenza: a potential role for statins in treatment and prophylaxis"
1088:
1078:
803:
480:
372:
4284:"The war against influenza: discovery and development of sialidase inhibitors"
3632:
3251:
1442:
487:, that is they are used in uninfected individuals to guard against infection.
5232:
5161:
5024:
3905:"Current and future antiviral therapy of severe seasonal and avian influenza"
3839:
2080:
1565:
1260:
1192:
1016:
977:
849:
809:
681:
647:
490:
Four licensed influenza antiviral agents are available in the United States:
365:
214:
4343:
3837:
3291:
2866:
2849:
2526:
2001:
1795:"OPEN LETTER to: Director-General's office of the World Health Organization"
1525:"Low Dose Interferon, Immune Modulation and Emergency Influenza Prophylaxis"
1522:
5171:
4794:
4470:
4362:
4309:
4274:
4231:
4195:
4177:
4152:
4101:
4093:
4060:
4051:
4034:
4025:
3974:
3938:
3881:
3830:
3779:
3771:
3732:
3683:
3640:
3556:
3512:
3476:
3435:
3392:
3351:
3310:
3259:
3224:
3181:
3080:
3053:
2929:
2826:
2787:
2752:
2711:
2610:
2547:
2513:
2464:
2445:
2413:
2364:
2315:
2274:
2223:
2103:
2057:
2019:
1970:
1927:
1884:
1841:
1755:
1728:
1669:
1633:
1573:
1545:
Cummins, Joseph M.; Krakowka, G. Steven; Thompson, Chad G. (January 2005).
1450:
1409:
1344:
1256:
1132:
952:
901:
791:
643:
3812:
3342:
3325:
3173:
2902:
2875:
2834:
2681:
2637:
2395:
1876:
1798:
1773:
1502:
1362:
5176:
4903:
4898:
4886:
4688:
4134:
3863:
3843:
2811:"Characterization of influenza virus-induced death of J774.1 macrophages"
1296:
949:
897:
869:
826:
773:
717:
565:
484:
400:
384:
204:
169:
159:
154:
3705:
Boon AC, Vos AP, Graus YM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD (January 2002).
2495:
2478:
Yamshchikov AV, Desai NS, Blumberg HM, Ziegler TR, Tangpricha V (2009).
2079:
Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Strikas RA (July 2006).
1833:
5134:
5052:
4928:
4881:
4876:
4480:
3467:
3450:
2850:"Effect of brefeldin A on influenza A virus-induced apoptosis in vitro"
1588:"Amarillo Biosciences Selects Accelovance for Its Next Influenza Study"
1212:
1140:
1112:
925:
905:
832:
685:
639:
396:
392:
292:
174:
144:
3139:
5186:
5181:
4961:
4920:
4913:
4908:
4436:
1177:
1152:
1116:
1060:
1052:
1028:
957:
893:
889:
844:
as taking aspirin in the presence of influenza infection (especially
778:
721:
673:
583:
547:
499:
491:
380:
357:
179:
164:
112:
33:
4300:
4283:
4265:
4248:
4078:"Influenza update 2007-2008: vaccine advances, pandemic preparation"
3202:
3023:"When a Super-Bug Strikes Close to Home, How Will You Deal With it?"
2810:
1742:
Kolobukhina LV, Malinovskaia VV, Gatich RZ, et al. (2008). "".
3273:
Matsumoto, K; Yamada, H; Takuma, N; Niino, H; Sagesaka, YM (2005).
2427:
Cannell JJ, Zasloff M, Garland CF, Scragg R, Giovannucci E (2008).
2355:
2338:
2255:
1713:
1391:
865:
799:
659:
618:
429:
237:
3990:
Lipatov AS, Govorkova EA, Webby RJ, et al. (September 2004).
3159:
1180:
might also serve as a source of antibodies for some applications.
1119:
pilot study of 71 patients in 2003. Prior to this, an extract of
1063:) in equine influenza-infected canine kidney cells, and to reduce
5096:
2378:
Hamer DH, SempΓ©rtegui F, Estrella B, et al. (January 2009).
1040:
1036:
1012:
885:
861:
841:
765:
669:
646:, culminating in a trial of 14,000 subjects at the height of the
627:
3066:
1684:"Russia through the prism of the world biopharmaceutical market"
4966:
2477:
1363:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (3 September 2020).
1115:
in reducing influenza-related sick time and complications in a
1064:
1024:
913:
875:
720:(Tamiflu) stockpiles with additional antiviral drugs including
2765:
1523:
Joseph M. Cummins, DVM, Chad G. Thompson, BA (December 2004).
