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954:" in order to prepare the very clean metal surface of the photoelectrode. His results, published in 1914, confirmed Einstein's predictions in every detail, but Millikan was not convinced of Einstein's interpretation, and as late as 1916 he wrote, "Einstein's photoelectric equation... cannot in my judgment be looked upon at present as resting upon any sort of a satisfactory theoretical foundation," even though "it actually represents very accurately the behavior" of the photoelectric effect. In his 1950 autobiography, however, he declared that his work "scarcely permits of any other interpretation than that which Einstein had originally suggested, namely that of the semi-corpuscular or photon theory of light itself".
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917:. Franklin contends that Millikan's exclusions of data do not affect the final value of the charge obtained, but that Millikan's substantial "cosmetic surgery" reduced the statistical error. This enabled Millikan to give the charge of the electron to better than one-half of one percent. In fact, if Millikan had included all of the data he discarded, the error would have been less than 2%. While this would still have resulted in Millikan's having measured the charge of
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Caltech's decision as follows: "The following remedies are recommended. President
Rosenbaum and the Caltech Board of Trustees should rescind their endorsement of the CNR report. The report itself should be retracted for failing to meet the minimal standards of accuracy and scholarship that are expected of official documents issued by one of the world’s great scientific institutions. Caltech should restore Robert Andrews Millikan to a place of honor."
1387:"If Kevin Harding's equation and Aston's curve are even roughly correct, as I'm sure they are, for Dr. Cameron and I have computed with their aid the maximum energy evolved in radioactive change and found it to check well with observation, then this supposition of an energy evolution through the disintegration of the common elements is from the one point of view a childish Utopian dream, and from the other a foolish bugaboo."
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man throughout practically the whole of recorded history. If the rational, scientific, progressive principles win out in this struggle there is a possibility of a warless, golden age ahead for mankind. If the reactionary principles of despotism triumph now and in the future, the future history of mankind will repeat the sad story of war and oppression as in the past.
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850:, and accurate knowledge of its value is of great importance. His experiment measured the force on tiny charged droplets of oil suspended against gravity between two metal electrodes. Knowing the electric field, the charge on the droplet could be determined. Repeating the experiment for many droplets, Millikan showed that the results could be explained as
764:, and spent the greater part of my summer vacation of 1889 at home – trying to master the subject. I doubt if I have ever taught better in my life than in my first course in physics in 1889. I was so intensely interested in keeping my knowledge ahead of that of the class that they may have caught some of my own interest and enthusiasm.
679:." As chairman of the Executive Council of Caltech (the school's governing body at the time) from 1921 until his retirement in 1945, Millikan helped to turn the school into one of the leading research institutions in the United States. He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as
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At this moment, August 22, 1938, the principles of representative ballot government, such as are represented by the governments of the Anglo-Saxon, French, and
Scandinavian countries, are in deadly conflict with the principles of despotism, which up to two centuries ago had controlled the destiny of
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Although
Millikan's work formed some of the basis for modern particle physics, he was conservative in his opinions about 20th century developments in physics, as in the case of the photon theory. Another example is that his textbook, as late as the 1927 version, unambiguously states the existence of
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On the
Caltech campus, several physical features, rooms, awards, and a professorship were named in honor of Millikan, including the Millikan Library, which was completed in 1966. In January 2021, the board of trustees voted to immediately strip Millikan's name from the Caltech campus because of his
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At the close of my sophomore year my Greek professor asked me to teach the course in elementary physics in the preparatory department during the next year. To my reply that I did not know any physics at all, his answer was, "Anyone who can do well in my Greek can teach physics." "All right," said
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in, concluding: "In a reversal of
Caltech's claims, this article shows that all three of Caltech's scientific witnesses against eugenics were actually pro-eugenic to varying degrees. Millikan's beliefs fell within acceptable scientific norms of his day." His analysis further proposed to remedy the
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argues that
Millikan's statement, that all drops observed over a 60 day period were used in the paper, was clarified in a subsequent sentence that specified all "drops upon which complete series of observations were made". Goodstein attests that this is indeed the case and notes that five pages of
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Millikan's enthusiasm for education continued throughout his career, and he was the coauthor of a popular and influential series of introductory textbooks, which were ahead of their time in many ways. Compared to other books of the time, they treated the subject more in the way in which it was
893:. Most of what was then known about electricity and magnetism could be explained on the basis that charge is a continuous variable. This in much the same way that many of the properties of light can be explained by treating it as a continuous wave rather than as a stream of photons.
