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angling participation between 2011 and 2016. In 2017, just over 49 million
Americans participated in some form of fishing, of which 11.9 million were youth. Most anglers even fish between four and eleven times per year, with some reporting over 100 trips. Adding fish to public lakes and streams makes fishing more fun, especially for young anglers. Fishing also provides Americans the opportunity to enjoy nature in solitude and escape from their busy lives. It is a form of exercise and a great way to bond with friends and family; fishing has also been linked to increased patience among children. According to a survey by the Outdoor Foundation, 60.3% of fishermen report fishing as a means of getting exercise, 59.1% report fishing to bond with family, and 51.2% report fishing to be close to nature and observe the scenery. Some of the fish caught are also large, providing a source of nutrition to successful fishermen. Roughly 40% of fishermen eat the fish they catch, according to a survey by the Outdoor Foundation. Stocking can also restore threatened, endangered, or native fish species. The Union for Conservation of Nature's red list of endangered species has 1,414 species of fish that are at risk of extinction. Stocking them into lakes, rivers, and streams can support existing populations that are threatened and reduce the number of endangered or extirpated species. Many of the fish commonly used for stocking also have low reproductive rates and tend to be overfished if not stocked annually. Moreover, as stocked fish tend to contain larger trophy fish, many anglers are more willing to pay for a
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federal lands or when "direct involvement of federal wilderness" managers is necessary for decision making. Historically, there has been a jurisdictional debate between state and federal agencies, with states arguing that fish stocking is a prerogative supported by the 10th
Amendment to the Constitution. Interestingly, the roots of wildlife ownership are grounded in feudal Europe where fish were considered to be common property to all citizens, subject to government control. However, this control over wildlife was transferred to the states with the separation of the Colonies from Britain. Despite the federal government's right to exercise wildlife authority, current regulation states that "Congress has, in fact, reaffirmed the basic responsibility and authority of the States to manage fish and resident wildlife." In the future, if more differences in opinion between state and federal managers arise, there may be a need for increased cooperation and coordination between state and federal wilderness managers. Colorado, for example, has regulations to control the stocking of nonnative fish, but only below 6,500 feet. To find out more about each state's fish stocking regulations, visit their respective Department of Fish and Wildlife websites. Today, the International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (IAFWA), a series of policies for fish management, is used between state and federal agencies to provide a framework for cooperation and coordination related to fish stocking in America.
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2008, the
Sacramento Superior Court ordered the state to consult with various groups in finding ways to protect native species from fish stocking practices. Initially, the California Department of Fish and Game agreed to eliminate the environmental harm of its stocking practices, but when it filed its impact report in 2011, protection of native fish and amphibians was clearly not a priority. The agency was brought to court again but was promptly denied. With the state Commission denying the Department of Fish and Game's proposed changes for fish stocking, private hatcheries continue to stock state waters under the same permit regulations. The Department aimed to require that all hatcheries and fisheries pay for biological assessment before stocking, thus preventing many of its negative consequences. However, the state of California made it clear that it will not make fisheries go through the stringent permitting process. In February of 2015, the California Third District of Appeals struck down the Department of Fish and Wildlife's permitting requirement on recreational fishing, which would have essentially driven fish farms and hatcheries out of business. This ruling ensures fishermen in California will have the opportunity to fish in stocked lakes and ponds in the future.
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272:. Just like humans have a demand for groceries, anglers have a demand for fish. When the supply is running low in a given body of water, fish are transported from hatcheries in a large water tank or airplane to their respective locations. The costs associated with stocking are typically covered by angler associations, commercial fishermen, state fish and game agencies, and at times government subsidies; today, most stocking is conducted by state fish and game departments.
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time, make sure that the existing fish in the pond are not significantly larger than the ones being added. For a standard one-quarter acre pond, it is recommended to stock 120 sunfish, 60 yellow perch, 15 largemouth bass, and 8 pounds of fathead minnows. One way to determine what kinds of fish are already living in a given body of water is to monitor local streams, rivers, and lakes and record what species of fish are being caught.
