158:, demonstrating a working apparatus to an audience of scientists and military officials in 1952. A Cal-Tech physicist invited to observe Brown's disk device in the early '50s noted during the demonstration that its motivation force was the well-known phenomenon of "electric wind", and not anti-gravity, saying, “I’m afraid these gentlemen played hooky from their high school physics classes…”. Research into the phenomenon was popular in the mid-1950s, at one point, the
195:, i.e. that electrogravitics is a true anti-gravity technology that can "create a force that depends upon an object’s mass, even as gravity does". There are claims that all major aerospace companies in the 1950s, including Martin, Convair, Lear, Sperry, Raytheon, were working on it, that the technology became highly classified in the early 1960s, that it is used to power the B-2 bomber, and that it can be used to generate free energy.
32:
207:) to a retelling of Brown's early work with the effect, implying the electrogravitics effect was being used by UFOs. The researcher and author Paul LaViolette has produced many self-published books on electrogravitics, making many claims over the years, including his view that the technology could have helped to avoid another
133:
where he claimed the capacitors were producing a mysterious force that interacted with the pull of gravity. He envisioned a future where, if his device could be scaled up, "Multi-impulse gravitators, weighing hundreds of tons, may propel the ocean liners of the future" or even "fantastic 'space
128:
with the tube's positive electrode facing up, the tube's mass seemed to decrease; when facing down, the tube's mass seemed to increase. Brown showed this effect to his college professors and even newspaper reporters and told them he was convinced that he had managed to influence gravity
219:
Many claims as to the validity of electrogravitics as an anti-gravity force revolve around research and videos on the internet purported to show lifter-style, capacitor devices working in a vacuum, therefore not receiving propulsion from ion drift or
129:
electronically. Brown developed this into large, high-voltage capacitors that would produce a tiny, propulsive force causing the capacitor to jump in one direction when the power was turned on. In 1929, Brown published "How I Control
Gravitation" in
103:
Since apparatuses based on Brown's ideas have often yielded varying and highly controversial results when tested within controlled vacuum conditions, the effect observed has often been attributed to the ion drift or
116:
Electrogravitics had its origins in experiments started in 1921 by Thomas
Townsend Brown (who coined the name) while he was in high school. He discovered an unusual effect while experimenting with a
242:
commented that electrogravitics development seemed to be "much ado about nothing, started by a bunch of engineers who didn't know enough physics". Preiss stated that electrogravitics, like
312:
165:
Since this effect could not be explained by known physics at the time, the effect has been believed to be caused by ionized particles that produces a type of ion drift or
642:
Paul A. LaViolette, "Secrets of
Antigravity Propulsion: Tesla, UFOs, and Classified Aerospace Technology". Bear & Company, Rochester VT (2008), Paperback: 512 pages,
84:, who spent most of his life trying to develop it and sell it as a propulsion system. Through Brown's promotion of the idea, it was researched for a short while by
302:
Stein, W.B. 2000: Electrokinetic
Propulsion: The Ion Wind Argument. Purdue University, Energy Conversion Lab (Hangar #3, Purdue Airport, West Lafayette, IN 47906)
464:
224:
being generated in air. Followups on the claims (R. L. Talley in a 1990 U.S. Air Force study, NASA scientist
Jonathan Campbell in a 2003 experiment, and
255:
313:"The Canonical Hamiltonian The Intersection Of Chip Design and Physics by Hamilton Carter, Thomas Townsend Brown: Part IV of the Holiday Serial"
228:
in a 2004 paper) have found that no thrust could be observed in a vacuum, consistent with the phenomenon of ion wind. Campbell pointed out to a
431:
Thomas F. Valone, Progress in
Electrogravitics and Electrokinetics for Aviation and Space Travel - Integrity Research Institute, Washington DC
150:. Brown claimed Biefeld as his mentor and co-experimenter. After World War II, Brown sought to develop the effect as a means of propulsion for
260:
660:
316:
453:
Thomas Valone, Electrogravitics II: Validating
Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology, Integrity Research Institute, page 52-58
162:
placed advertisements looking for scientists who were "interested in gravity", but rapidly declined in popularity thereafter.
