125:) to operate a sonic-sounding device during the Johnson-Smithsonian Deep Sea Expedition to the Puerto Rico Trench in 1933. Brown was assigned from the Naval Research Laboratory with the primary duties of sonar and radio operator and had little involvement in scientific work. In 1933 Brown lost his job at the Naval Research Lab due to
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A physicist invited to observe Brown's disk device in the early 1950s noted during the demonstration that its motivation force was the well-known phenomenon of "electric wind" and not anti-gravity, saying, "I'm afraid these gentlemen played hooky from their high school physics classes...." Scientists
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with the tube's positive electrode facing up, the tube's mass seemed to decrease when the power was on. When the tube's electrode was facing down, the tube's mass seemed to increase. Brown was convinced that he had managed to influence gravity electrically. At
Caltech in 1923, Brown tried to convince
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In 1958, Brown worked as a research and development consultant for Agnew
Bahnson's Whitehall Rand Project, an anti-gravity venture at the Bahnson Company of Winston-Salem, North Carolina. That same year, Brown set up an anti-gravity corporation, Rand International Limited. He filed several patents,
247:, claiming these devices produced a mysterious force that interacted with the pull of gravity. He envisioned a future where, if his device could be scaled up, "Multi-impulse gravitators weighing hundreds of tons may propel the ocean liners of the future" or even "fantastic 'space cars'" to Mars.
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where he was temporarily a consultant to the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard due to
Commander in Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet Admiral Arthur W. Radford's interest in Brown's ideas on Gravitor devices. However, the work was looked at more as a curiosity than any workable device. In 1952, Brown moved to
22:(March 18, 1905 – October 27, 1985) was an American inventor whose research into odd electrical effects led him to believe he had discovered a type of anti-gravity caused by strong electric fields. Instead of being an anti-gravity force, what Brown observed has generally been attributed to
61:
in 1905. His parents were Lewis K. and Mary
Townsend Brown. Thomas was interested in electronics from early childhood. His wealthy parents indulged their son's interests, buying him experimental equipment. Brown started a lifelong series of experiments with electrical phenomena and began
321:. Chapter 10 of the book was titled "The Force Fields of Townsend Brown", a retelling of Brown's early work, claiming he was involved in the experiment and implying Brown's electrogravitics was the propulsion used by UFOs. Electrogravitics is also popular with other
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material with electrodes at either end. He received a
British patent for it in November 1928. In demonstrations, Brown would mount the unit as a pendulum and apply electrical power, causing the unit to move in one direction. In 1929, Brown published
168:
Cleveland, hoping to sell his
Gravitor device to the military establishment, but little interest was in it. In 1955, Brown went to England, then to France. In research testing for the Société nationale des constructions aéronautiques du Sud-Ouest (
151:
in 1941, he was transferred to the
Atlantic Fleet Radar School in Norfolk, Virginia, in May 1942. In October 1942, Brown was discharged from Navy service with Brown requesting to resign "for the good of the naval service to escape trial by General
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Brown refined his invention over the years and eventually devised designs consisting of metal plates or disks charged with 25,000 to 200,000 volts that would produce a propulsive force, which he continued to claim was an anti-gravity force.
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but his ideas were met with little success. In the early 1960s, he worked as a physicist for
Electrokinetics Inc., of Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. He then went into semi-retirement, living in California. Brown died on October 27, 1985.
226:
ran a story on Brown titled "Claims
Gravity is a Push, not a Pull." After quitting Caltech, Brown studied one year at Denison University, where he claimed that he did a series of experiments with professor of astronomy
85:. Millikan told the first-year student his ideas were impossible and advised him to complete his college education before trying to develop such theories. Brown left Caltech after his first year. In 1924, he attended
713:
293:" from the air particles, some of which remained even when Brown put his device inside a vacuum chamber. More recent studies at NASA, held at high voltages and proper vacuum conditions, showed no generated force.
