Brine pool - Knowledge

5763: 20: 855: 1037: 5541: 985: 338:. The seep mussels create two distinct zones: the inner zone, which is at the edge of the pool, provides the best physiological conditions and allows for maximum growth, while the outer zone is near the transition between the mussel bed and the surrounding seafloor, and this area provides the worst conditions, causing these mussels to have lower maximum sizes and densities. This ecosystem is dependent on 28: 398:

by allowing researchers to directly sample and analyze and genetically characterize microbial communities sampled from the desired environment. Metagenomic analyses has revealed previously-uncharacterized microbial communities in multiple brine pools. Common procedures for characterizing marine microbial communities by metagenomic analysis includes sampling, filtration and extraction,

1274:(Habitability: Brines, Irradiation, and Temperature) instrument will be part of a 2020 campaign to monitor changing conditions on Mars. This device will include a BOTTLE (Brine Observation Transition to Liquid Experiment) experiment to quantify the formation of transient liquid brine as well as observe its stability over time under non-equilibrium conditions. 397:

analysis is a powerful approach for characterizing microbial communities in a variety of environments. Previously, genetic analysis required having the microorganisms in culture, which is problematic since most microorganisms in nature have not been cultivated. Metagenomics overcomes these problems

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the more malleable salt layer below. In some places, the salt layer now protrudes at or near the seafloor, where it can interact with seawater. Where seawater comes in contact with the salt, the deposits dissolve and form brines. The location of these surfacing Jurassic-period salt deposits is also

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having a symbiotic relationship with many of these bacteria to convert chemical energy from hydrogen sulfide, and in exchange providing them food to allow reproduction and development; or mussels providing a safe habitat for bacteria that feed on methane while thriving due to the chemosynthetic,

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A third idea involves using microorganisms in deep-sea brine pools to form natural-product drugs. These microorganisms are important sources of bioactive molecules against various diseases due to the extreme environment they inhabit, giving potential to an increasing number of drugs in clinical

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The heavy stratification within DHABs has led to increased microbial metabolic diversity and varying cell concentrations between layers. The majority of cell biomass has been found at the interfaces between the distinct chemical layers (with the highest concentrations of cells located at the

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contribute to the creation of microbes and are considered the foundation by which other micro-organisms can survive in extreme environments. The research into the growth and function of artificial extremophile biofilms has been slow due to the difficulty in recreating the extreme deep-sea

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Brine pools are sometimes called sea floor "lakes" because the dense brine does not easily mix with overlying seawater, creating a distinct interface between water masses. The pools range in area from less than 1 square metre (11 sq ft) to as large as the 120-square-kilometre

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in the hydrothermal active zone over the magma chamber. The heated brine rises to the seafloor, where it cools and settles in depressions as brine pools. The locations of these pools are also associated with methane, hydrogen sulfide, and other chemical releases, setting the stage for

42: 172:: When sea water freezes, salts do not fit into the crystalline structure of ice, so the salts are expelled. The expelled salts form a cold, dense brine that sinks below the sea ice to the sea floor. Brine rejection on an oceanic scale is associated with the formation of 1072:

techniques with little positive results, which may be due to the limitations of transcriptomic sensitivity. In deeper DHAB layers, nitrogen fixation and ammonium assimilation has been observed. These reductive pathways require a lot of energy and are mainly performed by

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that are supported by these environments. These shores are complex environments with significant shifts in salinity, oxygen concentration, pH, and temperature over a relatively small vertical scale. These transitions provide a variety of environmental niches.

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ion concentrations are all extremely high in brine pools. Due to low mixing rates between the above seawater and the brine water, brine-pool water becomes anoxic within the first ten centimeters or so. While there are large variations in the

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and both organic and inorganic carbon decrease with depth. While these trends are all observed to some capacity in DHABs, the intensity and distance over which these trends take effect can vary in depth from one meter to tens of meters.

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in the hope that unlikely environments might serve as sources of biomedical breakthroughs due to unexplored biodiversity. Some areas have been found to host antibacterial and anticancer activities in biosynthetic clusters. Other novel

1263:. This would cause the brackish stream (which is less dense and has a lighter salinity) to be propelled away from the engine via buoyancy. The energy created by this exchange can be harnessed using a turbine to create a power output. 3822:

Yakimov, Michail M.; La Cono, Violetta; Spada, Gina L.; Bortoluzzi, Giovanni; Messina, Enzo; Smedile, Francesco; Arcadi, Erika; Borghini, Mireno; Ferrer, Manuel; Schmitt-Kopplin, Phillippe; Hertkorn, Norbert (2015-01-26).

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van der Wielen, Paul W. J. J.; Bolhuis, Henk; Borin, Sara; Daffonchio, Daniele; Corselli, Cesare; Giuliano, Laura; D'Auria, Giuseppe; de Lange, Gert J.; Huebner, Andreas; Varnavas, Sotirios P.; Thomson, John (2005-01-07).

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Sorokin, Dimitry Y; Messina, Enzo; Smedile, Francesco; Roman, Pawel; Damsté, Jaap S Sinninghe; Ciordia, Sergio; Mena, Maria Carmen; Ferrer, Manuel; Golyshin, Peter N; Kublanov, Ilya V; Samarov, Nazar I (January 2017).

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Hallsworth, John E.; Yakimov, Michail M.; Golyshin, Peter N.; Gillion, Jenny L. M.; D'Auria, Giuseppe; de Lima Alves, Flavia; La Cono, Violetta; Genovese, Maria; McKew, Boyd A.; Hayes, Sandra L.; Harris, Gayle (2007).

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One major idea involves harnessing the salinity of brine pools to use as a power source. This would be done using an osmotic engine which draws the high-salinity top water through the engine and pushes it down due to

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Yakimov, Michail M.; Cono, Violetta La; Spada, Gina L.; Bortoluzzi, Giovanni; Messina, Enzo; Smedile, Francesco; Arcadi, Erika; Borghini, Mireno; Ferrer, Manuel; Schmitt‐Kopplin, Phillippe; Hertkorn, Norbert (2015).

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La Cono, Violetta; Smedile, Francesco; Bortoluzzi, Giovanni; Arcadi, Erika; Maimone, Giovanna; Messina, Enzo; Borghini, Mireno; Oliveri, Elvira; Mazzola, Salvatore; L'Haridon, Stephan; Toffin, Laurent (August 2011).

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The lack of mixing with the water column in combination with high salinity, anoxia, extremes in water temperature, and hydrostatic pressure results in microbial assemblages that are specific to these environments.