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ecosystems and that protecting water quality is more important than recreational opportunities. Although stocking programs were designed to boost conservation, in some cases they have harmed them. The increased boat traffic associated with better fishing opportunities creates negative externalities. These include water contamination, congestion, noise pollution, and disruption of wilderness experiences.
241:, is projected to receive 2,767,660 stocked salmon and trout. According to data by state agencies, in 2004 roughly 1.7 billion fish were stocked across the United States. With 104 different species of fish stocked, a total of 43.65 million pounds of fish were released, primarily in the Western states. In the US, common species that are currently stocked for sport include
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coexist because biologically-based guidelines are used when choosing what and where to stock. Until recently, the ecology of lakes and rivers was not well understood. To maximize the benefits of stocking and control the costs, fish must be stocked strategically in places where they can be enjoyed but do not pose a threat to native species.
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also enjoy fishing in more robust bodies of water. Despite the findings mentioned above, Virginia researchers have found that even with stockings of rainbow trout, 80% of fish in its stocked streams are still natives. The
Department of Natural Resources in Minnesota also found that stocked muskie can
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help clean bodies of water by eating algae and other green organisms. Algae can take over stagnant ponds, attracting insects and making lakes, rivers, and ponds unpleasant to look at. To treat them, many individuals will choose to stock certain species of fish. This creates a positive externality for
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fish stocking was banned due to cross-breeding between native and nonnative species that was harming the genetic uniqueness of existing populations. This makes fish populations more susceptible to disease. Today, Yellowstone has adopted the "catch-and-release method" to ensure that fishermen release
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In 2005, California's Center for
Biological Diversity submitted a petition to the Department of Fish and Game requesting that the state initiate a review of its fish stocking practices. The reform campaign aimed to protect existing habitats and native populations of fish and amphibians. Finally, in
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stocking can be profitable; based on the capital invested in the stock, the economic yield results in an annual interest rate of 43% (from the viewpoint of anglers). These authors also find that increased populations of stocked fish decreases manpower and equipment costs associated with each catch.
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Radinger et al., 2023 conducted large-scale experiments across 20 lakes, to systematically test the effects of stocking fish compared to habitat-based interventions (i.e. creating shallow zones and adding coarse woody habitats). Over a period of six years, they closely monitored the fish population
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has a policy, for example, that states "where a body of scientific evidence shows that stocking in historically non-salmonid waters adversely affects native biodiversity, such stocking should cease." While many organizations remain focused solely on providing quality fishing opportunities, policies
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were subsequently introduced successfully into United States lakes and rivers. In the early years, fish were stocked by sports clubs and private citizens. Today, state fish and wildlife agencies along with hatcheries are responsible for distributing fish. And until recently, their goal was to plant
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Different countries and states have their own regulations regarding fish stocking. These regulations also differ depending on if it is a government office or private individual conducting the stocking. In the past century, many areas have banned fish stocking for a variety of reasons. In 1959, for
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have enough nutrition to survive and that prey fish can still reproduce. It is also recommended to stock fathead minnows so that both predator and prey fish have enough to feed on. Introducing fish of similar sizes is another important step to ensure that the population grows together. At the same
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studied bodies of water across
California and found that non-native trout had been stocked in at least 47 areas where rare species were present, damaging 39 imperiled fish and amphibians. Members of the Wilderness Research Institute claim that fish stocking compromises the "naturalness" of aquatic
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regulates that fishless waters may only be stocked after considering the scientific value of the waters on a case-by-case basis. Fish stocking, however, is not entirely monitored by the
Federal government; most current federal regulations hand authority for fish stocking to the states, except on
