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Pandita and Phagpa. The three disciples were; eastern (Shar), western (Nub) and middle (Gun). The Shar (eastern) was headed by a family of
Zhangzhung origins, known as Sharpa. When he was younger, Yeshe Rinchen was a follower of Phagpa. The Dishi before Yeshe Rinchen was Dharmapala Raksita and because he had no heirs to succeed his position at the time he vacated his position as Dishi, the position was handed to the Sharpa family and Yeshe Rinchen was appointed imperial preceptor. At the same time, Yeshe Rinchen's brother Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen became the ruling abbot of Sakya. There is a possibility that the Sharpa brothers were both guided and supported by an older and more experienced or influential person (imperial minister Sangge). However Sangge fell from power and was executed in 1291, which presumably made Yeshe Rinchen's position, difficult to protect. After this, Yeshe Rinchen vacated his position as Dishi in the same year. His position was succeeded by Drakpa Odzer. After stepping down from his position as Dishi, Yeshe Rinchen retired to the sacred Buddhist site Mount Wutai in present-day Shanxi. He died there in 1294.
537:(Zhitog, Lhakhang, Rinchengang, and Ducho). And Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen lived in the Lhakhang. About two months after his brother's death in 1327, Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen got appointed by emperor Yesün Temür as the new Imperial Preceptor. However, he only arrived in the Yuan Capital a year after his appointment. Like his brother, he worked as the Imperial Preceptor until he died. Nevertheless, multiple sources show controversies over his year of death. However, according to the most reliable one, Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen died in 1330. A common practice among his family was to get married and have kids before fully turning into a monk; Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen showed no difference. He had five children and one of them, Sonam Lotro, eventually became the thirteenth Imperial Preceptor, while another, Drakpa Gyaltsen, also became a very powerful government official in Tibet.
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succeeded his uncles title and was appointed as Dishi (imperial preceptor). Although he was given the title, he did not have much experience and knowledge about the position and he never became the abbot. After receiving the title he stayed close to the great Khan. During his period of being Dishi, he mostly participated in building activities. He had a stupa built in the memory of Phagpa (the first imperial preceptor). Also, he built the Metog Raba which then became an official residence for the imperial preceptors until the end of the Yuan
Dynasty. Dharmapala married two women, Palden, a granddaughter of Köden, and to Jowo Tagibum, a lady from Zhalu. He had a son with the latter, who died at the age of 5, this is why his part of the Khon family died out and the next Dishi or Sakya abbot were not part of the Khon lineage.
569:, as a monastery leader in the year 1347 further strengthened his place. However, his stay in Dadu during the Tibertan civil war period meant that he could not really do anything significant to help, despite having so much authority as the Imperial Preceptor. Eventually, when the Phagmodrus took over, the leader of this dynasty severely weakened the authorities of the Sakyas (the group which Kunga Gyaltsen and many other previous Imperial Preceptors belonged in). In 1358, the leader of the Phagmodrupas, Changchub Gyaltsen, arranged a meeting in which he officially claimed rule over Central Tibet under the regime of Phagmodrupa. Kunga Gyaltsen died the same year and there were not any appointments of a new successor for 3 years until his nephew, Sonam Lotro Gyaltsen, eventually replaced him in 1361.
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school of
Tibetan Buddhism. The Mongol ruler Kublai Khan ordered Phagpa to create a new writing system, for which he received a title of Imperial Preceptor (Dishi) in 1270. To design the script, Chogyal Phagpa made modifications to the Tibetan alphabet and made the Phags-pa script. The scripts was completed in 1268. Although the script was made into the official writing system of the empire there was a lot of opposition by the people and not many texts were written in that script. Although due to his important political role, he was to always stay close to the emperor and had a supreme authority over the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, he apparently did not meet with the emperor that often and mostly lived in Lintao in Gansu. He gave up his position and passed it on to his brother (
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death of the third preceptor (Dharmapala
Raksita), persons from other clerical elite families of Sakya origins were appointed. Drakpa Odzer was from one of those clerical elite families called Khangsarpa. Drakpa Odzer was the general administrator in charge of Phagpa's property. After which he followed Phagpa's nephew Dharmapala Raksita when he moved to Beijing to take up the Dishi dignity in 1282. Drakpa Odzer was appointed as the Dishi after Yeshe Rinchen (the Dishi after Dharmapala Raksita) vacated his position as Dishi. He held the post from 1291 until he died at the imperial court in 1303. He was succeeded by the ex-abbot Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen. After Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen, his younger brother Sanggye Pal became Dishi, in 1309.
