596:
237:
43:
3927:
902:(PVA), in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the preventive and corrective measures established during the environmental assessment process, and thus guarantee the operation of desalination plants without producing significant environmental impacts. The PVAs establishes a series of mandatory requirements that are mainly related to the monitoring of discharge, using a series of measurements and
476:. It is used because the addition of salt to water lowers the freezing temperature of the solution and the heat transport efficiency can be greatly enhanced for the comparatively low cost of the material. The lowest freezing point obtainable for NaCl brine is −21.1 °C (−6.0 °F) at the concentration of 23.3% NaCl by weight. This is called the
264:. Dissolution of such salt deposits into water can produce brines as well. As seawater freezes, dissolved ions tend to remain in solution resulting in a fluid termed a cryogenic brine. At the time of formation, these cryogenic brines are by definition cooler than the freezing temperature of seawater and can produce a feature called a
1013:
Brine consists of concentrated solution of Na and Cl ions. Sodium chloride per se does not exist in water: it is fully ionized. Other cations found in various brines include K, Mg, Ca, and Sr. The latter three are problematic because they form scale and they react with soaps. Aside from chloride,
960:
Unpolluted brine from desalination plants and cooling towers can be returned to the ocean. From the desalination process, reject brine is produced, which proposes potential damages to the marine life and habitats. To limit the environmental impact, it can be diluted with another stream of water, such
523:
on cyclical basis. The water being treated flows through the resin container until the resin is considered exhausted and water is purified to a desired level. Resin is then regenerated by sequentially backwashing the resin bed to remove accumulated solids, flushing removed ions from the resin with a
490:
Sodium chloride brine spray is used on some fishing vessels to freeze fish. The brine temperature is generally −5 °F (−21 °C). Air blast freezing temperatures are −31 °F (−35 °C) or lower. Given the higher temperature of brine, the system efficiency over air blast freezing can be
894:
tools are established within the local environmental regulation, to prevent and adopt mitigation measures that guarantee the sustainable development of desalination projects. This includes a series of administrative tools and periodic environmental monitoring, to adopt preventive, corrective and
953:
wastewater treatment, pulp and paper mill effluent, and waste streams from food and beverage processing. Along with diluted salts, it can contain residues of pretreatment and cleaning chemicals, their reaction byproducts and heavy metals due to corrosion.
559:
is a heat-treatment process when forging metals such as steel. A brine solution, along with oil and other substances, is commonly used to harden steel. When brine is used, there is an enhanced uniformity of the cooling process and heat transfer.
742:
The discharge is generally dumped back into the sea, through an underwater outfall or coastal release, due to its lower energy and economic cost compared to other discharge methods. Due to its increase in salinity, the discharge has a greater
2610:
Rodríguez-Rojas, Fernanda; López-Marras, Américo; Celis-Plá, Paula S.M.; Muñoz, Pamela; García-Bartolomei, Enzo; Valenzuela, Fernando; Orrego, Rodrigo; Carratalá, Adoración; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis; Sáez, Claudio A. (September 2020).
2558:
Muñoz, Pamela T.; Rodríguez-Rojas, Fernanda; Celis-Plá, Paula S. M.; López-Marras, Américo; Blanco-Murillo, Fabio; Sola, Iván; Lavergne, Céline; Valenzuela, Fernando; Orrego, Rodrigo; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis; Sáez, Claudio A. (2023).
906:
based on physical-chemical and biological information. In addition, the PVAs could also include different requirements related to monitoring the effects of seawater intake and those that may potentially be related to effects on the
2384:
Del-Pilar-Ruso, Yoana; Martinez-Garcia, Elena; Giménez-Casalduero, Francisca; Loya-Fernández, Angel; Ferrero-Vicente, Luis Miguel; Marco-Méndez, Candela; de-la-Ossa-Carretero, Jose
Antonio; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis (March 2015).
2267:
Del-Pilar-Ruso, Yoana; Martinez-Garcia, Elena; Giménez-Casalduero, Francisca; Loya-Fernández, Angel; Ferrero-Vicente, Luis Miguel; Marco-Méndez, Candela; de-la-Ossa-Carretero, Jose
Antonio; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis (2015-03-01).
1004:
and steam. New methods for membrane brine concentration, employing osmotically assisted reverse osmosis and related processes, are beginning to gain ground as part of zero liquid discharge systems (ZLD).
2333:
Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis; Romero, Javier; Ruiz, Juanma; Gacia, Esperança; Buceta, José Luis; Invers, Olga; Fernández
Torquemada, Yolanda; Mas, Julio; Ruiz-Mateo, Antonio; Manzanera, Marta (2008-03-01).
806:
were not implemented. Some examples can be found in Spain, Australia or Chile, where it has been shown that saline plumes do not exceed values of 5% with respect to the natural salinity of the sea in a
252:
Brines are produced in multiple ways in nature. Modification of seawater via evaporation results in the concentration of salts in the residual fluid, a characteristic geologic deposit called an
2212:
de-la-Ossa-Carretero, J. A.; Del-Pilar-Ruso, Y.; Loya-Fernández, A.; Ferrero-Vicente, L. M.; Marco-Méndez, C.; Martinez-Garcia, E.; Giménez-Casalduero, F.; Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L. (2016-02-15).
1094:
Westphal, Gisbert; Kristen, Gerhard; Wegener, Wilhelm; Ambatiello, Peter; Geyer, Helmut; Epron, Bernard; Bonal, Christian; Steinhauser, Georg; Götzfried, Franz (2010). "Sodium
Chloride".
899:
2658:
Sola, Iván; Zarzo, Domingo; Carratalá, Adoración; Fernández-Torquemada, Yolanda; de-la-Ossa-Carretero, José A.; Del-Pilar-Ruso, Yoana; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis (October 2020).
965:
or power plant. Since brine is heavier than seawater and would accumulate on the ocean bottom, it requires methods to ensure proper diffusion, such as installing underwater
2046:
Loya-Fernández, Ángel; Ferrero-Vicente, Luis Miguel; Marco-Méndez, Candela; Martínez-García, Elena; Zubcoff
Vallejo, José Jacobo; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis (April 2018).