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Stocking fish provides various benefits to society. Fishing is a popular pastime, with 101.6 million
Americans over 16 years old participating in wildlife-related activities such as fishing and hunting. Additionally, a report by the U.S. Department of the Interior recorded an 8% increase in
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The best time to stock is in the spring or fall due to mild temperatures and higher levels of oxygen in the water. To acclimate the fish, place the transportation bag in a shaded part of the water and leave it floating for 15–20 minutes. Before releasing the fish, make sure that larger fish and
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were examined after fish stocking, they consumed more garbage, presumably due to the decrease in native prey fish by the predatory stocked fish. Another study found that stocked fish in the
Pacific Northwest spread a disease that caused a 15% increase in amphibian embryo mortality. In 2005, the
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or can no longer breed. "Give and take" stocking practices are those where fish are stocked only to be fished and then restocked. In response, most states have adopted regulations that prohibit fish stocking in areas that may damage aquatic life or ecosystem diversity, and encourage stocking in
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with the oftentimes larger introduced fish for food and habitats. Additionally, the use of aircraft to stock fish in the second half of the 20th century meant pilots often stocked the wrong lakes or rivers. In many cases, this had disastrous consequences. When fish, specifically
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smaller fish are released at different ends of the pond, giving the prey an opportunity to find shelter. Studies show that releasing small numbers of fish at regular intervals is more effective than releasing all at once, so if possible, plan to release them over a few weeks.
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along with state fishery branches have done a better job of recording exactly what species of fish are stocked at any given location. This began in the 1960s when research suggested the negative impacts of fish stocking on the ecological complexity of other life forms. The
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Jutel, Marek; Mosnaim, Giselle S.; Bernstein, Jonathan A.; Del Giacco, Stefano; Khan, David A.; Nadeau, Kari C.; Pali-Schöll, Isabella; Torres, Maria J.; Zemelka-Wiacek, Magdalena; Agache, Ioana (2023). "The One Health approach for allergic diseases and asthma".
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There are additional benefits to fish stocking. Anglers across the country spend millions of dollars through license fees (which benefit state governments) and fishing equipment such as rods, reels, and lures. Members of fishing societies such as the
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only, a much safer form of fishing that does not damage aquatic life. There is a Native Trout
Conservation Area where regulations are structured so that fishermen can selectively remove nonnative fish from the water without damaging native fishery.
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Radinger, Johannes; Matern, Sven; Klefoth, Thomas; Wolter, Christian; Feldhege, Fritz; Monk, Christopher T.; Arlinghaus, Robert (3 March 2023). "Ecosystem-based management outperforms species-focused stocking for enhancing fish populations".
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are all threatened by the stocking practice. Mating between native and introduced fish species can lower the fitness of natural populations, thereby introducing diseases that affect fish and other wildlife. In fact, a study conducted in
138:. As Pister states, "When trout planting was first implemented, the nation was gripped with a highly utilitarian resource management ethic that placed short-term human interests above virtually any other consideration". Recently, the
289:, meaning state fishing departments have more revenue to spend on natural resource management and conservation efforts. In 2018, there were roughly 30 million paid license holders in the US, grossing $ 720 million that year.
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and many other commercial and sport fish. They compiled their research into a 255-page report on United States fish resources. Congress granted the team $ 15,000 to develop food fish stocks, and non-native fish such as
482:, meaning that any given body of water can only sustain a certain amount of fish. If this carrying capacity is exceeded, fish will have to compete for food and cover, resulting in damage to all organisms in the water.
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those who enjoy a variety of water activities. Studies have also examined the economic viability of fish stocking. Hansson, Arrheniusm, and Nellbring of Stockholm University find that simple economic analysis suggests
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as many fish as possible into as many bodies of water as possible. Now, with knowledge of the detrimental effects fish stocking has on invertebrate and amphibian populations, it is conducted much more selectively.