528:), Wangchug Gyeltshen deceased in 1323, while on the other hand, according to another unknown source, he died in 1325. Another controversial debate around Wangchug Gyeltshen is whether he had actually been assigned as the Imperial Preceptor or not. The reason for this controversy is that he actually died earlier than the last Preceptor, Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen, who deceased in 1327. This seemed like a rather odd situation because Preceptors usually continue their role until their death. As a result, some scholars tend to believe that even if Wangchug Gyeltshen had been appointed as the Preceptor, he was merely a temporary substitute for Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen when he was away in Tibet and not around the Yuan capital.
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nephew of Phagpa, who presently stayed in South China. As a matter of fact the new great khan Temür acknowledged Zangpo Pal as the right heir and let him return to Sakya in 1298. Jamyang
Rinchen Gyaltsen nominally handed over the abbot-ship, but continued to direct Sakya affairs from the official abbot's palace Zhitog. Later in 1303, he was summoned to Beijing by the great khan. Being a loyal and experienced man, he was ordered to take up the position of Dishi after the death of the former title-holder. However, he died in 1305, and the position was succeeded by Drakpa Odzer's younger brother Sanggye Pal.
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belonged to the Sharpa family. After the young Sakya Dishi
Dharmapala Raksita vacated his position in 1286 and died in 1287, Khagan Kublai Khan suspended the influence of the Khön family. Instead the Shar or Sharpa family came to the fore. This was possibly due to their good relations with the influential Yuan minister Sangge. Yeshe Rinchen was appointed Dishi by orders of Kublai Khan, while his youngest brother Jamyang Rinchen Gyeltsen became the acting abbot (Wylie: bla chos) of the Sakya school. The appointments gave the Sharpa brothers influence in Tibet.
512:, to judges, holders of golden letters, chiefs of districts, laymen and monks who collect taxes and go and come, to myriarchs, to dignitaries, a command.” This shows how much power and authority he commanded during his year as the Imperial Preceptor. In 1326, Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen decided to return to Tibet from the Imperial Capital due to health declination. However, he never actually went back, because his homeland was unsafe at that time due to a rebellion. Eventually, he stayed in the Yuan capital until his death (March 6, 1327).
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families in Tibet. His aristocratic background, in particular, was located in Sa’gya, a county in the city of
Shigatse. His father is the 10th Imperial Preceptor of the Yuan Dynasty, Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen, while his mother also came from an aristocratic family of the Ü-Tsang region, one of the three traditional provinces of Tibet. Sonam Lotro Gyaltsen replaced his uncle, Kunga Gyaltsen, as the Imperial Preceptor. However, he served under this title for only a year, from 1361 until his eventual death in 1362.
504:. His father, Zangpo Pal, is the ruler of a monastery while his mother, Jomo Kunga Bumphulwa, was a widow of a Tibetan administrator. He served under the title of the Imperial Preceptor from 1314 until his death. As the Preceptor Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen has mass influence over the department of Buddhist affairs. For example, he once wrote a letter and started the letter by saying: “By the king's order, the words of Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen Palzangpo, Imperial Preceptor: To the officials of
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served under this title from 1331 to his death, making him a raw exception that held the title for a very long period of time. Also, he was the last
Imperial Preceptor before the coming of the Phagmodrupa Dynasty in Tibet. During his early career as the Imperial Preceptor, Kunga Gyaltsen's authority and power were recognized and respected in Tibet. He came up with several new religious rules and people followed them with respect. The appointment of his son,
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the Yuan
Dynasty), the old Dishi Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen (d. 1305) was followed first by a Duoerjibale (Dorje Pal) in 1305–13, and then Sangjiayizhashi (Sanggye Tashi) in 1313–14. However, a document sent to the Tibetan myriarchy Zhalu in 1307 is issued by Sanggye Pal. Therefore, there is a possibility that Sanggye Pal took over the Dishi dignity in 1305 and kept it until 1314, and that he was also known as Dorje Pal.
