43:
461:
stronghold over the land. Although this conquest destroyed the interior of the area, the coastal cities prevailed as cities such as
Tunisia was still an important location for North African culture producing textiles, ceramics, glass, oil, soap, and other manufacturing goods. Another devastating outcome from the conquest was the destruction of irrigation systems within North Africa, leading to desertfication and nomadization of the area until European powers colonized North Africa for the resources.
356:
481:, many of these Jews fled. Although some returned after the war, by the 1960s the Jews of the community had either moved elsewhere in Tunisia or migrated out of the country. Today there is no Jewish community. This emigration took place from 1946-1960 until the Jewish community was all but nothing in the place that was the cultural center for Jews 900 years earlier.
469:
forbade non-Muslims from living in the city; the remaining Jews were forced to convert to Islam or to leave." After the invasion, the area, once flushed with cultural excellence, became an impoverished land currently occupied by
Tunisia and now Libya. The Jewish population that was previously living
224:
One contemporary of
Abraham ben Nathan, Judah ben Joseph, was the most prominent trader of the city, controlling trade routes across the Mediterranean and on to India. During war, when all other ships were barred from sailing, his merchandise was taken on royal warships belonging to the Sayyida, the
464:
The devastating Banu Hilal conquest of
Kairouan in 1057 so utterly destroyed the city that it never regained its former cultural appropriation as the area became a blend of Arab and Berber cultures, and the size of the Jewish community declined significantly. The result of the conquest officially
460:
people invaded from southern
Morocco. The nomadic group sacked the city of Qayrawan, destroying the first wave of Arab influence over the empire of Kairouan. The conquest of the city of Qayrawan caused a mass migration of the Jewish population from the area of Kairouan while creating an Arab
1897:
1180:
935:
1867:
636:
Frank, Daniel H. (1995). "The Jews of
Medieval Islam: Community, Society, and Identity: Proceedings of an International Conference Held by the Institute of Jewish Studies, University College London, 1992".
85:, and a second wave of Jewish settlers arrived at the end of the 7th century. The community's golden era began in the late 8th century and lasted until the early 11th century, i.e. from the reign of the
970:
1253:
1249:
1578:
194:
During the 11th century, the most prominent Jew in
Kairouan was Abraham ben Nathan (Abu Ishāq Ibrahim ibn 'Ata), "one of the great Jewish leaders of his day", who in 1015 received the titles
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1245:
915:
44:
1125:
945:
1185:
1105:
1055:
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1090:
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1346:
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1801:
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in 1881, some Jews returned to the city. There were a number of Jewish shopkeepers and two synagogues were opened. When
Germany occupied Tunisia during
456:
conquest dramatically altered the cultural and political landscape of the land. As nomadic people, the Arab Banu Hilal invaded from the east while the
1918:
729:
1930:
955:
373:
625:
Goiten, "Medieval
Tunisia" p.324 suggests this was Umm al 'aziz (976-996) the sister of sultan Muizz, but Ben-Sasson calls her the mother of Muizz
1291:
653:
The scholars of
Kairouan were even consulted by Egyptian communities who were officially under the rashut of Land of Israel; see S. Abramson,
420:
1425:
1890:
392:
1981:
1701:
288:. At the peak of the yeshiva's prestige, Egyptian communities would turn to the scholars of Kairouan, even though they were subject to the
399:
1761:
1481:
1206:
699:מנחם בן-ששון, "צמיחת הקהילה היהודית בארצות האסלאם: קירואן, 1057-800", ירושלים, הוצאת ספרים ע"ש י"ל מאגנס, האוניברסיטה העברית, תשנ"ז
1573:
1324:
406:
1966:
1620:
1469:
872:
1956:
1686:
1329:
722:
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388:
1010:
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181:, was a physician and philologist, who also served as a doctor in the Fatimid court. A third Kairouan Jew of that era,
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161:(d. 950) taught at the Kairouan medical school and served as the personal physician to both the final ruler of the
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visited the city and the local community to describe his travels. He enthralled the audience with his fluency in
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308:, and upon Rabbi Yaakov ben Nissim's death, in 1006, succeeded him. Upon the death of Rabbi Hushiel, Rabbenu
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made Arabic the official language of North Africa at the time. The community disbanded in 1270 when the
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1818:
865:
769:
1796:
1491:
1464:
158:
138:. These laws puzzled the Kairouan Jews, and so they sent an enquiry to Rabbi Tzemach Ben Haim of the
704:
Stillman, Norman. "The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Sourcebook (Philadelphia, JPS, 1979) p42-46
101:, a cemetery, a community charity and other institutions. Jews in the city were in contact with the
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774:
182:
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759:
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366:
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Both Abraham ben Nathan and Judah ben Joseph died in the same year, sometime in the 1030s.