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stocking in the United States dates back to the 1800s. For the first hundred years of stocking, the location and number of fish introduced was not well recorded; the singular goal of stocking was to enhance
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response in each lake. The study revealed that species-focused fish stocking was completely unsuccessful and demonstrated the potential for ecosystem-based management to better meet conservation goals.
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also opened the public's eyes to the impact stocking has on other organisms. Thus, fish stocking is now the subject of much debate as there are various costs and benefits associated with the practice.
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into a natural body of water (river, lake, or ocean), to supplement existing wild populations or to create a new population where previously none exists. Stocking may be done for the benefit of
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Each state has its own regulations regarding fish stocking. Though some state stocking programs restore native populations, others compromise the ecological values of the wilderness areas. The
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populations that had a history of stocking. These diseases may affect humans who consume them as well. Maintaining a balanced ecosystem with biological diversity is also extremely important.
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have been negatively affected by stocking practices in California. Scientists have established a direct link between non-native fish stocking and decline of these species: golden trout,
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as they can severely damage the populations of fragile natives; practices lean more towards sustainability. Stocking is used to restore native species to waters where they have been
162:, was tasked to research "the decrease of the food fishes of the seacoasts and the lakes of the United States and to suggest remedial measures". Baird made his headquarters at
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In Pennsylvania alone, the PA Fish & Boat Commission is scheduled to stock 4,398,227 trout (brook, brown, and rainbows) into its streams and lakes in 2019. Also in 2019,
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fish back into the water after catching them. There are also restrictions on what types of lures can be used; for example, some sections of the park are open to
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They also find that specifically for pikeperch, stocking can restore food web interactions to a more "natural" level where herring populations are reduced and
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which is rivalrous in nature but non-excludable. Thus, on public grounds, all can enjoy the benefits of fishing so long as fish continue to be stocked.
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have been outcompeting native brook trout in many southeastern United States bodies of water, for example. Even bird populations such as
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and trout species is recommended. Lastly, it is important to make sure that no pond or body of water is overstocked. Each has a
404:, are stocked into ecologically sensitive bodies of water, invertebrate populations and amphibians are threatened, altering the
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1061:"The Wilderness Act and Fish Stocking: An Overview of Legislation, Judicial Interpretation, and Agency Implementation"
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When stocking a private pond, it is important to introduce three prey fish for every predator fish. This ensures that
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Before being released into rivers, lakes, ponds, and occasionally oceans across the country, fish are raised in a
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NGOs, clubs and commercial enterprises in privately owned waters. When in public waters, fish stocking creates a
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Fish stocking is a practice that dates back hundreds of years. According to biologist Edwin Pister, widespread
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953:"New 5-Year Report Shows 101.6 Million Americans Participated in Hunting, Fishing & Wildlife Activities"
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It is also important to stock the correct species of fish. For warm water ponds, it is recommended to stock
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761:"Stocking Trends: A Quantitative Review of Governmental Fish Stocking in the United States, 1931 to 2004"
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813:"Benefits from fish stocking- experiences from stocking pikeperch to a bay in the Baltic Sea"
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agencies, non-profit organizations, and voluntary associations in public waters, or by
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Pister, Edwin (2001). "Wilderness Fish Stocking: History and Perspective".
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Many scientists have claimed that because fish that are stocked tend to be
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Although there are many benefits of stocking, some groups, including the
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474:. For larger and deeper lakes, stocking cool water game fish such as
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and attitudes are shifting toward resource integrity and protection.
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174:. There, his team of scientists and researchers conducted studies on
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is the practice of releasing fish that are artificially raised in a
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Yellowstone has adopted a "catch-and-release" policy for fishermen
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Landres, Peter; Meyer, Shannon; Matthews, Sue (1 July 2001).
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regardless of ecological ramifications such as erosion of
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1320:"Commission Rejects DFG Regulation Changes in California"
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streams found that an infectious virus was found only in
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bodies of water where no harm will result from doing so.
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New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
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for sport and food was just beginning in 1871 when the
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flourish, thus benefiting the ecosystem as a whole.
