Book of the Dead - Knowledge

1203: 1066: 29: 1145: 1346: 417: 1237: 397: 1025: 676: 4900: 855: 4888: 4861: 609: 1101:, who embodied truth and justice. Maat was often represented by an ostrich feather, the hieroglyphic sign for her name. At this point, there was a risk that the deceased's heart would bear witness, owning up to sins committed in life; Spell 30B guarded against this eventuality. If the scales balanced, this meant the deceased had led a good life. Anubis would take them to Osiris and they would find their place in the afterlife, becoming 3299: 772: 1128:

the Afterlife. John Taylor points out the wording of Spells 30B and 125 suggests a pragmatic approach to morality; by preventing the heart from contradicting him with any inconvenient truths, it seems that the deceased could enter the afterlife even if their life had not been entirely pure. Ogden Goelet says "without an exemplary and moral existence, there was no hope for a successful afterlife", while

1058: 1272:, most often from left to right, but also sometimes from right to left. The hieroglyphs were in columns, which were separated by black lines – a similar arrangement to that used when hieroglyphs were carved on tomb walls or monuments. Illustrations were put in frames above, below, or between the columns of text. The largest illustrations took up a full page of papyrus. 735:. Others are incantations to ensure the different elements of the dead person's being were preserved and reunited, and to give the deceased control over the world around him. Still others protect the deceased from various hostile forces or guide him through the underworld past various obstacles. Famously, two spells also deal with the judgment of the deceased in the 756:) was also intimately linked with the spoken and written word. The act of speaking a ritual formula was an act of creation; there is a sense in which action and speech were one and the same thing. The magical power of words extended to the written word. Hieroglyphic script was held to have been invented by the god 1017:, requiring them to undertake any manual labour that might be the owner's duty in the afterlife. It is also clear that the dead not only went to a place where the gods lived, but that they acquired divine characteristics themselves. In many occasions, the deceased is mentioned as "The Osiris – " in the 1114:

This scene is remarkable not only for its vividness but as one of the few parts of the Book of the Dead with any explicit moral content. The judgment of the dead and the Negative Confession were a representation of the conventional moral code which governed Egyptian society. For every "I have not..."

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papyrus, these spells appeared on amulets wound into the wrappings of a mummy. Everyday magic made use of amulets in huge numbers. Other items in direct contact with the body in the tomb, such as headrests, were also considered to have amuletic value. A number of spells also refer to Egyptian beliefs

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At present, some 192 spells are known, though no single manuscript contains them all. They served a range of purposes. Some are intended to give the deceased mystical knowledge in the afterlife, or perhaps to identify them with the gods: for instance, Spell 17 is an obscure and lengthy description of

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were most commonly written on the inner surfaces of coffins, though they are occasionally found on tomb walls or on papyri. The Coffin Texts were available to wealthy private individuals, vastly increasing the number of people who could expect to participate in the afterlife; a process which has been

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ethics are rules of conduct laid down by a perceived divine revelation, the Negative Confession is more a divine enforcement of everyday morality. Views differ among Egyptologists about how far the Negative Confession represents a moral absolute, with ethical purity being necessary for progress to

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contained spells aimed at preserving the body of the deceased, which may have been recited during the process of mummification. The heart, which was regarded as the aspect of being which included intelligence and memory, was also protected with spells, and in case anything happened to the physical

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was a difficult one. The deceased was required to pass a series of gates, caverns and mounds guarded by supernatural creatures. These terrifying entities were armed with enormous knives and are illustrated in grotesque forms, typically as human figures with the heads of animals or combinations of

1474:. In the mid-19th century, hieroglyphic fonts became available and made lithographic reproduction of manuscripts more feasible. In the present day, hieroglyphics can be rendered in desktop publishing software and this, combined with digital print technology, means that the costs of publishing a 1194:

were evidently part of the social elite; they were initially reserved for the royal family, but later papyri are found in the tombs of scribes, priests and officials. Most owners were men, and generally the vignettes included the owner's wife as well. Towards the beginning of the history of the

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papyri were often the work of several different scribes and artists whose work was literally pasted together. It is usually possible to identify the style of more than one scribe used on a given manuscript, even when the manuscript is a shorter one. The text and illustrations were produced by

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Project, as it is called, maintains a database of documentation and photography covering 80% of extant copies and fragments from the corpus of Book of the Dead texts, and provides current services to Egyptologists. It is housed at the University of Bonn, with much material available online.

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were magical as well as religious. Magic was as legitimate an activity as praying to the gods, even when the magic was aimed at controlling the gods themselves. Indeed, there was little distinction for the Ancient Egyptians between magical and religious practice. The concept of magic

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script, as well as in the traditional hieroglyphics. The hieratic scrolls were a cheaper version, lacking illustration apart from a single vignette at the beginning, and were produced on smaller papyri. At the same time, many burials used additional funerary texts, for instance the

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script. The calligraphy is similar to that of other hieratic manuscripts of the New Kingdom; the text is written in horizontal lines across wide columns (often the column size corresponds to the size of the papyrus sheets of which a scroll is made up). Occasionally a hieratic

1258:, the name "Ani" appears at the top or bottom of a column, or immediately following a rubric introducing him as the speaker of a block of text; the name appears in a different handwriting to the rest of the manuscript, and in some places is mis-spelt or omitted entirely. 542:

had become widespread not only for members of the royal family, but courtiers and other officials as well. At this stage, the spells were typically inscribed on linen shrouds wrapped around the dead, though occasionally they are found written on coffins or on papyrus.

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suggests that the Negative Confession is essentially similar to the spells protecting from demons, and that the success of the Weighing of the Heart depended on the mystical knowledge of the true names of the judges rather than on the deceased's moral behavior.

1199:, there are roughly ten copies belonging to men for every one for a woman. However, during the Third Intermediate Period, two were for women for every one for a man; and women owned roughly a third of the hieratic papyri from the Late and Ptolemaic Periods. 523:, where the new spells were included amongst older texts known from the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts. Some of the spells introduced at this time claim an older provenance; for instance the rubric to spell 30B states that it was discovered by the 1407:, starting in 1875 and completed in 1886, producing a three-volume work including a selection of vignettes for every one of the 186 spells he worked with, the more significant variations of the text for every spell, and commentary. In 1867 223:, which were painted onto objects, not written on papyrus. Some of the spells included in the book were drawn from these older works and date to the 3rd millennium BC. Other spells were composed later in Egyptian history, dating to the 1220:

could vary widely; the longest is 40 m long while some are as short as 1 m. They are composed of sheets of papyrus joined together, the individual papyri varying in width from 15 cm to 45 cm. The scribes working on

1003:, a group of gods, as well as his or her own parents. While the depiction of the Field of Reeds is pleasant and plentiful, it is also clear that manual labour is required. For this reason burials included a number of statuettes named 999:', a paradisiac likeness of the real world. The Field of Reeds is depicted as a lush, plentiful version of the Egyptian way of living. There are fields, crops, oxen, people and waterways. The deceased person is shown encountering the 808:

there was no defined order or structure. In fact, until Paul Barguet's 1967 "pioneering study" of common themes between texts, Egyptologists concluded there was no internal structure at all. It is only from the Saite period

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by name, while reciting the sins they did not commit during their lifetime. This process allowed the dead to demonstrate that they knew each of the judges' names or Ren and established that they were pure, and free of sin.

