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233:. This organization, the most important of the various groups independent of the Commune government, was constituted of committees in each arrondissement, which were joined into a Central Committee. Valentin was one of the seven delegates, all labourers, to the Central Provisional Committee on the foundation on 11 April 1871. Martin Philip Johnson has hypothesized that the Committee of Republican Women was a local branch of the
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308:, on the order of Philippe, the mayor of the 12th arrondissement. The Legion was charged with organizing the search for deserters of the National Guard, an activity that was already being practiced by women before the creation of the Legion. The unit was armed and organized militarily. Witness testimonies put the number of members between 20 and 100. The Legion welcomed the participation of the women of
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to poor children, and that "the flowers upon the altars, in the chapels, and all around the madonnas, be given to schoolchildren as prizes, to decorate the garrets of the poor." The proposition was unanimously accepted. A member of the club thanked her and invited her to return, an unusual occurrence that may reflect her status as colonel of the Legion.
524:, tight trousers, hair rolled up, and armed with a sabre. She stands between two men and a woman in gendered clothes who are sketched in the background. Her posture repeats elements of the poses of the woman and one of the men behind her, differs from that of another woman combatant in an illustration entitled
449:
had called on women to attack their husbands if they refused to join the army: "I saw a woman climb into the pulpit with a revolver in her hand. She said she would blow her husband's brains out if he didn't want to march and that all women should do the same." Fontoulieu attributes similar remarks
374:
and the end of the
Commune. According to the minutes of the meeting, Valentin encouraged women to join the Federated Legion of Women: she appealed for women to "guard the gates of Paris while the men go to battle." She ended her speech by asking for clothing confiscated from nuns to be redistributed
972:
Cette organisation révolutionnaire des femmes n'empêchait pas les groupes isolés de se former pour marcher au même but. Le 12 mai, une compagnie de femmes volontaires organisée et armée marchait avec la douzième légion. Cette action révolutionnaire des femmes que l'on ne voit que dans les grands
460:
on 18 May, when she declared: "Citizens, the scoundrel priests are in our quarter again. It is shameful. When we leave here, we must slit their throats and chop them up like pig meat." Valentin was not the only woman to brandish her weapon at the podium to intimidate or reinforce her words; Julie
453:
After the fall of the
Commune, Valentin's former comrade Julie Magot accused Valentin of being a very violent club member and of having threatened her husband, who was an official at the town hall. Fontoulieu also reports that "she was always armed" with a sabre, and that she brandished it at the
340:
There are no direct records of Adélaïde
Valentin's actions, but separate witnesses agree on her role. Several of her speeches in clubs during May are known, in which she urged women to join the armed ranks of the Commune, and which witnesses noted for their virulence. The women of the Legion were
337:, escorted by around 100 other women." Many men testified to having been arrested by the National Guard following denunciation by the women of the Legion. The women were confined to this role: they were not to arrest deserters directly and had to appeal to the men of the National Guard.
75:
Few traces of her life have been preserved, with the exception of records of her virulent speeches in the clubs, where she exhorted women to participate in the defence of the
Commune. These were remarked upon by her contemporaries, in particular, the anti-communard observer
333:. Their parades are attested by different witnesses: one testified during Louise Neckbecker's trial that she had been seen in May, "adorned with a red armband, receiving, from the hands of the woman Valentin in front of the town hall, a red flag that she carried to the
194:, testified before the court martial that Valentin had been involved with the expulsion of nuns from a local charitable institution. This kind of action was among the aims of the Committee of Republican Women. Additionally, she may have been Phillipe's mistress.
538:, which shows a woman in the pulpit in front of an assembled army. These framings illustrate the anti-communard point of view, about the social chaos that they supposed the Commune to be, in particular the base morals they attributed to revolutionary women.
270:, where additional delegates for the arrondissement committees were designated. She was not a member of the new Central Committee that was set up after the fourth public meeting and composed of delegates of each of the arrondissement branches of the
175:. In the latter, the participation of women was particularly important; Council members, local politicians, and officers of the National Guard also attended there, and it became the centre of revolutionary action in the 12th arrondissement.
