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will be charged for each time services are provided. Some companies will charge per-time and per-inch where the depth of the snow is even taken into account. A full season contract is quoted and paid upfront at the start of the season and services will be provided automatically according to the contracted terms. Terms may sometimes differ between companies. For example, some full season contracts will expire after a certain amount of trips where others are unlimited. And finally, will-call service is where the client makes contact with the snow removal company to initiate a single clearing. This is not an automatic service and charges are usually higher for will-call jobs.
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the contiguous land owner. The
Czechoslovak Road Act No. 135/1961 Sb. (§23) adopted such legal regulations for all municipalities, but municipality offices could modify them. The new Road Act of the Czech Republic, No. 13/1997 Sb. (§9 art. 4) left this enactment in place and stated that maintenance of a road, path, track etc. is an obligation of its owner without any exception. Despite this, §27 art. 4 attached to the owner of contiguous land the liability for harm caused by defects of cleaning. In its 2002 and 2003 annual reports, the
248:
601:. Some communities have standing snow emergency rules in winter, in which vehicles may not be parked on streets overnight, whether it snows or not. After smaller snow storms only main roads are cleared while residential ones are left to be melted by passing traffic. Decisions on immediate removal versus "natural melting" can be hard to make because the inconvenience to citizens and the economy in general must be weighed against the immediate effect on the snow removal budget at that particular moment in the season.
685:
697:
904:) is added to NaCl in some countries, but deployment is limited as it costs about 6 times as much as sodium chloride. Other substances were used rarely and experimentally. Alternative substances (urea, alcohols, glycols) are often used at airports. In recent years, Geomelt, a combination of salt brine and beet juice that is otherwise considered a waste product has been used for pretreatment. In Wisconsin, USA, surplus brine from cheese making has been used for this purpose.
192:
240:
616:, with about 50 per cent more population and 28 per cent more road surface, gets only 125 cm of snow a year and spends about half that. The higher cost in Montreal is due to the need to perform "snow removal" (the loading stage where snow is hauled away) consistently, necessitated by both the higher snowfall amounts and fewer melting days there, as opposed to simple "snow clearing" that usually suffices in other cities with less snowfall.
366:
47:
612:, the snow clearing expense for each season is an important part of the seasonal public works budget and each snow storm provokes a major logistical operation involving thousands of employees working in shifts 24 hours a day. The effort can vary greatly depending on the amount of snow. Montreal gets about 225 cm of snow each winter and spends more than $ 158 million Canadian (2013) each year to remove it.
31:
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behind snowblowers (or snow throwers), truck plows, skid-steers, light-weight tractors, and heavy front-end loaders. Many times, these machines will require use of tire chains to perform their tasks. Snow may be pushed by plowing methods or blown to an area of the property by snowblowers. Contractors may apply sand or salt in some locations to help melt ice accumulations.
339:. Those who fail to do so, depending on the jurisdiction's laws, may experience fines and may be civilly liable for injuries suffered by another on a surface that they were required to clear. In some jurisdictions, such as New York, private home owners who shovel are held civilly liable for others' injuries incurred by falling in areas that have been shovelled.
709:
litter. Some pollutants become diluted and wash away with the melt-water and some concentrate at the dump site. Dumping into fresh water is "...almost universally prohibited due to the serious impact that deicer salts can have on freshwater aquatic life." In the United States dumping snow into water bodies is not specifically prohibited by the
251:
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734:, causing ice and snow to melt at a lower temperature. Chemical treatment can be applied as a preventive measure and/or after snowfall. Inert materials (i.e. sand, brash, slag) make the surface irregular to improve traction. Both types can be applied together, but the inert materials tend to lower traction once the snow and ice has melted.
255:
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which the insurance company assumes the risk of a heavy winter. The insurance company of course sets the rates such that averaged over time they will make a profit; the town is willing to overpay for snow removal in mild winters in order to avoid the risk of running dramatically over budget in the occasional severe winter.
403:
Constitutional Court on 3 January 2007 each stated that the cleaning duty results indirectly from the stated liability for harm. Those who impugn the duty argued that it is a residue of feudal corvée or of the totalitarian Nazi and communist regimes, that nowadays, compulsory labour mandated by law is in conflict with the
561:. The snow is then dumped on the outskirts of town, or in a nearby lake, river or harbor. (Some jurisdictions have banned dumping snow into local bodies of water for environmental reasons since the collected snow is contaminated with melting salt, motor oil, and other substances from the roads they were removed from.)
