459:
72:
33:
361:
352:
the 12th Legion. You have been given a great example: the citizens, heroic women, filled with the righteousness of our cause, demanded arms from the
Committee of Public Safety to defend, like all of us, the Commune and the Republic." Their function was specified: the women would disarm deserters "publicly, in front of their battalion", then "these men, unworthy of the republic, will be taken to prison by the citizens who disarmed them." The military virtue and courage of the women contrasted with the masculine failure of the deserters and draft-dodgers.
328:". A major centre of revolutionary action in the 12th arrondissement was Club Éloi, where elected Commune officials, town hall functionaries, National Guard officers, and many women all took part in debates. At the end of April, a Committee of Republican Women was formed and recognized by the arrondissement authorities. Among the committee's members were Julie Magot and possibly Adélaïde Valentin, who was also a founding member of the
90:
196:. There were an estimated 20-100 members, most from working-class backgrounds. They held and attended meetings in Parisian political clubs, where they incited citizens to take up arms. After the defeat of the Commune, arrested members were given heavy sentences, including forced labour and deportation.
508:
concluded that members of the
Federated Legion of Women were essentially from working-class backgrounds, but were often linked through their husband or their family to political power in the 12th arrondissement. For example, one of the women, Julie Marie Magot, née Armand, was married to Louis Magot,
351:
and the
Committee of Republican Women, and that this announcement "was simply a recognition of official patronage." Furthermore, women had already been pursuing deserters independently, and continued to do so after the foundation of the legion. The announcement poster read: "To the National Guards of
408:
The women were charged with arresting deserters or reporting them to the
National Guard. The purpose was for deserting men to be publicly humiliated by women who had taken up arms. Their armed actions were to remain behind the front of combat, turned toward the interior of the city and supported by
263:
that, in order for the
Commune to succeed, women should be welcomed as soldiers. Fighting women, who were mostly working class, were indeed welcomed by the ordinary soldiers of the National Guard, who were as well; LĂ©o attributed the opposition to their presence to the "bourgeois and authoritarian
512:
Except for a few known only as names — Ménard, Ciron, Lambin — Julie Magot, Louise
Neckbecker, Marie Rogissart, and Adélaïde Valentin are the only historically attested members of the legion. After the defeat of the Commune, they were subjected to heavy sentences: Julie Magot and her
385:— interested parties denied it before the court martial. The volunteers were organized militarily, with women officers at their head, and many witness accounts, preserved in the dossiers of the courts martial, attest to many parades in front of the
557:
264:
mindset" of the officers and surgeons. Fighting women presented an obvious challenge to the widespread assumption that only men could have the full rights of citizenship, since only men could bear arms. Indeed, many women of the
Commune were praised as
376:
Witnesses' accounts of the number of women in the legion vary from 20 to 100. They wore a uniform with a red armband and belt and, above all, they were armed. The presence of weapons was attested by external witnesses — who mentioned the presence of
228:. The government grew increasingly unpopular with Parisians as efforts to break the siege failed, citizens starved, and the bombardment of the city intensified. Revolutionary sentiment grew over the winter, particularly among the
281:(Union of Women for the Defence of Paris and the Care of the Wounded) was the most important. It was initially created for explicitly military purposes, and expanded into organizing women's workshops and ambulance crews.
446:("bloody week"), women, including members of the Federated Legion of Women, took up arms and defended the city. During the courts martial that followed the suppression of the Commune, many women, including
418:, held at Saint-Éloi Church in the 12th arrondissement, where they organized nine meetings after 10 May. They called on other women to join them; several of their speeches were remarked upon by
1521:
276:
409:
the men's forces. Many men testified to having been arrested by the
National Guard following denunciation by these women; they described them as "shrews" or "terrors in the neighbourhood".
270:("citizens") in response to their militant and masculine behaviour. This crossing of gender boundaries was viewed with disgust, ridicule, and incomprehension by opponents of the Commune.
1543:
435:, who was an anti-communard but generally reliable witness. Among others, Colonel Adélaïde Valentin would have threatened men with weapons if they did not rejoin the front.
513:
husband were sentenced to prison, Louise
Neckbecker to five years in prison and ten years of surveillance, and Marie Catherine Rogissart to seven years of forced labour in
301:
1548:
497:
According to the military dossiers of the women supposed to have been members of the legion, and those of the women mentioned in turn in those dossiers, historian
345:
of the 12th arrondissement), Jules
Montels announced the "first company of volunteer citizen women". It is likely that the group had already arisen from the local
248:. The National Guard refused to disarm or allow the army to take the cannons that had been used in the defence of Paris against the Germans, and on 18 March the
458:
273:
Women nevertheless persisted in forming political clubs and voluntary organizations for the armed defence of Paris against Versailles forces. Of these, the
255:
Women had been officially barred from the battlefield by the Commune's Committee of Public Safety on May 1, despite the insistence of militant writers like
450:, denied having fought, in order to protect each other from retribution. However, there are many eyewitness accounts of women fighting at the barricades.
