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loading operations, as well as the inventory management and safety of the industries that use them. A wheel loader scale typically consists of a hydraulic sensor, a display unit, and a data management system. The hydraulic sensor is installed in the wheel loader and detects the pressure changes caused by the load. The display unit shows the weight information to the operator and allows them to set target loads, select products and customers, and export data. The data management system can store, analyze, and transmit the weight data to other devices or platforms.
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are verified after a given period of time in member states of the
European Union. This has tended to cause scale technology to lag behind other technologies because expensive regulatory hurdles are involved in introducing new designs. Nevertheless, there has been a trend to "digital load cells" which are actually strain-gauge cells with dedicated analog converters and networking built into the cell itself. Such designs have reduced the service problems inherent with combining and transmitting a number of 20 millivolt signals in hostile environments.
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233:(c. 2600 BC) excavated, though earlier usage has been proposed. Carved stones bearing marks denoting mass and the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for gold have been discovered, which suggests that Egyptian merchants had been using an established system of mass measurement to catalog gold shipments or gold mine yields. Although no actual scales from this era have survived, many sets of weighing stones as well as murals depicting the use of balance scales suggest widespread usage.
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peg extended. To the amazement of observers, no matter where
Roberval hung two equal weight along the peg, the scale still balanced. In this sense, the scale was revolutionary: it evolved into the more-commonly encountered form consisting of two pans placed on vertical column located above the fulcrum and the parallelogram below them. The advantage of the Roberval design is that no matter where equal weights are placed in the pans, the scale will still balance.
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247:. Uniform, polished stone cubes discovered in early settlements were probably used as mass-setting stones in balance scales. Although the cubes bear no markings, their masses are multiples of a common denominator. The cubes are made of many different kinds of stones with varying densities. Clearly their mass, not their size or other characteristics, was a factor in sculpting these cubes.
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contents of the pans as a center-beam balance can. To reduce the need for small graduated reference masses, a sliding weight called a poise can be installed so that it can be positioned along a calibrated scale. A poise adds further intricacies to the calibration procedure, since the exact mass of the poise must be adjusted to the exact lever ratio of the beam.
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and setup, however, spring scales can be rated as legal for commerce. To remove the temperature error, a commerce-legal spring scale must either have temperature-compensated springs or be used at a fairly constant temperature. To eliminate the effect of gravity variations, a commerce-legal spring scale must be calibrated where it is used.
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fiber inside the chamber. The scale must still use a calibration weight to compare against, and can weigh objects greater than 120 mg and come within a margin of error +/- 7 mg. Many microbalances and ultra-microbalances that weigh fractional gram values are torsion balances. A common fiber type is quartz crystal.
269:(unequal-armed scales), began to see common usage by c. 400 BC by many small merchants and their customers. A plethora of scale varieties each boasting advantages and improvements over one another appear throughout recorded history, with such great inventors as Leonardo da Vinci lending a personal hand in their development.
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official price determination) may be produced, but must by law be labelled "Not Legal for Trade" to ensure that they are not re-purposed in a way that jeopardizes commercial interest. In the United States, the document describing how scales must be designed, installed, and used for commercial purposes is
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Government regulation generally requires periodic inspections by licensed technicians, using masses whose calibration is traceable to an approved laboratory. Scales intended for non-trade use, such as those used in bathrooms, doctor's offices, kitchens (portion control), and price estimation (but not
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Most countries regulate the design and servicing of scales used for commerce. For example, in the
European Union weighing instruments are subject to 2014/31/EU and 2014/32/EU directives. A conformity assessment procedure is carried out before placing the instrument on the market, andv the instruments
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An industrial weighing scale is a device that measures the weight or mass of objects in various industries. It can range from small bench scales to large weighbridges, and it can have different features and capacities. Industrial weighing scales are used for quality control, inventory management, and
858:
Although records dating to the 1700s refer to spring scales for measuring mass, the earliest design for such a device dates to 1770 and credits
Richard Salter, an early scale-maker. Spring scales came into wide usage in the United Kingdom after 1840 when R. W. Winfield developed the candlestick scale
723:
Electronic analytical scales measure the force needed to counter the mass being measured rather than using actual masses. As such they must have calibration adjustments made to compensate for gravitational differences. They use an electromagnet to generate a force to counter the sample being measured
612:
presented a new kind of balance scale to the French
Academy of Sciences. This scale consisted of a pair of vertical columns separated by a pair of equal-length arms and pivoting in the center of each arm from a central vertical column, creating a parallelogram. From the side of each vertical column a
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In 2014 a concept of hybrid scale was introduced, the elastically deformable arm scale, which is a combination between a spring scale and a beam balance, exploiting simultaneously both principles of equilibrium and deformation. In this scale, the rigid arms of a classical beam balance (for example a
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is a specialized weighing system designed for accurately measuring the weight of shipping containers. It is typically integrated into the equipment used for loading and unloading containers, such as container handlers or stacker cranes. Container stacker scales provide real-time weight measurements,
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One still sees this design in portable beam balances of 500 kg capacity which are commonly used in harsh environments without electricity, as well as in the lighter duty mechanical bathroom scale (which actually uses a spring scale, internally). The additional pivots and bearings all reduce the
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Even with all the advances in weighing scale design and development, all scales until the seventeenth century AD were variations on the balance scale. The standardization of the weights used – and ensuring traders used the correct weights – was a considerable preoccupation of governments throughout
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Material
Handler Scale : A Material Handler Scale is a weighing system that is integrated into a material handler machine, such as a grapple or a magnet. It allows for the accurate and efficient weighing of materials while they are being moved, unloaded, or loaded. A Material Handler Scale can
