236:, and accelerate other electrons, ions and nuclei within the anode material. About 1% of the energy generated is emitted/radiated, usually perpendicular to the path of the electron beam, as X-rays. The rest of the energy is released as heat. Over time, tungsten will be deposited from the target onto the interior surface of the tube, including the glass surface. This will slowly darken the tube and was thought to degrade the quality of the X-ray beam. Vaporized tungsten condenses on the inside of the envelope over the "window" and thus acts as an additional filter and decreases the tube's ability to radiate heat. Eventually, the tungsten deposit may become sufficiently conductive that at high enough voltages, arcing occurs. The arc will jump from the cathode to the tungsten deposit, and then to the anode. This arcing causes an effect called "
719:
39:
695:
533:
624:
31:
164:
798:
240:" on the interior glass of the X-ray window. With time, the tube becomes unstable even at lower voltages, and must be replaced. At this point, the tube assembly (also called the "tube head") is removed from the X-ray system, and replaced with a new tube assembly. The old tube assembly is shipped to a company that reloads it with a new X-ray tube.
44:
43:
40:
45:
42:
784:
the solid metal anode is replaced with a jet of liquid metal, which acts as the electron-beam target. The advantage of the metal-jet anode is that the maximum electron-beam power density is significantly increased. Values in the range 3-6 W/μm have been reported for different anode materials (gallium
726:
A considerable amount of heat is generated in the focal spot (the area where the beam of electrons coming from the cathode strike to) of a stationary anode. Rather, a rotating anode lets the electron beam sweep a larger area of the anode, thus redeeming the advantage of a higher intensity of emitted
788:
The major benefit of the increased power density level for the metal-jet X-ray tube is the possibility to operate with a smaller focal spot, say 5 μm, to increase image resolution and at the same time acquire the image faster, since the power is higher (15-30 W) than for solid-anode tubes with
772:
are in principle very similar to the
Coolidge tube, but with the important distinction that care has been taken to be able to focus the electron beam into a very small spot on the anode. Many microfocus X-ray sources operate with focus spots in the range 5-20 μm, but in the extreme cases spots
678:
is used to focus the beam onto a very small spot on the anode. The anode is specially designed to dissipate the heat and wear resulting from this intense focused barrage of electrons. The anode is precisely angled at 1-20 degrees off perpendicular to the electron current to allow the escape of some
611:
Crookes tubes were unreliable. As time passed, the residual air would be absorbed by the walls of the tube, reducing the pressure. This increased the voltage across the tube, generating 'harder' X-rays, until eventually the tube stopped working. To prevent this, 'softener' devices were used (see
776:
The major drawback of solid-anode microfocus X-ray tubes is their very low operating power. To avoid melting the anode, the electron-beam power density must be below a maximum value. This value is somewhere in the range 0.4-0.8 W/μm depending on the anode material. This means that a solid-anode
588:
of X-rays, which resulted in sharper images. The tube had a third electrode, an anticathode connected to the anode. It improved the X-ray output, but the method by which it achieved this is not understood. A more common arrangement used a copper plate anticathode (similar in construction to the
266:
emitted by the system can be adjusted by changing the applied voltage, and installing aluminum filters of varying thicknesses. Aluminum filters are installed in the path of the X-ray beam to remove "soft" (non-penetrating) radiation. The number of emitted X-ray photons, or dose, are adjusted by
46:
48:
47:
670:
There are two designs: end-window tubes and side-window tubes. End window tubes usually have "transmission target" which is thin enough to allow X-rays to pass through the target (X-rays are emitted in the same direction as the electrons are moving.) In one common type of end-window tube, the
128:
X-ray tubes were used until the 1920s. These tubes work by ionisation of residual gas within the tube. The positive ions bombard the cathode of the tube to release electrons, which are accelerated toward the anode and produce X-rays when they strike it. The
Crookes tube was improved by
730:
The focal spot temperature can reach 2,500 °C (4,530 °F) during an exposure, and the anode assembly can reach 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) following a series of large exposures. Typical anodes are a tungsten-rhenium target on a molybdenum core, backed with graphite. The
148:
Until the late 1980s, X-ray generators were merely high-voltage, AC to DC variable power supplies. In the late 1980s a different method of control was emerging, called high speed switching. This followed the electronics technology of switching power supplies (aka
275:
Heat is produced in the focal spot of the anode. Since a small fraction (less than or equal to 1%) of electron energy is converted to X-rays, it can be ignored in heat calculations. The quantity of heat produced (in Joule) in the focal spot is given by :
536:
Crookes X-ray tube from early 1900s. The cathode is on the right, the anode is in the center with attached heat sink at left. The electrode at the 10 o'clock position is the anticathode. The device at top is a 'softener' used to regulate the gas
583:
target at the other end. The anode surface was angled so that the X-rays would radiate through the side of the tube. The cathode was concave so that the electrons were focused on a small (~1 mm) spot on the anode, approximating a
41:
679:
of the X-ray photons which are emitted perpendicular to the direction of the electron current. The anode is usually made of tungsten or molybdenum. The tube has a window designed for escape of the generated X-ray photons.