498:
297:
193:
157:
322:, colonel of the 12th Legion of the National Guard, Philippe was the head of a military commission that sat at the town hall, and of the "Committee of
1244:
1563:
419:
188:, with the intended mission of hunting down deserters. The legion had uniforms, parades, and a standard-bearer, and was led by two officers, Colonel
551:
312:
38:
1140:
252:
was declared as an independent government. The Third Republic governed instead from Versailles, waiting for reinforcements to retake the city.
1578:
1558:
1315:
1568:
1553:
1573:
1343:
936:
1031:
1001:
969:
859:
712:
392:
The unit was directed by Colonel Adélaïde Valentin, a worker, and her second-in-command, Captain Louise Neckbecker, a
1273:
1161:
1124:
1097:
396:. Several witnesses agree on the role of "Colonel Valentin", but no direct record has been found about her actions.
337:
On 10 May 1871, the day after he took up his post as colonel of the 12th Legion of the National Guard (that is, the
1402:
1069:
245:
1336:
438:
Although women had been officially barred from the battlefield, when the Versailles forces invaded Paris during
225:
221:
514:
306:
486:
285:
185:
132:
1464:
1377:
1308:
32:
526:
256:
232:, which vastly outnumbered the professional soldiers of the French Army in the besieged city. France
1457:
1409:
1177:
1153:
360:
237:
481:
1489:
1190:
293:
289:
233:
229:
104:
1301:
1285:
472:
189:
147:
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was very involved in the communard movement. Its mayor, Philippe, who was also elected to the
217:
77:
1265:
1436:
1369:
503:
386:
213:
1072:[Communard Women on the Barricades]. In Cardi, Coline; Pruvost, Geneviève (eds.).
8:
1361:
996:
964:
931:
854:
707:
603:
205:
1134:
424:
400:, a seamstress, was the standard-bearer; she was also vice-president of the Club Éloi.
1417:
1269:
1248:
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1157:
1120:
1103:
1093:
579:
441:
1450:
1194:
1089:
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317:
43:
1289:. Translated by Atkinson, James; Atkinson, Starr. New York: George Braziller, Inc.
1054:, Éditions de l'Atelier, coll. "Maitron", 2021, (ISBN 978-2-7082-4596-9), p. 1304.
1443:
1230:
397:
224:, which intended to carry on fighting. Prussian troops quickly surrounded Paris,
173:
340:
992:"Neibecker Louise, Élisa (veuve), née Keinerknecht. [aussi Neckbecker]"
850:"Neibecker Louise, Élisa (veuve), née Keinerknecht. [aussi Neckbecker]"
241:
1513:
1504:
1214:
1173:"Citizenship and gender: the légion des Fédérées in the Paris Commune of 1871"
468:
1537:
1324:
1252:
1206:
1107:
476:
464:
Les pétroleuses du faubourg Saint-Germain devant le 4e conseil de guerre
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393:
260:
249:
181:
94:
926:
1395:
1023:
991:
959:
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209:
37:
Proclamation of the "first company of volunteer citizen women", signed by
1198:
1482:
1050:"Valentin Adélaïde, dite 'la colonelle'" , in Michel Cordillot (ed.),
114:
378:
1522:
Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés
277:
Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés
580:"Franco-German War | History, Causes, & Results | Britannica"
365:
1293:
1186:
1030:(in French), Paris: Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier, 2020-06-30,
799:
797:
1240:
1081:
742:(in French), Paris: Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier, 2021-12-06
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382:
292:, was especially implicated in the hunt for deserters of the
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180:) was an armed unit composed of women active during the
671:
632:
389:
next to the town hall of the 12th arrondissement.
240:, dominated by monarchists and led by the conservative
1150:
Surmounting the Barricades: Women in the Paris Commune
875:
809:
779:
764:
556:. Paris: L. Le Chevalier Éditeur. 1874. p. 505.
1544:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1871
1549:Military units and formations established in 1871
1535:
370:Les Communeux : Types, caractères, costumes
927:"Armand Julie, Marie (ou Armant), Ă©pouse Magot"
1229:Fontoulieu, Paul (1873). "Église Saint-Éloi".
1309:
517:. The fate of Adélaïde Valentin is unknown.
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439:
430:
413:
346:
338:
329:
323:
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265:
1316:
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1228:
1139:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
453:
31:
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412:The women of the Legion regularly met at
226:besieging the city from 19 September 1870
1564:All-female military units and formations
1117:The Paris Commune : a brief history
457:
359:
1237:The Churches of Paris Under the Commune
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913:
884:
815:
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665:
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604:"Commune of Paris | 1871 | Britannica"
1297:
1232:Les Églises de Paris sous la Commune
1070:"Des communardes sur les barricades"
432:Les Églises de Paris sous la Commune
1084:: La Découverte. pp. 106–119.