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from forming air currents inside the enclosure from causing an error in reading. Single-pan mechanical substitution balances maintain consistent response throughout the useful capacity, which is achieved by maintaining a constant load on the balance beam and thus the fulcrum by subtracting mass on
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To reduce the need for large reference masses, an off-center beam can be used. A balance with an off-center beam can be almost as accurate as a scale with a center beam, but the off-center beam requires special reference masses and cannot be intrinsically checked for accuracy by simply swapping the
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Crane Scale : A crane scale is a device that measures the weight or mass of objects that are suspended from a crane. It has a hook at the bottom and a large display that allows distant viewing. Crane scales are used for various industrial applications, such as manufacturing, shipping, mining,
1088:. The capacity of such devices is only limited by the resistance of the beam to deflection. The results from several supporting locations may be added electronically, so this technique is suitable for determining the mass of very heavy objects, such as trucks and rail cars, and is used in a modern
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Spring scales have two sources of error that balances do not: the measured mass varies with the strength of the local gravitational force (by as much as 0.5% at different locations on Earth), and the elasticity of the measurement spring can vary slightly with temperature. With proper manufacturing
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The torsion balance is one of the most mechanically accurate of analog balances. Pharmacy schools still teach how to use torsion balances in the U.S. It utilizes pans like a traditional balance that lie on top of a mechanical chamber which bases measurements on the amount of twisting of a wire or
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in which the parallelogram is replaced by any odd number of interlocking gears greater than one, with alternating gears of the same size and with the central gear fixed to a stand and the outside gears fixed to pans, as well as the "sprocket gear balance" consisting of a bicycle-type chain looped
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Unlike spring-based scales, balances are used for the precision measurement of mass as their accuracy is not affected by variations in the local gravitational field. (On Earth, for example, these can amount to ±0.5% between locations.) A change in the strength of the gravitational field caused by
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The original form of a balance consisted of a beam with a fulcrum at its center. For highest accuracy, the fulcrum would consist of a sharp V-shaped pivot seated in a shallower V-shaped bearing. To determine the mass of the object, a combination of reference masses was hung on one end of the beam
217:
The balance scale is such a simple device that its usage likely far predates the evidence. What has allowed archaeologists to link artifacts to weighing scales are the stones for determining absolute mass. The balance scale itself was probably used to determine relative mass long before absolute
1194:
Wheel Loader Scale : A wheel loader scale is a system that measures the weight of the materials lifted by a wheel loader, a type of heavy machinery used for moving large amounts of earth, sand, gravel, or other materials. A wheel loader scale can help improve the efficiency and accuracy of
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Forklift scale : A forklift scale is a weighing system that is built into a forklift truck. It allows for the weighing of loads while they are being lifted and transported by the forklift. This eliminates the need for separate weighing operations and reduces the time and labor required for
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1382:) are replaced with a flexible elastic rod in an inclined frictionless sliding sleeve. The rod can reach a unique sliding equilibrium when two vertical dead loads (or masses) are applied at its edges. Equilibrium, which would be impossible with rigid arms, is guaranteed because
1064:, lean mass, muscle mass, and water ratio. Some modern bathroom scales are wirelessly or cellularly connected and have features like smartphone integration, cloud storage, and fitness tracking. They are usually powered by a button cell, or battery of AA or AAA size.
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A pallet jack scale is a device that combines a pallet jack and a weighing scale. It allows you to weigh and move pallets at the same time, saving time and labor. Pallet jack scales are used in various industries, such as manufacturing, logistics, and shipping.
58:
1019:(LCD). They are versatile because they may perform calculations on the measurement and transmit it to other digital devices. On a digital scale, the force of the weight causes a spring to deform, and the amount of deformation is measured by one or more
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be used in various industries, such as scrap, recycling, waste, and port and harbor. A Material
Handler Scale can also transfer the weighing information to a cloud service or an ERP system for real-time monitoring and management of material flow.
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tag that can be used to track the item for tampering or returns. In most cases, these types of scales have a sealed calibration so that the reading on the display is correct and cannot be tampered with. In the US, the scales are certified by the
870:– transducers that convert force to an electrical signal – have their beginnings as early as the late nineteenth century, but it was not until the late twentieth century that their widespread usage became economically and technologically viable.
337:
711:, which has uniquely designed acrylic airfoils, allows a smooth turbulence-free airflow that prevents balance fluctuation and the measure of mass down to 1 μg without fluctuations or loss of product. Also, the sample must be at
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For a simple pan balance to be in equilibrium, the fulcrum must be offset from the lever arm. When this is the case, the higher arm gains a mechanical advantage over the lower because its horizontal separation from the fulcrum is
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It is also common in high-capacity applications such as crane scales to use hydraulic force to sense mass. The test force is applied to a piston or diaphragm and transmitted through hydraulic lines to a dial indicator based on a
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Pendulum type scales do not use springs. These designs use pendulums and operate as a balance that is unaffected by differences in gravity. An example of application of this design are scales made by the Toledo Scale
Company.
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A digital bathroom scale is a scale on the floor which a person stands on. The weight is shown on an LED or LCD display. The digital electronics may do more than just display weight, it may calculate body fat,
669:(also called an ultramicrobalance, or nanobalance) is an instrument capable of making precise measurements of the mass of objects of relatively small mass: on the order of a million parts of a gram and below.
784:
Scales also are widely used as a symbol of finance, commerce, or trade, in which they have played a traditional, vital role since ancient times. For instance, balance scales are depicted in the seal of the
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Another important function is counting, e. g. used to count small parts in larger quantities during the annual stock taking. Counting scales (which can also do just weighing) can range from mg to tonnes.