957:
Wastewater brine can pose a significant environmental hazard, both due to corrosive and sediment-forming effects of salts and toxicity of other chemicals diluted in it.
640:
2801:
Sola, Iván; Fernández-Torquemada, Yolanda; Forcada, Aitor; Valle, Carlos; del Pilar-Ruso, Yoana; González-Correa, José M.; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis (December 2020).
2147:
Sola, Iván; Fernández-Torquemada, Yolanda; Forcada, Aitor; Valle, Carlos; del Pilar-Ruso, Yoana; González-Correa, José M.; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis (December 2020).
778:
measures are applied, the potential environmental impacts of discharges from SWRO plants can be correctly minimized. Some examples can be found in countries such as
1129:
Panagopoulos, Argyris; Haralambous, Katherine-Joanne; Loizidou, Maria (November 2019). "Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review".
2561:"Desalination effects on macroalgae (part b): Transplantation experiments at brine-impacted sites with Dictyota spp. from the Pacific Ocean and Mediterranean Sea"
2705:
Belatoui, Abdelmalek; Bouabessalam, Hassiba; Hacene, Omar Rouane; de-la-Ossa-Carretero, Jose
Antonio; Martinez-Garcia, Elena; Sanchez-Lizaso, Jose Luis (2017).
1679:
Blanco-Murillo, Fabio; Marín-Guirao, Lázaro; Sola, Iván; Rodríguez-Rojas, Fernanda; Ruiz, Juan M.; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis; Sáez, Claudio A. (November 2023).
2613:"Ecophysiological and cellular stress responses in the cosmopolitan brown macroalga Ectocarpus as biomonitoring tools for assessing desalination brine impacts"
644:
643:(SWRO), are mainly characterized by presenting a salinity concentration that can, in the worst case, double the salinity of the seawater used, and unlike of
1634:"Antiscalant and its deactivation in zero/minimized liquid discharge (ZLD/MLD) application in the mining sector – Opportunities, challenges and prospective"
1283:
2336:"Salinity tolerance of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica: recommendations to minimize the impact of brine discharges from desalination plants"
1989:
Fernández-Torquemada, Yolanda; Gónzalez-Correa, José Miguel; Loya, Angel; Ferrero, Luis Miguel; Díaz-Valdés, Marta; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis (May 2009).
307:(TDS), brine is water containing more than 100,000 mg/L TDS. Brine is commonly produced during well completion operations, particularly after the
524:
concentrated solution of replacement ions, and rinsing the flushing solution from the resin. After treatment, ion-exchange resin beads saturated with
3206:"Assessment of the Requirements within the Environmental Monitoring Plans Used to Evaluate the Environmental Impacts of Desalination Plants in Chile"
2917:"Assessment of the Requirements within the Environmental Monitoring Plans Used to Evaluate the Environmental Impacts of Desalination Plants in Chile"
1889:"An improved life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) approach for assessing aquatic eco-toxic impact of brine disposal from seawater desalination plants"
1681:"Desalination brine effects beyond excess salinity: Unravelling specific stress signaling and tolerance responses in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica"
1096:
3510:
1204:
747:
compared to the surrounding seawater. Therefore, when the discharge reaches the sea, it can form a saline plume that can tends to follow the
798:
development of the desalination process without significant impacts on marine ecosystems. When noticeable effects have been detected on the
1180:
857:
program, which guarantees the correct operation of the desalination plants during their operational phase, allowing an accurate and early
3450:
2342:. European Desalination Society and Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Sani Resort 22 –25 April 2007, Halkidiki, Greece.
1845:
Gheorghe, Stefania; Stoica, Catalina; Vasile, Gabriela
Geanina; Nita-Lazar, Mihai; Stanescu, Elena; Lucaciu, Irina Eugenia (2017-01-18),
210:
of roads and other structures, and in a number of technological processes. It is also a by-product of many industrial processes, such as
1419:
3. Luís H. Pizetta Zordão, Vinícius A. Oliveira, George E. Totten, Lauralice C.F. Canale, "Quenching power of aqueous salt solution",
3816:
3318:
3343:
5. A. Giwa, V. Dufour, F. Al
Marzooqi, M. Al Kaabi, S.W. Hasan, "Brine management methods: Recent innovations and current status",
3204:
Sola, Iván; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis; Muñoz, Pamela T.; García-Bartolomei, Enzo; Sáez, Claudio A.; Zarzo, Domingo (October 2019).
2915:
Sola, Iván; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis; Muñoz, Pamela T.; García-Bartolomei, Enzo; Sáez, Claudio A.; Zarzo, Domingo (October 2019).
1391:
751:
line of the bottom until it is completely diluted. The distribution of the salt plume may depend on different factors, such as the
138:
1346:
271:
The brine cropping out at the surface as saltwater springs are known as "licks" or "salines". The contents of dissolved solids in
920:
198:
of ground saline water but it is also generated in the mining of sodium chloride. Brine is used for food processing and cooking (
819:
The mitigation measures that are typically employed to prevent negatively impact sensitive marine environment are listed below:
3530:
1035:
1632:
Chuan Yee Lee, Brandon; Tan, Eileen; Lu, Yinghong; Komori, Hideyuki; Pietsch, Sara; Goodlett, Robb; James, Matt (2023-10-01).
3525:
3180:
3034:
1866:
1564:
1375:
3422:
903:
111:
491:
higher. High-value fish usually are frozen at much lower temperatures, below the practical temperature limit for brine.
3811:
1300:
1113:
1257:
767:
Brine discharge might lead to an increase in salinity above certain threshold levels that has the potential to affect
3681:
3379:
1232:
3357:
890:
process is required, both for the construction and operational phases. During its development, the most important
771:, especially those more sensitive to osmotic pressure, finally having an effect on their abundance and diversity.
3771:
3741:
3711:
2707:"Environmental effects of brine discharge from two desalinations plants in Algeria (South Western Mediterranean)"
1001:
887:
3485:
1306:
977:, injecting to deep wells, and storing and reusing the brine for irrigation, de-icing or dust control purposes.