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up to 8 km thick. When the Gulf refilled with water, the salt layer was preserved from dissolution by sediments accumulating over the salt. Subsequent sedimentation layers became so heavy that they began to

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Duarte, Carlos M.; Røstad, Anders; Michoud, Grégoire; Barozzi, Alan; Merlino, Giuseppe; Delgado-Huertas, Antonio; Hession, Brian C.; Mallon, Francis L.; Afifi, Abdulakader M.; Daffonchio, Daniele (2020-01-22).

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Borin, Sara; Brusetti, Lorenzo; Mapelli, Francesca; D'Auria, Giuseppe; Brusa, Tullio; Marzorati, Massimo; Rizzi, Aurora; Yakimov, Michail; Marty, Danielle; De Lange, Gert J.; Van der Wielen, Paul (2009-06-09).

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Brine pools are created through three primary methods: brine rejection below sea ice, dissolution of salts into bottom water through salt tectonics, and geothermal heating of brine at tectonic boundaries and

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Siam, Rania; Mustafa, Ghada A.; Sharaf, Hazem; Moustafa, Ahmed; Ramadan, Adham R.; Antunes, Andre; Bajic, Vladimir B.; Stingl, Uli; Marsis, Nardine G. R.; Coolen, Marco J. L.; Sogin, Mitchell (2012-08-20).

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Borin, Sara; Mapelli, Francesca; Rolli, Eleonora; Song, Bongkeun; Tobias, Craig; Schmid, Markus C.; De Lange, Gert J.; Reichart, Gert J.; Schouten, Stefan; Jetten, Mike; Daffonchio, Daniele (March 2013).

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to rise and cool. This process is involved in creating new sea floor. These mid-ocean ridges allow seawater to seep downward into fractures, where they come in contact with and dissolve minerals. In the

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that is typically three to eight times greater than the surrounding ocean. Brine pools are commonly found below polar sea ice and in the deep ocean. Those below sea ice form through a process called

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Hartmann, M., Scholten, J., Stoffers, P., & Wehner, F. (1998). Hydrographic structure of brine-filled deeps in the Red Sea—new results from the Shaban, Kebrit, Atlantis II, and Discovery Deep.

5271:"Mining a database of single amplified genomes from Red Sea brine pool extremophiles—improving reliability of gene function prediction using a profile and pattern matching algorithm (PPMA)" 1109:, and Discovery Deep. Oxidative sulfur pathways help close the biogeochemical sulfur loops within the DHABs. There are three main sulfur oxidizing pathways which are likely found in DHABs: 896:

within the same pool, conserved chemical trends are present. Deeper layers of DHABs will be saltier, hotter, more acidic, and more anaerobic than the preceding layers. The concentration of

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Abdallah, Rehab Z.; Adel, Mustafa; Ouf, Amged; Sayed, Ahmed; Ghazy, Mohamed A.; Alam, Intikhab; Essack, Magbubah; Lafi, Feras F.; Bajic, Vladimir B.; El-Dorry, Hamza; Siam, Rania (2014).

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brine pools, such as the first known metazoan from these environments described by Danovaro et al. (2010). Many other taxa that from these extreme environments are still uncharacterized.

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Kamanda Ngugi, David; Blom, Jochen; Alam, Intikhab; Rashid, Mamoon; Ba-Alawi, Wail; Zhang, Guishan; Hikmawan, Tyas; Guan, Yue; Antunes, Andre; Siam, Rania; El Dorry, Hamza (2014-08-08).

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Antunes, André; Olsson-Francis, Karen; McGenity, Terry J. (2020), "Exploring Deep-Sea Brines as Potential Terrestrial Analogues of Oceans in the Icy Moons of the Outer Solar System",

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polychaetes, and top snails have also been found to be associated with brine pools in the Red Sea. Such species typically feed on microbial symbionts or bacterial and detritus films.

184:(THC). On a localized scale, that rejected brine collects in seafloor depressions, forming a brine pool. In the absence of mixing, the brine will become anoxic in a matter of weeks. 269:, and various other organisms that ventured too far into the brine. Dead organisms are then preserved in the brine for years without decay due to the anoxic nature of the pool. 1195:

that are inhabiting their gill tissues. Thus, these symbiotic relationships with bacteria allow organisms to be abundant and have high biomass in these harsher environments.

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for DHABs, due to their depth, the concentration of POM reaching the pools is not significant as originally thought. The majority of fixed carbon is now thought to come from

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due to the lack of oxygen and toxic shock from the hypersalinity. Organisms that cannot surface long enough to retreat to the rim quickly die. When observed by submarines or

80:. For deep-sea brine pools, salt is necessary to increase the salinity gradient. The salt can come from one of two processes: the dissolution of large salt deposits through 781:

Organisms have developed different strategies to solve the challenges imposed by high levels of salinity. In order to decrease the risk of chaotropic effects on the cells,

1814:"Systematics, functional morphology and distribution of a bivalve (Apachecorbula muriatica gen. et sp. nov.) from the rim of the 'Valdivia Deep' brine pool in the Red Sea" 307:

can impact brine pools and cause waves of hypersaline brine to spill out into surrounding basins, thus negatively affecting the biological communities which live there.

284:. There have also been recorded instances of macrofauna brine pools at the seawater interface. Inactive sulfur chimneys have been found with affiliated epifauna such as 4976:"Calibration and preliminary tests of the Brine Observation Transition To Liquid Experiment on HABIT/ExoMars 2020 for demonstration of liquid water stability on Mars" 1024:

or acetoclastic methanogenesis, prokaryotes in DHABs use methylotrophic methanogenesis, as it allows for a higher energy yield and the intermediates can be used for

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The high salinity levels present challenges for the retention of water by cells and consequent effects on cell turgor and functioning. Brine pools also exert ionic,

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Danovaro, Roberto; Gambi, Cristina; Dell’Anno, Antonio; Corinaldesi, Cinzia; Pusceddu, Antonio; Neves, Ricardo Cardoso; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg (2016-06-07).

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grow near the highest concentrations of nutrient release. Patchy, reddish layers can be observed floating above the dense brine interface due to high densities of

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and Discovery without including minor or unknown species to avoid ambiguity is summarized in the following list that is based on the data from primary articles.

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Zhang, Weipeng; Wang, Yong; Bougouffa, Salim; Tian, Renmao; Cao, Huiluo; Li, Yongxin; Cai, Lin; Wong, Yue Him; Zhang, Gen; Zhou, Guowei; Zhang, Xixiang (2015).

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concentration compared to the other pools. This extreme variability in environmental conditions leads to each brine pool having a unique metabolic composition.