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Because it has more moving joints which add friction, the
Roberval balance is consistently less accurate than the traditional beam balance, but for many purposes this is compensated for by its usability.
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on either side of the center balanced beam are affected equally. A center beam balance will render an accurate measurement of mass at any location experiencing a constant gravity or acceleration.
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allowing logistics professionals to ensure that each container is loaded within the specified weight limits. Container stacker scales are used in industries like ports, shipping, and logistics
369:). For high precision work, such as empirical chemistry, the center beam balance is still one of the most accurate technologies available, and is commonly used for calibrating test masses.
863:. Postal workers could work more quickly with spring scales than balance scales because they could be read instantaneously and did not have to be carefully balanced with each measurement.
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of the sample, which varies with location. So such a scale has to be re-calibrated after installation, for that specific location, in order to obtain an accurate indication of mass.
1167: : A large scale that can weigh trucks, lorries, containers, and other heavy-duty vehicles. They are used in industries like manufacturing, shipping, mining, agriculture, etc
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uses the lever in which the arm for weights is 10 times longer than the arm for weighted objects, so that much lighter weights may be used to weigh heavy object. Similarly a
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as an early form of currency. In the same time period, merchants had used standard weights of equivalent value between 8 and 10.5 grams from Great
Britain to Mesopotamia.
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does not collect and so any air currents in the room do not affect the balance's operation. This enclosure is often called a draft shield. The use of a mechanically
534:) sold and used throughout China: the scale can be inverted and held by the larger ring beneath the user's right hand to produce greater leverage for heavier loads (
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so that measured force translates to mass at earth's gravity. The object to be weighed can be simply hung from the spring or set on a pivot and bearing platform.
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accuracy and complicate calibration; the float system must be corrected for corner errors before the span is corrected by adjusting the balance beam and poise.
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1241:. Legal For Trade (LFT) certification usually approve the readability by testing repeatability of measurements to ensure a maximum margin of error of 10%.
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as possible. In precision balances, a more accurate determination of the mass is given by the position of a sliding mass moved along a graduated scale. A
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and other perishable goods departments. Supermarket scales can print labels and receipts, mark mass and count, unit price, total price and in some cases
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instead. A voltage is applied to the device, and the weight causes the current through it to change. The current is converted to a digital number by an
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and output the result by measuring the force needed to achieve balance. Such a measurement device is called an electromagnetic force restoration sensor.
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604:. The pivots of the parallelogram understructure makes it insensitive to load positioning away from center, so improves its accuracy, and ease of use.
617:
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1282:– Objects in air develop a buoyancy force that is directly proportional to the volume of air displaced. The difference in density of air due to
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for a weighing instrument). The unknown mass is placed in one pan and standard masses are added to the other pan until the beam is as close to
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in the moving components that causes the scale to reach equilibrium at a different configuration than a frictionless equilibrium should occur.
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to determine mass (or weight). Suspending a certain mass will extend the spring by a certain amount depending on the spring's stiffness (or
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There are many kinds of industrial weighing scales that are used for different purposes and applications. Some of the common types are:
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of a small mass along the measuring arm of the beam, as described above. For greatest accuracy, there needs to be an allowance for the
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is achieved and the plates level off, which happens when the masses on the two plates are equal. The perfect scale rests at neutral. A
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Traditional mechanical balance-beam scales intrinsically measured mass. But ordinary electronic scales intrinsically measure the
966:, every spring has a proportionality constant that relates how hard it is pulled to how far it stretches. Weighing scales use a
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in it, allowing it to be programmed for various applications such as batching, labeling, filling (with check weight function),
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1543:"In Search of the Earliest Balance Weights, Scales and Weighing Systems from the East Mediterranean, the Near and Middle East"
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material handling operations. Forklift scales are used in various industries, such as manufacturing, logistics, and shipping.
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Digital kitchen scales are used for weighing food in a kitchen during cooking. These are usually lightweight and compact.
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781:. This corresponds to the use in a metaphor of matters being "held in the balance". It has its origins in ancient Egypt.
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765:"Lady Justice" holding a 2-pan balance beam scale, and a sword: Statue of Justice, Central Criminal Court, London, UK
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A mechanical bathroom scale. Pressure on the internal springs rotates a disc displaying the user's weight in pounds.
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In electronic versions of spring scales, the deflection of a beam supporting the unknown mass is measured using a
1047:, translated by digital logic to the correct units, and displayed on the display. Usually, the device is run by a
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708:
408:) was the first mass measuring instrument invented. In its traditional form, it consists of a pivoted horizontal
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882:, tension, and resistance of an object without the need of a power supply. Types of mechanical scales include
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By the 1940s, various electronic devices were being attached to these designs to make readings more accurate.
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develop at the two edges of the sleeve as a consequence of both the free sliding condition and the nonlinear
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is relevant for accurate calibration of scales for commercial purposes. Usually, the goal is to measure the
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A mechanical scale or balance is used to describe a weighing device that is used to measure the mass, force
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changes when its length changes. Strain gauges have limited capacity and larger digital scales may use a
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Scales (specifically, a two-pan, beam balance in a state of equal balance) are the traditional symbol of
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974:) and measure the displacement of the spring by any variety of mechanisms to produce an estimate of the
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Chemical reactivity between air and the substance being weighed (or the balance itself, in the form of
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In a spring scale, the spring either stretches (as in a hanging scale in the produce department of a
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Ancient Engineers' Inventions: Precursors of the Present (History of Mechanism and Machine Science)
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186:. Scales and balances are widely used in commerce, as many products are sold and packaged by mass.
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Specifications, Tolerances, And Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices
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1702:"A small change revolution. Weight systems and the emergence of the first Pan-European money"
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However, bronze fragments discovered in central Germany and Italy had been used during the
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This a comprehensive review of the history and contemporaneous state of weighing machines.