1392:
Leneva, IA; Fediakina, IT; Gus'kova, TA; Glushkov, RG (2005).
1285:"Taking Care of Yourself: What to Do if You Get Sick with Flu"
5166:
4205:"Antiviral drugs for the control of pandemic influenza virus"
2650:
1741:
912:, and these are thought to weaken the immune system or cause
4405:
3661:
1123:
was shown to inhibit replication of RNA but not DNA viruses
3364:
2426:
1075:
A few news reports have suggested the use of an elderberry
945:
909:
732:
4116:
3272:
2119:"This Season's Flu Virus Is Resistant to 2 Standard Drugs"
2035:
3489:
1948:
419:(CDC), recommends that people with influenza infections:
3795:
Andre FE, Booy R, Bock HL, et al. (February 2008).
3323:
2377:
444:
Consult a physician early on for best possible treatment
3704:
2623:
1544:
415:
The United States authority on disease prevention, the
4159:
3035:
27:
Therapy and pharmacy for the common infectious disease
4117:
Nichols WG, Peck Campbell AJ, Boeckh M (April 2008).
3989:
2527:
Mario Roxas, ND and Julie Jurenka, MT (ASCP) (2007).
1404:(8). Moscow, Russia: ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ¬Π‘Π’ΠΠ "ΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠΠ": 84β88.
884:
in the developing world. For instance, in a study in
852:, a rare but potentially fatal disease of the brain.
4035:"2008-2009 Influenza update: a better vaccine match"
2888:
2847:
2078:
1611:
944:
studies to suggest possible benefit from vitamin C,
387:, polymerase acidic endonuclease inhibitors such as
3618:
2968:
2697:
1183:
4202:
1173:average case-fatality rate of 37% when untreated.
4203:Sugrue RJ, Tan BH, Yeo DS, Sutejo R (June 2008).
3036:Barak, V; Halperin, T; Kalickman, I (June 2001).
2997:"No swine flu cases in state; officials on alert"
2339:"The interaction between nutrition and infection"
2336:
1646:
1471:
1319:"The treatment of influenza with antiviral drugs"
1238:
5230:
2942:
2848:Saito T, Tanaka M, Yamaguchi I (November 1996).
2169:"Consumer Saturday β Warning on Flu and Aspirin"
1365:"What You Should Know about Flu Antiviral Drugs"
1239:Montalto NJ, Gum KD, Ashley JV (December 2000).
1083:extract as a potential preventative against the
855:
506:. They are available through prescription only.
4246:
3591:
3448:
3107:
2588:
2072:
1358:
1356:
1354:
751:OTC medicines provide relief for 'flu symptoms
716:emphasized the urgent need for augmentation of
4324:
4281:
4160:Oshitani H, Kamigaki T, Suzuki A (June 2008).
3449:Shin, WJ; Kim, YK; Lee, KH; Seong, BL (2012).
1905:
1127:. Among nine Chinese medicinal herbs tested,
738:
4421:
4247:Tosh PK, Boyce TG, Poland GA (January 2008).
3794:
3020:
2724:
2287:
1211:specific to influenza. These work much like
334:
3894:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3577:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3413:
2994:
2971:"Thomasville Residents Concerned About H1N1"
2808:
2574:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1537:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1351:
876:Nutritional supplements and herbal medicines
360:. Treatments may either directly target the
2889:Mugnier A, Manoha E, Drapier M (1976). "".
2187:
2031:
2029:
1398:Π’Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΡΡ
ΠΈΠ² (Therapeutic Archive)
1215:but are permanently bound to these cells.
658:Interferons have also been investigated as
455:Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
4428:
4414:
3945:
3902:
3237:
2651:S. De Flora; C. Grassi; L. Carati (1997).
2096:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1862:
1428:
1370:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1168:An alternative to vaccination used in the
417:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
341:
327:
4352:
4342:
4299:
4264:
4185:
4142:
4075:
4050:
4032:
4015:
3928:
3871:
3820:
3722:
3466:
3382:
3341:
3300:
3290:
2865:
2742:
2671:
2503:
2454:
2444:
2403:
2354:
2305:
2264:
2254:
2236:
2213:
2009:
1492:
1481:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
1334:
1279:
1277:
1241:"Updated treatment for influenza A and B"
2999:. Pensacola News-Journal. Archived from
2166:
2026:
1590:. MarketWire. 2009-05-20. Archived from
1163:
458:Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen
447:Remain alert for emergency warning signs
410:
4390:EU coordination on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
3549:10.7326/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00139
3138:. Manufacturer Web site. Archived from
1983:
1770:"Clinical Investigations of Grippferon"
1554:American Journal of Veterinary Research
1098:
14:
5231:
2116:
1316:
1274:
5218:US influenza statistics by flu season
4409:
601:Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor
2809:Lowy RJ, Dimitrov DS (August 1997).