711:, which can mean "mouth", "speech", "spell", "utterance", "incantation", or "chapter of a book". This ambiguity reflects the similarity in Egyptian thought between ritual speech and magical power. In the context of the 1045:; once pacified they posed no further threat, and could even extend their protection to the dead person. Another breed of supernatural creatures was 'slaughterers' who killed the unrighteous on behalf of Osiris; the 1041:

different ferocious beasts. Their names—for instance, "He who lives on snakes" or "He who dances in blood"—are equally grotesque. These creatures had to be pacified by reciting the appropriate spells included in the

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texts. This later received sponsorship from the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the German Research Foundation, in 2004 coming under the auspices of the German Academies of Sciences and Arts. Today the

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was produced to order by scribes. They were commissioned by people in preparation for their own funerals, or by the relatives of someone recently deceased. They were expensive items; one source gives the price of a

939:, or shadow of the deceased, was preserved by spells 91, 92 and 188. If all these aspects of the person could be variously preserved, remembered, and satiated, then the dead person would live on in the form of an 915:, or life-force, remained in the tomb with the dead body, and required sustenance from offerings of food, water and incense. In case priests or relatives failed to provide these offerings, Spell 105 ensured the 632:

was updated, revised and standardized. Spells were ordered and numbered consistently for the first time. This standardized version is known today as the 'Saite recension', after the Saite (26th) Dynasty. In the

59:, scribe of the gods, records the result. If his heart equals exactly the weight of the feather, Hunefer is allowed to pass into the afterlife. If not, he is eaten by the waiting chimeric devouring creature 845:: Having been vindicated, the deceased assumes power in the universe as one of the gods. This section also includes assorted chapters on protective amulets, provision of food, and important places. 176:(around 1550 BC) to around 50 BC. "Book" is the closest term to describe the loose collection of texts consisting of a number of magic spells intended to assist a dead person's journey through the 1049:

equipped its owner to escape their attentions. As well as these supernatural entities, there were also threats from natural or supernatural animals, including crocodiles, snakes, and beetles.

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used for the titles of spells, opening and closing sections of spells, the instructions to perform spells correctly in rituals, and also for the names of dangerous creatures such as the demon

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papyri took more care over their work than those working on more mundane texts; care was taken to frame the text within margins, and to avoid writing on the joints between sheets. The words

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Two 'gate spells'. On the top register, Ani and his wife face the 'seven gates of the House of Osiris'. Below, they encounter ten of the 21 'mysterious portals of the House of Osiris in the

241:. The surviving papyri contain a varying selection of religious and magical texts and vary considerably in their illustration. Some people seem to have commissioned their own copies of the 1368:, well before its contents could be understood. Since it was found in tombs, it was evidently a document of a religious nature, and this led to the widespread but mistaken belief that the 760:, and the hieroglyphs themselves were powerful. Written words conveyed the full force of a spell. This was even true when the text was abbreviated or omitted, as often occurred in later 1558:

42–553 AD – Christianity spreads to Egypt, gradually replacing the native religion as successive emperors alternately tolerate or suppress them, culminating in the last temple at

480:. Towards the end of the Old Kingdom, the Pyramid Texts ceased to be an exclusively royal privilege, and were adopted by regional governors and other high-ranking officials. 1596:

announces the key to the decipherment of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, subsequently developed in his later publications, the most extensive after his death in 1832

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was satisfied. The name of the dead person, which constituted their individuality and was required for their continued existence, was written in many places throughout the

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style; many of the hieroglyphs representing humans or animals were left incomplete or drawn mutilated, most likely to prevent them causing any harm to the dead pharaoh.

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has always posed technical difficulties thanks to the need to copy very long hieroglyphic texts. Initially, these were copied out by hand, with the assistance either of

3220: 3057: 1399:). He also introduced the spell numbering system which is still in use, identifying 165 different spells. Lepsius promoted the idea of a comparative edition of the 1179:

of silver, perhaps half the annual pay of a laborer. Papyrus itself was evidently costly, as there are many instances of its re-use in everyday documents, creating

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continued to be based on the Saite recension, though increasingly abbreviated towards the end of the Ptolemaic period. New funerary texts appeared, including the

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The nature of the afterlife which the dead people enjoyed is difficult to define, because of the differing traditions within Ancient Egyptian religion. In the

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Egyptian Book of the Dead, painted on a coffin fragment (c. 747–656 BC): Spell 79 (attaching the soul to the body); and Spell 80 (preventing incoherent speech)

457:, around 2400 BC. These texts were written on the walls of the burial chambers within pyramids, and were exclusively for the use of the pharaoh (and, from the 764:

scrolls, particularly if the accompanying images were present. The Egyptians also believed that knowing the name of something gave power over it; thus, the

2664: 2579: 1486: 1422:, Birch's successor at the British Museum, is still in wide circulation – including both his hieroglyphic editions and his English translations of the 1252:

Books were often prefabricated in funerary workshops, with spaces being left for the name of the deceased to be written in later. For instance, in the

896: 1426:, though the latter are now considered inaccurate and out-of-date. More recent translations in English have been published by T. G. Allen (1974) and 911: 933:, depicted as a human-headed bird, which could "go forth by day" from the tomb into the world; spells 61 and 89 acted to preserve it. Finally, the 378: 941: 829:: Explanation of the mythic origin of the gods and places. The deceased is made to live again so that he may arise, reborn, with the morning sun. 3213: 935: 1299:

was written in both black and red ink, regardless of whether it was in hieroglyphic or hieratic script. Most of the text was in black, with

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composed of the deadly crocodile, lion, and hippopotamus. Vignettes such as these were a common illustration in Egyptian books of the dead.