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Brown spent the rest of his life working in his spare time and sometimes on funded projects, trying to prove his ideas on electricity's effect on gravity. He proposed his gravitator as propulsion to
277:
Brown demonstrated a working apparatus to an audience of scientists and military officials in the US, England, and France. Research in the phenomenon was popular in the mid-1950s, at one point the
254:
executives in 1930 and as ship propulsion while he was at the Naval
Research Laboratory in 1932. After World War II, Brown sought to develop and sell his inventions as a means of propulsion for
77:. Brown struggled with the required curriculum of a first-year student, and to help Thomas in his school work, his parents set up a fully provisioned private laboratory in the family home in
356:
b. March 18, 1905 per:Thomas Valone, Electrogravitics II: Validating Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology, Integrity Research Institute - 2005, page 118. Death October 27, 1985 per
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who have since studied Brown's devices have not found any anti-gravity effect, and have attributed the noticed motive force to the more well-understood phenomenon of ionic drift or "
147:
in Maryland. He was engaged in magnetic and acoustic mine-sweeping research and development under the Bureau of Ships in Washington, D.C., from October 1940 to March 1941. After the
30:". For most of Brown's life, he attempted to develop devices based on his ideas, trying to promote them for use by industry and the military. The phenomena came to be called the "
468:
336:
Brown's research and the "Biefeld–Brown effect" have since become popular pursuits around the world. Amateur experimenters replicate his early experiments in the form of "
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In 1921, while experimenting in the lab his parents had set up for him while he was still in high school, Brown discovered an unusual effect while experimenting with a
222:
his instructors about his theories by inviting them to his home laboratory, but they showed little interest. He also invited the press, and the May 26, 1924 edition
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although the present day Denison University claims they have no record of such experiments being carried out, or of any association between Brown and Biefeld.
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as an apprentice seaman. After completing basic training, based on his background in experimental electrical research, he was ordered to report to duty at the
184:
693:
Len Kasten, The Secret History of Extraterrestrials: Advanced Technology and the Coming New Race, Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. - 2011, pages 143-147
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In 1938, Brown was promoted to lieutenant; in 1939, he was assigned for a few months as a material engineer for the Navy's flying boats built at the
108:
675:
Farrell, Joseph P., "Covert Wars and the Clash of Civilizations" c.2013, Adventures Unlimited Press, Kempton, Illinois, Chapter 9, pages 221-245
469:"The Canonical Hamiltonian The Intersection Of Chip Design and Physics by Hamilton Carter, Thomas Townsend Brown: Part IV of the Holiday Serial"
172:), Brown demonstrated what he thought was an anti-gravity effect in a vacuum with his device. Funding was cut off when SNCASO was merged with
234:
Working in his home lab, Brown developed an electrical device he called a "gravitor" or "gravitator", consisting of a block of insulating or
26:, the movement of charged particles that transfer their momentum to surrounding neutral particles in the air, also called "ionic drift" or "
156:" and with his official discharge exam listing "no comment" as to the reasons why. After 1944, Brown worked as a radar consultant to the
187:(NICAP), although he was forced out as director in 1957 with allegations that Brown was using funds to further anti-gravity research.
800:
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140:. Brown and Josephine were divorced briefly in 1937, remarrying in September 1940. Also in 1937, Brown re-enlisted in the U.S. Navy.
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placed advertisements looking for scientists who were "interested in gravity", but rapidly declined in popularity thereafter (see
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100:
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and UFOs and that it may have become a classified subject by 1957. There are further claims that it can be used to generate "
805:
697:
William L. Moore, "The Wizard of Electro-gravity" The man who discovered how UFOs are powered, Saga UFO Report, May 1978
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on March 16, 1931. He performed the dual roles of a rank-and-file sailor and a research assistant on the Navy submarine
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74:
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45:" powered by high voltage. There are still claims that Brown discovered anti-gravity, an idea popular with the
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266:" based on his belief this was an electricity/gravity phenomenon. At some point, it also gained the moniker "
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In September 1928, Brown married Josephine Beale, daughter of the Zanesville, Ohio, resident Clifford Beale.
81:. He demonstrated his ideas on electricity and gravity to guests such as the physicist and Nobel laureate,
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777:. Maintained by Paul Schatzkin, author of "Defying Gravity: The Parallel Universe of T. Townsend Brown"
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For two years, in 1922 and 1923, Brown attended Doane Academy, a preparatory school associated with
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Chapter Six UFOs and Electrogravity Propulsion, Did Tesla Discover the Secrets of Antigravity?
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investigating what he thought was an electro-gravity phenomenon while still in high school.
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423:. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1934
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Tajmar, M. (2004). "Biefeld-Brown Effect: Misinterpretation of Corona Wind Phenomena".