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named a science building
Millikan Laboratory in honor of Millikan. After reviewing Millikan's association with the eugenics movement, the college administration voted in October 2020 to rename the building as the Ms. Mary Estella Seaver and Mr. Carlton Seaver Laboratory.
1575:- Millikan is widely believed to have been denied the 1920 prize for physics owing to Felix Ehrenhaft's claims to have measured charges smaller than Millikan's elementary charge. Ehrenhaft's claims were ultimately dismissed and Millikan was awarded the prize in 1923.
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had already discovered the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron. However, the actual charge and mass values were unknown. Therefore, if one of these two values were to be discovered, the other could easily be calculated. Millikan and his then graduate student
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The beauty of the oil-drop experiment is that as well as allowing quite accurate determination of the fundamental unit of charge, Millikan's apparatus also provided a 'hands on' demonstration that charge is actually quantized. General
Electric Company's
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for being "the westernmost outpost of Nordic civilization ... a population which is twice as Anglo-Saxon as that existing in New York, Chicago, or any of the great cities of this country." In 1936, Millikan advised the president of
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over whether cosmic rays were composed of high-energy photons (Millikan's view) or charged particles (Compton's view). Millikan thought his cosmic ray photons were the "birth cries" of new atoms continually being created to counteract
1331:. An October 2023 attempt to get the school board to restart the stalled renaming process failed. As of August 2024, Long Beach remains the only city that still has an educational institution named in honor of Millikan.
1347:, which honors "notable and intellectually creative contributions to the teaching of physics." A few months later, AAPT announced that the award would be renamed in honor of University of Washington professor of physics
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636:. The results suggested that the charge on the droplets is a multiple of the elementary electric charge, but the experiment was not accurate enough to be convincing. He obtained more precise results in 1910 with his
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1121:, Millikan chaired the Joint Technical Committee on Earthquake Protection. They authored a report proposing means to minimize life and property loss in future earthquakes by advocating stricter building codes.
1390:"No more earnest seekers after truth, no intellectuals of more penetrating vision can be found anywhere at any time than these, and yet every one of them has been a devout and professed follower of religion."
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to become
Caltech's "chairman of the executive council" (effectively its president). Millikan served in that position from 1921 to 1945. At Caltech, most of his scientific research focused on the study of
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Dr. Robert
Andrews Millikan, the active founder of the California Institute of Technology and dean of the world's physicists, died in a Pasadena convalescent yesterday shortly after noon. He was 85.
1184:, in January 2021, the Caltech Board of Trustees authorized removal of Millikan's name (and the names of five other historical figures affiliated with the Foundation), from campus buildings.
1316:
started the process of renaming their school. In February 2022, the Board of Education for the Los Angeles Unified School District voted unanimously to rename the school in honor of musician
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better than anyone else at the time, the slightly larger uncertainty might have allowed more disagreement with his results within the physics community, which Millikan likely tried to avoid.
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published his 1905 paper on the particle theory of light, Millikan was convinced that it had to be wrong, because of the vast body of evidence that had already shown that light was a
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standing on right during historic gathering of the Guggenheim Board Fund for Aeronautics 1928. Orville Wright seated second from right, Charles Lindbergh standing third from right
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Although at the time of Millikan's oil-drop experiments it was becoming clear that there exist such things as subatomic particles, not everyone was convinced. Experimenting with
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thought about by physicists. They also included many homework problems that asked conceptual questions, rather than simply requiring the student to plug numbers into a formula.
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Dr. Robert Andrews Millikan, 85, world famous physicist and authority on cosmic rays, died in a rest home today. He was confined to his bed for months with infirmities of age.
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2562:"Long Beach Earthquake and Protection Against Future Earthquakes -- Summary of Report by Joint Technical Committee on Earthquake Protection, Dr. Robert A. Millikan, Chairman"
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Millikan, Robert A.; Martel, R. R.; Austin, John C.; Hunt, Sumner; Witmer, David J.; Hill, Raymond A.; Labarre, R. V.; Bowen, Oliver G.; Noice, Blaine (June 7, 1933).