2337:Katona P, Katona-Apte J (May 2008).
2139:"Cold and Flu Guidelines: Influenza"
1323:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1289:Disease and Conditions: Seasonal Flu
4387:European Commission β Public Health
4224:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V37N6p518
3967:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V37N6p510
1158:
1005:
510:Antiviral drugs to treat influenza
24:
5213:2017β2018 United States flu season
3992:"Influenza: emergence and control"
3750:
3384:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02724.x
2429:"On the epidemiology of influenza"
703:
626:In Russia and China a drug called
475:
25:
5255:
4952:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
4371:
4325:Wu J, Yan P, Archibald C (2007).
368:works to recover from infection.
4282:von Itzstein M (December 2007).
4129:(2): 274β90, table of contents.
4008:10.1128/JVI.78.17.8951-8959.2004
3724:10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01014.x
3676:10.1097/00002371-200409000-00010
3095:"Elderberry Fights Flu Symptoms"
270:2015 United States H5N2 outbreak
40:
3921:10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.01.003
3903:Beigel J, Bray M (April 2008).
3698:
3655:
3612:
3585:
3527:
3483:
3442:
3428:10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.06.010
3407:
3358:
3317:
3266:
3231:
3196:
3153:
3128:
3101:
3087:
3060:
3029:
3014:
2988:
2962:
2943:Kristin Chambers (2009-05-02).
2936:
2909:
2882:
2841:
2802:
2759:
2718:
2691:
2644:
2617:
2582:
2520:
2471:
2420:
2371:
2330:
2281:
2230:
2181:
2160:
2131:
2110:
1977:
1942:
1899:
1856:
1812:
1797:. February 2006. Archived from
1787:
1762:
1735:
1707:
1676:
1640:
1605:
1527:. Pathobiologics International.
1139:for the ethanol extract of 1.2
1031:, as measured by the degree of
662:to enhance to effectiveness of
3505:10.1080/07315724.2007.10719634
2969:La'Tasha Givens (2009-05-05).
2194:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
2188:D.S. Fedson (September 2008).
1580:
1516:
1465:
1422:
1385:
1310:
1232:
634:
13:
1:
5010:Russian flu (1889–1890)
4435:
3217:10.1016/S0166-3542(01)00143-7
2307:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200147
2288:Fedson DS, Dunnill P (2007).
2206:10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70070-7
1920:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67338-2
1662:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.035
1626:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.121
1226:
1070:
856:Off-label uses of other drugs
467:Severe or persistent vomiting
434:Do not smoke or drink alcohol
391:, or inhibitors of the viral
3021:Matthew Stein (2009-04-28).
2945:"2 flu cases found in state"
2768:Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol
2731:Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol
2725:Ghezzi P, Ungheri D (2004).
2700:Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol
2673:10.1183/09031936.97.10071535
2603:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.06.031
2050:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283199797
1295:. 2008-02-06. Archived from
1207:have been grown which carry
1146:
745:over-the-counter medications
696:to consider its use against
439:over-the-counter medications
7:
4402:Merck Manual, February 2007
4076:Mossad SB (December 2007).
4033:Mossad SB (December 2008).
3537:Annals of Internal Medicine
3455:Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem
2995:Louis Cooper (2009-04-28).
2973:. WCTV News. Archived from
2924:(5): 467β71. October 2000.
2626:Antimicrob Agents Chemother
2536:Alternative Medicine Review
1963:10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.003
739:Over-the-counter medication
375:used against influenza are
125:Seasonal flu vaccine brands
10:
5260:
4785:Transmission and infection
2780:10.1177/039463200702000215
2744:10.1177/039463200401700114
1865:Semin Respir Crit Care Med
1121:Eleutherococcus senticosus
1105:Eleutherococcus senticosus
931:Eleutherococcus senticosus
260:2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1
5200:
5147:
5122:
5084:
5077:
5065:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
5043:
5005:Influenza pandemic (1557)
5000:Influenza pandemic (1510)
4990:
4979:
4942:
4867:
4858:
4838:
4829:
4772:
4736:
4727:
4707:
4679:
4670:
4525:
4489:
4443:
4382:EU response to influenza.