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protect and command monasteries in Tibet. At some point, the imperial preceptor's decrees began to be equally effective as the emperor's in Tibet, as the Yuan court had begun tending to leave Tibet politically under the supervision of the imperial preceptor. He also advised the
Emperor regarding official appointments in Tibet. Moreover, being members of the
272:(1272), a Chinese political and religious doctrine used to justify emperorship over China. This doctrine helped Kublai Khan establish his legitimate rule as he was considered to have the divine right to rule. Not only did he establish religious and political rule over China, he kept his ancestral roots as a Mongol leader by following
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Sonam Lotro Gyaltsen was born in 1332 and deceased in 1362. No information about him can be found in any records in the Chinese language. According to records of Tibetan history published in 2005 by the official Chinese government, this Imperial Preceptor came from one of the six ancient aristocratic
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was born in 1310 and died in 1358. He was the twelfth Imperial Preceptor of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. Like many other previous Imperial Preceptors, Kunga Gyaltsen belonged to the Khon family, a group of monastery leaders with fairly high political authority in certain regions of Tibet. Kunga Gyaltsen
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after them, lasting up until 1911/12. One of the changes that was made was the revoking of the Imperial Preceptor title. When Zhu came to power and the Ming Dynasty was established, the role of the Imperial Preceptor was abolished, and their responsibilities and roles were divided. Titles of lesser
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was born in 1267 as the son of Sumpa Drakpa Gyaltsen, he was from Sakya in Tibet. He was the younger brother of Drakpa Odzer, who was the fifth Dishi of the Yuan dynasty. Sanggye Pal belonged to the Khangsarpa family (a clerical elite family of Sakya origins). According to the Yuan shi (History of
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At the time when Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen was the ruler of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, After the death of Kublai Khan in 1294 the dpon-chen Aglen suggested that a scion of the old Khön family should be allowed to rule Sakya instead of Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen. This would be Zangpo Pal, a
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was born in 1246 as the son of Sumpa Drakpa Gyaltsen, he was from Sakya in Tibet. Up to 1286 the position of the imperial preceptor was filled by members of the Khon family who were also usually hereditary abbots of Sakya. However, due to the lack of fully ordained members of the lineage after the
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was born in 1248 as the son of Chukpo Jetsun Kya and was from Sakya in Tibet. Unlike the first three imperial preceptors of the Yuan dynasty, Yeshe Rinchen was not from the Khon lineage. Yeshe Rinchen was from the Sharpa lineage. There were three divisions within the disciples of the abbots, Sakya
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When Rinchen Gyaltsen's older half-brother (Phagpa – the first preceptor of the Yuan Dynasty) left Sakya, he became the “somewhat” abbot of the monastery of Sakya. Although his brother Phagpa was given the title of the Imperial Preceptor, he gave up the post in 1274 (to return to Sakya) and it was
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was born in 1235 as the son of Sönam Gyeltsen, in Ngari (West Tibet). Phagpa was the first Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty, division of the Mongol Empire, and was simultaneously named the director of the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs. He was the fifth leader of the Sakya
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Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen was born in 1308 and died in 1330. He was the younger brother of the eighth Imperial Preceptor, Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen. When Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen was the Imperial Preceptor, he divided up his siblings into four different groups, each of which lived in a different palace
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There were three divisions within the disciples of the abbots, Sakya Pandita and Phagpa. The three disciples were; eastern (Shar), western (Nub) and middle (Gun). The Shar (eastern) was headed by a family of Zhangzhung origins, known as Sharpa. Just as Yeshe Rinchen, Jamyan Rinchen Gyaltsen also
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was born in 1238 as the son of Zangtsa Sonam Gyaltsen. He was the second preceptor of the Yuan Dynasty. Rinchen Gyaltsen's family members were very important members in the Mongol government. His older half-brother had the title of the Dishi (Imperial Perceptor) and had a close relation with the
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was a State Preceptor (guoshi) who eventually became Mongol Imperial Preceptor. The Mongol imperial preceptor resided within the precincts of the imperial palace in order to serve the imperial family. The role of the imperial preceptors was to issue decrees under the emperor's authority to both
340:, the role of the imperial preceptor was serving as the emperor's chaplain, teacher and consecrator and, more generally, teaching, writing, translating and editing. Later, under the Yuan Dynasty, this post had also the added responsibility of overseeing the political situation in Central Tibet.