939:from the original on 8 January 2022
862:from the original on 8 January 2022
715:from the original on 8 January 2022
553:Les Murailles politiques françaises
220:was formed in response, led by the
184:in May 1871. It was founded in the
13:
1222:
703:"Audebrant Auguste (ou Audebrand)"
300:, the police commissioner for the
14:
1590:
1323:
1559:Feminist organizations in France
1403:Declaration to the French People
1115:Eichner, Carolyn Jeanne (2022).
88:
70:
1579:19th century in women's history
1171:Johnson, Martin Philip (1994).
1078:Thinking about Women's Violence
1061:
1044:
1034:from the original on 2020-08-07
1016:
1004:from the original on 2022-01-08
984:
972:from the original on 2022-01-08
952:
919:
842:
728:
695:
560:from the original on 2022-01-08
355:
50:Murailles politiques françaises
1090:10.3917/dec.cardi.2012.01.0106
596:
572:
544:
234:surrendered on 28 January 1871
222:Government of National Defense
1:
1569:Women in 19th-century warfare
1074:Penser la violence des femmes
532:
1554:12th arrondissement of Paris
1148:Eichner, Carolyn J. (2004).
1024:"ROGISSART Marie, Catherine"
204:French defeats early in the
199:
7:
1068:Deluermoz, Quentin (2012).
935:(in French). 26 July 2009.
858:(in French). 26 July 2009.
740:MONTELS Louis, Jules, Marie
711:(in French). 26 July 2009.
520:
10:
1595:
1574:History of women in France
527:Women in the Paris Commune
403:
302:Quartier des Quinze-Vingts
1497:Federated Legion of Women
1474:
1428:
1387:
1353:
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509:a delegate to the mayor.
398:Marie Catherine Rogissart
324:
170:Federated Legion of Women
153:
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138:
128:
120:
110:
100:
83:
65:
57:
30:
25:
21:Federated Legion of Women
20:
1410:Massacre in the Rue Haxo
1154:Indiana University Press
1052:La Commune de Paris 1871
537:
286:12th arrondissement
212:and the collapse of the
186:12th arrondissement
1191:Oxford University Press
485:, engraving from 1871.
454:Composition and members
216:in September 1870. The
1286:The Women Incendiaries
1283:Thomas, Édith (1966).
1260:Thomas, Édith (1963).
494:
473:Faubourg Saint-Germain
463:
440:
431:
414:
373:
347:
339:
330:
275:
266:
208:led to the capture of
177:
1378:January 1871 uprising
1362:October 1870 uprising
1119:. New Brunswick, NJ.
461:
363:
246:elected on 8 February
218:Third French Republic
475:in front of the 4th
387:Place de la Bastille
214:Second French Empire
210:Emperor Napoleon III
1239:] (in French).
1152:. Bloomington, IN:
1080:] (in French).
997:Le Maitron en ligne
965:Le Maitron en ligne
932:Le Maitron en ligne
916:, pp. 291–292.
855:Le Maitron en ligne
806:, pp. 110–111.
708:Le Maitron en ligne
692:, pp. 281–286.
668:, pp. 281–282.
656:, pp. 276–295.
629:, pp. 103–104.
487:Archives nationales
206:Franco-Prussian War
178:légion des Fédérées
133:12th arrondissement
26:Légion des Fédérées
1266:Éditions Gallimard
1247:. pp. 58–69.
1199:10.1093/fh/8.3.276
608:www.britannica.com
584:www.britannica.com
495:
482:L'Univers illustré
374:
1531:
1530:
1465:Butte-aux-Cailles
1418:Semaine sanglante
680:, pp. 82–87.
644:, pp. 70–72.
499:Quentin Deluermoz
442:semaine sanglante
364:"The Colonel" by
298:Auguste Audebrant
238:National Assembly
194:Louise Neckbecker
190:Adélaïde Valentin
163:
162:
158:Louise Neckbecker
148:Adélaïde Valentin
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1009:
1000:. 26 July 2009.
988:
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978:
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968:. 26 July 2009.
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348:Union des femmes
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331:Union des femmes
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1490:Commune Council
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1401:
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1262:Les PĂ©troleuses
1225:
1223:Further reading
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736:"MONTELS Jules"
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420:Paul Fontoulieu
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325:la rue d'Aligre
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290:Commune Council
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53:
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1344:Historiography
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1178:French History
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1015:
983:
951:
918:
906:
904:, p. 112.
902:Deluermoz 2012
889:
887:, p. 288.
874:
841:
839:, p. 111.
837:Deluermoz 2012
820:
818:, p. 290.
808:
804:Deluermoz 2012
793:
791:, p. 287.
778:
776:, p. 286.
763:
761:, p. 110.
759:Deluermoz 2012
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294:National Guard
242:Adolphe Thiers
230:National Guard
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105:National Guard
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61:10–28 May 1871
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1370:Affiche Rouge
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1325:Paris Commune
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1275:2-07-026262-6
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1264:(in French).
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1245:Édouard Dentu
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960:"Magot Louis"
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