647:
637:
597:
576:
232:
reporter that creating a true vacuum similar to space for the test requires tens of thousands of dollars in equipment.
191:, anti-gravity, and government conspiracy theorists where it is seen as an example of something much more exotic than
630:
613:
590:
569:
541:
336:
686:
420:
432:
208:
503:
379:
442:
200:
188:
192:
170:
135:
41:
681:
360:
285:
159:
20:
85:
443:
Chapter Six UFOs and
Electrogravity Propulsion, Did Tesla Discover the Secrets of Antigravity?
676:
81:
50:
479:
175:
89:
8:
139:
533:
522:
483:
618:
495:
143:
97:
643:
633:
626:
609:
593:
586:
572:
565:
537:
46:
499:
487:
229:
604:
196:
238:, in his 1985 book on the current science and future of the Solar System titled
16:
Claimed anti-gravity phenomena using electrostatic or electromagnetic phenomenon
365:
73:
623:
The Hunt for Zero Point: Inside the
Classified World of Antigravity Technology
670:
225:
125:
117:
93:
395:
alienscientist.com, Biefeld-Brown Effect
Controversy, Tajmar ESA Experiments
585:. Integrity Research Institute; 2Rev Ed edition (July 1, 2005). 160 pages.
564:. Integrity Research Institute; 2nd ed edition (November 1995). 102 pages.
529:
394:
235:
69:
583:
Electrogravitics II: Validating Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology
243:
166:
155:
405:
80:. The name was coined in the 1920s by the discoverer of the effect,
491:
221:
151:
105:
465:"Biefeld-Brown Effect: Misinterpretation of Corona Wind Phenomena"
562:
Electrogravitics Systems: Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology
134:
cars'" to Mars. Somewhere along the way, Brown devised the name
169:
that transfers its momentum to surrounding neutral particles,
121:
147:
77:
421:
NASA CR-2004-213312 Asymmetrical Capacitors for propulsion
663:
A page of YouTube talks and demonstrations by supporters.
138:, named after his former teacher, professor of astronomy
23:, in which gravity behaves similarly to electromagnetism.
436:
246:, is "a science without a single specimen for study".
68:
is claimed to be an unconventional type of effect or
625:. Broadway; 1 edition (August 13, 2002). 304 pages
256:
United States gravity control propulsion initiative
521:
205:The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility
668:
425:
88:in the 1950s. Electrogravitics is popular with
261:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
519:
279:
277:
275:
199:devoted an entire chapter of his book on
187:Electrogravitics has become popular with
661:Electrogravitics at American Antigravity
358:
341:; Chapter 21 - How I Control Gravitation
283:
354:
352:
350:
348:
272:
669:
513:
462:
124:vacuum tube where, if he placed on a
345:
25:
605:Handbook of Electrostatic Processes
13:
553:
384:– Chapter 11 - "He Made Things Up"
92:, with claims that it is powering
14:
698:
654:
108:effect instead of anti-gravity.
30:
456:
447:
359:Thompson, Clive (August 2003).
284:Thompson, Clive (August 2003).
209:Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
414:
399:
388:
373:
330:
305:
296:
173:or more widely referred to as
1:
382:The Man Who Mastered Gravity
361:"The Antigravity Underground"
286:"The Antigravity Underground"
266:
56:Proposed since December 2023.
408:The Man Who Mastered Gravity
339:The Man Who Mastered Gravity
214:
7:
249:
201:The Philadelphia Experiment
39:It has been suggested that
10:
703:
111:
18:
182:
171:electrokinetic phenomena
19:Not to be confused with
687:Hypothetical technology
160:Glenn L. Martin Company
21:Gravitoelectromagnetism
410:; Chapter 68 - Hot Air
520:Byron Preiss (1985).
131:Science and Invention
82:Thomas Townsend Brown
176:electrohydrodynamics
136:Biefeld–Brown effect
90:conspiracy theorists
72:force created by an
49:into this article. (
42:Biefeld–Brown effect
608:. CRC Press, 1995.
484:2004AIAAJ..42..315T
463:Tajmar, M. (2004).