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Professor Millikan took sole credit, in return for Harvey Fletcher claiming full authorship on a related result for his dissertation. Millikan went on to win the 1923
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association with eugenics. The Robert A. Millikan Library has been renamed Caltech Hall. In November 2021, the Robert A. Millikan Professorship was renamed the Judge
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There is some controversy over selectivity in Millikan's use of results from his second experiment measuring the electron charge. This issue has been discussed by
835:, in part for this work, and Fletcher kept the agreement a secret until his death. After a publication on his first results in 1910, contradictory observations by
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Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres
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3538:(contains notes on the lectures of Robert A. Millikan, including courses taught by Millkan: Electron Theory, Quantum Theory, and Kinetic Theory)
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During the mid to late 20th century, several colleges named buildings, physical features, awards, and professorships after Millikan. In 1958,
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The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period
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950:. He undertook a decade-long experimental program to test Einstein's theory, which required building what he described as "a machine shop
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901:, who had previously thought that charge is a continuous variable, became convinced otherwise after working with Millikan's apparatus.
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2095:"A new modification of the cloud method of determining the elementary electrical charge and the most probable value of that charge"
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Dr. Robert A. Millikan, dean of the American physicists and Nobel Prize winning authority, died today at a rest home. He was 85.
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A religious man and the son of a minister, in his later life Millikan argued strongly for a complementary relationship between
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Waller, John, "Einstein's Luck: The Truth Behind Some of the Greatest Scientific Discoveries". Oxford University Press, 2003.
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in order to profit personally. Wood recommended termination of Millikan's army commission, but a subsequent investigation by
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In November 2020, Millikan Middle School (formerly Millikan Junior High School) in the suburban Los Angeles neighborhood of
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started a controversy between the two physicists. After improving his setup, Millikan published his seminal study in 1913.
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I, "you will have to take the consequences, but I will try and see what I can do with it." I at once purchased an Avery's
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3002:"Solemn Tribute Paid to Dr. Robert Millikan: Friends and Admirers File Past Bier; Immortalization Services Set Today".
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655:. In 1921 Millikan left the University of Chicago to become director of the Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics at the
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Kargon, Robert H (1977). "The Conservative Mode: Robert A. Millikan and the Twentieth-Century Revolution in Physics".
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In 1902, he married Greta Ervin Blanchard (1876–1953), who pre-deceased him by 3 months. They had three sons:
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in 1905 to describe the photoelectric effect. He used this same research to obtain an accurate value of the
624:, where he became a full professor in 1910. In 1909 Millikan began a series of experiments to determine the
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2498:. Los Angeles: Xth Olympiade Committee of the Games of Los Angeles, U.S.A. 1932, Ltd. 1933. pp. 28, 42
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1023:. Compton was eventually proven right by the observation that cosmic rays are deflected by the Earth's
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In 1914 Millikan took up with similar skill the experimental verification of the equation introduced by
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used the oil-drop experiment to measure the charge of the electron (as well as the electron mass, and
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1705:"The isolation of an ion, a precision measurement of its charge, and the correction of Stokes's law"
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in 1897, J. J. Thomson had discovered negatively charged 'corpuscles', as he called them, with a
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Severinghaus, John W.; Astrup, Poul B. (1986). "History of blood gas analysis. VI. Oximetry".
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and meteorological devices. During his wartime service, an investigation by Inspector General
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The Electron: Its Isolation and Measurements and the Determination of Some of its Properties
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against recruiting a female physicist and argued that it would be better to hire young men.
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2974:"Dr. Millikan, Nobel Prize Physicist, Dies: Scientist, 85, Known for Isolating Electron".
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On the polarization of light emitted from the surfaces of incandescent solids and liquids.
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Hales, Thomas (February 19, 2024), "Robert Millikan, Japanese Internment, and Eugenics",
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George Owen Squier: U.S. Army Major General, Inventor, Aviation Pioneer, Founder of Muzak
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On The Polarization Of Light Emitted From The Surfaces Of Incandescent Solids And Liquids
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This article is about the Nobel laureate physicist. For Nobel laureate in chemistry, see
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America editors
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2918:"Dr. Millikan of Caltech Dies at 85: Famous Physicist Known as Leader in Many Fields".