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In 2023, the Ministry of Antiquities announced the finding of sections of the Book of the Dead on a 16-foot papyrus in a coffin near the

369: 215:, which was placed in the coffin or burial chamber of the deceased, was part of a tradition of funerary texts which includes the earlier 1097:, reciting a text known as the "Negative Confession". Then the dead person's heart was weighed on a pair of scales, against the goddess 3099: 3206: 2522:

The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day. Ideas of the Ancient Egyptians Concerning the Hereafter as Expressed in Their Own Terms,

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may be considerably reduced. However, a very large amount of the source material in museums around the world remains unpublished.

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made use of several magical techniques which can also be seen in other areas of Egyptian life. A number of spells are for magical

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equips its owner with the mystical names of many of the entities he would encounter in the afterlife, giving him power over them.

182:, or underworld, and into the afterlife and written by many priests over a period of about 1,000 years. In 1842, the Egyptologist 83: 1562:(also site of the last known religious inscription in demotic, dating from 452) being closed by order of Emperor Justinian in 533 1202: 227:(11th to 7th centuries BC). A number of the spells which make up the Book continued to be separately inscribed on tomb walls and 109: 106: 101: 98: 93: 86: 79: 4940: 2449:

The Egyptian Book of the Dead, The Book of Going forth by Day. The First Authentic Presentation of the Complete Papyrus of Ani

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was unique, containing a different mixture of spells drawn from the corpus of texts available. For most of the history of the

4351: 3182: 2501: 114: 112: 104: 96: 91: 88: 81: 382: 4945: 3288: 1160:, except for hieroglyphics in the vignette. The use of red pigment, and the joins between papyrus sheets, are also visible. 4766: 3323: 2650: 1105:, meaning "vindicated" or "true of voice". If the heart was out of balance with Maat, then another fearsome beast called 332: 491:. The Coffin Texts used a newer version of the language, new spells, and included illustrations for the first time. The 386: 3243: 3168: 1633: 1415:

published the first extensive English translation. In 1876 he published a photographic copy of the Papyrus of Nebseny.

958: 823:: The deceased enters the tomb and descends to the underworld, and the body regains its powers of movement and speech. 4731: 4726: 4481: 3333: 2557: 2539: 2487: 2466: 2442: 1628: 20: 707:

is made up of a number of individual texts and their accompanying illustrations. Most sub-texts begin with the word

4774: 3678: 3161: 3106: 4671: 3318: 3248: 3134: 1603:, begins the numbering of the spells or chapters, and brings the name "Book of the Dead" into general circulation 1111:, the Devourer, stood ready to eat it and put the dead person's afterlife to an early and rather unpleasant end. 670: 347: 169: 4925: 3713: 3043: 3003: 403: 2964: 1455:. Both are in print by Harrassowitz Verlag. Orientverlag has released another series of related monographs, 3338: 3273: 2873: 1437:

In the 1970s, Ursula Rößler-Köhler at the University of Bonn began a working group to develop the history of

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as one of the blessed dead. In the evening, the deceased travels to the underworld to appear before Osiris.

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A Reader of Ancient Near Eastern Texts: Sources for the Study of the Old Testament,"Negative Confessions"

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Such spells as 26–30, and sometimes spells 6 and 126, relate to the heart and were inscribed on scarabs.

653: 476:; at this period the afterlife was seen as being in the sky, rather than the underworld described in the 1502:

c. 3150 BC – First preserved hieroglyphs, on small labels in the tomb of a king buried (in tomb U-j) at

194:), translated to English as 'Book of the Dead'. The original Egyptian name for the text, transliterated 4950: 4878: 4741: 3253: 3152: 2883: 1388: 661:

was in the 1st century BC, though some artistic motifs drawn from it were still in use in Roman times.

520: 508: 2978: 2515:

The Egyptian Book of the Dead: Documents in the Oriental Institute Museum at the University of Chicago

1065: 4920: 4784: 4756: 3229: 3113: 2971: 589: 578: 358: 245:, perhaps choosing the spells they thought most vital in their own progression to the afterlife. The 224: 28: 1144: 1094: 585:

in particular, the vignettes tended to be lavish, sometimes at the expense of the surrounding text.

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into the presence of Osiris. There, the dead person swore that he had not committed any sin from a

890:, or modes of existence. Funerary rituals served to re-integrate these different aspects of being. 469: 2631:, with many scenes and their formula English translations, from the copy now in the British Museum 4566: 2955: 2815: 2759: 484: 197: 4736: 4516: 4501: 4317: 4240: 3518: 3353: 3085: 1482: 250: 2985: 2584: 1548:

c. 1550 BC – From this time onward to the beginning of the New Kingdom, papyrus copies of the

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in the Negative Confession, it is possible to read an unexpressed "Thou shalt not". While the

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The Books of the Dead from the Saite period tend to organize the Chapters into four sections:

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1798 AD – Napoleon's invasion of Egypt encourages European interests in ancient Egypt; 1799,

1086: 736: 555: 535: 336: 318: 262: 2835: 2603: 4892: 4865: 3141: 1384: 1349: 1262: 547: 352: 183: 173: 141: 130: 1069:

The Weighing of the Heart as depicted in the Papyrus of Hunefer (19th Dynasty, c. 1300 BC)

326: 8: 4471: 4287: 4275: 3127: 3120: 3064: 3050: 2940: 2634: 2562: 1427: 1269: 1245: 374: 2397: 4955: 4684: 4451: 3703: 3468: 3268: 2863: 2688: 1542: 1419: 925: 516: 277: 33: 1404: 468:

The purpose of the Pyramid Texts was to help the dead king take his place amongst the

416: 4835: 4701: 4621: 4055: 3608: 3372: 3343: 3078: 3071: 2992: 2591:

Studies on the Illustrated Theban Funerary Papyri of the 11th and 10th Centuries B.C.

2553: 2535: 2497: 2483: 2462: 2438: 1074: 906: 647: 1061:

Papyrus of Ani: some of the 42 Judges of Maat are visible, seated and in small size.

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Spell For Not Letting Ani's Heart Create Opposition Against Him, in the Gods' Domain

787:, which would protect the deceased from harm. In addition to being represented on a 4531: 3920: 3628: 2892: 1345: 1116: 638: 137: 4904: 4689: 4511: 4165: 4125: 4070: 3728: 3693: 3405: 3348: 3328: 2673: 2628: 2606: 2022:

Spells 100–2, 129–131 and 133–136. Taylor 2010, p.239–241

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Müller-Roth, Marcus, "The Book of the Dead Project: Past, present and future."

2372:"52-foot-long Book of the Dead papyrus from ancient Egypt discovered at Saqqara" 1326:. Others contain only line drawings, or one simple illustration at the opening. 1233:

sometimes appear on the reverse of the outer margin, perhaps acting as a label.