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The traditional scale consists of two plates or bowls suspended at equal distances from a
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Mis-calibration over time, due to drift in the circuit's accuracy, or temperature change
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with the central one fixed and the outermost two free to pivot and attached to a pan.
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2001:
How to Live: Or A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer
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Petruso, Karl M (1981). "Early Weights and Weighing in Egypt and the Indus Valley".
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Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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2125:. California Department of Food and Agriculture Division of Measurement Standards.
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Gravitational differences for a scale which measures force, but not for a balance.
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1753:"Bronze Age weight systems as a measure of market integration in Western Eurasia"
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mechanisms are often used to convert the linear spring motion to a dial reading.
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Variations on the balance scale, including devices like the cheap and inaccurate
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2169:"Practical Uncertainty Limits to the Mass Determination of a Piston-Gage Weight"
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of the sample rather than its force due to gravity at that particular location.
171:. Other types of scales making use of different physical principles also exist.
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The oldest attested evidence for the existence of weighing scales dates to the
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773:(specifically, a two-pan, beam balance) are one of the traditional symbols of
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For greater convenience in placing large and awkward loads, a platform can be
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2298:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–477.
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2319:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–235.
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in the sub-milligram range. The measuring pan of an analytical balance (0.1
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1868:"Types of Balances and Scales, Common Terms & Care - Grainger KnowHow"
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for weighing letters and packages, required after the introduction of the
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167:). The heavier the object, the more the spring stretches, as described in
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In China, the earliest weighing balance excavated was from a tomb of the
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of the elastic rod. This mass measuring device can also work without a
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Because gravity varies by over 0.5% over the surface of the earth, the
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in air, whose effect depends on the densities of the masses involved.
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on a cantilever beam system which brings the proportional force to a
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Electronic digital scales display weight as a number, usually on a
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1977:"The History of Weighing Scales: From Ancient Times to Modern Day"
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moving the balance does not change the measured mass, because the
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dating back to the 3rd to 4th century BC in Mount Zuojiagong near
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or better) is inside a transparent enclosure with doors so that
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depicts a scene in which a scribe's heart is weighed against the
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Weighing scale for a baby includes a ruler for height measurement
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1955:"Industrial rental scales - Counting scales from 0,006 g to 6 t"
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while the object of unknown mass was hung on the other end (see
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on the arm due to a standard reference mass using a horizontal
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262:, Hunan. The balance was made of wood and used bronze masses.
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Ialongo, Nicola; Hermann, Raphael; Rahmstorf, Lorenz (2021).
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to transmit the reduced force to a conveniently sized beam.
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2603:
2209:
Bosi, F.; Misseroni, D.; Dal Corso, F.; Bigoni, D. (2014).
1292:
Air gusts, even small ones, which push the scale up or down
1249:
1129:
1117:
833:
indicating the equal balance of arguments used in inducing
704:
696:
456:
210:
136:
105:
49:
Scales used to measure the weight of fruit in a supermarket
1826:
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms
1812:
A Practical Dictionary of the English and German Languages
1517:"Download – A Short History to Weighing: AWTX Museum Book"
2071:"A Guide to Choosing the Best Mechanical Scale – Inscale"
1640:. Springer (published November 18, 2007). pp. 53–54.
1324:, for example, from feet shuffled on carpets on a dry day
483:
measurements are achieved by ensuring that the balance's
1638:
Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery
720:
the same side of the beam to which the sample is added.
637:
2176:
Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards
1750:
1611:
Rossi, Cesare; Russo, Flavio; Russo, Ferruccio (2009).
1511:
1509:
947:
of constraint acting on an object, opposing the local
2142:. Andrew.ucsd.edu. September 29, 1997. Archived from
1095:
822:
Scales are also the symbol for the astrological sign
1670:
1668:
1506:
1479:- historic public building for the weighing of goods
1368:
A prototype of an elastic arm scale measuring a mass
962:) or compresses (as in a simple bathroom scale). By
1678:. Averyweigh-tronix.com. 2012-03-02. Archived from
1359:
840:
507:from a balance position; and finally by using the
495:edge is the traditional solution), by attaching a
2380:
1665:
1615:. Springer (published May 11, 2009). p. 21.
1301:Settling airborne dust contributing to the weight
1246:distinction between force due to gravity and mass
143:), while objects of known mass or weight, called
3451:
1931:"Finding Aid : The Toledo Scale Collection"
1841:. Cleveland, USA: Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
1809:Or "scale", "scalepan" or the obsolete "basin" (
695:is a class of balance designed to measure small
1610:
1583:
989:
916:measures mass by reporting the distance that a
412:with arms of equal length – the
2341:"The Precious Necklace Regarding Weigh Scales"
2720:
2366:
1147:International Organization of Legal Metrology
27:Instrument to measure the weight of an object
1851:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1198:
1152:
3470:Inventions of the Indus Valley civilisation
2324:National Conference on Weights and Measures
1699:
1259:between the sample and the earth, i.e. the
920:deflects under a load. This contrasts to a
805:Seal of the U.S. Department of the Treasury
178:to read in units of force (weight) such as
2727:
2713:
2373:
2359:
2347:about the "design and operation" of scales
2166:
1839:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th Ed
1141:, in Australia, they are certified by the
1128:. Some modern supermarket scales print an
1002:
727:
2255:
2229:
2187:
2120:"A brief history of weights and measures"
1908:. Archives.sensorsmag.com. Archived from
1786:
1776:
1735:
1725:
1700:Ialongo, Nicola; Lago, Giancarlo (2021).