252:
720:
Snow dump site selection is based on the availability of suitable land and pollution prevention factors that may include distances from lakes and streams, installation of silt fences, soil and aquifer type, and other factors. Some sites may use filters and settling ponds to help prevent the pollution
381:
In some countries, keeping sidewalks clear and safe in winter is a duty of the owner of the contiguous land or building. The owner can be an individual inhabitant, in case of a family house, but also the municipality, municipal district or their specific organization or a housing co-operative or some
342:
Cleaning off and freeing one's vehicle is another matter. Some people who need their vehicles will only do barely what is necessary in order to drive the vehicle and remove it from its space. Failure to clear all the snow and ice from a vehicle causes hazards by impairing the driver's visibility, and
195:
A Japanese road sprinkler system. This system combines the mechanical action of the water to remove the snow and the > zero temperature of the water to melt the snow. This system can only be used where ground temperatures do not regularly drop below zero, otherwise sheet ice formation could result
187:
Several proprietary products incorporate anti-icing chemicals into the pavement. Verglimit incorporates calcium chloride granules into asphalt pavement. The granules are continually exposed by traffic wear, and release calcium chloride onto the surface. This prevents snow and ice from sticking to the
95:
De-icing is defined as removal of existing snow, ice or frost from a roadway, airport runway, roof, or other surface. It includes both mechanical means, such as plowing, vacuuming or scraping, and chemical means, such as application of salt or other ice-melting chemicals. Anti-icing is treatment with
165:
Recently, organic compounds have been developed that reduce the environmental impact associated with salts and that have longer residual effects when spread on roadways, usually in conjunction with salt brines or solids. These compounds are generated as byproducts of agricultural operations, such as
708:
A snow dump site is a location where snow is dumped as a part of the snow removal process. Designated sites are sometimes required to prevent water and ground pollution because the snow collected on roads typically contain a variety of grit, de-icing chemicals, vehicle fluids, engine emissions, and
645:
The employees who take part in snow removal are generally the same workers who do road maintenance work during the summer months, but in some US cities garbage trucks are also equipped with plows and used for snow removal. Many smaller US communities sign contracts with insurance companies, under
472:
In many high elevation or heavy snow accumulating areas, companies with snow removal equipment offer to provide services to remove the snow. Contractors may work on a per-time basis, full season contract, or will-call status. Per-time service (or per-push) is usually invoiced monthly and customers
397:
No. 1/1943 Sb. said that sidewalk cleaning in residential areas of municipalities with more than 5000 inhabitants, of district cities and of other specified municipalities is a duty of the owner or user of the contiguous land. The municipality was empowered to undertake this duty at the expense of
983:
Salts can be toxic to plants and aquatic life, including the trees lining the side of the roads. Sand can alter aquatic habitats where roads are near streams and lakes. Acetates can reduce oxygen levels in smaller water bodies, stressing aquatic animal life. Sand can be ground by tires into very
568:
The windrows created by the plows in residential areas often block driveways and imprison parked cars. The snow pushed there by any plow is a dense, packed version of "normal" fallen snow. When the temperatures are significantly below freezing this packed snow takes some of the characteristics of
556:
is done, which consists of pushing the snow banks further from the road. The most expensive option, but necessary when there are no nearby places to dump the snow, is to haul it away (known as the loading stage). This is most often done by large self-propelled snowblowers that gather the piles of
416:
had sanctioned this change by a margin of 116 to 31 amongst the 190 members present. Since 16 April 2009, the changes made by Act No. 97/2009 Sb. mandate that sidewalk cleaning is an obligation only of the owner of the walkway or road, i.e. generally the municipality. Despite the abolition of the
967:
during the winter season of 2000/2001, net material expenditure for road treatment was: 168 000 tonnes of salt (mostly NaCl), 348 000 tonnes of sand and crushed stone and 91 000 tonnes of other materials like slag. In
Ireland, the annual expenditure of salt was 30 000 tonnes. Switzerland reports
519:
cover every street pushing snow to the side of the road. Salt trucks often then return to deal with any remaining ice and snow. The trucks generally travel much faster than the plows, averaging between 30 and 40 kilometers per hour. Most cities thus have at least twice as many plows as trucks.