3890: 3810: 3723: 3588: 3415: 3036: 3029: 2868: 2858: 2430: 2399:

Copie figurée d'un rouleau de papyrus trouvé à Thèbes, dans un tombeau des rois

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Copie figurée d'un rouleau de papyrus trouvé à Thèbes, dans un tombeau des rois

1490: 1423: 1412: 1254: 1241: 684: 680: 441:

developed from a tradition of funerary manuscripts dating back to the Egyptian

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c. 3000 BC – The beginning of the numbered dynasties of kings of ancient Egypt

511:, around 1700 BC. The earliest known occurrence of the spells included in the 4914: 4840: 4794: 4751: 4706: 4651: 4536: 4379: 4374: 4140: 3860: 3643: 3513: 3453: 2795: 2739: 2708: 2642: 1614: 1503: 1471: 1467: 891: 531:, many hundreds of years before it is attested in the archaeological record. 504: 446: 422: 216: 3198: 2435:

Middle Egyptian – An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs

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Das Altagyptische Totenbuch: Ein Digitales Textzeugenarchiv (external link)

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1805 AD – Jean-Marcel Cadet makes the first publication, on 18 plates, of a

4799: 4789: 4779: 4746: 4721: 4636: 4576: 4571: 4556: 4541: 4466: 4420: 4205: 4015: 3895: 3835: 3583: 3508: 3487: 2917: 2910: 2790: 2732: 2454: 1621: 1573: 1322:

varies widely. Some contain lavish color illustrations, even making use of

1276: 1175: 1124: 836: 810: 699:; and a human head rising from a coffin, guarded by the four Sons of Horus. 692: 688: 625: 621: 582: 563: 488: 322: 220: 1340: 4825: 4656: 3960: 3803: 3633: 3603: 3598: 3463: 3313: 3278: 2923: 2527: 1365: 1236: 1153: 1073:

The deceased's first task was to correctly address each of the forty-two

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was a blessed spirit with magical powers who would dwell among the gods.

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depict Egyptian beliefs about the nature of death and the afterlife. The

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was typically written on a papyrus scroll, and the text illustrated with

458: 454: 442: 311: 228: 3175: 2574:

The Papyrus of Nu (Catalogue of Books of the Dead in the British Museum)

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is shown on the far left, a vignette from the papyrus for Ankhefenkhonsu

276:

in 1888 by Egyptians trading in illegal antiquities. It was acquired by

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by Anonymous (2 Jun 2014) ...with an introduction by Paul Mirecki (VII)

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and for a time painted on the coffins of commoners. Many spells of the

1180: 1024: 923:, and spell 25 ensured the deceased would remember their own name. The 752: 675: 559: 462: 1555:

c. 600 BC – Approximately when the order of the spells became standard

1403:, drawing on all relevant manuscripts. This project was undertaken by 878:

is a vital source of information about Egyptian beliefs in this area.

854: 4631: 4611: 4546: 4384: 4282: 4265: 4220: 4210: 4160: 4130: 4115: 4035: 3990: 3985: 3753: 3395: 3263: 1447:

Affiliated scholars are authoring a series of monograph studies, the

1434:, more spells have been identified, and the total now stands at 192. 1377: 1323: 1013:. These statuettes were inscribed with a spell, also included in the 608: 524: 235: 1337:

where the text was completed but the illustrations were left empty.

4899: 4830: 4581: 4425: 4327: 4312: 4030: 4025: 3945: 3880: 3870: 3788: 3738: 3573: 3448: 2805: 2753: 2619:(with descriptions of the (c. 3000) objects and (c. 20,000) images) 1459:, focused on analysis, synoptic comparison, and textual criticism. 1284: 1157: 683:. The vignette at the top illustrates, from left to right, the god 597: 528: 254: 3298: 987:

as he travelled the sky in his sun-barque, and help him fight off

4845: 4815: 4646: 4616: 4606: 4521: 4430: 4369: 4255: 4250: 4185: 4180: 4150: 4095: 4045: 4020: 3885: 3855: 3850: 3748: 3613: 3548: 3523: 2830: 2820: 2764: 2726: 1120: 1089:" ritual, depicted in Spell 125. The deceased was led by the god 1009: 340: 304: 258: 44: 2612: 2494:

Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead: Journey through the afterlife

1451:, alongside a series that publishes the manuscripts themselves, 771: 172:

generally written on papyrus and used from the beginning of the

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are used instead of inscribing spells on the walls of the tombs

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c. 2345 BC – First royal pyramid, of King Unas, to contain the

1308: 1300: 1090: 1000: 968: 784: 613: 602: 363: 268:

The finest extant example of the Egyptian in antiquity is the

52: 1515:, carved precursors to the funerary literature from which the 1057: 195: 4601: 4591: 4586: 4561: 4270: 4235: 4225: 4175: 4145: 4090: 4075: 4050: 4040: 4000: 3975: 3965: 3955: 3910: 3865: 3820: 3798: 3793: 3778: 3773: 3763: 3688: 3658: 3558: 3553: 3528: 2810: 2785: 1643: 1373: 1312: 1107: 929:

was a free-ranging spirit aspect of the deceased. It was the

757: 273: 265:

depicting the deceased and their journey into the afterlife.

60: 56: 2613:

Das altägyptische Totenbuch - ein digitales Textzeugenarchiv

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Faulkner, Raymond O (translator); von Dassow, Eva (editor),

231:, as the spells from which they originated always had been. 4641: 4596: 4526: 4496: 4491: 4461: 4446: 4415: 4364: 4359: 4297: 4260: 4200: 4080: 3935: 3618: 3593: 3578: 3543: 3503: 3443: 3433: 3380: 3258: 2825: 1569:

were produced, but it is a poorly documented era of history

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The style and nature of the vignettes used to illustrate a

1304: 1098: 1029: 996: 988: 972: 849: 732: 461:, the queen). The Pyramid Texts were written in an unusual 450: 431: 178: 48: 2625:, with several images and reproductions of Egyptian papyri 1085:

could be negotiated, the deceased would be judged in the "

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One aspect of death was the disintegration of the various

4005: 3840: 3830: 3825: 3663: 3438: 2524:

SAOC vol. 37; University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1974.