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The year of the death of Rinchen Gyaltsen seems to be uncertain. It is said to be either 1279 or 1282 (most probably 12 March 1279). His death occurred in Shingkun (Lintao) and his post was passed on to his nephew and a son of Chakna Dorje (Dharmapala Raksita – the third preceptor of the Yuan
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was born after the death of his father (Chakna Dojre – brother Phagpa), in 1268. In addition to the title of the Imperial Preceptor, he was also the head of the Sakya School. Since birth, because he was born fatherless, his care was assigned to the lord of Zhalu. At the age of 14 in 1892, he
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and appointed Phagpa as the first director of this important new agency. The lama was offered nominal rule over all Tibet and also supervised Mongol relations with the Buddhist clergy. In 1270, Phagpa became Imperial Preceptor (Dishi) when the title was renamed. As Imperial Preceptor, he was
553:). On the other hand, no records of him in the Tibetan language can be found. According to a very limited Knowledge page in the Chinese Language, Rinchen Trashi was appointed by Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, the 12th Khagan of the Mongol empire, as the Imperial Preceptor in 1329.
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in 1139–1193. During the Yuan dynasty, the Imperial Preceptor's position was continued in response to overseeing the political situation in Central Tibet. The role of the Imperial Preceptor was to coordinate all of the Buddhist activities and establishments in the
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authorized to issue letters and proclamations to the temples and institutions of Tibet, and he advised the Emperor regarding official appointments in Tibet. Kublai Khan dispatched the lama to Tibet in 1264 to help persuade his people to accept Mongol rule.
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In his last years, Phagpa spent his time trying to build up the power of the Sakya-Yuan, in Tibet. He died in Sakya (the Lhakhang palace) on 15 December 1280. There were rumours that his death was a murder by Kunga Zangpo, who was a past
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to the protection of the state and its subjects, in general terms or in specific instances, such as to prevent flooding or thunderstorms. Nevertheless, the roles of the dishi focused on religious matters rather than political ones.
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prelates and Tibetan priests, which led to the creation of the Xia/Hsia Institution of the Imperial Preceptorship. The role the Imperial Preceptor carried would later emerge in the Yuan dynasty and be largely influential to the
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importance were created, and the people that carried these new titles were given the Imperial Preceptor's previous responsibilities. However, these new titles were granted to very few people, mainly due to political reasons.
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emperor. His other brother (Chakna Dorje) was the viceroy of Tibet from the period 1264 to 1267. Also, Rinchen Gyaltsen's father belonged to the Khon family who were hereditary rulers of the Sakya monastery in Western Tibet.
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There is not much documentation on Sanggye Pal and not much is known of his activities. In the period of his position as the Dishi, Tibet was relatively stable under the administration of the Yuan dynasty.
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There is neither records of Wangchug Gyeltshen's year of birth nor that of his family background. Even the year of his death has proven to be very controversial. For example, according to the
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scriptures continued even during the Mongol conquest for the Western Xia dynasty in 1227. By the mid-twelfth century onward shows a special relationship between the Western Xia throne and the
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was born as the son of Chukpo Jetsun Kyab in 1257, he was from Sakya in Tibet. Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen was the brother of Yeshe Rinchen, they both had another brother called Kunga Senge.
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Dharmapala gave up his position as the imperial preceptor in 1286 and left the court to visit Sakya and Tibet. However, he died before getting there on 24 December 1287, at Tre Mandala.