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1307:Mis-aligned mechanical components due to
1054:
928:on the arm due to a sample weight to the
817:Seal of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission
2303:
1836:
1363:
1208:
1067:
1006:
849:
760:
682:
636:
595:
545:
525:
462:
450:
441:
383:
198:
83:
71:
52:
44:
36:
1519:. Averyweigh-tronix.com. Archived from
530:Aluminum, mass-produced balance scale (
135:. One plate holds an object of unknown
14:
3452:
1974:
1570:
1223:FDACS's Bureau of Weights and Measures
1213:Scales used for trade purposes in the
978:force applied by the object. Rack and
854:A simple balance from the 19th century
736:
467:Masses of 50, 20, 1, 2, 5 and 10 grams
379:
2708:
2354:
2336:Analytical Balance article at ChemLab
2019:
1540:
1289:Error in the mass of reference weight
1217:, as this scale at the checkout in a
1075:
672:
649:
616:Further developments have included a
347:(reigned 1605–1627) weighing his son
147:, are added to the other plate until
3358:
2281:
1372:
1221:, are inspected for accuracy by the
1143:National Measurement Institute (NMI)
1100:These scales are used in the modern
873:
641:Torsion balance scale made by Torbal
327:with two bronze weights, 50–200 AD,
2137:"Applying air buoyancy corrections"
1635:
1266:
585:
285:Weighing dishes from the island of
229:balance weights, from the reign of
24:
1355:Vibration and seismic disturbances
1337:of atmospheric water on cold items
1096:Supermarket and other retail scale
970:with a known spring constant (see
632:
550:Woman on a public weighing scale,
25:
3506:
2734:
2343:is an 18th-century manuscript by
2275:
2167:Davis, R.S.; Welch, B.E. (1988).
1706:Journal of Archaeological Science
1170:Container Stacker Scale : A
1139:South African Bureau of Standards
182:instead of units of mass such as
3357:
3341:
3340:
1360:Hybrid spring and balance scales
1135:National Type Evaluation Program
901:
810:
798:
355:(AD 1615, Mughal dynasty, India)
336:
316:
298:
278:
2202:
2160:
2129:
2112:
2092:
2063:
2042:
2013:
1993:
1968:
1947:
1923:
1898:
1874:
1860:
1837:Hodgeman, Charles, Ed. (1961).
1830:
1819:
1803:
1286:and temperature creates errors.
1137:(NTEP), in South Africa by the
841:Force-measuring (weight) scales
787:U.S. Department of the Treasury
709:vented balance safety enclosure
654:
41:Balance scale set, with weights
1744:
1693:
1644:
1629:
1604:
1534:
1453:, also known as a Watt balance
1084:, which is a length-sensitive
351:on a weighing scale by artist
243:, have also been found in the
189:
13:
1:
1975:Clarke, Andrew (2023-04-13).
1500:
1349:of air from hot or cold items
743:programmable logic controller
237:
2424:Coordinate-measuring machine
1317:acting on ferrous components
1311:or contraction of components
990:Hydraulic or pneumatic scale
845:
756:
329:Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongeren
100:is a device used to measure
7:
3460:Ancient Egyptian technology
1882:"A&D training material"
1485:- for weighing canal barges
1397:
1205:Verification and validation
1045:analog-to-digital converter
777:, as wielded by statues of
741:A programmable scale has a
610:Gilles Personne de Roberval
10:
3511:
1202:
905:
676:
658:
589:
439:uses arms in ratio 1:100.
194:
108:. These are also known as
29:
3336:
2802:
2777:Food preparation utensils
2742:
2627:
2389:
2285:"Weighing Machines"
1727:10.1016/j.jas.2021.105379
1676:"The History of Weighing"
1199:Testing and certification
1153:Industrial weighing scale
574:bearing; this pulls on a
76:Digital kitchen scale, a
65:Weighing scale in use in
3413:Machine and metalworking
2668:Machine and metalworking
2345:Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti
1431:Digital Weight Indicator
936:. Spring scales measure
791:Federal Trade Commission
621:around an odd number of
515:masses to be applied by
511:principle, which allows
308:(8th century BC) in the
3423:Measuring and alignment
3236:Salt and pepper shakers
2678:Measuring and alignment
2316:Encyclopædia Britannica
2295:Encyclopædia Britannica
2211:"An elastica arm scale"
1957:(in German). 2021-11-04
1778:10.1073/pnas.2105873118
1343:of water from wet items
1271:Some of the sources of
1172:container stacker scale
1027:. A strain gauge is a
1003:Domestic Weighing Scale
728:Pendulum balance scales
223:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
2782:Food storage container
2282:Airy, Wilfrid (1911).
2248:10.1098/rspa.2014.0232
2100:"What is Hooke's Law?"
2022:"Candlesticks, Part 1"
1981:MWS Weighing Solutions
1636:Yan, Hong-Sen (2007).
1558:Cite journal requires
1384:configurational forces
1369:
1226:
1055:Digital bathroom scale
1017:liquid crystal display
1012:
999:or electronic sensor.
855:
766:
688:
642:
608:In 1669 the Frenchman
605:
559:
543:
468:
460:
448:
389:
214:
149:mechanical equilibrium
89:
81:
69:
50:
42:
32:Scale (disambiguation)
2757:Cookware and bakeware
2020:Brass, Brian (2006).