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1842 AD – Lepsius publishes the first major study of the

2534:. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. 894:

served to preserve and transform the physical body into

4110: 2186: 2184: 1928: 1926: 1853: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1341:

Discovery, translation, interpretation and preservation

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develop and spread further. The famous Spell 125, the '

473: 2147: 2145: 2099:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 149–150. 1809: 1807: 1805: 472:, in particular to reunite him with his divine father 4876: 2550:

Mummies and Magic: the Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt

2200: 2198: 2196: 2135: 2133: 2031:

Spells 109, 110 and 149. Taylor 2010, p.238–240

1387:

published a translation of a manuscript dated to the

496:

described as the "democratization of the afterlife".

2181: 1923: 1865: 1863: 1848: 1834: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 2437:, first edition, Cambridge University Press, 2000. 2142: 1802: 967:, the dead were taken into the presence of the god 272:. Ani was an Egyptian scribe. It was discovered in 51:against the feather of truth, by the jackal-headed 2615:Complete digital archive of all witnesses for the 2593:. OBO vol. 86; Universitätsverlag, Freiburg, 1989. 2417:. New York: Granta Publications. pp. 112–113. 2193: 2130: 858:A vignette in The Papyrus of Ani, from Spell 30B: 406:The entire Papyrus of Ani. (Scroll left or right.) 2473:British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 2297:"Egypt's Place in Universal History", Vol 5, 1867 1860: 1714: 1565:2nd century AD – Possibly the last copies of the 4912: 1209:of Sobekmose, the Goldworker of Amun, 31.1777e, 1878:Taylor 2010, p.32–3; Faulkner 1994, p.148 1136: 2672: 3228: 3214: 2658: 2635:Video: British Museum curator introduces the 1036:The path to the afterlife as laid out in the 900:, an idealized form with divine aspects; the 835:: The deceased travels across the sky in the 2517:. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1960. 1453:Handschriften des Altägyptischen Totenbuches 1032:'. All are guarded by unpleasant protectors. 389:), fragments, many destroyed in modern times 3093:Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle 2459:The Ancient Egyptian books of the Afterlife 1968:For instance, Spell 154. Taylor 2010, p.161 1545:, an ancestor of kings from the New Kingdom 792:about the magical healing power of saliva. 370:Book of the Dead (Art Institute of Chicago) 186:introduced for these texts the German name 3221: 3207: 3100:Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette 2665: 2651: 2569:. University of Texas Press, Austin, 1972. 2363: 1430:(1972). As more work has been done on the 909:with a body to provide a replacement. The 2415:How to Read the Egyptian Book of the Dead 1333:different scribes; there are a number of 813:) onwards that there is a defined order. 1917:Le Livre des morts des anciens Égyptiens 1344: 1235: 1201: 1143: 1064: 1056: 1023: 995:also depicts the dead living on in the ' 853: 850:Egyptian concepts of death and afterlife 770: 691:; a gateway to the realm of Osiris; the 674: 607: 415: 27: 2451:. Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 1994. 2239: 2237: 1914: 1799:Faulkner 1994, p.145; Taylor 2010, p.29 971:, who was confined to the subterranean 715:, it is typically translated as either 314:, or "Campbell Papyrus", British Museum 47:'s heart being weighed on the scale of 4913: 2496:. British Museum Press, London, 2010. 2482:. British Museum Press, London, 1994. 2094: 975:. There are also spells to enable the 291: 3202: 3183:Do not go gentle into that good night 2646: 2576:. British Museum Press, London, 1997. 2567:The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead 2552:. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1989. 2402:. Paris: Levrault, Schoell & Cie. 2395: 2369: 1919:(in French). Paris: Éditions du Cerf. 905:heart, it was common to bury jeweled 2532:Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt 2412: 2234: 1537:c. 1600 BC – Earliest spells of the 1449:Studien zum Altägyptischen Totenbuch 1187:was written on second-hand papyrus. 862:, which contains a depiction of the 558:', is first known from the reign of 449:, first used in the Pyramid of King 445:. The first funerary texts were the 280:, as described in his autobiography 1292:contains captions in hieroglyphic. 991:. As well as joining the Gods, the 612:Deities with varying animal heads, 487:, a new funerary text emerged, the 333:Book of the Dead of Nehem-es-Rataui 261:scroll, and often illustrated with 13: 4931:Funerary texts in ancient Egyptian 3169:Because I could not stop for Death 2507: 2461:. Cornell University Press, 1999. 1634:Ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture 1485:. This scroll is now known as the 1315:, in both cases mixed with water. 1307:. The black ink used was based on 959:Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs 14: 4967: 4732:Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld 4727:The Contendings of Horus and Seth 2597: 1629:List of papyri from ancient Egypt 1352:, first translator of a complete 21:Book of the Dead (disambiguation) 4898: 4886: 4859: 4775:Beautiful Festival of the Valley 3297: 3162:And death shall have no dominion 3107:Sleep and His Half-Brother Death 2370:Jarus, Owen (January 26, 2023). 