4861:"Microbial community of the deep-sea brine Lake Kryos seawater–brine interface is active below the chaotropicity limit of life as revealed by recovery of mRNA" 3984:

Yakimov, Michail M.; La Cono, Violetta; Slepak, Vladlen Z.; La Spada, Gina; Arcadi, Erika; Messina, Enzo; Borghini, Mireno; Monticelli, Luis S.; Rojo, David;

3825:"Microbial community of the deep-sea brine LakeKryosseawater-brine interface is active below the chaotropicity limit of life as revealed by recovery of mRNA" 1788: 124:. The high salinity raises the density of the brine, which creates a surface and shoreline for the pool. Depending on concentration, some minerals such as 2449:

Wang, Yong; Yang, Jiangke; Lee, On On; Dash, Swagatika; Lau, Stanley C K; Al-Suwailem, Abdulaziz; Wong, Tim Y H; Danchin, Antoine; Qian, Pei-Yuan (2011).

227:, for example, Red Sea Deep Water (RSDW) seeps into the fissures created at the tectonic boundary. The water dissolves salts from deposits created in the 867:

As the name suggests, brine pools, or deep hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs), are characterized by a very high salt concentration and anoxic conditions.

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Wang, Yong; Zhang, Wei Peng; Cao, Hui Luo; Shek, Chun Shum; Tian, Ren Mao; Wong, Yue Him; Batang, Zenon; Al-Suwailem, Abdulaziz; Qian, Pei-Yuan (2014).

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While organisms can typically flourish on the outskirts of a brine pool, they are not always safe from harm there. One possible reason for this is that

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brine-surface interface). Microbes exploit the sharp chemical gradients between the layers to make their metabolisms more thermodynamically favorable.

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A combination between the second and third pathway would allow for increased energetic yield. In addition, some novel groups have been isolated from

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De Lange, G. J; Middelburg, J. J; Van der Weijden, C. H; Catalano, G; Luther, G. W; Hydes, D. J; Woittiez, J. R. W; Klinkhammer, G. P (1990-12-10).

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Van Cappellen, Philippe; Viollier, Eric; Roychoudhury, Alakendra; Clark, Lauren; Ingall, Ellery; Lowe, Kristine; Dichristina, Thomas (1998-08-21).

3880:"Diversity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large-subunit genes in the MgCl2-dominated deep hypersaline anoxic basin discovery" 1271: 310:

Despite their inhospitable nature, brine pools can also provide a home, allowing organisms to flourish. Deep-sea brine pools often coincide with

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In addition, the lack of oxygen increases the difficulty of organisms to yield energy, as oxygen is the most energy-yielding electron acceptor.

353:. Microbes help support the larger biological community around environments like brine pools and are key to understanding the survival of other 1470:"Microbial diversity of the brine-seawater interface of the Kebrit Deep, Red Sea, studied via 16S rRNA gene sequences and cultivation methods" 5470:

Microbial Diversity of the Brine-Seawater Interface of the Kebrit Deep, Red Sea, Studied via 16S rRNA Gene Sequences and Cultivation Methods.

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Sagar, Sunil; Esau, Luke; Hikmawan, Tyas; Antunes, Andre; Holtermann, Karie; Stingl, Ulrich; Bajic, Vladimir B.; Kaur, Mandeep (2013-02-06).

1048:. This is predominantly due to the thermodynamic favorability of nitrogen-based metabolisms in anaerobic environments. In Bannock basin and 1330:"Black pools of death: Hypoxic, brine-filled ice gouge depressions become lethal traps for benthic organisms in a shallow Arctic embayment" 5518:

New constraints on methane fluxes and rates of anaerobic methane oxidation in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool via in situ mass spectrometry.

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Barite crusts from a brine pool in the Gulf of Mexico and the role of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the precipitation of barite (BaSO4)

3099:"Biogeochemical Cycles of Manganese and Iron at the Oxic−Anoxic Transition of a Stratified Marine Basin (Orca Basin, Gulf of Mexico)" 1178:

There is a high concentration of bacteria present in brine pools that serve essential roles for the ecosystem, such as being part of

1202:, which were found to play an important role in the adaptations of microorganisms to these environments, such as organisms from the 4382:"Symbioses between deep-sea mussels (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolinae) and chemosynthetic bacteria: diversity, function and evolution" 3267:

Reinhardt, Danovaro, Roberto Dell'Anno, Antonio Pusceddu, Antonio Gambi, Cristina Heiner, Iben Møbjerg Kristensen (2010-04-06).

6069: 4476:"Diversity and distribution of eukaryotic microbes in and around a brine pool adjacent to the Thuwal cold seeps in the Red Sea" 3709:"Sulfur cycling and methanogenesis primarily drive microbial colonization of the highly sulfidic Urania deep hypersaline basin" 23:

These craters mark the formation of brine pools where salt has seeped through the sea floor and encrusted the nearby substrate.

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Wang, Yong; Yang, Jiang Ke; Lee, On On; Li, Tie Gang; Al-Suwailem, Abdulaziz; Danchin, Antoine; Qian, Pei-Yuan (2011-12-21).

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It is possible to study liquid brine in order to harness its electrical conductivity to study if liquid water is present on

793:; thus, these organisms have adapted their entire metabolic machinery to maintain salt concentration inside of their cells. 257:

and multicellular organisms. When an organism enters a brine pool, it attempts to "breathe" the environment and experiences

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Wankel, S. D., Joye, S. B., Samarkin, V. A., Shah, S. R., Friederich, G., Melas-Kyriazi, J., & Girguis, P. R. (2010).

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Ziko, Laila; Saqr, Al-Hussein A.; Ouf, Amged; Gimpel, Matthias; Aziz, Ramy K.; Neubauer, Peter; Siam, Rania (2019-03-18).

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Ziko, Laila; Saqr, Al-Hussein A.; Ouf, Amged; Gimpel, Matthias; Aziz, Ramy K.; Neubauer, Peter; Siam, Rania (2019-03-18).

4734:"Unique Prokaryotic Consortia in Geochemically Distinct Sediments from Red Sea Atlantis II and Discovery Deep Brine Pools" 2942:"Comparative genomics reveals adaptations of a halotolerant thaumarchaeon in the interfaces of brine pools in the Red Sea" 960:(4,995 mM)—compared to the surrounding seawater with concentrations of 528 mM and 60 mM respectively. The 5269:

Grötzinger, Stefan Wolfgang; Alam, Intikhab; Alawi, Wail Ba; Bajic, Vladimir B.; Stingl, Ulrich; Eppinger, Jörg (2014).