1367:
1212:
1145:and in the UK by the
1086:electrical resistance
1068:Digital kitchen scale
1033:electrical resistance
1010:
924:, which compares the
853:
764:
686:
640:
599:
549:
529:
466:
454:
445:
387:
306:Assyrian lion weights
256:Warring States Period
203:The Ancient Egyptian
202:
87:
75:
64:
48:
40:
3495:Weighing instruments
3490:Professional symbols
3388:Cutting and abrasive
2643:Cutting and abrasive
2479:Laser measuring tool
2326:, NIST Handbook 44,
2189:10.6028/jres.093.149
2149:on September 7, 2006
1814:(1869), p. 1069
1322:electrostatic fields
1191:recycling, and more
1039:transducer called a
892:triple beam balances
30:For other uses, see
2857:Cake and pie server
2384:and alignment tools
2240:2014RSPSA.47040232B
1857:pp. 3480–3485.
1769:2021PNAS..11805873I
1763:(27): e2105873118.
1718:2021JArSc.129j5379I
1541:Rahmstorf, Lorenz.
1420:Combination weigher
1284:barometric pressure
1257:gravitational force
737:Programmable scales
715:to prevent natural
388:Old decimal balance
380:Mechanical balances
291:Minoan civilization
241: 2400–1800 BC
174:Some scales can be
155:will make use of a
3485:Italian inventions
3475:Chinese inventions
2932:Mated colander pot
2589:Thread pitch gauge
2414:Combination square
2224:(2169): 20140232.
1457:Mass versus weight
1370:
1227:
1076:Strain gauge scale
1013:
890:, hanging scales,
861:Uniform Penny Post
856:
767:
693:analytical balance
689:
687:Analytical balance
679:Analytical balance
673:Analytical balance
650:Electronic devices
643:
606:
560:
544:
499:to the beam which
469:
461:
449:
437:centesimal balance
406:laboratory balance
390:
245:Indus River valley
236:Examples, dating
215:
90:
82:
70:
51:
43:
3480:French inventions
3465:Indian inventions
3447:
3446:
3271:Strawberry huller
3141:Mortar and pestle
2862:Candy thermometer
2702:
2701:
2394:Architect's scale
1462:Multihead weigher
1373:Elastic arm scale
1309:thermal expansion
1275:in weighing are:
951:They are usually
949:force of gravity.
874:Mechanical scales
532:steelyard balance
367:steelyard balance
325:steelyard balance
62:
16:(Redirected from
3502:
3368:Kitchen utensils
3361:
3360:
3344:
3343:
3104:Meat thermometer
3034:Grapefruit knife
2964:Edible tableware
2729:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2474:Laser line level
2439:Engineer's scale
2434:Drafting machine
2375:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2320:
2312:
2299:
2287:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2233:
2215:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2173:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2077:. Archived from
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2017:
2011:
1999:Sarah Bakewell,
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1780:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:on March 2, 2012
1672:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1581:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:on March 2, 2012
1513:
1267:Sources of error
1158:trade purposes.
884:decimal balances
814:
802:
713:room temperature
602:Roberval balance
592:Roberval balance
586:Roberval balance
474:moments of force
426:
340:
320:
302:
282:
242:
239:
211:feather of truth
206:Book of the Dead
63:
21:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3332:
3291:Trussing needle
3099:Meat tenderizer
3089:Measuring spoon
2798:
2772:Eating utensils
2738:
2733:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2623:
2539:Sliding T bevel
2385:
2379:
2310:"Balance"
2278:
2273:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2014:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1808:
1804:
1749:
1745:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1609:
1605:
1582:
1571:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1467:Nutrition scale
1441:Faraday balance
1410:Apparent weight
1400:
1375:
1362:
1315:Magnetic fields
1269:
1207:
1201:
1155:
1098:
1078:
1070:
1057:
1005:
992:
940:, which is the
910:
904:
876:
848:
843:
818:
815:
806:
803:
759:
739:
730:
681:
675:
663:
657:
652:
635:
633:Torsion balance
594:
588:
487:is essentially
433:decimal balance
424:
382:
356:
341:
332:
321:
312:
303:
294:
283:
254:of the Chinese
240:
197:
192:
165:spring constant
126:weight balances
53:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3378:Types of tools
3374:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Weighing scale
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Poultry shears
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3166:Pastry blender
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3069:Lemon squeezer
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3044:Gravy strainer
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:Cooking vessel
2743:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:Types of tools
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2619:Winding sticks
2616:
2611:
2609:Weighing scale
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:Gunter's chain
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:Diagonal scale
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2333:
2321:
2307:, ed. (1911).
2305:Chisholm, Hugh
2301:
2290:Chisholm, Hugh
2277:
2276:External links
2274:
2272:
2271:
2201:
2182:(4): 565–571.