3633:10.1017/s0007114500002361
3279:BMC Complement Altern Med
3252:10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.004
3042:European Cytokine Network
2167:Molotsky I (1986-02-15).
2143:American Lung Association
1443:10.1007/s00705-007-0974-5
1107:("Siberian ginseng") and
672:is a suppository of (non-
619:Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd.
543:
538:
407:to some classes of drug.
5107:2007 Australian outbreak
3946:Hampson AW (June 2008).
3801:Bull. World Health Organ
3592:Jeffrey R. Ryan (2008).
3108:Jeffrey R. Ryan (2008).
2117:Altman LK (2006-01-15).
1566:10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.164
1187:culture of T lymphocytes
595:BioCryst Pharmaceuticals
540:Neuraminidase inhibitors
377:neuraminidase inhibitors
354:Treatments for influenza
4894:Neuraminidase inhibitor
4344:10.1186/1471-2458-7-300
3292:10.1186/1472-6882-11-15
2867:10.1292/jvms.58.11_1137
2237:Fedson DS (July 2006).
2038:Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis
2002:10.1136/bmj.331.7507.10
1151:High dietary intake of
1129:Andrographis paniculata
1109:Andrographis paniculata
987:Astragalus membranaceus
937:Andrographis paniculata
441:to relieve flu symptoms
275:2020β2022 H5N8 outbreak
5208:Influenza-like illness
4877:Adamantane derivatives
4212:Ann. Acad. Med. Singap
4178:10.3201/eid1406.070839
4094:10.3949/ccjm.74.12.889
4052:10.3949/ccjm.75a.08088
3955:Ann. Acad. Med. Singap
3772:10.1542/peds.2008-0160
2827:10.1006/excr.1997.3602
2446:10.1186/1743-422X-5-29
2294:J Public Health Policy
1472:V.D. Solov'ev (1969).
1317:Stiver, Grant (2003).
1205:CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
1021:cell mediated immunity
928:, or a combination of
430:Drink a lot of liquids
313:Vaccine reformulations
308:Influenza-like illness
255:2007 Australian equine
5058:1989β1990 UK outbreak
5020:Asian flu (1957-1958)
4396:WebMD recommendations
3813:10.2471/BLT.07.040089
3343:10.3945/jn.110.137547
3174:10.1080/j157v03n01_04
3075:(11 Suppl): 919β922.
2687:(Open access article)
2396:10.3945/jn.108.095091
1984:Parry J (July 2005).
1877:10.1055/s-2007-976487
1164:Transfused antibodies
710:antibiotic resistance
496:oseltamivir phosphate
411:Symptomatic treatment
200:1889-1890 Russian flu
5025:Hong Kong flu (1968)
4817:Pandemic preparation
4166:Emerging Infect. Dis
4135:10.1128/CMR.00045-07
4123:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
3627:(Suppl 1): S135β46.
3097:. WebMD. 2003-12-22.
2916:"N-acetylcysteine".
1822:Nature Biotechnology
1347:– via Pub Med.
714:Nature Biotechnology
604:Influenza A & B
544:Influenza A & B
371:The main classes of
4288:Nat Rev Drug Discov
3162:J Herb Pharmacother
2496:10.4158/EP09101.ORR
1834:10.1038/nbt0609-510
964:Panax quinquefolium
752:
511:
298:Influenza evolution
210:1957-1958 Asian flu
18:Influenza treatment
5244:Medical treatments
5015:Spanish flu (1918)
4934:Baloxavir marboxil
4759:West Bengal (2008)
4694:1977 (Russian flu)
4689:1918 (Spanish flu)
3864:10.1093/aje/kwn259
3595:Pandemic Influenza
3468:10.1271/bbb.110764
3416:Antiviral Research
3371:Microbiol. Immunol
3111:Pandemic Influenza
3025:. Huffington Post.
2597:(11): 923β929.e3.
2174:The New York Times
2124:The New York Times
1717:Antibiot Khimioter
1620:(Suppl 2): S56β7.