140:Paul Alfred Biefeld
86:aerospace companies
144:Denison University
98:B-2 Stealth Bomber
648:978-1-59143-078-0
63:
62:
58:
694:
602:Jen-shih Chang,
548:
547:
527:
517:
511:
510:
508:
502:. Archived from
469:
460:
454:
451:
445:
440:
434:
429:
423:
418:
412:
406:Paul Schatzkin,
403:
397:
392:
386:
380:Paul Schatzkin,
377:
371:
370:
356:
343:
337:Paul Schatzkin,
334:
328:
327:
325:
324:
315:. Archived from
309:
303:
300:
294:
293:
281:
66:Electrogravitics
54:
34:
33:
26:
702:
701:
697:
696:
695:
693:
692:
691:
667:
666:
657:
652:
581:Thomas Valone,
560:Thomas Valone,
556:
554:Further reading
551:
544:
518:
514:
506:
467:
461:
457:
452:
448:
441:
437:
430:
426:
419:
415:
404:
400:
393:
389:
378:
374:
357:
346:
335:
331:
322:
320:
311:
310:
306:
301:
297:
282:
273:
269:
252:
217:
197:Charles Berlitz
193:electrokinetics
185:
114:
76:'s effect on a
59:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
700:
690:
689:
684:
682:Fringe physics
679:
665:
664:
656:
655:External links
653:
651:
650:
640:
638:978-0767906272
616:
600:
598:978-0964107090
579:
577:978-0964107007
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:
542:
512:
509:on 2019-02-22.
492:10.2514/1.9095
478:(2): 315–318.
455:
446:
435:
424:
413:
398:
387:
372:
366:Wired Magazine
344:
329:
304:
295:
290:Wired Magazine
270:
268:
265:
264:
263:
258:
251:
248:
230:Wired magazine
216:
213:
184:
181:
113:
110:
94:flying saucers
74:electric field
61:
60:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
699:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
672:
662:
659:
658:
649:
645:
641:
639:
635:
632:
631:0-7679-0627-6
628:
624:
620:
617:
615:
614:0-8247-9254-8
611:
607:
606:
601:
599:
595:
592:
591:0-9641070-9-0
588:
584:
580:
578:
574:
571:
570:0-9641070-0-7
567:
563:
559:
558:
545:
543:0-553-05109-1
539:
535:
531:
526:
525:
516:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
459:
450:
444:
439:
433:
428:
422:
417:
411:
409:
402:
396:
391:
385:
383:
376:
368:
367:
362:
355:
353:
351:
349:
342:
340:
333:
319:on 2014-05-20
318:
314:
308:
299:
291:
287:
280:
278:
276:
271:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
226:Martin Tajmar
223:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
180:
178:
177:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
127:
126:balance scale
123:
119:
118:Coolidge tube
109:
107:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
57:
52:
48:
44:
43:
37:
28:
27:
22:
677:Anti-gravity
622:
603:
582:
561:
530:Bantam Books
523:
515:
504:the original
475:
472:AIAA Journal
471:
458:
449:
438:
427:
416:
407:
401:
390:
381:
375:
364:
338:
332:
321:. Retrieved
317:the original
307:
298:
289:
240:The Planets,
239:
236:Byron Preiss
234:
218:
204:
186:
174:
164:
130:
120:, a type of
115:
102:
70:anti-gravity
65:
64:
55:
40:
524:The Planets
671:Categories
532:. p.
323:2014-05-20
267:References
244:exobiology
167:ionic wind
156:spacecraft
619:Nick Cook
215:Criticism
250:See also
222:ion wind
152:aircraft
106:ion wind
96:and the
500:3776302
480:Bibcode
179:(EHD).
112:Origins
51:Discuss
646:
636:
629:
612:
596:
589:
575:
568:
540:
498:
183:Claims
47:merged
507:(PDF)
496:S2CID
468:(PDF)
122:X-ray
644:ISBN
634:ISBN
627:ISBN
610:ISBN
594:ISBN
587:ISBN
573:ISBN
566:ISBN
538:ISBN
154:and
148:Ohio
78:mass
488:doi
189:UFO
146:in
142:at
45:be
673::
621:,
536:.
534:27
528:.
494:.
486:.
476:42
474:.
470:.
363:.
347:^
288:.
274:^
211:.
100:.
546:.
490::
482::
369:.
326:.
292:.
203:(
53:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.