343:
809:
operating at several thousand volts or more can produce X-rays as an unwanted byproduct, raising safety issues. The higher the voltage, the more penetrating the resulting radiation and the more the hazard.
763:) need very high-resolution images and therefore require X-ray tubes that can generate very small focal spot sizes, typically below 50 μm in diameter. These tubes are called microfocus X-ray tubes.
837:
TVs could leave excessive voltages on the regulator tube, causing it to emit X-rays. The models were recalled and the ensuing scandal caused the US agency responsible for regulating this hazard, the
509:
452:
Heat Unit (HU) was used in the past as an alternative to Joule. It is a convenient unit when a single-phase power source is connected to the X-ray tube. With a full-wave rectification of a
845:(FDA), to require that all TVs include circuits to prevent excessive voltages in the event of failure. The hazard associated with excessive voltages was eliminated with the advent of all-
612:
picture). A small tube attached to the side of the main tube contained a mica sleeve or chemical that released a small amount of gas when heated, restoring the correct pressure.
398:
1358:
446:
422:
145:, where a tungsten cathode is heated to a sufficiently high temperature to emit electrons, which are then accelerated toward the anode in a near perfect vacuum.
663:
heated by an electric current. The filament is the cathode of the tube. The high voltage potential is between the cathode and the anode, the electrons are thus
474:
364:
1104:
John G. Stears; Joel P. Felmlee; Joel E. Gray (September 1986), "cf., Half-Value-Layer
Increase Owing to Tungsten Buildup in the X-ray Tube: Fact or Fiction",
1261:
T. Tuohimaa, M. Otendal, and H. M. Hertz (2007), "Phase-contrast x-ray imaging with a liquid-metal-jet-anode microfocus source", Appl. Phys. Lett. 91: 074104
1046:
1380:
282:
1252:
M. Otendal, T. Tuohimaa, U. Vogt, and H. M. Hertz (2008), "A 9 keV electron-impact liquid-gallium-jet x-ray source", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79: 016102
1082:
34:
A modern dental X-ray tube. The heated cathode is on the left. Centre is the anode which is made from tungsten and embedded in the copper sleeve.
1243:
D. E. Grider, A Wright, and P. K. Ausburn (1986), "Electron beam melting in microfocus x-ray tubes", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 19: 2281-2292
1327:
1297:
838:
1350:
785:
and tin). In the case with a 10 μm electron-beam focus a metal-jet-anode microfocus X-ray source may operate at 30-60 W.
1223:
1090:
182:
1271:
821:
depending on size, making them the main concern among household appliances. Historically, concern has focused less on the
1138:
479:
854:
996:
825:, since its thick glass envelope is impregnated with several pounds of lead for shielding, than on high voltage (HV)
1417:
1016:
857:
advanced, starting in the 1990s, the production of CRTs was slowly phased out. These other technologies, such as
1198:
1174:
153:), and allowed for more accurate control of the X-ray unit, higher quality results and reduced X-ray exposures.
1459:
1454:
671:
filament is around the anode ("annular" or ring-shaped), the electrons have a curved path (half of a toroid).
17:
842:
849:
TVs, which have no tubes other than the CRT. Since 1969, the FDA has limited TV X-ray emission to 0.5 mR (
1444:
833:
tubes inside earlier TVs. In the late 1960s it was found that a failure in the HV supply circuit of some
374:
846:
115:
878:
777:
microfocus source with a 10 μm electron-beam focus can operate at a power in the range 4-8 W.