1159:
Je déposais d'ordinaire près de moi sur le bureau un petit pistolet sans chien, qui habilement placé et saisi au bon moment arrêta souvent les gens de l'ordre, qui arrivaient, frappant à terre leurs fusils ornés de la
690:
Florence Braka, L'Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés, dans Michel
Cordillot (coord.), La Commune de Paris 1871 : Les acteurs, les évènements, les lieux, Éditions de l'Atelier,
432:
as "short, fat, red-haired; a fanatic of the worst kind, who can be seen at the opening of all the clubs," and "a prostitute". Fontoulieu is a generally reliable observer, but an anti-communard one; he paints a
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j'ai vu une femme monter dans la chaire avec un revolver à la main. Elle disait qu'elle brûlerait la cervelle à son mari s'il ne voulait pas marcher et que toutes les femmes devaient en faire autant
722:
528:. Historian Gay L. Gullickson emphasizes that, while the communard woman in action has a clearly feminine figure, she has a shaggy and rough, even unsightly appearance, like the caricature of the "
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63:
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880:
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and meetings in political clubs, which had already been present before the uprising, and which brought together citizens with similar political opinions in the same neighbourhood.
130:
with its monarchist majority, the population of Paris and the
National Guard revolted. The Paris Commune was proclaimed on 28 March. Political life was organized around the elected
823:
137:
The first known mentions of Adélaïde
Valentin date to April 1871. She was an active communard who frequented several clubs. Her participation is attested at three of them: the
403:
190:(known as "Philippe"), in order to reorganize public assistance. Adélaïde Valentin was probably a member of this committee: after the fall of the Commune, another member,
242:
On 14 April, she was the first of eight signatories — the seven delegates and Dmitrieff — of an address to the executive commission of the
Commune published in
392:
187:
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demanded organizational assistance and declared its intentions: to restructure women's work and to take part actively in the defence of the city. On 17 April, with
329:
From 12 May onward, the women marched with the 12th Legion of the
National Guard (the 12th arrondissement's unit), according to the account of a Council member,
88:
Very few details of her life are known, in particular nothing outside of her actions during the Paris
Commune. At that time, she was a labourer living in the
443:: "I urge all women to denounce their husbands and make them take up arms. If they refuse, shoot them!" An eyewitness reported that an unspecified woman at
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Martin Philip Johnson contrasts these remarks with her speech of 20 May, which is not reported by Fontoulieu but comes to us through the minutes of the
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in April 1871 and became a delegate to the Central Provisional Committee. Present in political clubs, in particular the one at Saint-Éloi in the
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La citoyenne Valentin, fille publique, qui, le 22 mai, brûla la cervelle à son souteneur, parce qu'il ne voulait pas aller aux barricades
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la femme Valentin, maîtresse de Philippe, qui, à la séance du 18 mai, s'écria en brandissant un sabre, dont elle était toujours armée
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72:, from 10 May she directed the Federated Legion of Women, a women's military organization charged with finding deserters.
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petite, grasse, à cheveux rouges ; une énergumène de la pire espèce que l'on voit à l'ouverture de tous les clubs
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804:(in French). Michel Cordillot, Christos Andrianopoulos (3e édition ed.). Ivry-sur-Seine. 2021. pp. 792–793.
211:
Signatories of the "Address of the women citizens to the executive commission of the Paris Commune", published in the
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J'engage toutes les femmes à dénoncer leurs maris et à leur faire prendre les armes. S'ils refusent, fusillez-les!
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and the citizen known as "Girard", Valentin signed the notice for the third public meeting held on 21 April at
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on 20 May, on the eve of the entry of Versailles forces to Paris, the event that marked the beginning of the
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Proclamation of the "first company of volunteer women citizens" in the 12th arrondissement, signed by
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compares to "Colonel Valentin". She is dressed in the uniform of an officer, with epaulettes and
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After 20 May 1871, Adélaïde Valentin disappears from the historical record. Her actions during
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portrait of Valentin by quoting her violent words, such as those at the 16 May session of
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on 4 September 1870. On 18 March 1871, in reaction to the capitulation of France in the
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jours des peuples surexcita la résolution des fédérés et exaspéra les réactionnaires
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are unknown, as is her life after the Commune, if she even survived the repression.
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Adélaïde Valentin participated in the foundation of the feminist organization, the
1516:. Translated by Atkinson, James; Atkinson, Starr. New York: George Braziller, Inc.
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1365:
323:
179:
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Michel Cordillot (2021). "Valentin Adélaïde, dite « la colonelle »".
919:"Neibecker Louise, Élisa (veuve), née Keinerknecht. [aussi Neckbecker]"
1438:"Citizenship and gender: the légion des Fédérées in the Paris Commune of 1871"
819:
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Citoyennes déléguées membre du Comité central des citoyennes (14 April 1871).