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A member of the Sakya sect, acting as Imperial Preceptor and residing in China, supervised the Buddhist clergy throughout the empire. The Mongols also selected a Tibetan official titled
636:. As the Yuan dynasty was founded by Mongols, the Hongwu Emperor passed many edicts that were intended to purify China of their influence while also forbidding many Mongol practices.
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to live in and administer Tibet. This pattern of religio-political relations prevailed for the remainder of the Yuan period. After the overthrow of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty by the
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Great Precious Dharma King". The highest title to be granted to a Tibetan teacher during the Ming period, it was the equivalent of being granted the title of Imperial Preceptor.
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in the empire. They also oversaw routine Buddhist ceremonies and special rituals upon the enthronement and funerals of the emperors. They held rituals and dedicated
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625:) reliance on local Warlords' armies, it led to his desire of keeping his seat of power to vanish. Emperor Huizong eventually fled North to the city of
655:. Shekpa was the only one to be recognised as the Emperor's personal preceptor. Because of this, Shekpa was granted a lengthy title often shortened to
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614:(modern-day Beijing). This followed decades of struggle for the Yuan dynasty, including natural disasters, like flooding and droughts, and the
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Rinchen Trashi's family background, year of birth and death are all unknown. Furthermore, this is the last Preceptor that was recorded in the
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was vigorously promoted and there were religious scriptures translated to Chinese and Tangut in order to spread the religion. Use of these
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influence on Yuan rule under Kublai Khan was heavily dependent on the Tibetan Buddhist Imperial Preceptors. In twelfth century Asia,
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232:(1139–1193) fought against the Mongols and other northern steppe tribes. He formed a close relationship with the
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clan, established the Yuan dynasty eight years before he took over all of China. He proclaimed himself
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At the capture of Khanbaliq in 1368, the Ming dynasty was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, also called the
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391:(whom Phagpa had dismissed for an arrogant demeanor). Kunga Zangpo was then executed by the army.
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came into existence in northwest China. The Western Xia was ruled by a Tibetan people, the
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to this post and soon placed him in charge of all Buddhist clergy. In 1264, he founded the
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Coblin, W. South (2007). A Handbook of 'Phags-Pa Chinese. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN
913:"A Study of the Relationship Between the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and the Tibetan Sa-skya Sect"
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1040:, Central Tibet and the Mongols: The Yüan-Sa-skya period of Tibetan history. Rome 1990
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Huntington, John C.; Ohio, Dina Bangdel. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus (2003).
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Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa (1967). Tibet: A Political History. Yale University Press.
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Mote, Frederick W. (2003). Imperial China 900–1800. Harvard University Press.
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29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
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13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
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Introduction of Yuan Dynasty and Beginnings of the Imperial Preceptor
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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
1028:張羽新、劉麗楣、王紅,帝師和一大批喇嘛僧為元大都帶來了藏族文化,載 張羽新、劉麗楣、王紅,藏族文化在北京,中國藏學出版社,2008年
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Giuseppe Tucci, Tibetan painted scrolls, Rome 1949, Vol. I, p. 15.
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Due to the weakening of the government and the Yuan Emperor's (
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The Hsia Origins of the Yüan Institution of Imperial Preceptor
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sect, they directed all Buddhist establishments in the
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Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
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Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
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The circle of bliss : Buddhist meditational art;
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There are little to no records of Namgyel Pel Sangpo.
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Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko
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19:"Dishi" redirects here. Not to be confused with
284:The Influence of Buddhism on Yuan dynasty Tibet
1089:The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art
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763:The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art
2062:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
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855:"lamas-and-emperors – Imperial Preceptor"
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268:. He also established his rule under the
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876:. Chicago, Ill: Serindia Publications.