979:
Chemicals may react with infrastructure, the environment, and vehicles. Chlorides corrode steel and aluminum in reinforced concrete, structures and vehicles. Acetates can cause asphalt stripping, weakening the bond between asphalt binder and aggregate. Sand and grit can clog pavement joints and
476:
Snow removal services may include driveway and parking area snow removal, walkway and deck handwork, and roof clearing. Allowing snow to accumulate - especially on roofs where the weight of the snow may cause the structure to collapse - can be very dangerous. Contractors use hand shovels, walk
304:
or other substantial surfaces and people who live in areas with long lasting winters with large amounts of snowfall. Others may hire a contractor with a plow bearing truck or a shovel. After a large snowfall, businessmen with plow trucks often drive through cities offering to plow for money.
452:
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made a claim for there being a discrepancy between the theoretical and the practical interpretations of the act and recommended that an unequivocal formulation be enacted. This discrepancy was repeatedly handled by the courts, and the
Supreme Administrative Court on 27 June 2005 and the
451:
456:
455:
450:
457:
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movements often oppose this use of salt because of the damage it does when it eventually washes off the roads and spreads to the environment in general. Credit for the concept that municipalities should remove snow from public roadways usually goes to
454:
382:
other company (especially if some office or industrial object is concerned). Owners of large buildings or building complexes generally have mechanized snow-removal equipment, but individual house owners mostly clean the sidewalk with hand tools.
729:
The surface is treated primarily by snow removal. Roads are also treated by spreading various materials on the surface. These materials generally fall into two categories: chemical and inert. Chemical (including salt) distribution induces
100:, or wetted salt, is usually applied shortly before the beginning of a snowstorm. When properly performed, anti-icing can significantly reduce the amount of salt required and allow easier removal by mechanical methods, including plowing.
411:
proposed at the instance of its
Constitutional Committee to remove the controversial article from §27 of the Road Act of 1997. The Czech Government gave support to it by a narrow majority. In a previous vote and after heated debate, the
569:
solid ice. Its removal is nearly impossible without mechanical means. Recently, windrows created in residential neighborhoods by city operated snow plows have resulted in the snow plow operators being assaulted by angry homeowners.
327:
Some governments offer free snow clearing for the elderly and others in need. In some cities, snow clearing for elder and handicapped residents counts towards community service hours assigned as a punishment for minor offences.
323:
that heats the pavement from below and melts snow and ice after a period of time. Such systems are expensive to install and operate and they are not cost effective in areas with very low winter temperatures and large snowfalls.
249:
424:
in a statement by the Czech
Association of Cities and Municipalities, a similar duty belongs to owners of contiguous land exists in many other modern countries, e.g. Austria, France, the United States and some cities in
278:
or sleigh shovels, a large and deep hopper-like implement fitted with a wide handle and designed to scoop up a load of snow and slide it on any slippery surface to another location without lifting. Other tools include
188:
pavement
Cargill SafeLane is a proprietary pavement surface treatment that absorbs anti-icing brines, to be released during a storm or other icing event. It also provides a high-friction surface, increasing traction.
177:. A mixture of some selection of these organic compounds with a combination of salts results in a substance that is both more easily spread and more effective at lower temperatures (â34 °C or â30 °F).
596:
will be declared, where automobile owners are instructed to remove their vehicles from the street (or one side of a street). If cars are in the way when the plows come around, they may be hauled away by
480:
Many snow removal contractors will require installation of snow poles or snow staking along the driveway. This is to keep equipment out of the landscaping and to help identify the perimeter of an area.
343:
ice from the roofs of driven vehicles can cause crashes. In some jurisdictions, motorists who fail to clear snow from their vehicle entirely may be fined. Others may be more thorough in this process.
453:
417:
duty, many people, including its opponents, declared that they will continue the winter cleaning of municipal sidewalks and paths, but instead will do so voluntarily and on their own behalf.
270:
In places with light snow, brooms or other light instruments can be used to brush off snow from walks and other surfaces. In regions with more precipitation, snow is commonly removed with
184:
on roads by nozzles instead of a spinning spreader used with salts. Liquid melters are more effective at preventing the ice from bonding to the surface than melting through existing ice.
267:
Most snow removal by individuals is clearance of driveways and walkways. After heavy snowfalls, snow may be removed from roofs to reduce the risk of structural damage due to the weight.
676:
Airports, with their associated runways, taxiways and ramp areas are an exception to the use of salt, as the metals used in aircraft construction will corrode causing safety issues.