4178:"Diversity of methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the interfaces of five deep-sea anoxic brines of the Red Sea" 3146:"Diversity of methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the interfaces of five deep-sea anoxic brines of the Red Sea" 1452: 1040:

A simplified version of the nitrogen cycle showing the metabolisms responsible for reduction/oxidation of each N species

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effects on the cells, which also causes additional challenges for the organisms to survive these extreme environments.

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Diversity of methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the interfaces of five deep-sea anoxic brines of the Red Sea.

3308:"Spinoloricus cinziae (Phylum Loricifera), a new species from a hypersaline anoxic deep basin in the Mediterranean Sea" 2555:

Wang, Yong; Cao, Huiluo; Zhang, Guishan; Bougouffa, Salim; Lee, On On; Al-Suwailem, Abdulaziz; Qian, Pei-Yuan (2013).

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have a "salt-in" approach and "compatible-solute" strategy, which increases intracellular ionic concentration (mostly

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Mei, Yunjun; Liu, Huan; Zhang, Shunxi; Yang, Ming; Hu, Chun; Zhang, Jian; Shen, Ping; Chen, Xiangdong (2017-09-19).

2451:"Hydrothermally generated aromatic compounds are consumed by bacteria colonizing in Atlantis II Deep of the Red Sea" 4974:

Nazarious, Miracle Israel; Ramachandran, Abhilash Vakkada; Zorzano, Maria-Paz; Martin-Torres, Javier (2019-09-01).

2999:"Diversification and niche adaptations of Nitrospina-like bacteria in the polyextreme interfaces of Red Sea brines" 5687: 5330:"Antibacterial and anticancer activities of orphan biosynthetic gene clusters from Atlantis II Red Sea brine pool" 5090:"Antibacterial and anticancer activities of orphan biosynthetic gene clusters from Atlantis II Red Sea brine pool" 4609:"Bacterial Niche-Specific Genome Expansion Is Coupled with Highly Frequent Gene Disruptions in Deep-Sea Sediments" 3777:"Unveiling microbial life in new deep-sea hypersaline Lake Thetis. Part I: Prokaryotes and environmental settings" 2082:"Synchronized dynamics of bacterial niche-specific functions during biofilm development in a cold seep brine pool" 5962: 5573: 1991:"Functional respiratory anatomy of a deep-sea orbiniid polychaete from the Brine Pool NR-1 in the Gulf of Mexico" 1279: 1045: 375: 5504:

Patowary, K. (2018, November 7). Brine Pools: The Underwater Lakes of Despair. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from

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Pachiadaki, Maria G.; Yakimov, Michail M.; LaCono, Violetta; Leadbetter, Edward; Edgcomb, Virginia (June 2014).

2045: 4860: 2081: 1102: 5212:"Cytotoxic and apoptotic evaluations of marine bacteria isolated from brine-seawater interface of the Red Sea" 2881:

Tanne, Christoph; Golovina, Elena A.; Hoekstra, Folkert A.; Meffert, Andrea; Galinski, Erwin A. (2014-04-04).

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Friedrich, Cornelius G.; Rother, Dagmar; Bardischewsky, Frank; Quentmeier, Armin; Fischer, Jörg (July 2001).

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Merlino, Giuseppe; Barozzi, Alan; Michoud, Grégoire; Ngugi, David Kamanda; Daffonchio, Daniele (2018-07-01).

1990: 2883:"Glass-forming property of hydroxyectoine is the cause of its superior function as a desiccation protectant" 952:) or the next highest in the Bannock basin (c. 3 mM). Discovery has an extremely low concentration of 135:

Because of the brine's high density and lack of mixing currents in the deep ocean, brine pools often become

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An important part of the study of extreme environments such as brine pools is the function and survival of

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can be found in a thin area along the rim of a brine pool. A novel genus and species of bivalves, known as

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Neves, Ricardo Cardoso; Gambi, Cristina; Danovaro, Roberto; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg (2014-08-08).

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Bougouffa, S.; Yang, J. K.; Lee, O. O.; Wang, Y.; Batang, Z.; Al-Suwailem, A.; Qian, P. Y. (June 2013).

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Bougouffa, S.; Yang, J. K.; Lee, O. O.; Wang, Y.; Batang, Z.; Al-Suwailem, A.; Qian, P. Y. (May 2013).

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Bougouffa, S.; Yang, J. K.; Lee, O. O.; Wang, Y.; Batang, Z.; Al-Suwailem, A.; Qian, P. Y. (May 2013).

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Smith, Emily B.; Scott, Kathleen M.; Nix, Erica R.; Korte, Carol; Fisher, Charles R. (September 2000).

993: 5865: 5517: 5482: 4177: 2834:"Strategies of adaptation of microorganisms of the three domains of life to high salt concentrations" 173: 5511: 1097:

of DHABs. The highest rates of sulfate reduction tend to be found in the deepest DHAB layers, where

6064: 5752: 4916:"Study of Conrad and Shaban deep brines, Red Sea, using bathymetric, parasound and seismic surveys" 4676:"Study of Conrad and Shaban deep brines, Red Sea, using bathymetric, parasound and seismic surveys" 4121:"Unveiling microbial activities along the halocline of Thetis, a deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basin" 2557:"Autotrophic Microbe Metagenomes and Metabolic Pathways Differentiate Adjacent Red Sea Brine Pools" 1403:"Study of Conrad and Shaban deep brines, Red Sea, using bathymetric, parasound and seismic surveys" 1291: 1008:. Direct measurements of methane production in DHABs have provided extensive molecular evidence of 811:

Another important adaptation is the use of alternative electron acceptors to yield energy, such as

181: 3355:"The challenge of proving the existence of metazoan life in permanently anoxic deep-sea sediments" 4381: 2260: 108: 3595:"Composition of anoxic hypersaline brines in the Tyro and Bannock Basins, eastern Mediterranean" 2139:"Impact of Culture-Independent Studies on the Emerging Phylogenetic View of Bacterial Diversity" 2030:"Growth and Condition of Seep Mussels (Bathymodiolus Childressi) at a Gulf of Mexico Brine Pool" 5389:"Novel thermostable antibiotic resistance enzymes from the Atlantis II Deep Red Sea brine pool" 4235:"Oxidation of Reduced Inorganic Sulfur Compounds by Bacteria: Emergence of a Common Mechanism?" 249:

Due to the methods of their formation and lack of mixing, brine pools are anoxic and deadly to

177: 6007: 5707: 3483:"Distinctive Microbial Community Structure in Highly Stratified Deep-Sea Brine Water Columns" 2361:"Distinctive Microbial Community Structure in Highly Stratified Deep-Sea Brine Water Columns" 1724:"Distinctive Microbial Community Structure in Highly Stratified Deep-Sea Brine Water Columns" 1139: 940:, yet they all exhibit distinct chemical properties: Urania has the highest concentration of 843: 5510:

US Department of Commerce, N. (n.d.). Gulf of Mexico 2002. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from

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Li, Dehai; Wang, Fengping; Xiao, Xiang; Zeng, Xiang; Gu, Qian-Qun; Zhu, Weiming (May 2007).