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606:ended in 1368, after the armies of the
532:Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen (1308–1330)
366:Imperial Preceptors in the Yuan Dynasty
260:in 1271 and subsequently conquered the
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1819:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1333:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
724:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
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175:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1900:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
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516:Wangchug Gyeltshen (? – 1323 or 1325)
220:(960–1279), a new dynasty called the
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454:Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen (1257–1305)
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2005:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1960:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
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66:'Teacher of the Emperor';
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2032:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
746:, also known as the Sakya dynasty
590:The End of the Imperial Preceptor
371:Drogon Chogyal Phagpa (1235–1280)
216:. During the last century of the
104:Yuan administrative rule of Tibet
2150:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
2140:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
1528:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
1391:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
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694:
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573:Sonam Lotro Gyaltsen (1332–1362)
489:Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen (1299–1327)
353:and were charged with promoting
149:'Teacher of the State';
94:. It was established as part of
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336:In the 12th century, under the
332:Roles of the Imperial Preceptor
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2867:Buddhist religious occupations
2380:Patron and priest relationship
2346:Central Tibetan Administration
2155:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
1278:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
1091:. Serindia Pubns. p. 47.
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1561:The Story of the Western Wing
1432:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
1156:Division of the Mongol Empire
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86:and powerful post created by
2085:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
1437:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
1188:conquest of the Song dynasty
1087:Huntington, John C. (2003).
1051:Sources of Tibetan tradition
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2105:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
1995:British expedition to Tibet
1985:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
1955:Battle of the Salween River
1457:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
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610:captured the capital city,
541:Rinchen Trashi (? – ?)
241:religion during Yuan rule.
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1930:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
1343:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
1222:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
1019:白壽彝,中國通史(14),上海人民出版社,1989年
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1372:Goryeo under Mongol rule
1178:Mongol conquest of China
1053:. New York 2013, p. 344.
459:Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen
442:Drakpa Odzer (1246–1303)
245:Rise of the Yuan dynasty
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2405:Serfs' Emancipation Day
1945:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
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1268:1344 Yellow River flood
1263:War of the Two Capitals
1173:Kublai Khan's campaigns
1068:Encyclopedia Britannica
807:Encyclopedia Britannica
729:List of rulers of Tibet
473:Sanggye Pal (1267–1314)
252:, leader of the Mongol
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2483:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
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2047:1959 Tibetan uprising
1935:Battle of Dafei River
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1283:Battle of Lake Poyang
1273:Red Turban Rebellions
915:. Indiana University.
782:. Fifth (1): 85–111.
744:Tibet under Yuan rule
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376:Drogon Chogyal Phagpa
228:. The Tangut monarch
171:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
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2010:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
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526:The History Of Yuan
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1965:Jinchuan campaigns
1950:Battle of Dartsedo
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2771:
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2698:sand mandala
2690:
2683:
2624:Sinicization
2596:Panchen Lama
2591:Lhamo La-tso
2574:Ganden Tripa
2541:
2368:Human rights
2242:Grand Canyon
2222:Namcha Barwa
2215: /
1893:Tibetan Army
1791:Guge kingdom
1614:
1588:Other topics
1559:
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1538:
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1519:
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1507:Menggu Ziyun
1505:
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1425:Architecture
1413:
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1389:
1322:
1139:Yuan dynasty
1088:
1082:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
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1024:
1003:
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978:
959:
942:
921:cite journal
906:
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867:
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837:. Retrieved
832:
822:
810:. Retrieved
806:
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779:
762:
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688:China portal
667:
665:
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646:
641:Qing dynasty
638:
631:
620:
608:Ming dynasty
604:Yuan dynasty
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447:Drakpa Odzer
445:
433:
425:
418:
409:
405:
398:
388:
385:
374:
335:
313:Yuan Dynasty
309:Song Dynasty
287:
274:Confucianism
262:Song dynasty
248:
218:Song dynasty
210:Yuan dynasty
207:
193:Ming dynasty
182:
180:
162:
138:
114:
110:
108:
92:Yuan dynasty
79:
55:
31:
27:
25:
2708:wall murals
2612:Catholicism
2196:Environment
1870:(1720–1912)
1833:(1368–1644)
1813:(1270–1350)
1734:(Neolithic)
1732:Prehistory
1473:Yuan poetry
1311:family tree
478:Sanggye Pal
351:Yuan empire
322:Yuan Empire
294:Western Xia
250:Kublai Khan
222:Western Xia
214:Kublai Khan
88:Kublai Khan
2846:Categories
2791:Tibetology
2760:Literature
2579:Dalai Lama
2432:Government
2390:Tibet Area
2385:Golden Urn
2351:Parliament
1876:Lifan Yuan
1803:(960–1279)
1740:Zhangzhung
1725:Chronology
1299:Government
1073:2018-06-09
751:References
411:Dynasty).