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had detected coming from outer space. Millikan proved that this radiation is indeed of
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Robert Millikan papers , 1821-1953 (bulk 1921-1953), Niels Bohr Library & Archives
3095:"Confronting a racist past, Caltech will excise names of eugenics backers from campus"
3067:"Pomona to rename Millikan Laboratory, citing Robert A. Millikan's eugenics promotion"
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2908:. Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company. September 23, 1938. p. 46.
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SegerstrĂĄle, U (1995) Good to the last drop? Millikan stories as "canned" pedagogy,
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William Polk Jesse student notebooks, 1919-1921, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
3177:"After renewed cry for change, LBUSD reconvenes committee to examine school names"
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Harvey Fletcher (June 1982). "My Work with Millikan on the Oil-drop Experiment".
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determined that Millikan had attempted to steal another inventor's design for a
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Feynman, Richard Phillips; Leighton, Ralph; Hutchings, Edward (April 1, 1997).
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1931 sketch of California Institute of Technology President Robert A. Millikan
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Millikan and Albert Einstein at the California Institute of Technology in 1932
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The former Millikan Library at Caltech in 2010 (renamed Caltech Hall in 2021)
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5100:
3358:
2729:
2375:
Anton Z. Capri, "Quips, quotes, and quanta: an anecdotal history of physics"
1913:
1359:
6760:
6736:
6605:
6486:
6396:
5848:
5844:
5800:
5768:
5764:
5616:
5600:
5295:
5267:
5247:
5136:
5116:
5108:
4936:
4857:
4764:
4631:
4540:
4516:
4444:
4345:
4303:
4193:
4050:
3859:
3811:
3577:
3512:
3508:
2809:
2454:
2361:
2094:
1736:
1376:
1235:
1095:
462:
383:
278:
238:
2538:
2419:
2388:
2306:. Pasadena, California: California Institute of Technology. Archived from
2273:
2169:
1327:
established a committee that would examine the need for renaming of their
1218:
791:
628:
carried by a single electron. He began by measuring the course of charged
6808:
6784:
6718:
6551:
6468:
6426:
6301:
5953:
5929:
5912:
5796:
5712:
5624:
5580:
5540:
5319:
5315:
5235:
5148:
5120:
4920:
4888:
4690:
4448:
4211:
4127:
3877:
3417:
2199:
2124:
Ehrenhaft, F (1910). "Über die Kleinsten Messbaren Elektrizitätsmengen".
1071:
1035:
1007:
878:
676:
672:
668:
6874:
3465:
Linus Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History
640:
in which he replaced water (which tended to evaporate too quickly) with
6790:
6402:
6170:
6158:
5772:
5688:
5668:
5511:
5459:
5072:
5008:
4964:
4801:
4717:
4607:
4575:
4157:
4133:
3617:
3390:
On the Elementary Electrical Charge and the Avogadro Constant (extract)
2530:
2227:"Surely you're joking, Mr. Feynman!": adventures of a curious character
1226:
795:
Millikan receives a check for over $ 40,000 for winning the Nobel Prize
667:. There he undertook a major study of the radiation that the physicist
664:
403:
302:
192:
2079:
2029:
1543:
5160:
5132:
4968:
1264:
1187:
This criticism has been rigorously analyzed in 2023 by mathematician
1024:
989:
convinced Millikan to begin spending several months each year at the
885:
1840 times that of a hydrogen ion. Similar results had been found by
867:
800:
594:
7076:
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
4222:
3428:
The Electron and the Light-Quant from the Experimental Point of View
3065:
Ding, Jaimie; Elqutami, Yasmin; Engineer, Anushe (October 6, 2020).
1308:
Possible name removal from secondary schools during the 21st century
4908:
3497:
3493:
3158:"Millikan Middle School is renamed Louis D. Amstrong Middle School"
3047:
2874:
1917:
1560:
The rise of Robert Millikan: portrait of a life in American science
1535:
1149:
812:
736:
715:
182:
1082:, etc.). Millikan was a member of the organizing committee of the
593:(March 22, 1868 – December 19, 1953) was an American experimental
7161:
Presidents of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
1582:
1016:
1010:" (a term he coined). In the 1930s he entered into a debate with
866:
is probably due to Millikan's use of an inaccurate value for the
863:
855:
851:
755:
in 1895 – he was the first to earn a Ph.D. from that department.