1201:Clonal populations
982:olive leaf extract
980:(a constituent of
970:Larix occidentalis
750:
690:interferon alfa-2b
664:influenza vaccines
608:baloxavir marboxil
509:
504:baloxavir marboxil
426:Get plenty of rest
389:baloxavir marboxil
303:Influenza research
215:1968 Hong Kong flu
150:Baloxavir marboxil
5226:
5225:
5143:
5142:
5073:
5072:
5053:Fujian flu (H3N2)
4975:
4974:
4854:
4853:
4825:
4824:
4780:Genetic structure
4723:
4722:
4527:Influenza A virus
4466:Genome sequencing
4331:BMC Public Health
3846:(December 2008).
3711:Scand. J. Immunol
3605:978-1-4200-6087-4
3121:978-1-4200-6087-4
2343:Clin. Infect. Dis
2243:Clin. Infect. Dis
1914:(9492): 1175β81.
1219:cellular immunity
1170:1918 flu pandemic
1085:2009 flu pandemic
1057:DNA fragmentation
999:Isatis indigotica
838:
837:
820:cough suppressant
788:, sinus pressure
684:(vitamin C), and
653:Newcastle disease
624:
623:
577:Hoffmann-La Roche
518:Effective Against
351:
350:
16:(Redirected from
5251:
5157:Acute bronchitis
5082:
5081:
5035:Swine flu (2009)
5030:1977 Russian flu
4988:
4987:
4924:
4865:
4864:
4836:
4835:
4734:
4733:
4699:2009 (Swine flu)
4677:
4676:
4497:Orthomyxoviridae
4430:
4423:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4379:Health-EU Portal
4366:
4356:
4346:
4321:
4303:
4278:
4268:
4243:
4209:
4199:
4189:
4156:
4146:
4113:
4082:Cleve Clin J Med
4072:
4054:
4039:Cleve Clin J Med
4029:
4019:
3986:
3952:
3942:
3932:
3899:
3893:
3885:
3875:
3852:Am. J. Epidemiol
3834:
3824:
3791:
3745:
3744:
3726:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3568:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3386:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3294:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3240:J Ethnopharmacol
3235:
3229:
3228:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2947:. Archived from
2940:
2934:
2933:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2854:J. Vet. Med. Sci
2845:
2839:
2838:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2666:(7): 1535β1541.
2657:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2550:. Archived from
2533:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2448:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2309:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:on April 1, 2007
2145:. Archived from
2135:
2129:
2128:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1772:. Archived from
1766:
1760:
1759:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1689:. Archived from
1688:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1512:on June 4, 2011.
1511:
1505:. Archived from
1496:
1478:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1259:. Archived from
1245:Am Fam Physician
1236:
1209:T cell receptors
1195:can be expanded
1159:Passive immunity
1045:Candida albicans
1035:to seven common
1006:N-Acetylcysteine
993:Isatis tinctoria
974:arabinogalactans
922:N-acetylcysteine
882:immunodeficiency
846:Influenzavirus B
798:sinus pressure,
786:nasal congestion
753:
749:
678:interferon alpha
512:
508:
485:prophylactically
343:
336:
329:
265:2008 West Bengal
220:1977 Russian flu
205:1918 Spanish flu
44:
30:
29:
21:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5196:
5139:
5118:
5069:
5039:
4984:
4982:
4971:
4938:
4922:
4869:Antiviral drugs
4850:
4821:
4807:Human mortality
4800:clinical trials
4768:
4719:
4703:
4666:
4530:
4528:
4521:
4485:
4439:
4434:
4374:
4369:
4301:10.1038/nrd2400
4266:10.4065/83.1.77
4253:Mayo Clin. Proc
4207:
3950:
3887:
3886:
3858:(12): 1343β52.
3766:(4): e1016β31.
3753:
3751:Further reading
3748:
3703:
3699:
3660:
3656:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3590:
3586:
3570:
3569:
3532:
3528:
3488:
3484:
3447:
3443:
3412:
3408:
3363:
3359:
3336:(10): 1862β70.
3322:
3318:
3271:
3267:
3236:
3232:
3201:
3197:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3136:"Sambucol FAQs"
3134:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3069:Isr Med Assoc J
3065:
3061:
3034:
3030:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3004:
2993:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2967:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2941:
2937:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2887:
2883:
2846:
2842:
2807:
2803:
2764:
2760:
2723:
2719:
2696:
2692:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2622:
2618:
2587:
2583:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2476:
2472:
2425:
2421:
2376:
2372:
2335:
2331:
2286:
2282:
2235:
2231:
2186:
2182:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2115:
2111:
2088:MMWR Recomm Rep
2083:
2077:
2073:
2034:
2027:
1982:
1978:
1947:
1943:
1904:
1900:
1861:
1857:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1740:
1736:
1712:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1645:
1641:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1549:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1361:
1352:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1251:(11): 2467β76.