1457:
503:
Cities clear snow on a much larger scale than individuals. Most cities in areas that get regular snowfall maintain a fleet of snow clearing vehicles. The first to be dispatched are
634:
Snow removal impacts the design of city infrastructure. Where possible, street boulevards are wider to accommodate the windrows and sidewalks are not right next to the street.
642:
embedded in the roadbed is not possible (or much harder) due to risk of damage by plows. Access to snow dumping locations (e.g. ravines) by heavy equipment is also planned.
1617:
Environmental
Stewardship Practices, Procedures, and Policies for Highway Construction and Maintenance Chapter 8: Winter Operations and Salt, Sand, and Chemical Management
1298:
1440:
721:
from spreading. Occasionally an excessive amount of snow must be dumped and is sometimes allowed to be legally dumped into water bodies on an "emergency only" basis.
528:
in some cities, but in many others with less snowfall and/or less pedestrian traffic individuals are tasked with clearing the sidewalk in front of their homes.
1264:
Watson, Daniel S.; Shields, Brenda J.; Smith, Gary A. (January 2011). "Snow shovelârelated injuries and medical emergencies treated in US EDs, 1990 to 2006".
540:
In cities where snow steadily accumulates over the winter it is also necessary to remove the piles of snow that build up on the side of the roads known as
200:
In
Niigata, Japan, relatively inexpensive hot water bubbles up through holes in the pavement to melt snow, though this solution is only practical within a
69:
after a snowfall to make travel easier and safer. This is done both by individual households and by governments, institutions, and commercial businesses.
357:
A leaf blower is sometimes used to blow light powder snow from vehicles, driveways, walkways, and decks. This only works well for very light powder snow.
96:
ice-melting chemicals before or during the onset of a storm in order to prevent or delay the formation and adhesion of ice and snow to the surface.
404:
584:
The largest roads and highways are the first to be cleared; roads with steep hills or other dangers are also often a priority. Streets used by
537:, a celebrated early 20th century transportation thinker who also was the first to put a painted center line stripe on an automobile-era road.
1009:
1426:
1467:
131:
freezes at â18 °C (0 °F), and so it is ineffective at these low temperatures. It also has a strong tendency to cause corrosion,
231:
from collapsing on anyone below. Small areas of pavement can be kept ice-free by circulating heated liquids in embedded piping systems.
413:
1561:
592:
are also often given higher priorities. It often takes many hours, or even days, to cover every street in a city. In some places, a
312:
can break through most ice. There is always the risk of damaging the pavement with these instruments. Icy areas can be covered with
1580:
511:, helps melt the snow and ice and also gives vehicles more traction. Later, usually when the snow has ceased falling, snow plows,
351:
1483:"Evaluation of Snow Disposal into Near Shore Marine Environments" Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. June 2006.
548:
is done when temperatures rise high enough for traffic to melt snow. The windrows are then broken up and spread over the road.
1669:
1615:
1484:
1437:
1389:
308:
Removing ice is more difficult. Snow blowers are usually ineffective at clearing ice. Picks are sometimes used, but a solid
1197:
394:
1213:
1170:"Recommended Anti-Icing Practices - Manual of Practice for An Effective Anti-Icing Program , June 1996 - FHWA-RD-95-202"
1353:
1594:
628:
604:
It is estimated that Canada spends $ 1 billion annually on snow removal. In large cities with heavy snowfalls like
421:
657:
also often have their own mechanized snow clearing force. Public transit systems generally clear bus stops while
940:
The choice of treatment may include consideration of the effect on vegetation, pets and other animals, the local
1639:
1174:
873:
407:
and that systematic municipal cleaning is more effective than cleaning by individuals. On 6 December 2007, the
408:
51:
1534:
1524:(Winter road maintenance spreadings in the Czech Republic and in EU countries), Ekolist.cz, 3. 12. 2001
960:
if it re-freezes, which can also damage pavement. Inert materials can damage vehicles and create dust.
896:
in various forms. It is effective down to â5 °C, at the most â7 °C. For colder temperatures,
504:
294:. Each year many senior citizens and middle aged persons die from heart attacks while shovelling snow.
1169:
151:, which not only decrease the freezing point of water to a much lower temperature but also produce an
825:
731:
552:
is the moving of snow by means of a shovel or plow to nearby public lands. On boulevards or highways
508:
1404:
1083:
490:
17:
1495:
442:
1342:
980:
cracks, preventing pavement from expanding in the summer and increasing stress in the pavement.