2159:
2128:
2111:
2091:
2075:Inscale Scales
2062:
2041:
2031:(1): 3099–3109
2012:
1992:
1967:
1946:
1922:
1897:
1873:
1859:
1829:
1818:
1802:
1743:
1692:
1664:
1643:
1628:
1622:978-9048122523
1621:
1603:
1569:
1560:|journal=
1533:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:(weigh bridge)
1486:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1451:Kibble balance
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:Ampere balance
1401:
1399:
1396:
1374:
1371:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1268:
1265:
1200:
1197:
1154:
1151:
1097:
1094:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1056:
1053:
1049:microprocessor
1004:
1001:
991:
988:
906:Main article:
903:
900:
875:
872:
847:
844:
842:
839:
820:
819:
816:
809:
807:
804:
797:
758:
755:
738:
735:
729:
726:
677:Main article:
674:
671:
659:Main article:
656:
653:
651:
648:
634:
631:
618:"gear balance"
590:Main article:
587:
584:
381:
378:
358:
357:
342:
335:
333:
322:
315:
313:
310:British Museum
304:
297:
295:
293:, 2000–1500 BC
284:
277:
196:
193:
191:
188:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3507:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3439:
3436:
3434:
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3404:
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3329:
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3319:
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3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Slotted spoon
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Roller docker
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Potato masher
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Nutmeg grater
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
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3112:
3110:
3107:
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3097:
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3085:
3084:Measuring cup
3082:
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3055:
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3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Fat separator
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Egg separator
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Cutting board
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:Cookie cutter
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Citrus reamer
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Cherry pitter
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Cheese slicer
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Cheese cutter
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Butter curler
2850:
2848:
2847:Browning tray
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:Bottle opener
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2793:
2790:
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2780:
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2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2736:Kitchen tools
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
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2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Vernier scale
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
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2527:
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2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Measuring rod
2492:
2490:
2489:Marking gauge
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
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2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
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2163:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2101:
2095:
2081:on 2017-12-06
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2051:
2045:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1936:. Utoledo.edu
1932:
1926:
1912:on 2014-01-06
1911:
1907:
1906:"Sensors Mag"
1901:
1883:
1877:
1869:
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1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
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1754:
1747:
1738:
1737:11573/1547061
1733:
1728:
1723:
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1715:
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1671:
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1607:
1599:
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1574:
1565:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1494:
1490:
1489:Weigh station
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:Evans balance
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1392:counterweight
1389:
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1381:
1366:
1354:
1351:
1348:
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1336:
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1251:
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1242:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:United States
1211:
1206:
1196:
1192:
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1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1159:
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1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1065:
1063:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:strain gauges
1022:
1018:
1009:
1000:
998:
987:
983:
981:
977:
976:gravitational
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:grocery store
956:
954:
950:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
909:
902:Spring scales
899:
897:
893:
889:
888:spring scales
885:
881:
871:
869:
864:
862:
852:
838:
836:
832:
827:
825:
813:
808:
801:
796:
795:
794:
792:
788:
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780:
776:
772:
763:
754:
750:
748:
744:
734:
725:
721:
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714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
685:
680:
670:
668:
662:
647:
639:
630:
626:
624:
619:
614:
611:
603:
598:
593:
583:
579:
577:
573:
569:
564:
557:
553:
548:
541:
537:
533:
528:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
465:
458:
453:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:balance scale
395:
386:
377:
375:
370:
368:
364:
354:
350:
346:
339:
334:
330:
326:
319:
314:
311:
307:
301:
296:
292:
288:
281:
276:
275:
274:
270:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
212:
208:
207:
201:
187:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
118:mass balances
115:
114:weight scales
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
86:
79:
74:
68:
47:
39:
33:
19:
18:Balance scale
3362:
3345:
3311:Wooden spoon
3300:
3281:Tomato knife
3211:Potato ricer
3201:Pizza cutter
3176:Pastry wheel
3171:Pastry brush
3136:Milk watcher
3131:Milk frother
3119:Herb chopper
3109:Melon baller
3094:Meat grinder
3074:Lobster pick
3054:Honing steel
3049:Honey dipper
3029:Garlic press
3014:Flour sifter
2999:Fillet knife
2954:Crab cracker
2944:Cookie press
2892:Chef's knife
2877:Cheese knife
2811:Apple cutter
2608:
2579:Tape measure
2564:Straightedge
2554:Steel square
2549:Spirit level
2544:Speed square
2519:Radius gauge
2484:Lesbian rule
2454:French curve
2444:Feeler gauge
2399:Beam compass
2327:
2314:
2293:
2221:
2217:
2204:
2193:. Retrieved
2179:
2175:
2162:
2151:. Retrieved
2144:the original
2131:
2114:
2103:. Retrieved
2094:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:the original
2074:
2065:
2054:. Retrieved
2050:"Load Cells"
2044:
2033:. Retrieved
2028:
2015:
2000:
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:
1970:
1959:. Retrieved
1949:
1938:. Retrieved
1925:
1914:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1900:
1889:. Retrieved
1876:
1862:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1805:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:the original
1656:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1631:
1612:
1606:
1589:
1585:
1551:cite journal
1536:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1446:Gouy balance
1376:
1335:Condensation
1320:Forces from
1270:
1254:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:Weighbridges
1163:
1160:
1156:
1110:delicatessen
1099:
1082:strain gauge
1079:
1071:
1058:
1014:
997:Bourdon tube
993:
984:
957:
921:
914:spring scale
911:
908:Spring scale
896:force gauges
877:
865:
857:
828:
821:
783:
779:Lady Justice
768:
751:
749:, and more.
747:truck scales
740:
731:
722:
692:
690:
667:microbalance
664:
661:Microbalance
655:Microbalance
644:
627:
615:
607:
580:
576:stilyard rod
575:
571:
567:
565:
561:
478:
470:
421:
405:
402:beam balance
401:
397:
393:
391:
371:
359:
271:
266:
264:
252:State of Chu
249:
235:
227:Deben (unit)
220:
216:
204:
173:
153:spring scale
144:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
97:
93:
91:
78:strain gauge
3438:Woodworking
3351:Kitchenware
3231:Rolling pin
3191:Pepper mill
3004:Fish scaler
2974:Egg poacher
2969:Egg piercer
2887:Cheesecloth
2842:Bread knife
2807:Apple corer
2767:Dishwashing
2747:Kitchenware
2693:Woodworking
2469:Laser level
2449:Flat spline
2052:. Omega.com
2029:Equilibrium
2003:2011 p 127
1493:truck scale
1477:Weigh house
1426:spoon scale
1341:Evaporation
1239:Handbook 44
1090:weighbridge
1021:transducers
972:Hooke's law
964:Hooke's law
429:equilibrium
273:this time.