325:Fish are stocked all over the world. This river in
208:Today, much more thought is put into introducing
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1004:"5 Reasons why Fishing is Good for Your Health"
978:"Recreational Fishing – Statistics & Facts"
77:Fish stocking may be conducted by governmental
437:
121:aircraft performing aerial fish stocking, 1977
2322:
1429:
1371:"Colorado Nonnative Fish Stocking Regulation"
395:, native species may become prey and have to
158:was established. The head of the new agency,
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
674:"A Century of Fish Conservation (1871–1971)"
2469:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
2394:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
1486:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
1443:
531:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
416:are affected. According to findings by the
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1179:California Department of Fish and Wildlife
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50:to restore or increase the population of
1346:"California Fishermen Land Court Ruling"
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623:
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489:
408:pressures within the ecosystem. Stocked
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224:
112:
96:
58:fish species that is pressured by prior
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754:
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701:Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission
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1150:"What Fish will Help Clean up a Pond?"
1129:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2014-03-17
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23:Stocking fish in a river in California
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1453:
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1029:"Top 10 Most Endangered Fish Species"
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568:Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission
329:, New Zealand, is stocked with trout.
1226:
963:
739:
296:Fishing for stocked trout in Wyoming
1039:
586:
336:International Game Fish Association
229:Costs and benefits of fish stocking
13:
1454:
1344:Zieralski, Ed (11 February 2015).
1318:Zieralski, Ed (16 December 2011).
1308:
600:MacDonald, James (12 March 2018).
14:
2758:
1910:Geothermal energy and aquaculture
1769:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
1395:
689:
203:
2714:
2713:
2701:
2417:
1549:
1401:
889:This review cites this research.
602:"The Dark Side of Fish Stocking"
2702:
1363:
1337:
1283:
1258:
1212:Center for Biological Diversity
1167:
1141:
1021:
995:
431:Center for Biological Diversity
300:Many species of fish including
150:In the United States, stocking
2183:Federated States of Micronesia
1002:Durant, Spencer (2014-08-12).
841:
714:
666:
556:
485:
340:Bass Anglers Sportsman Society
140:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
1378:Colorado Division of Wildlife
828:10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00050-7
759:Halverson, M. Anders (2008).
549:
418:Ecological Society of America
684:US Fish and Wildlife Service
327:Mount Aspiring National Park
16:Releasing Fish from hatchery
7:
2747:Natural resource management
2369:Fish diseases and parasites
1983:Fish diseases and parasites
524:
438:How to stock a private pond
369:mountain yellow-legged frog
101:Fishery workers stocking a
46:, but may also be done for
10:
2763:
2056:Microalgal bacterial flocs
1123:"Stocking Lakes with Fish"
92:
2687:
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2603:
2575:Gathering seafood by hand
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2512:
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2415:
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2150:
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1876:
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1626:
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1547:
1466:
1462:
1449:
1266:"Effective Fish Stocking"
1175:"California Golden Trout"
1088:10.1007/s10021-001-0011-6
785:10.1577/1548-8446-33.2.69
652:10.1007/s10021-001-0010-7
518:Bureau of Land Management
501:Yellowstone National Park
261:, and several species of
2389:Individual fishing quota
1920:Integrated multi-trophic
1270:Solitude Lake Management
1241:"Tips for Fish Stocking"
722:"Status of Lake Ontario"
697:"Trout Stocking Summary"
365:Lahontan cutthroat trout
1890:Aquaculture engineering
1444:Fishing industry topics
918:10.1126/science.adf0895
811:Hansson, Sture (1997).