2261:Taylor 2010, p. 267–8 2213:Taylor 2010, p. 62–63 1699:Utterances of Going Forth by Day 679:The mystical Spell 17, from the 395: 3135:The Three Ages of Man and Death 3058:Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May 2406: 2389: 2354: 2345: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2043: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1881: 1872: 1825: 1816: 1793: 1784: 1775: 1766: 1757: 881: 795: 671:List of Book of the Dead spells 348:Book of the Dead of Amen-em-hat 2424: 1748: 1739: 1730: 1705: 1696:Taylor 2010, p.55; or perhaps 1690: 1681: 1669: 1660: 573:. From this period onward the 411: 170:ancient Egyptian funerary text 32:This detailed scene, from the 16:Ancient Egyptian funerary text 1: 4941:2nd millennium BC in religion 2874:Capuchin catacombs of palermo 1676:The Egyptian Book of the Dead 1649: 1534:are closely derived from them 1496: 567: 284:in 1888 and was taken to the 249:was most commonly written in 205:Spells of Coming Forth by Day 127:Spells of Coming Forth by Day 37: 2040:Taylor 2010, p.242–245 1654: 1081:If all the obstacles of the 952: 745:The texts and images of the 723:. In this article, the word 515:is from the coffin of Queen 507:toward the beginning of the 362:, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, 196: 7: 4946:Works of unknown authorship 4717:Book of Traversing Eternity 2946:The Masque of the Red Death 2565:; Andrews, Carol (editor), 2396:Cadet, Jean-Marcel (1805). 2333:Müller-Roth 2010, p.190-191 2324:Hornung 1999, p.15–16 2095:Coogan, Michael D. (2013). 2085:Taylor 2010, p. 184–7 1607: 1279:onward, more copies of the 1052: 687:as a representation of the 654:Book of Traversing Eternity 430:, inscribed on the tomb of 10: 4972: 4742:Litany of the Eye of Horus 3295: 2492:Taylor, John H. (Editor), 2457:; Lorton, D (translator), 2360:Taylor 2010, p.292–7 2306:Taylor 2010, p.289 92 2190:Faulkner 1994, p. 142 2067:Taylor 2010, p.136–7 1959:Taylor 2010, p.17 & 20 1625:(Tibetan book of the dead) 1364:was known as early as the 956: 668: 509:Second Intermediate Period 71: 18: 4854: 4808: 4785:Coronation of the pharaoh 4765: 4757:Spell of the Twelve Caves 4670: 4480: 4439: 4408: 4350: 3494: 3482: 3424: 3371: 3362: 3306: 3236: 3230:Ancient Egyptian religion 3151: 3002: 2972:Death and Transfiguration 2954: 2902: 2882: 2851: 2844: 2773: 2760:Personifications of death 2681: 2160:Taylor 2010,p.204–5 1896:Pinch 1994, p.104–5 1887:Taylor 2010, p.30–1 1781:Taylor 2010, p.59 60 1772:Taylor 2010, p.57–8 1763:Taylor 2010, p.35–7 1594:Jean-François Champollion 1576:was handed a copy of the 1541:, on the coffin of Queen 1391:era and coined the name " 1268:was typically written in 664: 590:Third Intermediate Period 359:Book of the Dead of Qenna 317:Book of the Dead of Kha, 225:Third Intermediate Period 4866:Ancient Egypt portal 4712:Book of the Heavenly Cow 2747:Sic transit gloria mundi 2288:Taylor 210, p.288 9 2270:Taylor 2010, p. 268 2252:Taylor 2010, p. 277 2243:Taylor 2010, p. 270 2231:Taylor 2010, p. 266 2222:Taylor 2010, p. 267 2204:Taylor 2010, p. 264 1372:was the equivalent of a 168:is the name given to an 4567:Horus on the Crocodiles 2979:Der Tod und das Mädchen 2816:Post-mortem photography 2351:Müller-Roth 2010, p.191 2178:Taylor 2010, p. 62 234:There was no single or 4737:Great Hymn to the Aten 4517:Crown of justification 4241:Souls of Pe and Nekhen 3519:Amenhotep, son of Hapu 3354:Veneration of the dead 2520:Allen, Thomas George, 2513:Allen, Thomas George, 2480:Magic in Ancient Egypt 1995:Taylor 2010, p.17, 164 1915:Barguet, Paul (1967). 1702:, D'Auria 1988, p. 187 1483:Step Pyramid of Djoser 1357: 1249: 1213: 1161: 1070: 1062: 1033: 867: 776: 700: 657:. The last use of the 617: 434: 377:(Books of the Dead of 64: 4926:18th-century BC books 2722:Lamentation of Christ 1822:Taylor 2010, p.51, 56 1526:, developed from the 1462:Research work on the 1360:The existence of the 1348: 1311:, and the red ink on 1239: 1205: 1147: 1087:Weighing of the Heart 1068: 1060: 1027: 857: 774: 737:Weighing of the Heart 678: 611: 596:started to appear in 556:Weighing of the Heart 527:in the reign of King 426:, a precursor of the 419: 337:Museum August Kestner 319:Tomb of Kha and Merit 31: 3339:Opening of the mouth 3142:The Triumph of Death 3044:Death and the Maiden 2716:Death and the Maiden 2676:and mortality in art 2623:Online Readable Text 2475:15 (2010): 189–200. 2413:Kemp, Barry (2007). 1977:Taylor 2010, p.163-4 1950:Taylor 2010, p.16-17 1932:Faulkner 1994, p.141 1857:Faulkner 1994, p.145 1845:Faulkner 1994, p.146 1519:ultimately developed 1385:Karl Richard Lepsius 1350:Karl Richard Lepsius 1216:The dimensions of a 983:of the dead to join 695:; the celestial cow 353:Royal Ontario Museum 288:, where it remains. 184:Karl Richard Lepsius 43:), shows the scribe 19:For other uses, see 4472:The Indestructibles 4276:Hermes Trismegistus 3128:The Shadow of Death 3121:The Garden of Death 3065:La Calavera Catrina 3051:Death and the Miser 2563:Faulkner, Raymond O 2279:Faulkner 1994, p.13 2151:Faulkner 1994, p.14 2109:Taylor 2010, p. 208 2076:Taylor 2010, p. 188 1813:Faulkner 1994, p.18 1736:D'Auria et al p.187 1522:c. 2100 BC – First 1428:Raymond O. Faulkner 1270:cursive hieroglyphs 1246:cursive hieroglyphs 1231:coming forth by day 1190:Most owners of the 503:first developed in 375:Joseph Smith Papyri 292:Examples in museums 202:, is translated as 146:(1550–1069 BC) 4936:Egyptian mythology 4685:Books of Breathing 3704:Four sons of Horus 2941:Hamlet's soliloquy 2864:Catacombs of Paris 2689:All flesh is grass 2629:Papyrus of Hunefer 2478:Pinch, Geraldine, 2315:Taylor 2010, p.291 2139:Taylor 2010, p.212 2127:Taylor 2010, p.215 2118:Taylor 2010, p.209 2058:Taylor 2010, p.135 2049:Taylor 2010, p.143 2004:Taylor 2010, p.164 1986:Taylor 2010, p.163 1831:Hornung 1999, p.14 1754:Taylor 2010, p. 55 1727:Taylor 2010, p. 54 1687:Allen, 2000. p.316 1420:E. A. Wallis Budge 1358: 1250: 1240:A close-up of the 1214: 1162: 1071: 1063: 1034: 870:The spells in the 868: 779:The spells of the 777: 701: 618: 435: 325:, Torino, Italy, ( 282:By Nile and Tigris 278:E. A. Wallis Budge 65: 55:. The ibis-headed 34:Papyrus of Hunefer 4951:Books about death 4874: 4873: 4836:Mysteries of Isis 4809:Related religions 4702:Book of the Earth 4346: 4345: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3079:Pyramid of Skulls 3012:Et in Arcadia ego 2604:The Mummy Chamber 2580:Niwinski, Andrzej 2502:978-0-7141-1993-9 2169:Pinch 1994, p.155 2013:Taylor 2010, p.17 1905:Taylor 2010, p.55 1869:Taylor 2010, p.30 1790:Taylor 2010, p.51 1745:Taylor 2010, p.34 1666:Taylor 2010, p.54 1393:Book of The Dead" 1183:. In one case, a 1075:Assessors of Maat 648:Book of Breathing 190:(modern spelling 159: 158: 147: 122: 121: 118: 117: 4963: 4921:Book of the Dead 4903: 4902: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4882: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4696:Book