968:
their annual expenditure as 600 grammes of salt to every square metre of roads on average.
1506:
1341:
The rare but deadly danger of flying ice, Minneapolis St. Paul Star
Tribune, January 16, 2009,
1324:
1133:
1034:
466:
127:
is normally used because it is inexpensive and readily available in large quantities. However,
1649:
1644:
495:
1664:
565:
may be cheaper than moving snow, depending on the cost of fuel and the ambient temperature.
1485:
https://dec.alaska.gov/water/wnpspc/stormwater/docs/adec_snow_disposal_evaluation..htm.pdf
385:
One example of the longstanding debate over the obligation of snow removal comes from the
155:, whose dissipated heat further aids in melting. In addition, they are somewhat safer for
8:
855:
374:
152:
77:
1415:
393:, evidence of such a duty is documented since 1838. The decree of the government of the
763:
757:
521:
300:
are often used by people unwilling or unable to perform this labour, people with large
148:
944:, and effectiveness with regard to speed and temperature. Some chemicals can degrade
1462:
1385:
1281:
1093:
1024:
792:
714:
399:
1273:
1194:
897:
807:
787:
773:
747:
512:
347:
144:
976:
De-icing chemicals and inert materials need to be selected and applied with care.
1444:
1379:
1201:
1123:
1113:
1044:
893:
741:
710:
670:
534:
320:
212:
1277:
1128:
1098:
964:
941:
684:
624:
593:
386:
286:
Shovelling entails a considerable amount of physical effort and can strain the
220:
209:
1238:
1674:
1658:
1217:
1103:
1088:
957:
892:
In the
European Union, 98% of chemical treatment materials used in 2000 were
370:
335:
in front of their house, as well as a pathway on their own property to their
1310:
984:
fine particulate matter and become airborne, contributing to air pollution.
696:
638:
will have tall flags to locate them under the windrows. Reflective traffic
1285:
1048:
635:
589:
224:
174:
1299:
Snow slams area: Slick roads lead to travel troubles â News â Daily Review
360:
1521:
1108:
1004:
999:
994:
717:. The states and local governments determine their own dumping policies.
658:
639:
623:, Finland, the amount of snow transported from streets and properties to
577:
297:
280:
271:
191:
461:
Video of snow removal on RĂŒĂŒtli street in Tartu, Estonia (December 2021)
1039:
650:
562:
558:
529:
275:
167:
108:
331:
In some places, laws require homeowners to clear snow from the public
239:
196:(although a continuous water flow would act as an impediment to this).
143:
in concrete bridges. More recent snowmelters use other salts, such as
85:
sprayed and dried on a road surface for anti-icing before a snow storm
1195:
Better Roads- dead link pending resolution with Better Roads magazine
1078:
949:
598:
259:
Snow removal two days after a record-breaking 45 cm of snow falls in
180:
Since the 1990s, use of liquid chemical melters has been increasing,
124:
365:
1118:
1073:
1068:
1019:
1014:
945:
928:
689:
666:
662:
620:
605:
525:
336:
332:
301:
260:
159:
156:
104:
90:
46:
1251:
1214:"About Magic Salt - the most highly effective ice melting product"
1522:
PosypovĂ© materiĂĄly pro zimnĂ ĂșdrĆŸbu komunikacĂ v ÄR a v zemĂch EU
1507:
alpha-D-Methylglucoside - 97-30-3 - Catalog of Chemical Suppliers
1063:
934:
701:
654:
613:
541:
426:
181:
171:
39:
1650:
Ice Melt Vs Rock Salt 101: Understanding The Different Chemicals
704:. Melting has already begun and mostly sand and dirt is visible.
274:, a large lightweight shovel used to push snow and lift it, and
30:
917:
609:
572:
516:
499:
Line of horse-drawn wagons hauling snow in New York City, 1908.
390:
228:
120:
35:
631:
was 210,000 truckloads, equaling over 3 million cubic meters.
1343:
http://www.startribune.com/local/37747909.html?page=1&c=y
1029:
953:
437:
316:
or some other substance, bags of which are widely available.
309:
291:
140:
136:
128:
97:
82:
692:
being loaded on truck for transportation to a snow dump site
103:
The de-icing of roads has historically been accomplished by
1158:
Snow and Ice Control Operations for Local Highway Officials
923:
911:
802:
544:
or snowbanks. There are a number of methods of doing this.