160:Spencer Fullerton Baird
48:ecological conservation
1207:"Fish-Stocking Reform"
495:
353:Pacific Rivers Council
330:
297:
230:
145:Wilderness Act of 1964
122:
110:
107:Saranac Lake, New York
24:
1828:World fish production
1350:The San Diego Tribune
1324:The San Diego Tribune
1295:National Park Service
1291:"Fishing Regulations"
493:
324:
295:
228:
116:
100:
22:
2379:Fisheries management
1410:at Wikimedia Commons
280:Benefits of stocking
87:common-pool resource
79:fisheries management
2537:Fishing tournaments
2399:Sustainable fishery
1681:Fish protein powder
1148:Gillespie, Claire.
1080:2001Ecosy...4..287L
959:. 6 September 2017.
910:2023Sci...379..946R
777:2008Fish...33...69H
644:2001Ecosy...4..279P
574:on 17 November 2007
347:Drawbacks and risks
306:suckermouth catfish
64:habitat destruction
2479:Commercial fishing
2451:History of fishing
1833:Fishing by country
1476:Commercial fishing
820:Fisheries Research
679:2020-09-29 at the
672:Ben Schley (1971)
496:
331:
298:
237:, one of the five
231:
210:non-native species
156:US Fish Commission
123:
111:
25:
2729:
2728:
2532:Catch and release
2436:Artisanal fishing
2384:Fisheries science
2364:Diversity of fish
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2097:Freshwater prawns
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1578:Fish preservation
1501:Midwater trawling
1406:Media related to
904:(6635): 946–951.
865:10.1111/all.15755
480:carrying capacity
406:natural selection
2754:
2717:
2716:
2705:
2704:
2674:Fishing villages
2613:Artificial flies
2580:Handline fishing
2527:Big-game fishing
2421:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2228:Papua New Guinea
2208:Marshall Islands
1878:
1877:
1870:farmed fisheries
1861:
1860:
1749:Shrimp marketing
1671:Fish hydrolysate
1553:
1468:Fishing industry
1464:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1119:
1100:
1099:
1065:
1056:
1037:
1036:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1008:Wide Open Spaces
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
974:
961:
960:
949:
940:
937:
884:
859:(7): 1777–1793.
845:
839:
838:
836:
834:
817:
808:
797:
796:
756:
737:
736:
734:
732:
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
693:
687:
670:
664:
663:
627:
610:
609:
597:
584:
583:
581:
579:
570:. Archived from
560:
426:Great Lakes area
72:invasive species
44:heritage fishing
2762:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2683:
2679:Marine habitats
2652:
2623:Bite indicators
2599:
2546:
2508:
2455:
2422:
2413:
2345:
2335:
2305:
2292:
2238:Solomon Islands
2146:
2075:
2061:Photobioreactor
2032:
1954:
1872:
1847:
1816:
1773:
1744:Live fish trade
1730:
1622:
1560:Fish processing
1554:
1545:
1536:Fishing vessels
1506:Bottom trawling
1458:
1445:
1442:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1316:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1205:
1204:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1103:
1063:
1057:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
976:
975:
964:
951:
950:
943:
846:
842:
832:
830:
815:
809:
800:
757:
740:
730:
728:
720:
719:
715:
705:
703:
695:
694:
690:
681:Wayback Machine
671:
667:
628:
613:
598:
587:
577:
575:
562:
561:
557:
552:
536:Freshwater fish
527:
488:
468:channel catfish
456:largemouth bass
440:
349:
311:Volga pikeperch
287:fishing license
282:
219:Trout Unlimited
206:
152:non-native fish
95:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2446:Fishing vessel
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2409:Wild fisheries
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:United States
2265:
2263:United Kingdom
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:Antimicrobials
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1900:Best practices
1897:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1821:Area fisheries
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1802:English Market
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1736:Fish marketing
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1603:Salmon cannery
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1481:Fish slaughter
1478:
1472:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1456:Wild fisheries
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1397:
1396:External links
1394:
1391:
1390:
1362:
1336:
1307:
1282:
1257:
1225:
1191:
1166:
1140:
1101:
1074:(4): 287–295.
1038:
1035:. 15 May 2012.