of the Dead 4532:Egyptian obelisk 3921:Kothar-wa-Khasis 3369: 3368: 3334:Offering formula 3329:Mortuary temples 3319:Embalming ritual 3301: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3200: 3199: 2930:Book of the Dead 2893:The Seventh Seal 2849: 2848: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2637:Book of the Dead 2617:Book of the Dead 2588: 2419: 2418: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2191: 2188: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2140: 2137: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1921: 1920: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1858: 1855: 1846: 1843: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1601:Book of the Dead 1584:Book of the Dead 1578:Book of the Dead 1567:Book of the Dead 1550:Book of the Dead 1539:Book of the Dead 1532:Book of the Dead 1517:Book of the Dead 1487:Waziri Papyrus I 1476:Book of the Dead 1464:Book of the Dead 1444:Book of the Dead 1439:Book of the Dead 1432:Book of the Dead 1401:Book of the Dead 1370:Book of the Dead 1362:Book of the Dead 1354:Book of the Dead 1330:Book of the Dead 1320:Book of the Dead 1297:Book of the Dead 1290:Book of the Dead 1281:Book of the Dead 1266:Book of the Dead 1223:Book of the Dead 1218:Book of the Dead 1207:Book of the Dead 1197:Book of the Dead 1192:Book of the Dead 1185:Book of the Dead 1171:Book of the Dead 1166:Book of the Dead 1150:Book of the Dead 1139:Book of the Dead 1117:Ten Commandments 1047:Book of the Dead 1043:Book of the Dead 1038:Book of the Dead 1019:Book of the Dead 1015:Book of the Dead 993:Book of the Dead 965:Book of the Dead 902:Book of the Dead 876:Book of the Dead 872:Book of the Dead 843:Chapters 130–189 806:Book of the Dead 802:Book of the Dead 789:Book of the Dead 781:Book of the Dead 766:Book of the Dead 762:Book of the Dead 747:Book of the Dead 713:Book of the Dead 705:Book of the Dead 689:primordial ocean 659:Book of the Dead 643:Book of the Dead 639:Ptolemaic period 630:Book of the Dead 594:Book of the Dead 575:Book of the Dead 572: 569: 552:Book of the Dead 540:Book of the Dead 525:Prince Hordjedef 513:Book of the Dead 501:Book of the Dead 478:Book of the Dead 439:Book of the Dead 428:Book of the Dead 399: 307:, British Museum 300:, British Museum 247:Book of the Dead 243:Book of the Dead 239:Book of the Dead 213:Book of the Dead 201: 165:Book of the Dead 145: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 42: 39: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4850: 4804: 4761: 4690:Book of Caverns 4666: 4512:Crook and flail 4483: 4476: 4435: 4404: 4342: 3694:Dionysus-Osiris 3490: 3478: 3420: 3358: 3302: 3293: 3232: 3227: 3197: 3188: 3147: 3114:The Ambassadors 2998: 2950: 2898: 2878: 2840: 2769: 2677: 2671: 2607:Brooklyn Museum 2600: 2582: 2510: 2508:Further reading 2431:Allen, James P. 2427: 2422: 2411: 2407: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2376:livescience.com 2368: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2194: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2143: 2138: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1924: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1861: 1856: 1849: 1844: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1610: 1499: 1405:Édouard Naville 1343: 1211:Brooklyn Museum 1142: 1130:Geraldine Pinch 1095:list of 42 sins 1055: 961: 955: 884: 866:of the deceased 852: 833:Chapters 64–129 798: 673: 667: 570: 414: 409: 408: 407: 405: 400: 294: 198:rw nw prt m hrw 160: 144: 128: 113: 105: 97: 92: 87: 82: 80: 40: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4969: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4908: 4907: 4895: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3891:Khenti-Amentiu 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3679:Cavern deities 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3249:Creation myths 3246: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3225: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3157: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3037:Death and Life 3033: 3030:Death and Fire 3026: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3008: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2960: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2888: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2869:Sedlec Ossuary 2866: 2861: 2859:Capuchin Crypt 2855: 2853: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2610: 2599: 2598:External links 2596: 2595: 2594: 2577: 2570: 2560: 2542: 2525: 2518: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2490: 2476: 2469: 2452: 2445: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2405: 2388: 2362: 2353: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2206: 2192: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2051: 2042: 2033: 2024: 2015: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1922: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1859: 1847: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1713: 1711:Faulkner p. 54 1704: 1689: 1680: 1668: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1618: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1590: 1580: 1570: 1563: 1556: 1553: 1546: 1535: 1520: 1509: 1506: 1498: 1495: 1491:Mostafa Waziri 1457:Totenbuchtexte 1424:Papyrus of Ani 1413:British Museum 1397:das Todtenbuch 1342: 1339: 1295:The text of a 1261:The text of a 1255:Papyrus of Ani 1244:, showing the 1242:Papyrus of Ani 1173:scroll as one 1156:. The text is 1141: 1135: 1054: 1051: 1030:Field of Reeds 997:Field of Reeds 957:Main article: 954: 951: 883: 880: 851: 848: 847: 846: 840: 830: 827:Chapters 17–63 824: 797: 794: 681:Papyrus of Ani 666: 663: 626:26th Dynasties 571: 1475 BC 485:Middle Kingdom 413: 410: 402: 401: 394: 393: 392: 391: 390: 372: 367: 355: 344: 330: 315: 308: 301: 298:Papyrus of Ani 293: 290: 286:British Museum 270:Papyrus of Ani 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 134: 133: 124: 123: 120: 119: 116: 115: 110: 107: 102: 99: 94: 89: 84: 66: 41: 1275 BC 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4968: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4893:Ancient