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Duperron, Sébastien; Lorion, Julien; Samadi, Sarah; Gros, Olivier; Gaill, Françoise (2009).

3563: 107:. Deep-sea and polar brine pools are toxic to marine animals due to their high salinity and 5931: 5160: 4987: 4927: 4745: 4687: 4620: 4547: 4421:"Niche Limits of Symbiotic Gut Microbiota Constrain the Salinity Tolerance of Brine Shrimp" 4301:"Discovery of anaerobic lithoheterotrophic haloarchaea, ubiquitous in hypersaline habitats" 4246: 4001: 3720: 3653: 3559: 3494: 3110: 2636: 2568: 2372: 2207: 1929: 1735: 1481: 1414: 1341: 1294:

enzymes have been found that are useful in various biomedical and industrial applications.

1094: 893: 194:, the Gulf of Mexico was a shallow sea that dried out, producing a thick layer of salt and 1554: 231:

much like the Jurassic-period deposits in the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting brine is then

8: 5972: 5566: 1638: 1239: 1098: 1069: 1049: 961: 933: 767: 383: 304: 5164: 4991: 4931: 4749: 4691: 4624: 4551: 4536:"Discovery of Afifi, the shallowest and southernmost brine pool reported in the Red Sea" 4250: 4005: 3724: 3657: 3498: 3114: 2997:

Ngugi, David Kamanda; Blom, Jochen; Stepanauskas, Ramunas; Stingl, Ulrich (2015-12-11).

2640: 2572: 2376: 2211: 1933: 1739: 1650: 1485: 1418: 1345: 132:) precipitate out of the brine and form crystalline crusts around the edge of the pool. 6015: 5855: 5662: 5642: 5423: 5388: 5364: 5329: 5305: 5270: 5246: 5211: 5192: 5124: 5089: 5070: 4953: 4896: 4835: 4800: 4776: 4733: 4713: 4651: 4608: 4589: 4576: 4535: 4510: 4475: 4456: 4420: 4333: 4300: 4153: 4120: 4101: 4030: 3989: 3860: 3751: 3708: 3685: 3523: 3482: 3389: 3354: 3335: 3286: 3249: 3079: 3031: 2974: 2917: 2882: 2667: 2624: 2597: 2556: 2483: 2450: 2401: 2360: 2236: 2195: 2006: 1971: 1958: 1917: 1898: 1851: 1764: 1723: 1592: 1432: 858:

Distribution of deep hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) in the eastern Mediterranean Sea

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Guan, Yue; Hikmawan, Tyas; Antunes, André; Ngugi, David; Stingl, Ulrich (2015-11-01).

3641: 3594: 3547: 2786: 2739: 2692: 2259:

Behzad, Hayedeh; Ibarra, Martin Augusto; Mineta, Katsuhiko; Gojobori, Takashi (2016).

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Hourdez, Stéphane; Frederick, Lee-Ann; Schernecke, Andrea; Fisher, Charles R. (2001).

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and, relative to almost all other life on Earth, has no dependence on energy from the

72:

collected in a seafloor depression. These pools are dense bodies of water that have a

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Kato, C.; Qureshi, M. (1999). "Pressure response in deep-sea piezophilic bacteria".

1975: 1902: 1855: 1493: 5870: 5637: 5458: 5418: 5400: 5359: 5341: 5300: 5282: 5241: 5223: 5168: 5119: 5101: 5046: 5005: 4995: 4935: 4872: 4830: 4812: 4771: 4753: 4695: 4646: 4628: 4571: 4555: 4505: 4487: 4432: 4393: 4328: 4312: 4270: 4254: 4197: 4189: 4148: 4132: 4075: 4067: 4025: 4009: 3956: 3944: 3940: 3891: 3836: 3788: 3746: 3728: 3661: 3606: 3567: 3518: 3502: 3442: 3432: 3384: 3366: 3319: 3223: 3215: 3165: 3157: 3118: 3063: 3026: 3010: 2969: 2953: 2912: 2894: 2845: 2798: 2751: 2704: 2693:"Limits of life in MgCl2-containing environments: chaotropicity defines the window" 2662: 2644: 2625:"Effects of salinity on the cellular physiological responses of Natrinema sp. J7-2" 2592: 2576: 2478: 2462: 2396: 2380: 2280: 2272: 2231: 2215: 2166: 2150: 2101: 2093: 2041: 2002: 1953: 1937: 1882: 1833: 1825: 1789:"Playing in a Deep-Sea Brine Pool Is Fun, as Long as You're an ROV [Video]" 1759: 1743: 1685: 1646: 1574: 1566: 1532: 1497: 1489: 1422: 1349: 1260: 1222: 1182:

or acting as a food source for several organisms in this habitat. Examples include

1106: 1093:(especially in the Uranian Basin), sulfate reduction is extremely important in the 790: 411: 323: 258: 250: 88: 5172: 3307: 3145: 1016:

analyses further support the presence of methanogenesis by identifying the enzyme

5812: 5807: 5697: 5627: 5149:"Isotopic Composition and Origin of the Red Sea and Salton Sea Geothermal Brines" 4758: 4633: 4193: 3990:"Microbial life in the Lake Medee, the largest deep-sea salt-saturated formation" 3323: 3161: 2649: 1526: 1456: 1057: 796:

In some brine pools, high water temperatures and hydrostatic pressures result in

339: 215: 77: 5762: 4940: 4915: 4700: 4675: 3144:

Guan, Yue; Hikmawan, Tyas; Antunes, André; Ngugi, David; Stingl, Ulrich (2015).

1812:

Oliver, P. Graham; Vestheim, Hege; Antunes, André; Kaartvedt, Stein (May 2015).

1427: 1402: 19: 6025: 5952: 5936: 5717: 5712: 5657: 5607: 5559: 4559: 4419:

Nougué, Odrade; Gallet, Romain; Chevin, Luis-Miguel; Lenormand, Thomas (2015).