615:
The glass envelope of the tube would blacken with usage due to the X-rays affecting its structure.
185:
for rhodium atoms. Note that the emission starts around wavelength of 20pm corresponding to E=hc/λ.
150:
766:
There are two basic types of microfocus X-ray tubes: solid-anode tubes and metal-jet-anode tubes.
429:
405:
589:
cathode) in line with the anode such that the anode was between the cathode and the anticathode.
243:
The two X-ray photon-generating effects are generally called the 'Characteristic effect' and the
1428:
83:, X-rays are only produced as long as the X-ray tube is energized. X-ray tubes are also used in
915:
756:
130:
1301:
888:
605:
600:
to as much as 100 kV was applied between the anodes and the cathode, usually generated by an
202:
88:
883:
558:
8:
1323:
903:
660:
653:
142:
95:
52:
1449:
893:
675:
459:
349:
201:
to collect the electrons, thus establishing a flow of electrical current, known as the
80:
747:
provides thermal storage for the anode, and minimizes the rotating mass of the anode.
718:
1121:
1038:
1017:"William David Coolidge (1873–1975). Biography with special reference to X-ray tubes"
992:
830:
114:
with which X-rays were first discovered on
November 8, 1895, by the German physicist
1117:
727:
radiation, along with reduced damage to the anode compared to its stationary state.
1139:"An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics - English-French-Persian"
1113:
1028:
869:, are incapable of producing x-rays due to the lack of a high voltage transformer.
834:
822:
811:
367:
1219:
1401:
1202:
931:
898:
760:
263:
1275:
862:
858:
601:
593:
244:
177:
1068:
961:
948:
936:
920:
739:
more ductile and resistant to wear from the impact of the electron beams. The
71:. The availability of this controllable source of X-rays created the field of
1438:
1042:
850:
814:
displays, once common in color televisions and computer displays, operate at
566:
338:{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {heat} }=w\mathrm {V_{p}} \mathrm {I} \mathrm {t} }
102:
systems has driven development of very high performance medical X-ray tubes.
694:
664:
585:
532:
120:
111:
1274:. Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US FDA. 2006. Archived from
1125:
1033:
1195:
1103:
806:
546:
217:, is connected across cathode and anode to accelerate the electrons. The
190:
99:
72:
64:
989:
Modern
Diagnostic X-Ray Sources, Technology, Manufacturing, Reliability
740:
542:
229:
623:
1424:
Excillum AB, a manufacturer of metal-jet-anode microfocus x-ray tubes
1407:
1166:
826:
453:
256:
221:
spectrum depends on the anode material and the accelerating voltage.
76:
224:
Electrons from the cathode collide with the anode material, usually
30:
1207:
The web-based edition of The
Physical Principles of Medical Imaging
817:
744:
736:
683:
657:
597:
577:
570:
225:
210:
172:
163:
91:, material and structure analysis, and for industrial inspection.
732:
573:
541:
Crookes tubes generated the electrons needed to create X-rays by
237:
206:
194:
168:
84:
1379:
Health, Center for
Devices and Radiological (February 9, 2019).
792:
550:
233:
580:
554:
218:
198:
68:
801:
Two high voltage rectifier tubes capable of producing X-rays
27:
Vacuum tube that converts electrical input power into X-rays
1423:
866:
682:
The power of a
Coolidge tube usually ranges from 0.1 to 18
797:
1412:
562:
75:, the imaging of partly opaque objects with penetrating
167:
Spectrum of the X-rays emitted by an X-ray tube with a
991:. Boca Raton, FL, USA: Taylor and Francis, CRC Press.
545:
of the residual air in the tube, instead of a heated
482:
462:
432:
408:
377:
352:
285:
652:
In the
Coolidge tube, the electrons are produced by
942:
Method of and apparatus for controlling X-ray tubes
618:
527:
504:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\approx 0.707}
503:
468:
440:
416:
392:
358:
337:
1436:
1272:"We want you to know about television radiation"
267:controlling the current flow and exposure time.