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304:. This unit, exclusively made up of women, was founded on 10 May by Colonel
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186:) had already been created in the arrondissement, supported by the mayor,
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Before the Legion of Women was formed, a "Committee of Republican Women" (
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996:
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715:"Adresse des citoyennes à la commission exécutive de la Commune de Paris"
1523:
Petit dictionnaire des femmes de la Commune: Les oubliées de l'histoire
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516:
46:
1272:
La Commune de Paris 1871 : Les acteurs, les évènements, les lieux
991:
1335:
1465:"Réalisme et propagande anticommunarde : Le fichier de Bertall"
755:"Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés"
532:," and she is isolated. A similar masculine posture can be seen in
801:
La Commune de Paris 1871 : les acteurs, l'événement, les lieux
434:
1305:. Sciences humaines (in French). La Découverte. pp. 106–111.
225:
Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés
64:
Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés
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42:
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879:(in French). Paris: L. Le Chevalier Éditeur. 1874. p. 505.
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314:. Valentin was chosen to direct the Legion, alongside Captain
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French Sculpture Following the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-80
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956:(in French). Neuchâtel: G. Guillaume fils. p. 279.
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1525:(in French). Éditions Le bruit des autres. p. 265.
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published in 1871, there is an illustration entitled
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Adélaïde Valentin's last known speech was held at the
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Adélaïde Valentin participated in the founding of the
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In May 1871, Adélaïde Valentin became colonel of the
80:. Details of her life after the Commune are unknown.
1521:
Rey, Claudine; Gayat, Annie; Pepino, Sylvie (2013).
669:
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347:, where they organized a total of nine meetings.
1531:
1202:Les Communeux, 1871. Types, caractères, costumes
1301:. In Cardi, Coline; Pruvost, Geneviève (eds.).
322:and ambulance nurse), and the standard-bearer,
318:(or Neibecker, née Keinerknecht, a 28-year-old
1520:
1142:
1403:Unruly Women of Paris: Images of the Commune
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953:La Troisième Défaite du prolétariat français
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843:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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503:Les Communeux: Types, caractères, costumes
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27:Les Communeux, types, caractères, costumes
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418:Hysterical portrait and reported speeches
102:Communard in the 12th arrondissement
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461:Magot was also accused of doing so, and
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280:Colonel of the Federated Legion of Women
229:, directed by the Russian revolutionary
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49:. She was, during the last month of the
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268:Notre-Dame-de-la-Croix de Ménilmontant
110:in the summer of 1870 saw the fall of
1580:19th-century French women politicians
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397:Une séance du Club des femmes dans l'
1392:Les Églises de Paris sous la Commune
1299:"Des communardes sur les barricades"
686:
684:
514:, which the biographical dictionary
429:Les Églises de Paris sous la Commune
931:from the original on 8 January 2022
876:Les Murailles politiques françaises
733:from the original on 9 January 2022
118:, and then the proclamation of the
13:
1501:. La suite des temps (in French).
789:
765:from the original on 21 March 2021
695:« Maitron », 2021, 1437
14:
1591:
1148:La Commune. Histoire et souvenirs
681:
387:
147:at the church of Saint-Paul; the
96:10th arrondissement of Paris
399:église Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois
1483:from the original on 2022-01-09
1436:Johnson, Martin Philip (1994).
1424:from the original on 2022-01-09
1352:from the original on 2022-01-09
1263:
1204:. Paris: Gotschalk. p. 34.
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960:from the original on 2022-01-09
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883:from the original on 2022-02-26
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826:from the original on 2022-04-17
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465:testified to it in 1898 in her
294:Murailles politiques françaises
1311:10.3917/dec.cardi.2012.01.0106
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1:
1303:Penser la violence des femmes
541:
1545:12th arrondissement of Paris
1364:Eichner, Carolyn J. (2004).
83:
7:
1400:Gullickson, Gay L. (1996).
1395:(in French). Édouard Dentu.
1297:Deluermoz, Quentin (2012).
927:(in French). 26 July 2009.
140:Club du Comité de vigilance
10:
1596:
1565:French socialist feminists
1367:Surmounting the Barricades
699:(ISBN 978-2-7082-4596-9),
426:described Valentin in his
1463:Masanès, Fabrice (2000).
1389:Fontoulieu, Paul (1873).