507:
who do some plowing but also salt the road. The salt, via
313:
287:
216:
205:
201:
132:
116:
112:
66:
1405:
City of Toronto: Transportation Services â Snow management
1381:
Snow in the Cities: A History of America's Urban Response
585:
1640:
Have Snow Shovel, Will Travel: A History of Snow Removal
1562:"Pouring Cheese on Icy Roads in (Where Else?) Wisconsin"
1366:
ZĂĄkon o pozemnĂch komunikacĂch s komentĂĄĆem a vyhlĂĄĆĄkou.
1634:
1535:"Cities, states testing beet juice mixture on roadways"
361:
Clearing by the owners of contiguous lands or buildings
208:. Some individual buildings may melt snow and ice with
1458:"Helsingin lumitalkoissa on rikottu kaikki ennÀtykset"
1578:
1325:"Key Steps To Start A Snow Plowing Business In 2022"
354:so they can reclaim their space upon their return.
1581:"Pavement Condition and Winter Deicing Treatments"
1263:
227:, or to keep massive chunks of snow and dangerous
1656:
1620:. Transportation Research Board. September 2004.
1455:
405:Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms
1377:
1309:FHWA Domestic Pedestrian Safety Scanning Tour
948:, metals, and other materials. The resulting
557:snow at the side of the road and load it into
420:As was mentioned during the discussion in the
1645:Comparison of snow and ice melting substances
669:have their own snow clearing devices such as
484:
1371:
1368:, Praha, Linde, repeated editions since 1997
1239:http://www.verglimit.eu/en_capabilities.php
352:use objects to mark the spaces they dug out
1579:Pavement Interactive (November 11, 2013).
1516:
1514:
1266:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
432:
234:
72:
1479:
1477:
1311:http://www.cdtcmpo.org/bike/pedsafety.pdf
1250:Cargill, Inc., SafeLane Surface Overlay,
1237:Verglimit SA, Capabilities of Verglimit,
414:Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic
1354:A clean car is safe Ă and legal - NJ.com
695:
683:
571:
494:
447:
436:
364:
246:
238:
190:
76:
45:
29:
1559:
1511:
14:
1657:
1474:
737:Chemical treatment materials include:
319:A recent technological advance is the
162:, but excess should still be removed.
1597:. the Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay
1560:Yaccino, Steven (December 23, 2013).
1175:Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
987:
724:
346:In some urban residential areas with
283:and shovels with one or more wheels.
215:buried in the pavement, or even on a
1322:
1241:, Sep 20, 2010, retrieved 12/14/2010
1047:embedded in pavement, also known as
1635:Snow and Ice Management Association
1323:Sims, Will Ben (14 November 2022).
441:Clearing a residential driveway in
395:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
24:
679:
524:or huge snow tires salt and clear
25:
1686:
1628:
1438:Cost of Snow (December 24, 2004)
1313:, Sep. 2005, retrieved Dec. 2010
520:Smaller narrow body plows, with
1608:
1587:
1572:
1553:
1527:
1500:
1489:
1456:Jenita SillanpÀÀ (2011-03-06).
1449:
1431:
1420:
1409:
1398:
1358:
1347:
1335:
1316:
1252:http://www.cargillsafelane.com/
971:
515:with snowplow attachments, and
400:Czech Public Defender of Rights
1384:. University Rochester Press.
1303:
1292:
1257:
1244:
1231:
1206:
1188:
1162:
1150:
874:Methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
139:used in most vehicles and the
13:
1:
1156:Cornell Local Roads Program,
1143:
1670:Inclement weather management
649:Large organizations such as
409:Senate of the Czech Republic
52:Rocky Mountain National Park
34:A sidewalk clearing plow in
7:
1056:
465:Hiring a contractor with a
10:
1691:
1443:February 27, 2006, at the
1278:10.1016/j.ajem.2009.07.003
488:
485:Clearing by municipalities
88:
907:Inert spreadings can be:
826:Calcium magnesium acetate
744:(common table salt, NaCl)
732:freezing-point depression
509:freezing point depression
1084:Snow removal in Montreal
931:(for household use only)
491:Snow removal in Montreal
1378:Blake McKelvey (1995).