1020:
994:
962:
941:
939:
938:
892:
890:
887:
885:
840:
798:
738:
713:
688:
665:
638:(4): 279–286.
611:
585:
554:
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
543:
538:
533:
526:
523:
487:
484:
444:predatory fish
439:
436:
393:apex predators
348:
345:
281:
278:
205:
204:Stocking today
202:
94:
91:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2759:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2722:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Fishing banks
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Marine shrimp
2110:
2108:
2107:Hirudiculture
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:Other species
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2028:US hatcheries
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Fish stocking
2001:
1999:
1998:Fish hatchery
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1950:Recirculating
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Inland saline
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Copper alloys
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Fishing banks
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:Fish emulsion
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Cod liver oil
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1628:Fish products
1625:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Filleted fish
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:Pair trawling
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1409:
1408:Fish stocking
1404:
1400:
1399:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1034:
1033:HowStuffWorks
1030:
1024:
1009:
1005:
998:
983:
979:
973:
971:
969:
967:
958:
954:
948:
946:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
893:
891:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
848:
847:
844:
829:
825:
821:
814:
807:
805:
803:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
727:
723:
717:
702:
698:
692:
685:
682:
678:
675:
669:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
607:
603:
596:
594:
592:
590:
573:
569:
565:
559:
555:
544:
542:
541:Fish hatchery
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
522:
519:
514:
510:
507:
502:
492:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
445:
435:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:rainbow trout
407:
403:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
378:
377:Cascades frog
374:
373:Yosemite toad
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
344:
341:
337:
328:
323:
319:
317:
312:
307:
303:
294:
290:
288:
277:
273:
271:
270:fish hatchery
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
227:
223:
220:
215:
211:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:rainbow trout
181:
177:
173:
172:Massachusetts
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
141:
137:
133:
132:sport fishing
128:
120:
115:
108:
104:
99:
90:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:Fish stocking
21:
2718:
2706:
2585:Spearfishing
2374:Fish farming
2243:South Africa
2132:Sea cucumber
2087:Brine shrimp
2066:Raceway pond
2008:Spawning bed
2002:
1988:Fish farming
1960:Fish farming
1797:Maine Avenue
1787:Billingsgate
1779:Fish markets
1754:Chasse-marée
1726:Surströmming
1716:Shrimp paste
1641:Fish as food
1573:Factory ship
1568:Fish factory
1381:. Retrieved
1377:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1349:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1245:The Pond Guy
1244:
1216:. Retrieved
1210:
1182:. Retrieved
1178:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1143:
1131:. Retrieved
1126:
1071:
1067:
1032:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:
997:
985:. Retrieved
981:
956:
901:
897:
856:
852:
843:
831:. Retrieved
819:
771:(2): 69–75.
768:
764:
729:. Retrieved
725:
716:
704:. Retrieved
700:
691:
683:
668:
635:
631:
605:
576:. Retrieved
572:the original
558:
515:
511:
497:
453:
449:
441:
390:
357:golden trout
350:
332:
299:
283:
274:
267:
235:Lake Ontario
232:
207:
193:striped bass
176:striped bass
149:
136:biodiversity
124:
76:
40:recreational
27:
26:
2570:Fishing net
2542:Fly fishing
2404:Overfishing
2359:Aquaculture
2344:topic areas
2248:South Korea
2218:New Zealand
2137:Sea sponges
2038:Algaculture
1925:Mariculture
1882:Aquaculture
1866:Aquaculture
1843:Other areas
1613:Smoked fish
1608:Salted fish
1541:Power block
1516:Gillnetting
957:www.doi.gov
822:: 123–132.