1093:
1075:
1057:
1036:
662:
302:Federated Legion of Women
167:, at the church of Saint-
55:Federated Legion of Women
1550:Colonels (military rank)
1408:Cornell University Press
1372:Indiana University Press
1328:Dorsch, Michael (2010).
173:12th arrondissement
159:11th arrondissement
91:Cour des Petites-Écuries
70:12th arrondissement
753:Audin, Michèle (2016).
500:In the portrait series
496:Illustration by Bertall
184:Comité de Républicaines
145:4th arrondissement
124:Armistice of Versailles
1570:French revolutionaries
1513:The Women Incendiaries
1510:Thomas, Édith (1966).
1495:Thomas, Édith (1963).
1158:
971:
950:Malon, Benoît (1871).
726:(in French) (104): 1.
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106:The beginning of the
53:, the colonel of the
19:
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474:Club des Prolétaires
457:Club des Prolétaires
363:Club des Prolétaires
150:Club des Prolétaires
1003:, p. 113-114;
924:Le Maitron en ligne
759:La Commune de Paris
231:Elisabeth Dmitrieff
108:Franco-Prussian War
1503:Éditions Gallimard
1456:10.1093/fh/8.3.276
1338:. pp. 68–70.
1187:, p. 287-288.
1175:, p. 290-291.
988:, p. 288-289.
493:
415:
298:
219:
32:
1575:People from Paris
1417:978-1-5017-2529-6
1381:978-0-253-34442-7
1345:978-1-3515-6640-7
1320:978-2-7071-7296-9
1285:978-2-7082-4596-9
811:978-2-7082-4596-9
409:Le Monde illustré
381:Semaine sanglante
370:Semaine sanglante
356:and disappearance
353:Semaine sanglante
316:Louise Neckbecker
128:National Assembly
35:Adélaïde Valentin
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341:very obvious at
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264:Blanche Lefebvre
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252:Le Cri du peuple
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245:Journal officiel
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236:Union des femmes
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214:Journal officiel
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201:Union des femmes
198:Delegate of the
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39:Colonel Valentin
37:, also known as
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20:La Colonelle by
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604:Le Maitron 2021
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535:Club à l'église
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454:meeting of the
424:Paul Fontoulieu
420:
402:, engraving by
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324:Marie Rogissart
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205:
188:Jean Fenouillas
132:Commune Council
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78:Paul Fontoulieu
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5:
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1540:Missing people
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1492:
1476:(109): 13–17.
1460:
1450:(3): 276–295.
1443:French History
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1009:
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1154:. p. 34.
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1471:
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1426:. Retrieved
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1354:. Retrieved
1330:
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1264:Bibliography
1254:Masanès 2000
1201:
1192:
1185:Johnson 1994
1180:
1173:Johnson 1994
1168:
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1138:
1131:Eichner 2004
1126:
1114:
1107:Johnson 1994
1102:
1089:Johnson 1994
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1020:Johnson 1994
986:Johnson 1994
981:
962:. Retrieved
952:
945:
933:. Retrieved
922:
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906:Johnson 1994
885:. Retrieved
875:
869:
862:Eichner 2004
857:
828:. Retrieved
800:
784:Eichner 2004
779:
767:. Retrieved
758:
748:
735:. Retrieved
721:
708:
676:Eichner 2004
671:
653:
646:Johnson 1994
573:Johnson 1994
526:La Barricade
525:
515:
512:La Colonelle
511:
499:
485:La Barricade
484:
470:
466:
452:
421:
413:20 May 1871.
407:
404:Frédéric Lix
396:
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331:Benoît Malon
328:
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293:
248:and then in
241:
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126:and the new
112:Napoleon III
105:
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33:
1222:Dorsch 2010
1152:P.-V. Stock
1091:, p. 290: "
1005:Thomas 1966
1001:Thomas 1963
935:2 September
660:, p. 198: "
530:pétroleuses
192:Julie Magot
1555:Communards
1534:Categories
1487:2022-04-16
1428:2022-04-16
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1055:, p. 63: "
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547:References
542:References
517:Le Maitron
467:Souvenirs.
435:hysterical
422:The abbot
320:trim-maker
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1336:Routledge
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446:Club Éloi
440:Club Éloi
344:Club Éloi
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164:Club Éloi
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1478:Archived
1473:Gavroche
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1350:Archived
1200:(1871).
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157:in the
143:of the
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