8:
1440:
746:
691:
The Jewish Community of Medieval North Africa - Society and Leadership: Qayrawan 800-1057
814:
147:
1552:
1923:
1808:
1734:
1414:
829:
642:
599:
589:
527:
1711:
839:
824:
754:
332:. Rabbenu Nissim died in 1062, and by the middle of the 11th century, the Kairouan
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293:
218:
178:
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1724:
1445:
1339:
583:
285:
187:
135:
33:
25:
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1778:
1749:
1739:
1658:
1309:
1300:
588:. Hebrew Language and Literature Series. Vol. 4. Brill/Styx. p. 191.
169:
dynasty. He wrote works of Neoplatonic philosophy, and corresponded with Rabbi
1945:
1630:
1547:
1394:
1387:
676:
122:
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478:
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139:
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205:(lit. "Head of the Communities") from that generation's spiritual leader,
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170:
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693:(Ph.D. diss.) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University.
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106:
94:
86:
78:
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66:
62:
21:
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1744:
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329:
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sultan of North Africa, and apparently also to the prior sultan,
166:
143:
131:
98:
90:
17:
312:, son of Rabbi Yaakov ben Nissim, assumed the leadership of the
1898:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
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196:
127:
77:
The first Jews arrived in Kairouan with its founders from the
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dynasty (amīr Ziyādat Allah III) and the first ruler of the
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110:
252:
Throughout this period, Kairouan was known as a center of
185:, (950) recorded his impressions of Babylonian Jewry in
142:, who attempted to explain them and reconcile them with
300:
the end of the 10th century. During his tenure, Rabbi
256:
scholarship, and the Jews were in the city maintained
241:(possibly derived from a Persian term for dignitary).
679:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
380:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
157:At the beginning of the 10th century, a Jew named
880:
1943:
470:in migrated to areas such as Egypt and Sicily.
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547:
545:
543:
1285:
866:
723:
1702:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
641:. Vol. 16. London: Brill. p. 357.
69:scholarship for at least three generations.
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324:also studied in Kairouan, before moving to
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336:had lost its stature as a world center of
440:Learn how and when to remove this message
113:, and with Jewish communities in western
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657:(Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1965), 25-26, 43-46
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130:, and brought with him a collection of
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526:. Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications.
1687:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
1273:
854:
711:
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260:correspondence with communities from
209:. He served as personal physician to
629:
508:
378:adding citations to reliable sources
349:
201:(lit. "Prince of the Diaspora") and
134:he claimed were practiced among the
1982:History of the Jews in North Africa
1886:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
473:After Tunisia was established as a
247:
37:
29:
13:
1837:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
677:"The Jewish Community of Kairouan"
14:
1993:
623:Brener (2003), p.20, at note 33:
452:During the eleventh century, the
389:"History of the Jews in Kairouan"
320:. During that same period, Rabbi
1181:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
951:Democratic Republic of the Congo
354:
177:. A second Kairouan Jew, named
154:were not similarly sympathetic.
146:. Other rabbis, including Rabbi
72:
1903:Institute for Sephardic Studies
639:Études sur le Judaïsme médiéval
365:needs additional citations for
1692:Antisemitism in the Arab world
882:History of the Jews in Africa
655:R Nissim Gaon: Libelli Quinque
617:
491:History of the Jews in Tunisia
1:
1967:History of the Jews in Africa
501:
496:History of the Jews in Africa
292:of the Land of Israel. Rabbi
1957:Jews and Judaism in Kairouan
1853:American Sephardi Federation
1846:Major communal organizations
689:Ben-Sasson, Menahem (1983).
7:
1568:Western Europe and overseas
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1858:Sephardi Community Council
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1863:World Sephardi Federation
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304:arrived in Kairouan from
272:, including with leading
159:Isaac ben Solomon Israeli
936:Central African Republic
276:authorities such as Rav
81:region of what is today
1952:Jewish Tunisian history
1347:Expulsion from Portugal
739:Demographics of Tunisia
316:, and mentored Rabbenu
1962:Jewish history by city
554:"ABRAHAM BEN NATHAN".