4397: 3713:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3203: 2276: 1941: 1870: 1286: 1278:

trials. In particular, a novel finding in a study used microorganisms from the

1167: 1105:

bacteria have been found in the brines of Kebrit Deep, Nereus Deep, Erba Deep,

1078: 1025: 1009: 1005: 828: 801: 399: 315: 237: 200: 140: 129: 96: 81: 35: 5346: 5106: 4071: 3371: 3219: 3067: 1916:

Sawyer, Derek E.; Mason, R. Alan; Cook, Ann E.; Portnov, Alexey (2019-01-15).

1886: 1829: 1690: 6058: 6020: 5967: 5903: 5822: 5787: 5545: 5414: 5355: 5296: 5287: 5237: 5180: 5115: 5058: 5019: 4949: 4884: 4826: 4817: 4767: 4709: 4642: 4567: 4501: 4492: 4444: 4324: 4266: 4211: 4144: 4089: 4021: 3952: 3905: 3848: 3800: 3742: 3673: 3618: 3579: 3514: 3456: 3380: 3331: 3278: 3237: 3179: 3130: 3022: 2965: 2908: 2899: 2859: 2810: 2763: 2716: 2658: 2588: 2474: 2392: 2227: 2162: 2115: 2053: 2014: 1949: 1894: 1847: 1755: 1588: 1449: 941: 854: 350: 136: 100: 5551: 5405: 5228: 5035:"A new cytotoxic phenazine derivative from a deep sea bacterium Bacillus sp" 5034: 4876: 4801:"Aerobic methanotrophic communities at the Red Sea brine-seawater interface" 4055: 3840: 3776: 3733: 3665: 3437: 3420: 2998: 2941: 2850: 2833: 2097: 6030: 5957: 5792: 5692: 5622: 5612: 5432: 5373: 5314: 5255: 5188: 5133: 5066: 4892: 4844: 4785: 4660: 4585: 4519: 4452: 4405: 4342: 4316: 4284: 4219: 4162: 4136: 4097: 4056:"Anammox bacterial populations in deep marine hypersaline gradient systems" 4039: 3985: 3970: 3913: 3856: 3808: 3760: 3681: 3532: 3464: 3398: 3245: 3204:"Anammox bacterial populations in deep marine hypersaline gradient systems" 3187: 3075: 3040: 3014: 2983: 2957: 2926: 2867: 2818: 2771: 2724: 2676: 2606: 2492: 2410: 2294: 2245: 2123: 1967: 1773: 1709: 1511: 1155: 1036: 897: 889: 394: 379: 354: 297: 265:(ROVs), brine pools are found to be eerily littered with dead fish, crabs, 2466: 2180: 1020:

in various DHABs. Interestingly, it has been suggested that, instead of CO

5982: 5832: 5817: 5802: 5742: 5647: 5481:

Guan, Y., Hikmawan, T., Antunes, A., Ngugi, D., & Stingl, U. (2015).

4973: 3592: 3506: 2384: 2219: 1747: 1114: 782: 763: 280:, has been found along the edge of the "Valdivia Deep" brine pool in the 148: 111:

properties, which can ultimately lead to toxic shock and possibly death.

45: 5506:

https://www.amusingplanet.com/2018/11/brine-pools-lakes-under-ocean.html

4202: 3447: 3170: 2285: 2106: 1536: 5997: 5987: 5888: 5797: 5747: 5722: 5050: 4080: 3228: 3098: 1579: 1354: 1244: 1207: 1203: 1074: 1013: 1001: 797: 293: 285: 121: 5540: 5010: 4232: 4013: 3122: 3096: 2580: 1838: 84:

or geothermally-heated brine issued from tectonic spreading centers.

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Despite the harsh conditions, life in the form of macrofauna such as

266: 254: 205: 195: 144: 104: 3638: 2787:"Thermodynamic limits to microbial life at high salt concentrations" 2738:

Hallsworth, John E.; Heim, Sabina; Timmis, Kenneth N. (2003-11-27).

2137:

Hugenholtz, Philip; Goebel, Brett M.; Pace, Norman R. (1998-09-15).

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tracking. Other DHABs have been analyzed for anammox pathways using

5908: 5737: 5727: 5702: 5672: 5652: 5632: 5602: 4436: 1199: 1163: 901: 872: 327: 273: 191: 143:, however, form life on the pool's shores where bacteria and their 73: 3642:"The Enigma of Prokaryotic Life in Deep Hypersaline Anoxic Basins" 2832:

Gunde-Cimerman, Nina; Plemenitaš, Ana; Oren, Aharon (2018-05-01).

1818:

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

1113:

sulfur-oxidizing multienzyme complex which can oxidize sulfide or

936:, and Discovery. All four of these brine pools are located in the 862: 6002: 5512:

https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02mexico/welcome.html

4118: 3352: 1918:"Submarine Landslides Induce Massive Waves in Subsea Brine Pools" 1210:

that have been thriving in brine pools due to this relationship.

1159: 1151: 1133: 1129: 1122: 1090: 1065: 1053: 1017: 965: 920:) will tend to increase with depth, while the concentration of SO 884: 836: 832: 820: 358: 319: 281: 228: 224: 92: 2689: 1988: 800:

microorganisms that synthesize thermoprotective molecules (e.g.

410:

The taxonomic makeup of the main microbial communities found at

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Elbehery, Ali H. A.; Leak, David J.; Siam, Rania (2016-12-22).

3705: 1118: 997: 984: 953: 868: 824: 335: 208:, giving deep-ocean brine pools their chemical characteristics. 125: 5468:

Eder, W., Jahnke, L. L., Schmidt, M., & Huber, R. (2001).

3773: 1871:"A deep sea community at the Kebrit brine pool in the Red Sea" 1811: 41: 5880: 3821: 2740:"Chaotropic solutes cause water stress in Pseudomonas putida" 1679: 892:

composition of individual pools, as well as extreme chemical

219: 99:

organisms that live near the pool. These creatures are often

69: 27: 3983: 3305: 2880: 2831: 1136:

complex which oxidizes hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur.

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Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography,

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10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2392:GACOSM]2.0.CO;2

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Astrobiology: Current, Evolving, and Emerging Perspectives

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observed (at c. 16 mM)—compared to normal sea water (

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and deadly to respiring organisms. Brine pools supporting

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The first metazoa living in permanently anoxic conditions

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Boetius, A.; Joye, S. (2009-06-18). "Thriving in Salt".

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Deep sea brine pools have also been a large interest in

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Eder, W; Jahnke, LL; Schmidt, M; Huber, R (July 2001).