3761:
3585:
3545:
679:
which are discarded together with the discharge, and which could affect the physical-chemical quality of the
672:
3972:
997:
847:
303:-salts) and regarding the concentration level. Using one of several classification of groundwater based on
131:
3104:
Elsaid, Khaled; Sayed, Enas Taha; Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali; Baroutaji, Ahmad; Olabi, A. G. (2020-10-20).
1798:
Lin, Yung-Chang; Chang-Chien, Guo-Ping; Chiang, Pen-Chi; Chen, Wei-Hsiang; Lin, Yuan-Chung (August 2013).
898:
Under the context of this environmental assessment process, numerous countries require compliance with an
3686:
3160:
639:
characteristics, desalination process carried out, among others. The discharge of desalination plants by
3826:
3593:
2744:
Fernández-Torquemada, Yolanda; González-Correa, José Miguel; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis (January 2013).
3259:
3105:
2968:"Analysis of the process of environmental impact assessment for seawater desalination plants in Spain"
2335:
2269:
2213:
1633:
1434:
802:
surrounding discharge areas, it generally corresponds to old desalination plants in which the correct
483:
Because of their corrosive properties salt-based brines have been replaced by organic liquids such as
3598:
1208:
794:, in which the mitigation measures adopted reduce the area affected by the discharge, guaranteeing a
3014:
2745:
1680:
3515:
3415:
1486:
3786:
3726:
3653:
3495:
3057:"Evaluating environmental and socio-economic requirements for improving desalination development"
2868:"Evaluating environmental and socio-economic requirements for improving desalination development"
1292:
124:
2451:
1487:"Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment - Challenges and mitigation measures"
1187:
275:
vary highly from one location to another on Earth, both in terms of specific constituents (e.g.
3643:
3638:
3603:
2211:
304:
20:
2387:"Benthic community recovery from brine impact after the implementation of mitigation measures"
2270:"Benthic community recovery from brine impact after the implementation of mitigation measures"
1888:
1365:
3962:
2803:"Sustainable desalination: Long-term monitoring of brine discharge in the marine environment"
2383:
2266:
2149:"Sustainable desalination: Long-term monitoring of brine discharge in the marine environment"
980:
Technologies for treatment of polluted brine include: membrane filtration processes, such as
908:
715:, since lower operating temperatures allow the construction of desalination plants with more
616:
245:
101:
2503:
Kelaher, Brendan P.; Clark, Graeme F.; Johnston, Emma L.; Coleman, Melinda A. (2020-01-21).
1800:"Potential impacts of discharges from seawater reverse osmosis on Taiwan marine environment"
532:
ions from the treated water, are regenerated by soaking in brine containing 6–12% NaCl. The
3852:
3663:
3271:
3159:
Sadhwani Alonso, J. Jaime; Melián-Martel, Noemi (2018-01-01), Gude, Veera
Gnaneswar (ed.),
3117:
2979:
2814:
2757:
2718:
2671:
2624:
2516:
2466:
2398:
2347:
2281:
2225:
2160:
2106:
2059:
2002:
1950:
1900:
1811:
1762:
1692:
1645:
1598:
1498:
1446:
1138:
731:
308:
215:
163:
3322:
2048:"Quantifying the efficiency of a mono-port diffuser in the dispersion of brine discharges"
1990:
8:
3766:
3751:
3706:
3505:
3408:
1027:
950:
835:
828:
799:
752:
688:
632:
519:. Brine is not involved in the purification process itself, but used for regeneration of
387:
256:
is formed as different dissolved ions reach the saturation states of minerals, typically
3275:
3121:
2983:
2818:
2761:
2722:
2675:
2628:
2520:
2470:
2402:
2351:
2285:
2229:
2214:"Bioindicators as metrics for environmental monitoring of desalination plant discharges"
2164:
2110:
2063:
2045:
2006:
1954:
1904:
1815:
1766:
1696:
1649:
1602:
1502:
1450:
1399:
1142:
3967:
3892:
3857:
3801:
3721:
3696:
3465:
3445:
3260:"Evaluating environmental requirements for the management of brine discharges in Spain"
3172:
3026:
2450:
Fernández-Torquemada, Yolanda; Carratalá, Adoración; Sánchez Lizaso, José Luis (2019).
1749:
Fernández-Torquemada, Yolanda; Carratalá, Adoración; Sánchez Lizaso, José Luis (2019).
1556:
1162:
1026:. Purification steps often include the addition of calcium oxide to precipitate solid
993:
942:
704:
520:
504:
191:
1704:
3957:
3931:
3716:
3613:
3460:
3297:
3237:
3176:
3161:"Chapter 10 - Environmental Regulations—Inland and Coastal Desalination Case Studies"
3141:
3133:
3086:
3030:
2995:
2948:
2897:
2848:
2840:
2783:
2687:
2640:
2592:
2540:
2532:
2432:
2424:
2363:
2315:
2307:
2249:
2241:
2194:
2186:
2122:
2075:
2028:
1968:
1939:"Environmental issues in seawater reverse osmosis desalination: Intakes and outfalls"
1916:
1862:
1827:
1726:
1718:
1661:
1614:
1560:
1544:
1522:
1514:
1462:
1371:
1296:
1166:
1154:
1109:
966:
824:
726:
values of heavy metals in the discharge of SWRO plants are much lower than the acute
652:
331:
3129:
2826:
2683:
2237:
2172:
1510:
1150:
182:
may refer to the salt solutions ranging from about 3.5% (a typical concentration of
3847:
3806:
3791:
3691:
3671:
3287:
3279:
3227:
3217:
3168:
3125:
3106:"Environmental impact of desalination processes: Mitigation and control strategies"
3076:
3068:
3022:
2987:
2938:
2928:
2887:
2879:
2830:
2822:
2773:
2765:
2726:
2679:
2632:
2582:
2572:
2524:
2504:
2482:
2474:
2414:
2406:
2355:
2297:
2289:
2233:
2176:
2168:
2114:
2067:
2018:
2010:
1958:
1908:
1854:
1819:
1778:
1770:
1708:
1700:
1653:
1606:
1587:"Techno-economic assessment and environmental impacts of desalination technologies"
1552:
1506:
1454:
1435:"Techno-economic assessment and environmental impacts of desalination technologies"
1146:
1101:
974:
962:
891:
692:
595:
577:
573:
469:
401:
175:
96:
3072:
2883:
2802:
2659:
2148:
1105:
236:
3882:
3756:
3470:
2769:
2743:
2410:
2293:
1991:"Dispersion of brine discharge from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants"
1657:
989:
985:
981:
946:
712:
516:
500:
484:
473:
371:
171:
3283:
3056:
2991:
2867:
2636:
2505:"Effect of Desalination Discharge on the Abundance and Diversity of Reef Fishes"
2359:
2118:
2071:
1963:
1938:
1912:
1823:
1610:
1458:
895:
further monitoring measures of the state of the surrounding marine environment.