1237:
1233:
1229:
1189:
1166:
1161:
1149:
1138:
1103:The mixture of
1101:
1093:food supplement
1073:
1033:skin reactivity
1008:
878:
858:
741:
706:
704:Drug resistance
698:avian influenza
637:
559:GlaxoSmithKline
481:Antiviral drugs
478:
476:Antiviral drugs
413:
405:drug resistance
373:antiviral drugs
362:influenza virus
347:
318:
317:
288:
280:
279:
250:2006 H5N1 India
240:
230:
229:
195:
185:
184:
140:
130:
129:
120:Live attenuated
103:
93:
92:
54:
34:Influenza (flu)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5257:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5201:Related topics
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5049:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4985:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4923:(experimental)
4918:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4873:
4871:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4764:2020s outbreak
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4744:Croatia (2005)
4740:
4738:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4476:Superinfection
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4444:General topics
4441:
4440:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4383:
4373:
4372:External links
4370:
4368:
4367:
4322:
4294:(12): 967β74.
4279:
4244:
4200:
4157:
4114:
4088:(12): 889β94.
4073:
4045:(12): 865β70.
4030:
4002:(17): 8951β9.
3987:
3943:
3900:
3835:
3792:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3697:
3654:
3611:
3604:
3584:
3543:(8): 599β609.
3526:
3493:J Am Coll Nutr
3482:
3441:
3406:
3357:
3316:
3265:
3230:
3195:
3152:
3127:
3120:
3100:
3086:
3059:
3048:(2): 290β296.
3028:
3013:
2987:
2961:
2935:
2918:Altern Med Rev
2908:
2881:
2860:(11): 1137β9.
2840:
2801:
2758:
2717:
2706:(3): 123β128.
2690:
2643:
2616:
2581:
2519:
2470:
2419:
2370:
2356:10.1086/587658
2349:(10): 1582β8.
2329:
2280:
2256:10.1086/505116
2249:(2): 199β205.
2229:
2180:
2159:
2130:
2109:
2071:
2025:
1976:
1941:
1898:
1855:
1811:
1786:
1761:
1734:
1706:
1675:
1656:(32): 4073β9.
1639:
1604:
1579:
1560:(1): 164β176.
1515:
1487:(3): 683β688.
1464:
1437:(8): 1447β55.
1421:
1384:
1350:
1309:
1273:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1188:
1182:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1136:
1100:
1097:
1089:cytokine storm
1079:Sambucus nigra
1072:
1069:
1007:
1004:
877:
874:
857:
854:
848:) can lead to
836:
835:
829:
823:
822:
817:
813:
812:
810:antihistamines
807:
795:
794:
789:
782:
781:
776:
761:
760:
757:
740:
737:
705:
702:
636:
633:
622:
621:
616:
613:
610:
605:
602:
598:
597:
592:
589:
586:
580:
579:
574:
571:
568:
562:
561:
556:
553:
550:
545:
542:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
519:
516:
477:
474:
469:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
449:
448:
445:
442:
435:
432:
427:
424:
412:
409:
349:
348:
346:
345:
338:
331:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
245:1976 swine flu
241:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
225:2009 swine flu
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
196:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
141:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
122:
117:
116:
115:
104:
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:
88:
86:A/H1N1 subtype
78:
73:
68:
67:
66:
64:A/H5N1 subtype
55:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5256:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:Bronchiolitis
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5149:Complications
5146:
5136:
5135:Fujian (H5N1)
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4981:Pandemics and
4978:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:Social impact
4810:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:Global spread
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4394:Flu treatment
4392:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4218:(6): 518β24.
4217:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4172:(6): 875β80.
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3915:(1): 91β102.
3914:
3910:
3909:Antiviral Res
3906:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3842:, Matrajt L,
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:(5): 405β18.
3669:
3665:
3664:J. Immunother
3658:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3601:
3598:. CRC Press.
3597:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3499:(5): 445β52.
3498:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:(2): 205β10.
3245:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3205:Antiviral Res
3199:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3142:on 2009-07-25
3141:
3137:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3114:. CRC Press.
3113:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3017:
3003:on 2020-04-03
3002:
2998:
2991:
2977:on 2020-04-03
2976:
2972:
2965:
2951:on 2012-07-16
2950:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2821:(2): 249β58.
2820:
2816:
2815:Exp. Cell Res
2812:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2774:(2): 349β54.