3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 2079: 1915: 1467: 5529: 4052: 3200: 2554: 2068:"Deep sea ecology: hydrothermal vents and cold seeps" 1362: 1060:

pathways have been identified using a combination of

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DasSarma, Shiladitya; DasSarma, Priya (2012-03-15).

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Arias, Francisco J.; Heras, Salvador De Las (2019).

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Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology

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BioMed Central Ltd. 3015:10.1038/ismej.2015.214 2958:10.1038/ismej.2014.137 1379:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov 1095:biogeochemical cycling 1041: 989: 859: 56:, sometimes called an 49: 38: 24: 5708:Salt evaporation pond 3438:10.1093/femsec/fiy085 2851:10.1093/femsre/fuy009 2467:10.1038/ismej.2011.42 2066:World Wildlife Fund. 1292:antibiotic resistance 1140:polysulfide reductase 1039: 987: 857: 642:Marine group I (MGI) 529:Candidatus Scalindua 371:Microbial composition 305:underwater landslides 120:(46 sq mi) 44: 30: 22: 5963:Big fish–little pond 5932:Freshwater ecosystem 5866:Puddles on a surface 3507:10.1128/AEM.00254-13 2385:10.1128/AEM.00254-13 2220:10.1128/AEM.02345-10 1995:Invertebrate Biology 1748:10.1128/AEM.00254-13 1125:as an intermediate). 594:Gammaproteobacteria 589:Deltaproteobacteria 539:Alphaproteobacteria 390:Metagenomic analysis 190:: During the Middle 5973:Constructed wetland 5457:(5934): 1523–1525. 5165:1966Sci...154.1544C 5159:(3756): 1544–1548. 4992:2019AcAau.162..497N 4932:2017JAsGe...6...90S 4750:2012PLoSO...742872S 4692:2017JAsGe...6...90S 4625:2011PLoSO...629149W 4552:2020NatSR..10..910D 4251:2001ApEnM..67.2873F 4006:2013NatSR...3E3554Y 3725:2009PNAS..106.9151B 3658:2005Sci...307..121V 3499:2013ApEnM..79.3425B 3115:1998EnST...32.2931V 2641:2017PLoSO..1284974M 2573:2013NatSR...3E1748W 2377:2013ApEnM..79.3425B 2212:2011ApEnM..77.1153S 1934:2019NatSR...9..128S 1875:Marine Biodiversity 1740:2013ApEnM..79.3425B 1486:2001ApEnM..67.3077E 1419:2017JAsGe...6...90S 1346:1998MEPS..162....1K 1280:Red Sea brine pools 1174:Microbial symbiosis 717:Methanomicrobiales 702:Methanobacteriales 564:Betaproteobacteria 418: 384:amplicon sequencing 5856:Coffee ring effect 5663:Infiltration basin 5643:Facultative lagoon 5051:10.1007/BF02977647 4540:Scientific Reports 3994:Scientific Reports 2561:Scientific Reports 1922:Scientific Reports 1787:Frazer, Jennifer. 1355:10.3354/meps162001 1200:epibiotic symbiont 1070:metatranscriptomic 1042: 990: 860: 789:) to decrease the 783:halophilic archaea 727:Methanosarcinales 657:Desulfurococcales 604:Oceanospirillales 417: 212:Geothermal heating 149:halophilic archaea 50: 39: 25: 6052: 6051: 5993:Pond of Abundance 5927:Aquatic ecosystem 4980:Acta Astronautica 4131:(12): 2478–2489. 4014:10.1038/srep03554 3719:(23): 9151–9156. 3652:(5706): 121–123. 3493:(11): 3425–3437. 3123:10.1021/es980307m 3109:(19): 2931–2939. 2750:(12): 1270–1280. 2581:10.1038/srep01748 2461:(10): 1652–1659. 2371:(11): 3425–3437. 2149:(18): 4765–4774. 2092:(10): 4089–4104. 1734:(11): 3425–3437. 1701:978-1-912530-30-4 1660:978-0-470-01617-6 1565:(15): 9049–9054. 938:Mediterranean Sea 804:) to prevent the 746: 745: 619:Stenotrophomonas 441:Microbacteriaceae 253:, including most 251:aerobic organisms 68:, is a volume of 6077: 5765: 5638:Evaporation pond 5576: 5569: 5562: 5553: 5552: 5544: 5543: 5535: 5465: 0036-8075. 5437: 5436: 5426: 5408: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5349: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5290: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5249: 5231: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5127: 5109: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5013: 5003: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4943: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4838: 4820: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4779: 4761: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4703: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4636: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4579: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4513: 4495: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4392:(2–3): 298–310. 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4336: 4311:(5): 1245–1260. 4305:The ISME Journal 4295: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4245:(7): 2873–2882. 4230: 4224: 4223: 4205: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4156: 4125:The ISME Journal 4116: 4110: 4109: 4083: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4033: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3899: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3787:(8): 2250–2268. 3771: 3765: 3764: 3754: 3736: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3636: 3623: 3622: 3599:Marine Chemistry 3590: 3584: 3583: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3526: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3450: 3440: 3416: 3403: 3402: 3392: 3374: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3290: 3282: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3231: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3173: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3009:(6): 1383–1399. 3003:The ISME Journal 2994: 2988: 2987: 2977: 2946:The ISME Journal 2937: 2931: 2930: 2920: 2902: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2853: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2797:(8): 1908–1923. 2782: 2776: 2775: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2670: 2652: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2600: 2552: 2497: 2496: 2486: 2455:The ISME Journal 2446: 2415: 2414: 2404: 2356: 2299: 2298: 2288: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2239: 2206:(4): 1153–1161. 2191: 2185: 2184: 2174: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2109: 2077: 2071: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2040:(9): 2392–2403. 2025: 2019: 2018: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1961: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1841: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1767: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1693: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1610: 1601: 1600: 1582: 1550: 1541: 1540: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1505: 1465: 1459: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1398: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1371: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1325: 1261:osmotic pressure 1240:L'Atalante basin 1107:Atlantis II Deep 1103:Sulfate reducing 1050:L'Atalante basin 1032:Nitrogen cycling 962:L'Atalante basin 951: 949: 825:elemental sulfur 791:osmotic pressure 712:Methanococcales 707:Methanocellales 697:Methanomicrobia 692:Halobacteriales 682:Archaeoglobales 667:Thermoproteales 599:Alteromonadales 544:Phyllobacterium 514:Deferribacteres 419: 416: 324:hydrogen sulfide 318:life to thrive. 