443:Incline Village, Nevada
433:Clearing by contractors
235:Clearing by individuals
73:De-icing and anti-icing
65:is the job of removing
1254:, retrieved 12/14/2010
1134:Winter service vehicle
1035:Winter service vehicle
963:As an example, in the
705:
693:
581:
500:
467:winter service vehicle
462:
445:
378:
264:
244:
197:
107:or specially designed
86:
55:
43:
699:
687:
575:
563:Snow melting machines
498:
460:
440:
368:
258:
242:
194:
80:
49:
33:
1427:Montreal 2013 Budget
920:, crushed slag, etc.
123:, onto slick roads.
27:Job of removing snow
1541:. February 21, 2008
856:Sodium ferrocyanide
629:winter of 2009â2010
375:Perisher Ski Resort
243:Manual snow removal
153:exothermic reaction
115:, often mixed with
1566:The New York Times
1200:2006-06-24 at the
988:Snow removal tools
764:Magnesium chloride
758:Potassium chloride
725:Surface treatments
706:
700:Snow dump site in
694:
582:
522:Caterpillar tracks
501:
463:
446:
379:
265:
245:
198:
149:magnesium chloride
87:
56:
44:
1463:Helsingin Sanomat
1391:978-1-878822-54-3
1094:Road slipperiness
1025:Skid-steer loader
793:Potassium acetate
715:Ocean Dumping Act
576:A street plow in
513:front end loaders
458:
256:
16:(Redirected from
1682:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1595:"Winter Deicing"
1591:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:Wrightwood Forum
1493:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1466:. Archived from
1453:
1447:
1435:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1375:
1369:
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1290:
1289:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1216:. Archived from
1210:
1204:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1166:
1160:
1154:
898:calcium chloride
808:Propylene glycol
788:Ammonium sulfate
774:Ammonium nitrate
748:Calcium chloride
671:rotary snowplows
459:
422:Czech Parliament
348:curbside parking
257:
213:heating elements
145:calcium chloride
21:
1690:
1689:
1685:
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1542:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1520:Karel Melcher:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1454:
1450:
1445:Wayback Machine
1436:
1432:
1425:
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1414:
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1403:
1399:
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1308:
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1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1236:
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1223:
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1212:
1211:
1207:
1202:Wayback Machine
1193:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1124:Snowmelt system
1114:Snow filtration
1059:
1054:
1045:Snowmelt system
990:
974:
903:
894:sodium chloride
887:
883:
879:
869:
865:
861:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
821:
817:
813:
798:
783:
779:
769:
753:
742:Sodium chloride
727:
711:Clean Water Act
682:
680:Snow dump sites
625:snow dump sites
535:Edward N. Hines
493:
487:
448:
435:
363:
321:snowmelt system
247:
237:
93:
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1653:
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1647:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1629:External links
1627:
1624:
1623:
1607:
1586:
1571:
1552:
1526:
1510:
1499:
1488:
1473:
1470:on 2011-03-08.
1448:
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1408:
1397:
1390:
1370:
1357:
1346:
1334:
1315:
1302:
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1230:
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1187:
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1145:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1129:Street sweeper
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:Snow emergency
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
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1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
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1042:
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1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
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1007:
1002:
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965:Czech Republic
938:
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926:
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914:
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845:
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796:
790:
785:
781:
777:
771:
767:
761:
755:
751:
745:
726:
723:
681:
678:
594:snow emergency
486:
483:
434:
431:
387:Czech Republic
362:
359:
236:
233:
89:Main article:
74:
71:
50:Snowblower in
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1687:
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1673:
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1428:
1423:
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1393:
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1382:
1374:
1367:
1364:Pavel Fastr:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1329:cerdonis.tech
1326:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1220:on 2009-06-05
1219:
1215:
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1199:
1196:
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1177:
1176:
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1125:
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1110:
1107:
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1104:Smart highway
1102:
1100:
1097:
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1089:Parking chair
1087:
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1077:
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1021:
1018:
1016:
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1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
985:
981:
977:
969:
966:
961:
959:
958:frost heaving
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
930:
927:
925:
922:
919:
915:
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910:
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872:
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827:
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794:
791:
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786:
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772:
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756:
749:
746:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
733:
722:
718:
716:
712:
703:
698:
691:
686:
677:
674:
672:
668:
664:
661:clear around
660:
656:
652:
647:
643:
641:
637:
636:Fire hydrants
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
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591:
587:
579:
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564:
560:
555:
551:
547:
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536:
531:
527:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
497:
492:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:or a shovel.