197:, which emits electrons into the vacuum and an
674:What is special about side-window tubes is an
645:: water inlet and outlet of the cooling device
793:Hazards of X-ray production from vacuum tubes
1300:. sci.electronics.repair FAQ. Archived from
1010:
1008:
549:, so they were partially but not completely
1171:The Physical Principles of Medical Imaging
839:Center for Devices and Radiological Health
67:that converts electrical input power into
1298:"An informal history of X-ray protection"
1032:
1005:
698:Simplified rotating anode tube schematic
175:. The smooth, continuous curve is due to
796:
773:smaller than 1 μm may be produced.
755:Some X-ray examinations (such as, e.g.,
750:
717:
693:
622:
531:
162:
37:
29:
1413:NY State Society of Radiologic Sciences
986:
94:Increasing demand for high-performance
14:
1437:
1378:
1348:
1324:"Voltage of a Television Picture Tube"
782:metal-jet-anode microfocus X-ray tubes
689:
110:X-ray tubes evolved from experimental
1295:
1014:
1330:from the original on 21 October 2000
1160:
1158:
576:plate at one end of the tube, and a
209:power source, for example 30 to 150
55:explains medical imaging and X-rays.
1351:"When Televisions Were Radioactive"
1164:
743:conducts heat from the target. The
627:Coolidge side-window tube (scheme)
24:
770:Solid-anode microfocus X-ray tubes
434:
410:
384:
380:
331:
326:
319:
315:
301:
298:
295:
292:
79:. In contrast to other sources of
25:
1471:
1395:
1155:
722:typical rotating anode X-ray tube
424:= tube current (in milli Amperes)
400:= peak AC voltage (in kilo Volts)
247:effect, a compound of the German
1321:
1167:"X-Ray Tube Heating and Cooling"
1015:Mould, Richard F. (2017-12-29).
619:Coolidge tube (hot cathode tube)
528:Crookes tube (cold cathode tube)
393:{\displaystyle \mathrm {V_{p}} }
270:
1420:by Grzegorz Jezierski of Poland
1404:- A Radiograph of an X-ray Tube
1372:
1361:from the original on 2021-01-12
1342:
1315:
1289:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1226:from the original on 2021-12-01
1177:from the original on 2021-12-01
1118:10.1148/radiology.160.3.3737925
1049:from the original on 2023-01-17
1212:
1196:X-Ray Tube Heating and Cooling
1188:
1131:
1097:
1083:"X-ray and Elemental-Analysis"
1075:
1060:
1021:Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology
980:
13:
1:
973:
1349:Murray, Susan (2018-09-23).
1072:. Priority date May 9, 1913.
843:Food and Drug Administration
557:bulb with around 10 to 5×10
448:= exposure time (in seconds)
441:{\displaystyle \mathrm {t} }
417:{\displaystyle \mathrm {I} }
87:, airport luggage scanners,
7:
872:
205:, through the tube. A high
10:
1476:
909:
604:, or for larger tubes, an
156:
105:
1418:Collection of X-ray tubes
1408:The Cathode Ray Tube site
855:other screen technologies
1431:of how X-ray tubes work.
1387:– via www.fda.gov.
879:Electron beam tomography
789:10 μm focal spots.
522:
151:switch mode power supply
757:non-destructive testing
631:C: filament/cathode (-)
171:target, operated at 60
118:. The first-generation
1381:"Television Radiation"
987:Behling, Rolf (2015).
802:
723:
715:
667:, then hit the anode.
649:
553:. They consisted of a
538:
511:, thus the heat unit:
505:
470:
442:
418:
394:
360:
339:
251:meaning to brake, and
186:
183:characteristic K lines
116:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
56:
35:
1460:Particle accelerators
1455:X-ray instrumentation
1194:Perry Sprawls, Ph.D.
1093:on February 23, 2008.
1069:U.S. patent 1,203,495
1034:10.5603/NJO.2017.0045
962:U.S. patent 1,946,312
949:U.S. patent 1,917,099
937:U.S. patent 1,251,388
921:U.S. patent 1,211,092
889:Synchrotron radiation
800:
751:Microfocus X-ray tube
721:
697:
626:
606:electrostatic machine
535:
506:
471:
443:
419:
395:
361:
340:
181:, and the spikes are
166:
89:X-ray crystallography
51:
33:
1278:on December 18, 2007
884:Coronary angiography
559:atmospheric pressure
480:
460:
430:
406:
375:
350:
283:
137:tube, also called a
1296:Pickering, Martin.