3952:
3907:
3887:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3842:
3781:
3676:
3608:
3550:
3535:
3480:
2577:
2560:
2386:
934:
838:
study, which assesses the correct location of the discharge point, considering
795:
589:
465:
296:
60:
2967:
2704:
2612:
2094:
2093:
Palomar, P.; Lara, J.L.; Losada, I.J.; Rodrigo, M.; Alvárez, A. (March 2012).
2047:
1988:
1799:
1586:
811:
less than 100 m from the point of discharge when proper measures are adopted.
3946:
3565:
3490:
3301:
3241:
3137:
3090:
2999:
2952:
2901:
2844:
2787:
2691:
2644:
2596:
2536:
2428:
2367:
2311:
2245:
2190:
2126:
2079:
2032:
1972:
1920:
1831:
1722:
1678:
1665:
1618:
1518:
1466:
930:
843:
839:
723:
684:
664:
628:
2528:
1846:
1034:), which can be removed by filtration. Further purification is achieved by
3912:
3796:
3746:
3618:
3575:
3145:
2852:
2730:
2544:
2478:
2449:
2436:
2319:
2253:
2198:
2095:"Near field brine discharge modelling part 1: Analysis of commercial tools"
1774:
1748:
1730:
1585:
Mezher, Toufic; Fath, Hassan; Abbas, Zeina; Khaled, Arslan (January 2011).
1526:
1158:
1071:
1055:
926:
854:
768:
756:
676:
636:
569:
508:
393:
330:
Brine is a common agent in food processing and cooking. Brining is used to
231:
211:
65:
3902:
3897:
3821:
3776:
3736:
3633:
3540:
3380:"Novel Technology for Concentration of Brine Using Membrane-Based System"
3055:
Sola, Iván; Sáez, Claudio A.; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis (November 2021).
2866:
Sola, Iván; Sáez, Claudio A.; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis (November 2021).
2706:
2609:
2557:
2014:
1847:"Metals Toxic Effects in Aquatic Ecosystems: Modulators of Water Quality"
1750:
1433:
Mezher, Toufic; Fath, Hassan; Abbas, Zeina; Khaled, Arslan (2011-01-31).
938:
668:
648:
604:
581:
272:
219:
195:
55:
42:
3203:
3081:
3015:"Environmental Regulations—Inland and Coastal Desalination Case Studies"
2914:
2892:
2835:
2587:
2486:
2181:
1783:
1713:
3867:
3731:
3431:
3292:
3232:
2943:
2778:
2419:
2302:
2023:
1067:
803:
775:
748:
620:
512:
367:
241:
106:
3222:
3205:
2933:
2916:
2657:
1485:
Panagopoulos, Argyris; Haralambous, Katherine-Joanne (December 2020).
3701:
3648:
3500:
2452:"Impact of brine on the marine environment and how it can be reduced"
1751:"Impact of brine on the marine environment and how it can be reduced"
883:
858:
823:
A well-designed discharge mechanisms, employing the use of efficient
791:
716:
683:. However, these are practically consumed during the process and the
556:
536:
ions from brine replace the calcium and magnesium ions on the beads.
529:
375:
339:
335:
284:
280:
253:
91:
3258:
Sola, Iván; Zarzo, Domingo; Sánchez-Lizaso, José Luis (2019-12-01).
2800:
2146:
1545:"Brine Disposal and Management—Planning, Design, and Implementation"
996:; or evaporation processes, such as thermal brine concentrators and
240:
A NASA technician measures the concentration level of brine using a
3628:
3520:
3455:
1061:
970:
759:
and environmental conditions of the discharge point, among others.
727:
708:
680:
624:
585:
545:
477:
405:
363:
351:
292:
265:
207:
199:
183:
86:
34:
1858:
1744:
1742:
1740:
3555:
1887:
Zhou, Jin; Chang, Victor W.-C.; Fane, Anthony G. (January 2013).
744:
719:
525:
325:
300:
203:
187:
1093:
592:; and in turn, a discharge is generated, commonly called brine.
3570:
3560:
3103:
1984:
1982:
1737:
1392:"Prewetting with Salt Brine for More Effective Roadway Deicing"
1128:
875:
808:
783:
533:
343:
288:
276:
261:
257:
1844:
1205:"Global Overview of Saline Groundwater Occurrence and Genesis"
268:
where cool brines descend, freezing the surrounding seawater.
3400:
2332:
1014:
brines sometimes contain Br and I and, most problematically,
879:
871:
787:
779:
600:
461:
347:
159:
3158:
3012:
1979:
2502:
925:
Brine is a byproduct of many industrial processes, such as
397:
359:
355:
167:
464:
in large refrigeration installations for the transport of
194:, depending on temperature). Brine forms naturally due to
2379:
2377:
1367:
Ion
Exchange and Solvent Extraction: A Series of Advances
3013:
Sadhwani Alonso, J. Jaime; Melián-Martel, Noemi (2018),
2092:
1797:
1631:
3623:
3257:
2660:"Review of the management of brine discharges in Spain"
1484:
544:
In lower temperatures, a brine solution can be used to
3054:
2865:
2746:"Echinoderms as indicators of brine discharge impacts"
2374:
1538:
1536:
1480:
1478:
1476:
921:
Industrial wastewater treatment § Brine treatment
846:, bathymetry, and type of bottom, which favor a rapid
667:
used during the industrial treatments applies,such as
619:
depend on different factors, such as the desalination
1584:
1432:
687:
in the discharge are very low, which are practically
468:. Most commonly used brines are based on inexpensive
1937:Missimer, Thomas M.; Maliva, Robert G. (May 2018).