748:
349:
2614:"The Religious Affiliation of Physicist Robert Andrews Millikan"
6125:
2495:
The Games of the Xth Olympiad, Los Angeles 1932 Official Report
1238:
in 1953 at age 85, and was interred in the "Court of Honor" at
1141:
1090:
player. He was married and had three sons, the eldest of whom,
1087:
377:
2145:"On the Elementary Electric charge and the Avogadro Constant"
629:
4399:
3330:(first ed.). Charles Scribner's and Sons. p. 95.
2194:
1133:
977:
947:
39:
3444: (archived May 16, 2006). Retrieved on March 30, 2007.
2774:"Caltech confronted its racist past. Here's what happened"
1287:
Name removal from college campuses during the 21st century
1058:. After the War, Millikan contributed to the works of the
969:
by using photoelectric emission graphs of various metals.
965:
Millikan is also credited with measuring the value of the
828:, since their relation to the electron charge was known).
6890:
3115:"Caltech Approves New Names for Campus Assets and Honors"
641:
2559:
2258:
Franklin, A. (1997). "Millikan's Oil-Drop Experiments".
2223:
1668:
Bates, Charles C. & Fuller, John F. (July 1, 1986).
1421:
1410:
3233:"Nominations for Renaming the Robert A. Millikan Medal"
2211:
1487:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
787:
Millikan's original oil-drop apparatus, circa 1909–1910
723:
Robert Andrews Millikan was born on March 22, 1868, in
1200:
In 1938, he wrote a short passage to be placed in the
7081:
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
2230:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 342.
1343:
voted unanimously to remove Millikan's name from the
7116:
Presidents of the California Institute of Technology
7066:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7061:
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
3301:"Dr. Millikan, ill, Misses Funeral Rites for Wife".
3196:"Push On To Rename Schools, Including In Long Beach"
3064:
1889:
1102:, also a physicist, married the daughter (Clare) of
2389:"A Direct Photoelectric Determination of Planck's "
2217:
1751:"ARCHIVES :: FAST FACTS ABOUT CALTECH HISTORY"
3457:. Part of a series on Notable American Unitarians.
2516:
2443:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. p. 177.
1897:
1414:Laboratory course in physics for secondary schools
1403:Laboratory course in physics for secondary schools
1110:fame. Glenn was killed in a climbing accident in
7017:
3615:
3559:as President of the Throop College of Technology
1670:"Chapter 2: The Rebirth of Military Meteorology"
7131:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
3348:
2057:
2000:
1702:
1493:Kevles, Daniel A (1979). "Robert A. Millikan".
620:in 1895. In 1896 he became an assistant at the
5910:
1619:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
1180:On account of Millikan's affiliation with the
1086:, and in his private life was an enthusiastic
1070:, to 1931), with other prominent researchers (
7181:Members of the American Philosophical Society
6860:
6111:
5896:
4385:
4238:
3601:
3168:
2946:"Robert A. Millikan, Nobel Prize Physicist".
2579:
904:
3174:
3160:. Scott M. Schmerelson, LAUSD Board member.
2519:Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing
2506:– via LA84 Foundation Digital Library.
2325:
1195:
1152:– he was one of the initial trustees of the
811:in which he measured the charge on a single
7166:Presidents of the American Physical Society
6127:Presidents of the American Physical Society
2437:Clark, Paul W.; Lyons, Laurence A. (2014).
1696:
1678:. Texas A&M University Press. pp.
1667:
1334:
1249:On January 26, 1982, he was honored by the
698:. He was elected an Honorary Member of the
7056:California Institute of Technology faculty
6867:
6853:
6118:
6104:
5903:
5889:
4392:
4378:
4245:
4231:
3608:
3594:
3426:including the Nobel Lecture, May 23, 1924
3421:
3058:
2771:
2436:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1465:". Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
38:
7071:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
6934:
3485:Works by or about Robert Andrews Millikan
3276:"Mrs. Millikan, 77, Dies in San Marino".