1143:dictionary.obspm.fr
904:glass-to-metal-seal
761:3-D microtomography
690:Rotating anode tube
143:thermionic emission
96:Computed tomography
1445:English inventions
1201:2021-12-01 at the
894:X-ray fluorescence
803:
724:
716:
676:electrostatic lens
650:
539:
501:
466:
438:
414:
390:
356:
335:
187:
98:(CT) scanning and
81:ionizing radiation
57:
36:
831:voltage regulator
654:thermionic effect
596:voltage of a few
493:
492:
469:{\displaystyle w}
359:{\displaystyle w}
264:photonic energies
213:(kV), called the
49:
16:(Redirected from
1467:
1389:
1388:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1322:Hong, Michelle.
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1165:Sprawls, Perry.
1162:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1089:. Archived from
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1073:
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1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1036:
1012:
1003:
1002:
984:
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835:General Electric
823:cathode ray tube
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53:William Coolidge
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1203:Wayback Machine
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899:X-ray generator
875:
853:) per hour. As
815:
795:
753:
714:
711:W: X-ray window
708:T: Anode target
692:
648:
644:
640:
621:
569:). They had an
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1087:www.bruker.com
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602:induction coil
592:To operate, a
565:(0.1 to 0.005
529:
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521:
520:
519:
516:
515:1 HU = 0.707 J
500:
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178:bremsstrahlung
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1304:on 2012-02-07
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262:The range of
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18:Coolidge tube
1384:
1374:
1363:. Retrieved
1355:The Atlantic
1354:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1317:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1291:
1280:. Retrieved
1276:the original
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1228:. Retrieved
1220:"X-ray tube"
1214:
1206:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1170:
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1142:
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1091:the original
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634:A: anode (+)
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586:point source
540:
518:1.4 HU = 1 J
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215:tube voltage
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189:As with any
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121:cold cathode
119:
109:
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60:
58:
847:solid-state
807:vacuum tube
665:accelerated
191:vacuum tube
141:tube, uses
139:hot cathode
100:angiography
85:CT scanners
73:radiography
65:vacuum tube
1439:Categories
1402:X-ray Tube
1365:2020-12-11
1308:2007-12-24
1282:2007-12-24
1230:2019-05-19
1181:2019-05-19
1148:2024-08-23
1066:Coolidge,
1053:2023-01-17
974:References
967:X-ray tube
959:Coolidge,
954:X-ray tube
946:Coolidge,
926:X-ray tube
741:molybdenum
735:makes the
705:C: cathode
543:ionization
366:being the
230:molybdenum
61:X-ray tube
1450:Radiology
1334:11 August
1209:, 2nd Ed.
1106:Radiology
1043:2300-2115
827:rectifier
818:kilovolts
598:kilovolts
551:evacuated
537:pressure.
496:≈
454:sine wave
257:radiation
253:Strahlung
211:kilovolts
77:radiation
1359:Archived
1328:Archived
1224:Archived
1199:Archived
1175:Archived
1047:Archived
932:Langmuir
916:Coolidge
873:See also
745:graphite
737:tungsten
702:A: Anode
661:filament
658:tungsten
578:platinum
571:aluminum
547:filament
255:meaning
226:tungsten
135:Coolidge
1429:Example
1205:, from
1126:3737925
910:Patents
841:of the
733:rhenium
656:from a
574:cathode
249:bremsen
238:crazing
207:voltage
195:cathode
169:rhodium
157:Physics
126:Crookes
106:History
1124:
1041:
995:
234:copper
69:X-rays
816:3-40
641:and W
581:anode
555:glass
523:Types
499:0.707
219:X-ray
199:anode
63:is a
1336:2016
1122:PMID
1039:ISSN
993:ISBN
867:OLED
865:and
829:and
805:Any
759:and
203:beam
1385:FDA
1114:doi
1110:160
1029:doi
965:, "
952:, "
940:, "
924:, "
863:LCD
859:LED
812:CRT
780:In
643:out
563:air
561:of
232:or
124:or
59:An
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684:kW
639:in
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594:DC
567:Pa
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464:w
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320:p
316:V
311:w
308:=
302:t
299:a
296:e
293:h
288:E
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