522:Teich, Shmuel (1982).
61:was a world center of
1697:Antisemitism in Islam
1415:Eastern Mediterranean
1096:São Tomé and Príncipe
956:Republic of the Congo
346:Decline and expulsion
318:Chananel ben Chushiel
225:Zirid Queen Regent.)
1977:Maghrebi Jews topics
1972:Sephardi Jews topics
1802:Sephardi chief rabbi
1779:Religion and culture
1335:Expulsion from Spain
582:Brener, Ann (2003).
558:. Vol. 2. 2007.
556:Encyclopedia Judaica
374:improve this article
93:. The city housed a
89:to the reign of the
1171:States with limited
475:French protectorate
221:, Mu'izz's father.
211:Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis
150:and members of the
148:Meir of Rothenburg
1939:
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1735:Judaeo-Portuguese
1267:
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1198:other territories
971:Equatorial Guinea
848:
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585:Isaac Ibn Khalfun
533:978-0-89906-452-9
450:
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296:led the Kairouan
294:Yaakov ben Nissim
53:), also known as
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1797:Rite and customs
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1653:Crypto-Sephardim
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183:Nathan HaBavli
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835:Roma (Gypsy)
760:Christianity
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367:verification
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1487:Palestinian
1173:recognition
1126:South Sudan
1016:Ivory Coast
803:Arab-Berber
609:October 21,
231:Rosh Kallah
229:titled him
171:Saadia Gaon
59:al-Qayrawan
1946:Categories
1470:Macedonian
1458:Alexandria
1406:Dispersion
1381:Megorashim
1360:Degredados
1330:Golden Age
1228:(Portugal)
1186:Somaliland
1106:Seychelles
1071:Mozambique
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1041:Madagascar
996:The Gambia
931:Cape Verde
648:9004104046
604:2003270832
502:References
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400:newspapers
103:Babylonian
1712:Languages
1659:Amazonian
1643:Livornese
1621:Hamburger
1465:Hungarian
1431:Bulgarian
1353:Conversos
1061:Mauritius
747:Religions
458:Almoravid
270:Babylonia
175:Babylonia
152:Tosafists
107:Pumbedita
95:synagogue
87:Aghlabids
79:Cyrenaica
1819:Politics
1599:Suriname
1574:American
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1548:Moroccan
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1492:Romanian
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1252: /
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1241:(France)
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926:Cameroon
911:Botswana
830:Italians
765:Orthodox
485:See also
302:Chushiel
282:Hai Gaon
258:halachic
254:Talmudic
227:Hai Gaon
207:Hai Gaon
163:Aghlabid
120:In 880,
67:Halakhic
63:Talmudic
22:Kairouan
20:city of
18:Tunisian
1879:Studies
1809:Haredim
1787:Cuisine
1762:Bagitto
1745:Haketia
1638:Italian
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1579:Antwerp
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1426:Bosnian
1310:Origins
1237:Réunion
1233:Mayotte
1224:Madeira
1219:(Spain)
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1146:Tunisia
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1101:Senegal
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1076:Namibia
1066:Morocco
1031:Liberia
1026:Lesotho
976:Eritrea
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921:Burundi
896:Algeria
815:Berbers
808:Bedouin
782:Judaism
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414:scholar
342:study.
334:yeshiva
330:Morocco
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266:Europe
239:Salier
213:, the
197:Naggid
128:Hebrew
55:Kirwan
46:Qirwān
38:قيروان
34:Arabic
30:קירואן
26:Hebrew
1926:]
1912:Other
1893:]
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1792:Music
1769:]
1589:Aruba
1584:Dutch
1507:Greek
1211:Ceuta
1131:Sudan
1081:Niger
1036:Libya
1021:Kenya
1001:Ghana
991:Gabon
966:Egypt
906:Benin
840:Turks
820:Copts
798:Arabs
755:Islam
421:JSTOR
407:books
339:Torah
306:Italy
274:Torah
262:Spain
215:Zirid
115:Spain
83:Libya
1832:Shas
1141:Togo
1051:Mali
941:Chad
643:ISBN
611:2015
600:LCCN
590:ISBN
528:ISBN
393:news
264:and
237:and
132:laws
111:Sura
109:and
65:and
16:The
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326:Fez
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