2773:Chronicle
2735:Festivals
2547:Dpon-chen
2517:Languages
2512:Education
2261:Changtang
2203:Mountains
2170:Geography
2078:Documents
1923:conflicts
1775:(618–907)
1694:Overviews
1622:Khanbaliq
1363:Dpon-chen
1353:Manchuria
1318:Empresses
892:cite book
661:Tathāgata
612:Khanbaliq
278:Silk Road
184:dpon-chen
2831:Category
2715:Calendar
2649:Diaspora
2522:Religion
2326:Politics
2227:Tanggula
2217:Changtse
1921:Wars and
1796:Tsongkha
1758:Timeline
1701:Timeline
1678:articles
1605:Borjigin
1415:Nong Shu
1397:Jiaochao
1348:Mongolia
1306:Emperors
1207:Sakhalin
788:41645478
674:See also
618:(1351).
355:Buddhism
326:Buddhism
301:Buddhist
297:Buddhism
290:Buddhist
254:Borjigin
239:Buddhist
234:Buddhist
102:and the
2815:Outline
2779:writers
2720:Cuisine
2685:thangka
2666:Culture
2639:Changpa
2554:Nyingma
2501:Society
2466:Economy
2301:Ü-Tsang
2275:Valleys
2233:Rivers
2208:Kailash
1768:Lönchen
1750:Empire
1686:History
1627:Shangdu
1595:Mongols
1579:Fashion
1402:Coinage
1217:Vietnam
1148:History
839:10 June
812:10 June
627:Shangdu
547:Yuanshi
522:Yuanshi
510:nang so
498:Tibetan
389:pönchen
226:Tanguts
163:go shri
151:Tibetan
68:Tibetan
2766:Annals
2730:Emblem
2692:tsakli
2564:Jonang
2213:Lhotse
2157:(2008)
1856:Kashag
1676:
1141:topics
1095:
994:
950:
880:
786:
359:stupas
342:Phagpa
305:Sangha
155:གོ་ཤྲི
140:Guóshī
137::
135:pinyin
129::
121::
115:Guoshi
96:Mongol
54::
52:pinyin
46::
38::
2862:Sakya
2822:Index
2786:Music
2751:Khata
2654:Names
2644:Yolmo
2617:Islam
2569:Gelug
2559:Kagyu
2537:Sakya
2340:(TAR)
2306:Ngari
2191:Fauna
2186:Flora
1674:Tibet
1574:Islam
1358:Tibet
1244:Pagan
1234:Burma
1212:Japan
1198:Yamen
784:JSTOR
739:Sakya
668:Dìshī
502:Sakya
347:Sakya
191:-led
169:lama
167:Sakya
159:Wylie
84:title
76:Wylie
57:Dìshī
32:Dishi
30:, or
21:Dishy
2740:Flag
2679:rugs
2601:list
2584:list
2373:LGBT
2296:Kham
2291:Amdo
1569:Semu
1534:Zaju
1493:Song
1093:ISBN
992:ISBN
948:ISBN
934:help
898:link
878:ISBN
841:2018
814:2018
602:The
288:The
208:The
146:lit.
63:lit.
26:The
2674:Art
2527:Bon
1486:Jin
189:Han
113:or
2848::
1066:.
1012:^
968:^
925::
923:}}
919:{{
894:}}
890:{{
857:.
831:.
805:.
770:^
328:.
161::
157:,
153::
143:;
133:;
131:國師
125:;
123:国师
106:.
78::
74:,
70::
60:;
50:;
48:帝師
42:;
40:帝师
1666:e
1659:t
1652:v
1131:e
1124:t
1117:v
1101:.
1076:.
998:.
954:.
936:)
932:(
900:)
886:.
861:.
843:.
816:.
790:.
117:(
34:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.