190:Pan balance
169:Hooke's law
122:massometers
110:mass scales
3454:Categories
3346:Categories
3216:Pot-holder
3161:Pastry bag
3156:Oven glove
3146:Nutcracker
3126:Microplane
3009:Fish slice
2984:Egg slicer
2907:Chopsticks
2867:Can opener
2594:Try square
2584:Theodolite
2529:Set square
2514:Protractor
2504:Micrometer
2499:Meterstick
2409:Chalk line
2231:1509.06713
2195:2014-02-26
2153:2014-03-05
2105:2017-12-06
2085:2017-12-06
2056:2014-02-26
2035:2014-02-26
2009:1590514831
1986:2023-07-13
1961:2023-02-28
1940:2014-02-26
1916:2014-02-26
1891:2014-02-26
1887:. Sandd.jp
1712:: 105379.
1686:2014-03-05
1658:2014-02-26
1586:M Bulletin
1527:2015-03-05
1501:References
1483:Weigh lock
1388:kinematics
1347:Convection
1203:See also:
953:calibrated
868:Load cells
831:Pyrrhonism
717:convection
513:fractional
374:Bronze Age
349:Shah Jahan
176:calibrated
3114:Mezzaluna
3079:Mandoline
3019:Food mill
2989:Egg timer
2949:Corkscrew
2827:Blowtorch
2787:Tableware
2509:Plumb-bob
2382:Measuring
1847:cite book
1592:: 44–51.
1380:steelyard
1329:corrosion
1219:cafeteria
1041:load cell
1037:hydraulic
1029:conductor
757:Symbolism
623:sprockets
505:deviation
501:amplifies
491:-free (a
331:, Belgium
184:kilograms
161:stiffness
159:of known
3393:Forestry
3383:Cleaning
3241:Scissors
3196:Pie bird
2927:Colander
2917:Clay pot
2648:Forestry
2638:Cleaning
2574:T-square
2404:Calipers
2266:25197248
1797:34183401
1424:Digital
1398:See also
1296:Friction
1280:Buoyancy
880:exertion
789:and the
572:noseiron
521:buoyancy
517:movement
489:friction
457:decagram
447:greater.
345:Jahangir
343:Emperor
260:Changsha
3418:Masonry
3408:Kitchen
3363:Commons
3316:Scraper
3261:Spatula
2922:Cleaver
2902:Chinois
2822:Beanpot
2792:Teaware
2762:Cutlery
2673:Masonry
2663:Kitchen
2614:Wiggler
2559:Stencil
2534:Skirret
2419:Compass
2292:(ed.).
2257:4123770
2236:Bibcode
1788:8271817
1765:Bibcode
1714:Bibcode
1654:. ISASC
1652:"ISASC"
1598:4171634
1122:produce
1114:seafood
1106:grocery
1023:called
942:tension
922:balance
846:History
775:justice
568:floated
556:Austria
542:, 2011)
497:pointer
485:fulcrum
481:precise
455:Two 10-
394:balance
363:balance
353:Manohar
231:Sneferu
225:, with
195:History
180:newtons
145:weights
133:fulcrum
98:balance
3428:Mining
3398:Garden
3328:Zester
3266:Spider
3186:Peeler
3039:Grater
3024:Funnel
2817:Baster
2683:Mining
2653:Garden
2569:Square
2332:, 2003
2264:
2254:
2007:
1795:
1785:
1619:
1596:
1472:Themis
1415:Auncel
1261:weight
1102:bakery
1051:chip.
1031:whose
980:pinion
968:spring
930:torque
926:torque
918:spring
894:, and
835:epoche
771:scales
558:, 2016
552:Vienna
536:Hainan
459:masses
422:scales
396:(also
323:Roman
267:bismar
218:mass.
157:spring
141:weight
124:, and
102:weight
3433:Power
3321:Dough
3306:Whisk
3296:Twine
3286:Tongs
3276:Tamis
3251:Sieve
3246:Scoop
3059:Ladle
2688:Power
2524:Ruler
2288:. In
2226:arXiv
2214:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
2147:(PDF)
2140:(PDF)
2123:(PDF)
2025:(PDF)
1934:(PDF)
1885:(PDF)
1594:JSTOR
1273:error
945:force
938:force
934:lever
824:Libra
540:China
509:lever
493:knife
479:Very
410:lever
287:Thera
94:scale
80:scale
67:Tokyo
3403:Hand
3181:Peel
3064:Lame
2837:Bowl
2658:Hand
2604:Vise
2262:PMID
2005:ISBN
1853:link
1793:PMID
1757:PNAS
1617:ISBN
1564:help
1250:mass
1236:NIST
1130:RFID
1126:tare
1118:meat
769:The
705:dust
697:mass
503:any
418:tron
414:beam
404:and
392:The
365:and
139:(or
137:mass
106:mass
2464:Jig
2252:PMC
2244:doi
2222:470
2184:doi
1783:PMC
1773:doi
1761:118
1732:hdl
1722:doi
1710:129
1062:BMI
691:An
416:or
104:or
96:or
3456::
2313:.
2260:.
2250:.
2242:.
2234:.
2220:.
2216:.
2180:93
2178:.
2174:.
2073:.
2027:.
1979:.
1849:}}
1845:{{
1816:).
1791:.
1781:.
1771:.
1759:.
1755:.
1730:.
1720:.
1708:.
1704:.
1667:^
1590:79
1588:.
1572:^
1555::
1553:}}
1549:{{
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1394:.
1149:.
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1116:,
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1108:,
1104:,
1092:.
912:A
898:.
886:,
837:.
826:.
793:.
701:mg
665:A
600:A
554:,
538:,
400:,
289:,
238:c.
128:.
120:,
116:,
112:,
92:A
2813:)
2809:(
2728:e
2721:t
2714:v
2374:e
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