1932:
1930:
1533:
1473:
494:
366:in brine for shorter periods of time, as a form of
2498:
2496:
511:technology. The most common example are household
186:, on the lower end of that of solutions used for
3944:
1927:
1363:
853:The implementation of an adequate environmental
2965:
2493:
1421:International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
1008:
3358:"Reverse Osmosis Desalination: Brine disposal"
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
1936:
1181:"The Scioto Saline-Ohio's Early Salt Industry"
1097:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3416:
3313:
3311:
1886:
132:
1357:
218:for proper disposal or further utilization (
3167:, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 403–435,
2133:
1281:
1227:
1225:
1058: – Extracting materials from saltwater
3423:
3409:
3308:
2966:Fuentes-Bargues, José Luis (August 2014).
548:or reduce freezing temperatures on roads.
412:). The reaction equations are as follows:
139:
125:
3291:
3231:
3221:
3080:
2942:
2932:
2891:
2834:
2777:
2586:
2576:
2418:
2301:
2180:
2022:
1962:
1782:
1712:
1089:
1087:
1070:– Anoxic pockets of high salinity on the
1038:. The resulting purified salt is called
1222:
755:of the plant, the discharge method, the
691:during the discharge, without affecting
594:
235:
515:, utilizing sodium chloride in form of
3945:
2509:Environmental Science & Technology
1542:
1330:
1282:Kolbe, Edward; Kramer, Donald (2007).
1084:
870:Currently, in many countries, such as
814:
658:
572:process consists of the separation of
455:
400:solution). This process also produces
392:Elemental chlorine can be produced by
381:
16:Concentrated solution of salt in water
3404:
3253:
3251:
3199:
3197:
842:and oceanographic variables, such as
762:
1335:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 12–7, 12–25.
350:and some fish in a process known as
338:the food. Brining can be applied to
1291:. Alaska Sea Grant College Program
1275:
13:
3812:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
3319:"7 Ways to Dispose of Brine Waste"
3248:
3194:
3173:10.1016/b978-0-12-809240-8.00010-1
3027:10.1016/b978-0-12-809240-8.00010-1
1557:10.1016/b978-0-12-809240-8.00007-1
973:. Other methods include drying in
861:of potential environmental threats
647:plants, have practically the same
610:
190:foods) up to about 26% (a typical
14:
3984:
3682:Agricultural wastewater treatment
3165:Sustainable Desalination Handbook
3019:Sustainable Desalination Handbook
1705:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140061
1549:Sustainable Desalination Handbook
1186:. dnr.state.oh.us. Archived from
988:; ion exchange processes such as
3926:
3925:
3110:Science of the Total Environment
2750:Desalination and Water Treatment
2711:Desalination and Water Treatment
2459:Desalination and Water Treatment
1995:Desalination and Water Treatment
1755:Desalination and Water Treatment
1423:, Volume 140, 2019, pp. 807–818.
1258:"Calcium Chloride versus Glycol"
1131:Science of the Total Environment
900:Environmental Monitoring Program
886:, the development of a rigorous
495:Water softening and purification
41:
3742:Industrial wastewater treatment
3712:Decentralized wastewater system
3372:
3350:
3337:
3152:
3130:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140125
3097:
3048:
3006:
2959:
2908:
2859:
2827:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111813
2794:
2737:
2698:
2684:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105301
2651:
2603:
2551:
2443:
2326:
2260:
2238:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.023
2205:
2173:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111813
2086:
2039:
1880:
1838:
1791:
1672:
1625:
1578:
1511:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773
1426:
1413:
1384:
1233:"Secondary Refrigerant Systems"
1151:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351
1002:mechanical vapour recompression
943:acid mine or acid rock drainage
888:environmental impact assessment
698:
563:
499:Brine is an auxiliary agent in
3430:
3021:, Elsevier, pp. 403–435,
2664:Ocean & Coastal Management
1551:, Elsevier, pp. 259–303,
1339:
1331:Kemmer, Frank N., ed. (1979).
1324:
1250:
1197:
1173:
1122:
378:, or to enhance shelf period.
1:
3762:Rotating biological contactor
3073:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129296
3061:Journal of Cleaner Production
2884:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129296
2872:Journal of Cleaner Production
1285:Planning for Seafood Freezing
1106:10.1002/14356007.a24_317.pub4
1077:
914:
865:
460:Brine is used as a secondary
3347:, Volume 407, 2017, pp. 1–23
3321:. Desalitech. Archived from
2770:10.1080/19443994.2012.716609
2411:10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.036
2294:10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.036
1658:10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108238
1370:. CRC Press. pp. 125–.
1009:Composition and purification
737:
663:The discharge could contain
551:
225:
7:
3284:10.1016/j.desal.2019.114132
2992:10.1016/j.desal.2014.05.032
2637:10.1016/j.desal.2020.114527
2565:Frontiers in Marine Science
2360:10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.119
2119:10.1016/j.desal.2011.11.037
2072:10.1016/j.desal.2017.11.014
1964:10.1016/j.desal.2017.07.012
1913:10.1016/j.desal.2012.07.039
1824:10.1016/j.desal.2013.05.009
1611:10.1016/j.desal.2010.08.035
1459:10.1016/j.desal.2010.08.035
1207:. igrac.net. Archived from
1049:
831:of discharges with seawater
703:The materials used in SWRO
615:The characteristics of the
539:
319:
73:(> 5% up to 26%–28% max)
10:
3989:
3827:Wastewater treatment plant
3594:Adsorbable organic halides
2578:10.3389/fmars.2023.1042799
1036:fractional crystallization
1030:together with gypsum (CaSO
918:
850:process of the discharges;
599:Marine brine discharge in
385:
323:
229:
162:with a high-concentration
18:
3921:
3835:
3662:
3599:Biochemical oxygen demand
3584:
3438:
2807:Marine Pollution Bulletin
2218:Marine Pollution Bulletin
2153:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1491:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1364:Arup K. SenGupta (2016).