259:cerebral hypoxia 206:methane releases 204:associated with 89:hydrogen sulfide 6085: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6065:Bodies of water 6055: 6054: 6053: 6048: 5941: 5913: 5875: 5837: 5813:Spent fuel pool 5808:Reflecting pool 5778:Anchialine pool 5766: 5757: 5589: 5580: 5550: 5538: 5530: 5496:Marine Geology, 5446: 5444:Further reading 5441: 5440: 5385: 5381: 5326: 5322: 5267: 5263: 5208: 5204: 5145: 5141: 5086: 5082: 5031: 5027: 4972: 4965: 4912: 4908: 4856: 4852: 4797: 4793: 4729: 4725: 4672: 4668: 4605: 4601: 4531: 4527: 4472: 4468: 4417: 4413: 4378: 4374: 4365: 4363: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4296: 4292: 4231: 4227: 4174: 4170: 4117: 4113: 4051: 4047: 3982: 3978: 3925: 3921: 3876: 3872: 3820: 3816: 3772: 3768: 3704: 3697: 3637: 3626: 3591: 3587: 3544: 3540: 3479: 3472: 3417: 3406: 3351: 3347: 3304: 3300: 3284: 3283: 3265: 3261: 3199: 3195: 3142: 3138: 3095: 3091: 3052: 3048: 2995: 2991: 2938: 2934: 2879: 2875: 2830: 2826: 2783: 2779: 2736: 2732: 2688: 2684: 2635:(9): e0184974. 2621: 2614: 2553: 2500: 2447: 2418: 2357: 2302: 2257: 2253: 2192: 2188: 2135: 2131: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2061: 2026: 2022: 1987: 1983: 1914: 1910: 1867: 1863: 1810: 1806: 1797: 1795: 1785: 1781: 1720: 1716: 1702: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1635: 1631: 1622: 1620: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1571:10.1002/er.4708 1551: 1544: 1523: 1519: 1466: 1462: 1457:Wayback Machine 1448: 1444: 1399: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1373: 1372: 1363: 1326: 1317: 1312: 1300: 1256: 1216: 1176: 1168:electron donors 1099:redox potential 1087: 1079:osmoprotectants 1062:transcriptomics 1058:denitrification 1034: 1026:osmoprotectants 1023: 1004:, specifically 982: 977: 969: 947: 945: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 865: 852: 779: 760: 751: 732:Thermoplasmata 722:Methanopyrales 554:Bradyrhizobium 434:Actinomycetales 408: 392: 373: 368: 340:chemical energy 330:, which have a 247: 245:Support of life 201:deform and move 192:Jurassic period 170:Brine rejection 158: 117: 115:Characteristics 78:brine rejection 58:underwater lake 17: 12: 11: 5: 6083: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6033: 6028: 6026:Water aeration 6023: 6018: 6013: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5953:Aerated lagoon 5949: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5937:Lake ecosystem 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5698:Retention pond 5695: 5690: 5688:Polishing pond 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5658:Immersion pond 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5628:Detention pond 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5608:Balancing lake 5605: 5599: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5579: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5556: 5549: 5548: 5528: 5527: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5492: 5479: 5466: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5399:(1): 189–202. 5379: 5320: 5261: 5202: 5139: 5080: 5045:(5): 552–555. 5025: 4963: 4906: 4871:(2): 364–382. 4850: 4791: 4723: 4666: 4619:(12): e29149. 4599: 4525: 4466: 4437:10.1086/682370 4431:(3): 390–403. 4411: 4372: 4348: 4290: 4225: 4188:(9): 688–699. 4168: 4111: 4066:(2): 289–299. 4045: 3976: 3939:(2): 334–348. 3919: 3890:(2): 326–331. 3870: 3835:(2): 364–382. 3814: 3766: 3695: 3624: 3585: 3558:(1): 147–159. 3538: 3470: 3404: 3345: 3318:(4): 489–502. 3298: 3259: 3214:(2): 289–299. 3193: 3156:(9): 688–699. 3136: 3089: 3046: 2989: 2952:(2): 396–411. 2932: 2873: 2844:(3): 353–375. 2824: 2777: 2730: 2703:(3): 801–813. 2682: 2612: 2498: 2416: 2300: 2271:(2): 717–723. 2251: 2186: 2129: 2072: 2059: 2020: 1981: 1908: 1861: 1824:(3): 523–535. 1804: 1779: 1714: 1700: 1672: 1659: 1629: 1618:Amusing Planet 1602: 1542: 1517: 1480:(7): 3077–85. 1460: 1442: 1390: 1361: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1287:bioprospecting 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1191:carbon-fixing 1175: 1172: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1126: 1086: 1085:Sulfur cycling 1083: 1077:to synthesize 1033: 1030: 1021: 1010:methanogenesis 1006:methanogenesis 981: 980:Carbon cycling 978: 976: 973: 967: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 894:stratification 864: 861: 851: 848: 829:carbon dioxide 778: 775: 759: 756: 750: 747: 744: 743: 739: 738: 734: 733: 729: 728: 724: 723: 719: 718: 714: 713: 709: 708: 704: 703: 699: 698: 694: 693: 689: 688: 684: 683: 679: 678: 674: 673: 672:Euryarchaeota 669: 668: 664: 663: 659: 658: 654: 653: 649: 648: 644: 643: 639: 638: 634: 633: 629: 628: 625: 621: 620: 616: 615: 611: 610: 609:Acinetobacter 606: 605: 601: 600: 596: 595: 591: 590: 586: 585: 581: 580: 576: 575: 571: 570: 566: 565: 561: 560: 556: 555: 551: 550: 546: 545: 541: 540: 536: 535: 531: 530: 526: 525: 521: 520: 516: 515: 511: 510: 506: 505: 499: 498: 492: 491: 487: 486: 480: 479: 473: 472: 465: 464: 458: 457: 451: 450: 444: 443: 437: 436: 431: 427: 426: 423: 407: 404: 400:DNA sequencing 391: 388: 372: 369: 367: 364: 316:chemosynthetic 246: 243: 242: 241: 238:chemosynthetic 209: 188:Salt tectonics 185: 157: 154: 130:barium sulfate 116: 113: 97:chemosynthetic 82:salt tectonics 36:Gulf of Mexico 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6082: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6021:Swimming hole 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5968:Body of water 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904:Goldfish pond 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5823:Swimming pool 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:Infinity pool 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5718:Settling pond 5716: 5714: 5713:Sediment pond 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5585:, pools, and 5584: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4744:(8): e42872. 4743: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986:Barbas, Coral 3980: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3700: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3475: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3431:(7): fiy085. 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3294: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3208:Extremophiles 3205: 3197: 3189: 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