Egypt 4884: 4883: 4880: 4867: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4841:Temple of Set 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4795:Opet Festival 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4755: 4753: 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During the 580: 576: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 541: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 494: 490: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 447:Pyramid Texts 444: 440: 433: 429: 425: 424: 423:Pyramid Texts 418: 404: 398: 388: 384: 383:Nefer-ir-nebu 380: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366:, Netherlands 365: 361: 360: 356: 354: 350: 349: 345: 342: 338: 334: 331: 328: 327:Official site 324: 320: 316: 313: 309: 306: 302: 299: 296: 295: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 237: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 217:Pyramid Texts 214: 209: 207: 206: 200: 199: 193: 189: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 167: 166: 155: 154: 151: 150: 143: 139: 136: 135: 132: 126: 125: 111: 108: 103: 100: 95: 90: 85: 78: 77: 74: 73: 70: 69: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 35: 30: 26: 22: 4800:Sed festival 4790:Min festival 4780:Cattle count 4747:Litany of Re 4722:Coffin Texts 4695: 4694: 4637:Solar barque 4577:Imiut fetish 4572:Hypocephalus 4557:Hemhem crown 4542:Eye of Horus 4467:Land of Manu 4421:Djadjaemankh 4302: 4292: 4245: 4155: 4105: 4085: 4060: 4016:Nebethetepet 4010: 3925: 3896:Khenti-kheti 3875: 3815: 3718: 3714:Gate deities 3708: 3698: 3683: 3673: 3623: 3498: 3488:Theban Triad 3314:Canopic jars 3140: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3011: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2929: 2928: 2918:Bardo Thodol 2916: 2911:Ars moriendi 2909: 2891: 2852:Architecture 2791:Funerary art 2752: 2745: 2738: 2733:Memento mori 2731: 2714: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2636: 2616: 2590: 2573: 2566: 2549: 2545: 2544:D'Auria, S ( 2531: 2528:Assmann, Jan 2521: 2514: 2493: 2479: 2472: 2458: 2448: 2434: 2414: 2408: 2398: 2391: 2381:February 24, 2379:. Retrieved 2375: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1955: 1946: 1941:Taylor, p.58 1937: 1916: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1827: 1818: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1707: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1662: 1622:Bardo Thodol 1620: 1613: 1600: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1574:Vivant Denon 1566: 1549: 1538: 1531: 1527: 1524:Coffin Texts 1523: 1516: 1512: 1480: 1475: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1418:The work of 1417: 1409:Samuel Birch 1400: 1396: 1392: 1382: 1369: 1361: 1359: 1353: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1319: 1317: 1296: 1294: 1289: 1280: 1277:21st Dynasty 1274: 1265: 1260: 1253: 1251: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1206: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1149: 1148:Part of the 1138: 1137:Producing a 1113: 1106: 1102: 1082: 1080: 1072: 1046: 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1366:Middle Ages 1263:New Kingdom 1248:of the text 1181:palimpsests 1154:Pinedjem II 1007:, or later 697:Mehet-Weret 635:Late period 620:During the 548:New Kingdom 459:6th Dynasty 455:5th Dynasty 443:Old Kingdom 412:Development 379:TaSheritMin 312:Pinedjem II 310:Papyrus of 303:Papyrus of 174:New Kingdom 142:New Kingdom 131:hieroglyphs 4915:Categories 4821:Gnosticism 4662:Winged sun 4507:Corn mummy 4409:Characters 4333:Werethekau 4171:Sebiumeker 3981:Meretseger 3846:Ikhemu-sek 3784:Hermanubis 3284:Philosophy 3274:Numerology 2936:Left Ginza 2903:Literature 2781:Death mask 2702:Consolatio 2695:Carpe diem 1650:References 1592:1822 AD – 1497:Chronology 1356:manuscript 837:sun barque 669:See also: 560:Hatshepsut 517:Mentuhotep 229:sarcophagi 188:Todtenbuch 4956:Katabasis 4767:Festivals 4632:Shen ring 4612:Ouroboros 4547:Eye of Ra 4502:Cartouche 4440:Locations 4385:Serpopard 4352:Creatures 4283:Tjenenyet 4266:Ta-Bitjet 4211:Shesmetet 4131:Renenutet 4116:Raet-Tawy 4036:Nehmetawy 3986:Meskhenet 3754:Hedjhotep 3609:Assessors 3307:Practices 3269:Mythology 3264:Maa Kheru 3244:Afterlife 2993:Totentanz 2572:Lapp, G, 2530:(2005) . 1655:Citations 1389:Ptolemaic 1324:gold leaf 1275:From the 1125:Christian 1103:maa-kheru 953:Afterlife 727:is used. 579:vignettes 519:, of the 387:Amenhotep 343:, Germany 263:vignettes 236:canonical 192:Totenbuch 4905:Religion 4831:Kemetism 4672:Writings 4582:Khepresh 4426:Rededjet 4328:Wepwawet 4313:Wadj-wer 4031:Nehebkau 4026:Nefertem 3946:Mandulis 3881:Kebechet 3871:Iusaaset 3789:Heryshaf 3739:Hatmehit 3574:Apedemak 3449:Nephthys 3344:Pyramids 3324:Funerals 3176:Erlkönig 3017:Guercino 3004:Painting 2986:Erlkönig 2806:Memorial 2754:Ubi sunt 1608:See also 1489:, after 1383:In 1842 1285:hieratic 1158:hieratic 1053:Judgment 739:ritual. 731:the god 598:hieratic 550:saw the 529:Menkaure 255:hieratic 4879:Portals 4846:Thelema 4816:Atenism 4647:Ushabti 4617:Pschent 4607:Neshmet 4522:Deshret 4482:Symbols 4431:Ubaoner 4370:Griffin 4256:Taweret 4251:Tatenen 4186:Serapis 4181:Sekhmet 4151:Resheph 4096:Qed-her 4046:Nekhbet 4021:Nebtuwi 3886:Khensit 3856:Imhotep 3851:Imentet 3749:Hedetet 3614:Astarte 3549:Andjety 3524:Amesemi 3364:Deities 3349:Temples 3237:Beliefs 3022:Poussin 2845:Artwork 2831:Tragedy 2821:Requiem 2765:Vanitas 2727:Macabre 2609:Exhibit 1411:of the 1301:red ink 1010:ushebti 888:kheperu 785:amulets 717:chapter 588:In the 534:By the 483:In the 453:of the 341:Hanover 305:Hunefer 259:papyrus 45:Hunefer 4680:Amduat 4627:Serekh 4622:Scarab 4552:Hedjet 4457:Benben 4400:Uraeus 4395:Sphinx 4380:Medjed 4338:Wosret 4323:Wepset 4308:Wadjet 4231:Sopdet 4216:Shezmu 4196:Seshat 4191:Serket 4136:Renpet 4121:Rekhyt 4101:Qetesh 4066:Pakhet 3996:Mnevis 3971:Menhit 3951:Medjed 3941:Mafdet 3931:Maahes 3916:Khonsu 3906:Kherty 3901:Khepri 3769:Hemsut 3744:Hauron 3734:Hathor 3669:Buchis 3654:Ba-Pef 3639:Bastet 3569:Anuket 3564:Anubis 3539:Amu-Aa 3534:Am-heh 3483:Triads 3474:Tefnut 3459:Osiris 3426:Ennead 3411:Naunet 3401:Kauket 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