1064: – Sea ice formation
994:weak acid cation exchange
178:). In diverse contexts,
1333:The NALCO Water Handbook
1262:accent-refrigeration.com
836:environmental evaluation
774:However, if appropriate
641:seawater reverse osmosis
3787:Sewage sludge treatment
3727:Fecal sludge management
3687:API oil–water separator
3654:Wastewater surveillance
2529:10.1021/acs.est.9b03565
1543:Abessi, Ozeair (2018),
1293:Oregon State University
1100:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
909:terrestrial environment
665:trace chemical products
314:
3644:Total suspended solids
3639:Total dissolved solids
3604:Chemical oxygen demand
2731:10.5004/dwt.2017.20812
2479:10.5004/dwt.2019.24615
1775:10.5004/dwt.2019.24615
734:on marine ecosystems.
655:as the seawater used.
607:
305:total dissolved solids
249:
21:Brine (disambiguation)
3511:Industrial wastewater
1347:"Hard and soft water"
732:environmental impacts
603:with its surrounding
598:
246:salt evaporation pond
239:
3853:Groundwater recharge
3325:on 27 September 2017
2015:10.5004/dwt.2009.576
1638:Minerals Engineering
963:wastewater treatment
961:as the outfall of a
645:thermal desalination
309:hydraulic fracturing
216:wastewater treatment
19:For other uses, see
3973:Industrial minerals
3767:Secondary treatment
3752:Membrane bioreactor
3707:Constructed wetland
3506:Infiltration/Inflow
3276:2019Desal.47114132S
3122:2020ScTEn.740n0125E
2984:2014Desal.347..166F
2819:2020MarPB.16111813S
2762:2013DWatT..51..567F
2723:2017DWatT..76..311B
2676:2020OCM...19605301S
2629:2020Desal.48914527R
2521:2020EnST...54..735K
2471:2019DWatT.167...27F
2403:2015WatRe..70..325D
2352:2008Desal.221..602S
2286:2015WatRe..70..325D
2230:2016MarPB.103..313D
2165:2020MarPB.16111813S
2111:2012Desal.290...14P
2064:2018Desal.431...27L
2007:2009DWatT...5..137F
1955:2018Desal.434..198M
1905:2013Desal.308..233Z
1816:2013Desal.322...84L
1767:2019DWatT.167...27F
1697:2023Chmsp.34140061B
1650:2023MiEng.20108238C
1603:2011Desal.266..263M
1503:2020MarPB.16111773P
1451:2011Desal.266..263M
1143:2019ScTEn.693m3545P
1028:magnesium hydroxide
815:Mitigation measures
804:mitigation measures
769:benthic communities
753:production capacity
730:levels to generate
717:corrosion-resistant
659:Dissolved chemicals
631:of the water used,
456:Refrigerating fluid
388:Chlorine production
382:Chlorine production
29:Part of a series on
3932:Category: Sewerage
3893:Septic drain field
3858:Infiltration basin
3802:Stabilization pond
3722:Facultative lagoon
3586:Quality indicators
3466:Blackwater (waste)
3446:Acid mine drainage
763:Marine environment
608:
521:ion-exchange resin
507:systems involving
505:water purification
250:
192:saturated solution
112:Bodies by salinity
3940:
3939:
3717:Extended aeration
3664:Treatment options
3614:Oxygen saturation
3461:Blackwater (coal)
3439:Sources and types
3223:10.3390/w11102085
3182:978-0-12-809240-8
3036:978-0-12-809240-8
2934:10.3390/w11102085
1868:978-953-51-2882-3
1566:978-0-12-809240-8
1377:978-1-4398-5540-9
975:evaporation ponds
904:characterizations
722:. Therefore, the
707:are dominated by
693:marine ecosystems
584:from a source of
436:Overall process:
248:in San Francisco.
214:, so it requires
149:
148:
3980:
3929:
3928:
3848:Evaporation pond
3836:Disposal options
3807:Trickling filter
3792:Sewage treatment
3692:Carbon filtering
3672:Activated sludge
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3354:
3348:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2936:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2838:
2813:(Pt B): 111813.
2798:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2756:(1–3): 567–573.
2741:
2735:
2734:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2580:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2456:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2422:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2305:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2184:
2159:(Pt B): 111813.
2144:
2131:
2130:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2001:(1–3): 137–145.
1986:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1746:
1735:
1734:
1716:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1597:(1–3): 263–273.
1582:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1497:(Pt B): 111773.