2773:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2737:(1): 99β102.
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2571:
2557:on 2011-07-28
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:(5): 438β49.
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2300:(3): 322β40.
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2044:(6): 626β38.
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:(2): 144β58.
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1801:on 2011-07-06
1800:
1796:
1790:
1776:on 2011-07-06
1775:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:Vopr. Virusol
1738:
1730:
1726:
1723:(3β4): 13β7.
1722:
1718:
1710:
1696:on 2012-02-24
1692:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1594:on 2020-04-03
1593:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1299:on 2019-01-04
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
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1263:on 2011-06-06
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1193:T lymphocytes
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1017:control group
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978:elenolic acid
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850:Reye syndrome
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792:decongestants
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759:OTC Medicine
758:
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682:ascorbic acid
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648:Hong Kong Flu
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5192:Strep throat
5172:Otitis media
4749:India (2006)
4471:Reassortment
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3890:cite journal
3855:
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3804:
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3714:
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3458:
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3422:(2): 66β74.
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3409:
3377:(7): 491β4.
3374:
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3140:the original
3130:
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3001:the original
2990:
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2975:the original
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2953:. Retrieved
2949:the original
2938:
2921:
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2659:
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2584:
2570:cite journal
2559:. Retrieved
2552:the original
2542:(1): 25β48.
2539:
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2484:Endocr Pract
2483:
2473:
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2242:
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2147:the original
2133:
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2091:
2087:
2074:
2041:
2037:
1996:(7507): 10.
1993:
1989:
1979:
1957:(1): 102β6.
1954:
1950:
1944:
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1828:(6): 510β3.
1825:
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1799:the original
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1774:the original
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1368:
1329:(1): 49β57.
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1288:
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1261:the original
1248:
1244:
1234:
1216:
1196:
1190:
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1175:
1167:
1150:
1135:, with an IC
1133:cell culture
1128:
1124:
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1102:
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1074:
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997:
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953:whey protein
941:
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902:vitamin B-12
879:
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766:aches, pains
742:
730:
726:
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668:
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644:Soviet Union
638:
625:
489:
479:
470:
450:
423:Stay at home
414:
370:
353:
352:
5177:Pharyngitis
5123:Non-mammals
4904:Laninamivir
4899:Oseltamivir
4887:Rimantadine
4715:2009 A/H1N1
4517:Influenza D
4512:Influenza C
4507:Influenza B
4502:Influenza A
3840:Halloran ME
3621:Br. J. Nutr
1750:(1): 31β3.
1543:β see also
1431:Arch. Virol
1377:26 November
1143:per liter.
950:lactoferrin
898:vitamin B-6
870:chloroquine
833:anesthetics
827:sore throat
804:watery eyes
774:sore throat
756:Symptom(s)
718:oseltamivir
640:Interferons
635:Interferons
566:oseltamivir
521:Drug Name (
401:rimantadine
385:oseltamivir
170:Rimantadine
160:Oseltamivir
155:Laninamivir
5233:Categories
4929:Umifenovir
4921:Peramivir
4882:Amantadine
4860:Treatments
4481:Flu season
3844:Longini IM
3838:Basta NE,
3760:Pediatrics
3146:2009-06-13
3007:2009-06-13
2981:2009-06-13
2955:2009-06-13
2591:Am. J. Med
2561:2009-06-13
2153:2007-09-16
1805:2009-06-15
1780:2009-07-04
1700:2009-06-14
1598:2009-06-15
1415:2008-10-24
1303:2008-10-24
1267:2009-04-29
1227:References
1213:antibodies
1141:milligrams
1113:amantadine
1099:"Kan Jang"
1071:Elderberry
926:elderberry
906:folic acid
800:runny nose
779:analgesics
772:pressure,
686:tocopherol
528:Brand Name
397:amantadine
395:, such as
393:M2 protein
379:, such as
293:Flu season
175:Umifenovir
145:Amantadine
5239:Influenza
5187:Sinusitis
5182:Pneumonia
5078:Non-human
5045:Epidemics
4992:Pandemics
4983:epidemics
4962:Pandemrix
4914:Zanamivir
4909:Peramivir
4846:2020β2022
4839:Outbreaks
4754:UK (2007)
4737:Outbreaks
4681:Pandemics
4461:Treatment
4437:Influenza
4400:Influenza
2897:: 69β73.
2891:Orthod Fr
2632:: 503β8.
2094:(RR-10).