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Paul Schatzkin, The Man Who Mastered Gravity – Chapter 43: For The Good Of The Service
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where a United States Navy experiment accidentally teleported the warship USS
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alienscientist.com, Biefeld–Brown Effect Controversy, Tajmar ESA Experiments
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Thomas Townsend Brown was born into a wealthy construction family in
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Brown's research influenced some amateur experimenters who build "
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73:, graduating in June 1923. In the fall of 1923, he entered the
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vacuum tube with two asymmetrical electrodes. Placing it on a
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the 1932 Navy-Princeton gravity expedition to the West Indies
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371:"Thomas Townsend Brown, Electrogavitic propulsion inventor"
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During the 1930s, Brown worked as a soil engineer for the
395:"Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution"
176:, forcing Brown to return to the United States in 1956.
49:(UFO) community and spawning many conspiracy theories.
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National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena
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budget cutbacks so he joined the U.S. Naval Reserve.
262:. At some point, the phenomenon was given the name "
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313:which purported to be a factual account about the
311:The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility,
283:United States gravity control propulsion research
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686:Paul Schatzkin, The Man Who Mastered Gravity
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397:. Smithsonian Institution. 1933. pp.
136:and then as an administrator for the Ohio
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756:— Electromagnetic apparatus (1965-06-01)
740:— Electrokinetic transducer (1962-01-23)
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527:– Chapter 21 – How I Control Gravitation
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179:Brown became involved in the subject of
111:. In 1933, he was assigned to the yacht
748:— Electrokinetic generator (1962-02-20)
732:— Electrokinetic apparatus (1960-08-16)
163:After leaving Lockheed, Brown moved to
134:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
101:United States Naval Research Laboratory
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581:– Chapter 10: The Biefeld-Brown Effect
183:(UFOs) and, in 1956, helped found the
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457:Thomas Townsend Brown family website
325:with claims that it is powering the
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724:— Electrostatic motor (1934-09-25)
158:Lockheed-Vega Aircraft Corporation
75:California Institute of Technology
14:
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764:— Electric generator (1965-07-20)
512:– Chapter 11: "He Made Things Up"
801:20th-century American physicists
703:References and external articles
211:Coolidge tube (hot cathode tube)
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95:In 1930, Brown enlisted in the
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579:The Man Who Mastered Gravity
545:"The Antigravity Underground"
510:The Man Who Mastered Gravity
497:Chapter 9 - A Push Not A Pull
375:www.antigravitytechnology.net
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89:but left there after a year.
16:American inventor (1905–1985)
811:People from Zanesville, Ohio
605:The Man Who Mastered Gravity
564:The Man Who Mastered Gravity
525:The Man Who Mastered Gravity
495:The Man Who Mastered Gravity
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806:Pseudoscientific physicists
455:Death October 27, 1985 per
340:" powered by high voltage.
224:Los Angeles Evening Express
181:unidentified flying objects
138:Civilian Conservation Corps
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241:How I Control Gravitation
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47:unidentified flying object
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338:ionic propulsion lifters
43:ionic propulsion lifters
315:Philadelphia Experiment
279:Glenn L. Martin Company
145:Glenn L. Martin Company
121:for scientific work by
119:Smithsonian Institution
607:– Chapter 68 - Hot Air
566:; Chapter 68 - Hot Air
149:attack on Pearl Harbor
670:Sources for biography
245:Science and Invention
199:Further information:
195:Anti-gravity research
20:Thomas Townsend Brown
323:conspiracy theorists
301:In 1979, the author
268:Biefeld–Brown effect
201:Biefeld–Brown effect
79:Pasadena, California
32:Biefeld–Brown effect
24:electrohydrodynamics
775:http://ttbrown.com/
632:2004AIAAJ..42..315T
229:Paul Alfred Biefeld
123:Eldridge R. Johnson
327:B-2 Stealth Bomber
97:United States Navy
87:Denison University
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71:Denison University
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380:2017-06-13
344:References
309:published
260:spacecraft
236:dielectric
28:ionic wind
401:, 6–7, 74
53:Biography
769:Websites
714:GB300311
319:Eldridge
291:ion wind
256:aircraft
114:Caroline
708:Patents
648:3776302
628:Bibcode
34:" and "
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