1482:
1471:
1470:
1430:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1398:. Archived from
1388:
1382:
1381:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1305:. Archived from
1290:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1091:
1025:
1024:
1023:
892:legal management
840:geomorphological
713:stainless steels
653:dissolved oxygen
578:aqueous solution
470:calcium chloride
451:
433:
423:
402:sodium hydroxide
370:, enhancing its
176:calcium chloride
141:
134:
127:
97:Hypersaline lake
45:
26:
25:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3917:
3883:Reclaimed water
3831:
3757:Reverse osmosis
3658:
3580:
3546:Reverse osmosis
3471:Boiler blowdown
3434:
3429:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3256:
3249:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3157:
3153:
3102:
3098:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3011:
3007:
2964:
2960:
2913:
2909:
2864:
2860:
2799:
2795:
2742:
2738:
2703:
2699:
2656:
2652:
2608:
2604:
2556:
2552:
2501:
2494:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2382:
2375:
2331:
2327:
2265:
2261:
2210:
2206:
2145:
2134:
2091:
2087:
2044:
2040:
1987:
1980:
1935:
1928:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1843:
1839:
1796:
1792:
1747:
1738:
1677:
1673:
1630:
1626:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1541:
1534:
1483:
1474:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1396:www.usroads.com
1390:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1362:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1312:on 12 July 2017
1309:
1303:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1052:
1040:evaporated salt
1033:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1011:
990:electrodialysis
986:forward osmosis
982:reverse osmosis
947:reverse osmosis
923:
917:
868:
817:
765:
740:
711:components and
701:
661:
613:
611:Characteristics
566:
554:
542:
517:dishwasher salt
501:water softening
497:
485:ethylene glycol
474:sodium chloride
458:
449:
445:
441:
437:
431:
427:
421:
418:2 H + 2 e → H
417:
411:
390:
384:
328:
322:
317:
297:organic halides
234:
228:
172:sodium chloride
145:
116:
78:Bodies of water
69:
64:
59:
50:Salinity levels
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3986:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3908:Surface runoff
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3888:Sanitary sewer
3885:
3880:
3878:Marine outfall
3875:
3873:Marine dumping
3870:
3865:
3863:Injection well
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3843:Combined sewer
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:Settling basin
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:Aerated lagoon
3674:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:Coliform index
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:Sanitary sewer
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Produced water
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:Combined sewer
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3396:
3371:
3349:
3336:
3307:
3247:
3193:
3181:
3151:
3096:
3047:
3035:
3005:
2958:
2907:
2858:
2793:
2736:
2697:
2650:
2602:
2550:
2515:(2): 735–744.
2492:
2442:
2391:Water Research
2373:
2346:(1): 602–607.
2325:
2274:Water Research
2259:
2224:(1): 313–318.
2204:
2132:
2085:
2038:
1978:
1926:
1879:
1867:
1853:, IntechOpen,
1837:
1790:
1736:
1671:
1624:
1577:
1565:
1532:
1472:
1445:(1): 263–273.
1425:
1412:
1383:
1376:
1356:
1338:
1323:
1302:978-1566121194
1301:
1274:
1249:
1221:
1196:
1193:on 2012-10-07.
1172:
1121:
1115:978-3527306732
1114:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1031:
1020:
1010:
1007:
935:produced water
931:cooling towers
929:, power plant
919:Main article:
916:
913:
867:
864:
863:
862:
851:
832:
816:
813:
764:
761:
739:
736:
700:
697:
685:concentrations
660:
657:
612:
609:
590:brackish water
565:
562:
553:
550:
541:
538:
496:
493:
466:thermal energy
457:
454:
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
409:
386:Main article:
383:
380:
362:are typically
324:Main article:
321:
318:
316:
313:
230:Main article:
227:
224:
147:
146:
144:
143:
136:
129:
121:
118:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:
61:Brackish water
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
35:Water salinity
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3985:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
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3891:
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3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Sedimentation
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
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3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Sewage sludge
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Cooling water
3489:
3487:
3486:Cooling tower
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:Ballast water
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3385:. Water Today
3381:
3375:
3359:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
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2510:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2484:
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2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
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2369:
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2341:
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2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
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2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1859:10.5772/65744
1856:
1852:
1851:Water Quality
1848:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1732:
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1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
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1690:
1686:
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1667:
1663:
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1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1402:on 2015-01-07
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1351:GCSE Bitesize
1348:
1342:
1334:
1327:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1238:
1237:Cool-Info.com
1234:
1228:
1226:
1211:on 2011-07-23
1210:
1206:
1200:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:crystallizers
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
958:
955:
952:
948:
944:
940:
937:from oil and
936:
932:
928:
922:
912:
910:
905:
901:
896:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
860:
856:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
821:
820:
812:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
760:
758:
757:oceanographic
754:
750:
746:
735:
733:
729:
725:
724:concentration
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:oceanographic
634:
633:environmental
630:
626:
622:
618:
606:
602:
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
561:
558:
549:
547:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
492:
488:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
435:
425:
415:
414:
413:
407:
403:
399:
395:
389:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
327:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
247:
243:
238:
233:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
142:
137:
135:
130:
128:
123:
122:
120:
119:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
82:
81:
77:
76:
72:
67:
62:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
36:
33:
32:
28:
27:
22:
3963:Refrigerants
3913:Vacuum sewer
3797:Sewer mining
3747:Ion exchange
3697:Chlorination
3619:Heavy metals
3576:Urban runoff
3516:Ion exchange
3496:Fecal sludge
3475:
3387:. Retrieved
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3352:
3345:Desalination
3344:
3339:
3327:. Retrieved
3323:the original
3267:
3264:Desalination
3263:
3216:(10): 2085.
3213:
3209:
3186:, retrieved
3164:
3154:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3082:10045/118667
3064:
3060:
3050:
3040:, retrieved
3018:
3008:
2975:
2972:Desalination
2971:
2961:
2927:(10): 2085.
2924:
2920:
2910:
2893:10045/118667
2875:
2871:
2861:
2836:10045/110110
2810:
2806:
2796:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2620:
2617:Desalination
2616:
2605:
2588:10045/131985
2568:
2564:
2553:
2512:
2508:
2487:10045/101370
2462:
2458:
2445:
2394:
2390:
2343:
2340:Desalination
2339:
2328:
2277:
2273:
2262:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2182:10045/110110
2156:
2152:
2102:
2099:Desalination
2098:
2088:
2055:
2052:Desalination
2051:
2041:
1998:
1994:
1946:
1943:Desalination
1942:
1896:
1893:Desalination
1892:
1882:
1872:, retrieved
1850:
1840:
1807:
1804:Desalination
1803:
1793:
1784:10045/101370
1758:
1754:
1714:10045/137033
1688:
1684:
1674:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1594:
1591:Desalination
1590:
1580:
1570:, retrieved
1548:
1494:
1490:
1442:
1439:Desalination
1438:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:the original
1395:
1386:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1284:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1199:
1188:the original
1175:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1095:
1072:ocean bottom
1056:Brine mining
1043:
1039:
1012:
979:
959:
956:
951:chlor-alkali
941:extraction,
927:desalination
924:
897:
869:
855:surveillance
829:pre-dilution
818:
773:
766:
741:
709:non-metallic
702:
699:Heavy metals
669:antiscalants
662:
614:
570:desalination
567:
564:Desalination
555:
543:
509:ion exchange
498:
489:
482:
459:
438:2 NaCl + 2 H
394:electrolysis
391:
329:
270:
251:
232:Saline water
212:desalination
179:
155:
151:
150:
70:
66:Saline water
58:(< 0.05%)
3903:Storm drain
3898:Sewage farm
3822:Vermifilter
3777:Septic tank
3737:Imhoff tank
3634:Temperature
3541:Return flow
3531:Papermaking
3293:10045/96149
3233:10045/97207
2978:: 166–174.