1893:260316848
1178:colostrum
1153:green tea
1147:Green Tea
1117:Volgograd
1061:apoptosis
1053:ribavirin
1029:normoergy
958:Echinacea
894:vitamin D
890:vitamin C
722:zanamivir
674:pegylated
660:adjuvants
584:peramivir
548:zanamivir
500:peramivir
492:zanamivir
464:Confusion
461:Dizziness
437:Consider
381:zanamivir
358:influenza
238:Outbreaks
193:Pandemics
180:Zanamivir
165:Peramivir
138:Treatment
113:Pandemrix
4944:Vaccines
4529:subtypes
4451:Research
4363:17953775
4318:36867756
4310:18049471
4275:18174020
4240:14606874
4232:18618065
4196:18507896
4153:18400797
4110:23819922
4102:18183839
4061:19088005
4026:15308692
3996:J. Virol
3983:17102174
3975:18618064
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3831:18297169
3780:18381500
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2788:17624247
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2433:Virol. J
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2275:16779747
2224:18420459
2104:16874296
2098:: 1β42.
2066:26989985
2058:18978531
2020:15994677
1971:16081121
1951:Virology
1928:16198766
1885:17458769
1850:22710439
1842:19513050
1756:18318133
1729:18942420
1670:18602725
1634:16823927
1574:15691053
1533:cite web
1459:13595688
1451:17497238
1410:16206613
1345:12515786
1257:11130232
1197:in vitro
1125:in vitro
1039:such as
1037:antigens
942:in vitro
866:fibrates
806:, cough
612:Xofluza
588:Rapivab
570:Tamiflu
552:Relenza
287:See also
101:Vaccines
5085:Mammals
4795:Vaccine
4773:Science
4708:Science
4490:Viruses
4456:Vaccine
4354:2148062
4337:: 300.
4187:2600290
4144:2292575
4069:9036512
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3330:J. Nutr
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2324:8373109
2266:7107836
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1936:7386999
1650:Vaccine
1614:Vaccine
1503:5309493
1494:2427762
1185:Ex vivo
1176:Bovine
1041:tetanus
1027:toward
1013:placebo
948:, high
886:Ecuador
862:statins
842:aspirin
764:fever,
670:Viferon
628:arbidol
5102:Equine
5097:Feline
5092:Canine
4967:Audenz
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914:anemia
908:, and
868:, and
831:local
816:cough
502:, and
76:Equine
71:Canine
5167:Croup
5130:Avian
5114:Swine
4662:H11N9
4657:H11N2
4652:H10N8
4647:H10N7
4642:H10N3
4314:S2CID
4236:S2CID
4208:(PDF)
4106:S2CID
4065:S2CID
3979:S2CID
3951:(PDF)
3784:S2CID
3737:S2CID
3688:S2CID
3645:S2CID
3561:S2CID
3517:S2CID
3397:S2CID
3186:S2CID
2792:S2CID
2656:(PDF)
2555:(PDF)
2532:(PDF)
2320:S2CID
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2062:S2CID
1932:S2CID
1889:S2CID
1846:S2CID
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1687:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
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1455:S2CID
1372:(CDC)
1217:(See
1023:from
770:sinus
680:-2b,
615:2018
591:2014
573:1999
555:1999
515:Class
81:Swine
59:Avian
52:Types
4831:H5N8
4729:H5N1
4672:H1N1
4637:H9N2
4632:H7N9
4627:H7N7
4622:H7N4
4617:H7N3
4612:H7N2
4607:H7N1
4602:H6N1
4597:H5N9
4592:H5N8
4587:H5N6
4582:H5N3
4577:H5N2
4572:H5N1
4567:H3N8
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4306:PMID
4271:PMID
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4022:PMID
3971:PMID
3935:PMID
3896:link
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3116:ISBN
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2926:PMID
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2607:PMID
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2271:PMID
2220:PMID
2100:PMID
2054:PMID
2016:PMID
1967:PMID
1924:PMID
1881:PMID
1838:PMID
1752:PMID
1725:PMID
1666:PMID
1630:PMID
1570:PMID
1539:link
1499:PMID
1447:PMID
1406:PMID
1379:2020
1341:PMID
1253:PMID
1043:and
946:DHEA
934:and
910:zinc
733:H3N2
399:and
383:and
4349:PMC
4339:doi
4296:doi
4261:doi
4220:doi
4182:PMC
4174:doi
4139:PMC
4131:doi
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4047:doi
4012:PMC
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3925:PMC
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3860:doi
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