468:
444:
439:
430:
428:
423:
418:
415:
410:
406:
401:
396:
392:
388:
383:
376:
372:
371:snow grooming
367:
358:
355:
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349:
344:
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329:
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322:
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315:
311:
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126:
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118:
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106:
101:
99:
92:
84:
79:
70:
68:
64:
63:snow clearing
60:
53:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1665:Snow removal
1616:
1610:
1599:. Retrieved
1589:
1574:
1565:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
1502:
1491:
1468:the original
1461:
1451:
1433:
1422:
1411:
1400:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1349:
1337:
1328:
1318:
1305:
1294:
1272:(1): 11â17.
1269:
1265:
1259:
1246:
1233:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1208:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1173:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1139:
1049:radiant heat
982:
978:
975:
972:Side effects
962:
939:
906:
891:
858:(hydrous, Na
736:
728:
719:
707:
675:
659:post offices
651:universities
648:
644:
640:lane markers
633:
618:
603:
590:mass transit
583:
567:
554:winging back
553:
549:
546:Pulling snow
545:
539:
502:
479:
475:
471:
464:
419:
384:
380:
356:
350:, residents
345:
341:
330:
326:
318:
307:
298:Snow blowers
296:
285:
281:snow pushers
272:snow shovels
269:
266:
199:
186:
179:
175:distillation
170:refining or
164:
111:that spread
102:
94:
62:
59:Snow removal
58:
57:
1109:Snow chains
1010:Snow Vacuum
1005:Snow pusher
1000:Snow blower
995:Snow shovel
627:during the
578:Quebec City
559:dump trucks
377:, Australia
373:machine at
276:snow scoops
219:to prevent
109:dump trucks
1659:Categories
1601:2014-01-07
1224:2011-01-04
1181:2019-02-23
1144:References
1040:Snowmelter
956:can cause
663:mail boxes
599:tow trucks
588:and other
530:Ecological
489:See also:
168:sugar beet
1539:USA Today
1079:Metromelt
950:meltwater
942:watershed
667:Railroads
526:sidewalks
302:driveways
160:sidewalks
125:Rock salt
105:snowplows
1441:Archived
1286:20825768
1198:Archived
1119:Snowplow
1074:Ice road
1069:Grit bin
1057:See also
1020:Ice pick
1015:Snowplow
946:concrete
929:wood ash
840:Ca and C
690:Helsinki
688:Snow in
655:airports
621:Helsinki
606:Montreal
580:, Canada
542:windrows
505:gritters
333:sidewalk
290:and the
261:Montreal
225:shingles
221:ice dams
210:electric
157:concrete
91:De-icing
42:, Canada
18:Ice melt
1545:May 23,
1064:Deicing
935:sawdust
916:brash,
713:or the
702:Tampere
614:Toronto
550:Casting
517:graders
427:Bavaria
337:mailbox
229:icicles
223:on the
182:sprayed
172:ethanol
133:rusting
40:Ontario
1388:
1284:
918:rubble
862:Fe(CN)
610:Ottawa
391:Prague
121:gravel
54:, 1933
36:Ottawa
1030:Spade
954:slush
900:(CaCl
799:COOK)
766:(MgCl
760:(KCl)
750:(CaCl
586:buses
389:. In
310:spade
292:heart
141:rebar
137:steel
129:brine
98:Brine
83:brine
81:Salt
1675:Snow
1547:2010
1386:ISBN
1282:PMID
952:and
924:slag
912:sand
866:âą10H
803:Urea
653:and
608:and
314:salt
288:back
217:roof
206:town
202:city
147:and
135:the
119:and
117:sand
113:salt
67:snow
1416:Ice
1274:doi
852:Mg)
795:(CH
776:(NH
619:In
204:or
61:or
1661::
1564:.
1537:.
1513:^
1476:^
1460:.
1327:.
1280:.
1270:29
1268:.
1172:.
888:)
882:14
876:(C
870:O)
828:(C
810:(C
780:NO
673:.
665:.
429:.
369:A
38:,
1604:.
1583:.
1568:.
1549:.
1394:.
1331:.
1288:.
1276::
1227:.
1184:.
1051:.
902:2
886:6
884:O
880:H
878:7
868:2
864:6
860:4
850:2
848:O
846:6
844:H
842:4
838:2
836:O
834:6
832:H
830:4
822:)
820:2
818:O
816:8
814:H
812:3
797:3
784:)
782:3
778:4
770:)
768:2
754:)
752:2
263:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