2944:10045/97207
2779:10045/27557
2717:: 311–318.
2420:10045/44105
2397:: 325–336.
2303:10045/44105
2280:: 325–336.
2024:10045/11309
1949:: 198–215.
1899:: 233–241.
1685:Chemosphere
1068:Brine pools
1044:vacuum salt
939:natural gas
859:diagnostics
800:environment
796:sustainable
749:bathymetric
677:flocculants
649:temperature
605:marine life
582:fresh water
513:dishwashers
428:2 Cl → Cl
404:(NaOH) and
311:of a well.
273:groundwater
222:recovery).
220:fresh water
196:evaporation
170:(typically
156:briny water
56:Fresh water
3947:Categories
3868:Irrigation
3732:Filtration
3432:Wastewater
3360:. Lenntech
3270:: 114132.
3188:2024-04-10
3116:: 140125.
3067:: 129296.
3042:2024-04-10
2878:: 129296.
2670:: 105301.
2623:: 114527.
1874:2024-04-09
1691:: 140061.
1644:: 108238.
1572:2024-04-09
1406:2012-01-14
1215:2017-07-17
1137:: 133545.
1078:References
1000:employing
915:Wastewater
866:Regulation
776:mitigation
673:coagulants
621:technology
580:to obtain
396:of brine (
372:tenderness
368:marination
340:vegetables
285:carbonates
242:hydrometer
107:Brine pool
3968:Hydrology
3702:Clarifier
3649:Turbidity
3501:Greywater
3389:31 August
3302:0011-9164
3242:2073-4441
3138:0048-9697
3091:0959-6526
3000:0011-9164
2953:2073-4441
2902:0959-6526
2845:0025-326X
2788:1944-3994
2692:0964-5691
2645:0011-9164
2597:2296-7745
2537:0013-936X
2465:: 27–37.
2429:0043-1354
2368:0011-9164
2312:0043-1354
2246:0025-326X
2191:0025-326X
2127:0011-9164
2105:: 14–27.
2080:0011-9164
2058:: 27–34.
2033:1944-3994
1973:0011-9164
1921:0011-9164
1832:0011-9164
1810:: 84–93.
1761:: 27–37.
1723:0045-6535
1666:0892-6875
1619:0011-9164
1519:0025-326X
1467:0011-9164
1167:199387639
967:diffusers
884:Australia
825:diffusers
792:Australia
738:Discharge
617:discharge
557:Quenching
552:Quenching
530:magnesium
416:Cathode:
281:anhydrite
254:evaporite
226:In nature
92:Salt lake
63:(0.05–3%)
3958:Coolants
3629:Salinity
3521:Leachate
3456:Bathroom
3146:32927546
2853:33157504
2545:31849222
2437:25543242
2320:25543242
2254:26781455
2199:33157504
1731:37689149
1527:33128985
1159:31374511
1062:Brinicle
1050:See also
971:sewerage
949:reject,
844:currents
728:toxicity
720:coatings
681:effluent
625:salinity
586:seawater
576:from an
540:De-icing
478:eutectic
450:+ 2 NaOH
442:O → Cl
406:hydrogen
352:pickling
332:preserve
320:Culinary
295:-salts,
293:fluoride
266:brinicle
208:de-icing
200:pickling
184:seawater
164:solution
102:Salt pan
87:Seawater
3556:Septage
3364:18 July
3329:18 July
3272:Bibcode
3118:Bibcode
2980:Bibcode
2815:Bibcode
2758:Bibcode
2719:Bibcode
2672:Bibcode
2625:Bibcode
2517:Bibcode
2467:Bibcode
2399:Bibcode
2348:Bibcode
2282:Bibcode
2226:Bibcode
2161:Bibcode
2107:Bibcode
2060:Bibcode
2003:Bibcode
1951:Bibcode
1901:Bibcode
1812:Bibcode
1763:Bibcode
1693:Bibcode
1646:Bibcode
1599:Bibcode
1499:Bibcode
1447:Bibcode
1316:17 July
1267:17 July
1242:17 July
1139:Bibcode
969:in the
745:density
689:diluted
629:quality
526:calcium
480:point.
432:↑ + 2 e
426:Anode:
364:steeped
344:cheeses
326:Brining
301:sulfate
206:), for
204:brining
188:brining
3930:
3571:Toilet
3561:Sewage
3526:Manure
3300:
3240:
3179:
3144:
3136:
3089:
3033:
2998:
2951:
2900:
2851:
2843:
2786:
2690:
2643:
2595:
2543:
2535:
2435:
2427:
2366:
2318:
2310:
2252:
2244:
2197:
2189:
2125:
2078:
2031:
1971:
1919:
1865:
1830:
1729:
1721:
1664:
1617:
1563:
1525:
1517:
1465:
1374:
1353:. BBC.
1299:
1165:
1157:
1112:
876:Israel
848:mixing
809:radius
784:Israel
705:plants
623:used,
546:de-ice
534:sodium
408:gas (H
376:flavor
336:season
299:, and
289:gypsum
277:halite
262:halite
258:gypsum
68:(3–5%)
3953:Salts
3476:Brine
3383:(PDF)
3210:Water
2921:Water
2455:(PDF)
1310:(PDF)
1289:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
1184:(PDF)
1163:S2CID
880:Chile
872:Spain
788:Chile
780:Spain
601:Chile
574:salts
462:fluid
348:fruit
244:at a
180:brine
160:water
158:) is
152:Brine
71:Brine
3817:UASB
3391:2019
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