606:JSTOR Daily
506:fly fishing
486:Legislation
386:brook trout
316:zooplankton
255:muskellunge
239:Great Lakes
68:competition
60:overfishing
2736:Categories
2664:Fish ponds
2565:Fishfinder
2552:Techniques
2514:Recreation
2494:Processing
2474:By country
2203:Madagascar
2178:East Timor
2151:By country
2051:Microalgae
2046:Giant kelp
1968:Broodstock
1895:Aquaponics
1759:Fishmonger
1686:Fish sauce
1588:Dried fish
1583:Slurry ice
1521:Longlining
1068:Ecosystems
632:Ecosystems
564:"Stocking"
550:References
414:cormorants
361:amphibians
302:grass carp
214:overfished
164:Woods Hole
83:for-profit
56:endangered
52:threatened
42:or tribal
36:commercial
2657:Locations
2560:Fish trap
2484:Marketing
2441:Fisherman
2351:Fisheries
2338:Fisheries
2193:Indonesia
2158:Australia
2023:Tailwater
1993:Fish feed
1666:Fish meal
1154:Sciencing
934:257283270
881:258418954
793:1548-8446
765:Fisheries
499:example,
472:bullheads
382:Virginian
180:blue fish
66:, and/or
2720:Category
2692:Glossary
2595:Trolling
2590:Trawling
2499:Products
2461:Industry
2198:Kiribati
2127:Scallops
1935:Offshore
1764:Fishwife
1706:Lutefisk
1676:Fish oil
1656:Fish roe
1531:Dredging
1526:Trolling
1491:Trawling
1383:11 March
1355:11 March
1329:11 March
1300:11 March
1275:11 March
1184:10 March
1159:11 March
1133:17 March
1013:11 March
987:11 March
982:Statista
926:36862780
873:37119496
833:11 March
731:10 March
706:11 March
677:Archived
660:21528271
578:10 March
525:See also
460:bluegill
338:and the
304:and the
168:Cape Cod
32:hatchery
2742:Fishing
2708:Outline
2522:Angling
2504:Seafood
2489:Markets
2428:Fishing
2342:fishing
2288:Vanuatu
2142:Turtles
2122:Oysters
2117:Octopus
2102:Geoduck
2071:Seaweed
2018:Tilapia
1973:Catfish
1945:Raceway
1940:Organic
1812:Tsukiji
1711:Rakfisk
1691:Gravlax
1636:Seafood
1618:Kippers
1598:Gibbing
1511:Seining
1250:9 March
1218:9 March
1127:EcoZine
1076:Bibcode
906:Bibcode
898:Science
853:Allergy
773:Bibcode
640:Bibcode
545:Fishing
476:walleye
464:crappie
424:in the
420:, when
397:compete
263:panfish
259:walleye
93:History
2648:Sinker
2605:Tackle
2276:Hawaii
2271:Alaska
2258:Tuvalu
2163:Canada
2013:Salmon
1807:Scania
1792:Fulton
1721:Surimi
1696:Hákarl
1646:Caviar
1096:137750
1094:
932:
924:
879:
871:
791:
658:
470:, and
251:salmon
189:salmon
109:, 1911
2697:Index
2638:Lures
2281:Maine
2253:Tonga
2233:Samoa
2223:Palau
2213:Nauru
2173:China
2168:Chile
2092:Coral
1978:Cobia
1374:(PDF)
1092:S2CID
1064:(PDF)
930:S2CID
877:S2CID
816:(PDF)
656:S2CID
422:gulls
402:trout
243:trout
127:trout
105:near
103:brook
70:from
2633:Line
2628:Hook
2618:Bait
2340:and
2188:Fiji
1868:and
1385:2019
1357:2019
1331:2019
1302:2019
1277:2019
1252:2019
1220:2019
1186:2019
1161:2019
1135:2014
1015:2019
989:2019
922:PMID
869:PMID
835:2019
789:ISSN
733:2019
708:2019
580:2019
375:and
247:bass
197:carp
195:and
119:CDFG
2643:Rod
1701:Lox
1084:doi
914:doi
902:379
861:doi
824:doi
781:doi
648:doi
166:on
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