3193:
2873:
2799:
2467:
2418:
2294:
2168:
2123:
1643:"Millikan, son, aide get medals of merit"
1148:. A more controversial belief of his was
1038:. During that time, he helped to develop
772:
7002:# denotes an acting or interim president
3325:
3263:American Association of Physics Teachers
3241:American Association of Physics Teachers
3212:
3155:
2722:Religious Beliefs of American Scientists
2686:
2486:
2432:
2430:
2386:
2331:
2257:
2142:
2136:
2092:
2086:
1956:
1895:
1397:
1358:
1341:American Association of Physics Teachers
1225:
1217:
1171:
1167:racial segregated southern United States
976:
933:
854:multiples of a common value (1.592 Ă— 10
790:
782:
714:
3524:
3164:from the original on February 16, 2022.
3092:
2772:Subbaraman, Nidhi (November 10, 2021).
2297:"In defense of Robert Andrews Millikan"
2003:"In defense of Robert Andrews Millikan"
1959:The autobiography of Robert A. Millikan
1825:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1761:
1609:
929:
7018:
3156:Vizcarra, Claudia (February 8, 2022).
3135:"Timeline for School Renaming Process"
2742:
2612:Hunter, Preston (September 26, 2005).
2611:
2184:Feynman, Richard, "Cargo Cult Science"
1521:
1492:
686:Millikan was an elected member of the
616:in 1891 and obtained his doctorate at
6848:
6099:
5884:
4373:
4252:
4226:
3589:
3175:Guardabascio, Mike (August 6, 2020).
3093:Hiltzik, Michael (January 15, 2021).
2859:
2855:
2853:
2830:
2724:. Westminster Press. pp. 45–48.
2427:
2117:
1675:America's Weather Warriors, 1814–1985
1435:In defense of Robert Andrews Millikan
1064:Committee on Intellectual Cooperation
692:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
212:
2719:
1661:
1635:
1447:The Autobiography of Robert Millikan
1382:
681:Society for Science & the Public
3213:Kazenoff, Tess (October 23, 2023).
1784:from the original on March 8, 2022.
1774:"Robert A. Millikan - Biographical"
1562:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
1213:
1027:(hence must be charged particles).
926:tables separate the two sentences.
601:in 1923 for the measurement of the
557:Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps
13:
7146:People from San Marino, California
6878:California Institute of Technology
3568:California Institute of Technology
3194:Rosenfeld, David (July 12, 2020).
3120:California Institute of Technology
2980:. December 20, 1953. p. A11.
2952:. December 20, 1953. p. M14.
2850:
2837:California Institute of Technology
2195:California Institute of Technology
2047:from the original on June 3, 2001.
1957:Millikan, Robert Andrews (1980) .
1515:10.1038/scientificamerican0179-142
1455:. The University of Chicago Press.
1325:Long Beach Unified School District
1240:Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery
1030:Millikan was Vice Chairman of the
999:California Institute of Technology
993:, a small academic institution in
657:California Institute of Technology
368:California Institute of Technology
56:California Institute of Technology
14:
7192:
7156:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal
3461:Key Participants: Robert Millikan
3411:
3326:Millikan, Robert Andrews (1930).
2743:Waxman, Sharon (March 16, 2000).
2691:(1973 ed.). Kennikat Press.
2689:Evolution in Science and Religion
2687:Millikan, Robert Andrews (1927).
2636:"Robert A. Millikan Biographical"
1896:Millikan, Robert Andrews (1895).
1451:Millikan, Robert Andrews (1917).
1422:Millikan, Robert Andrews (1922).
1411:Millikan, Robert Andrews (1906).
1271:, campus after Millikan with the
1138:Evolution in Science and Religion
1001:(Caltech), and Millikan left the
7141:20th-century American physicists
7086:American experimental physicists
3501:
3494:Works by Robert Andrews Millikan
3328:Science and the New Civilization
3307:. October 13, 1953. p. A3.
3282:. October 11, 1953. p. B1.
3008:. December 23, 1953. p. 4.
2924:. December 20, 1953. p. 1.
2833:"A Statement from the President"
2478:] (PhD thesis) (in French).
2001:David Goodstein (January 2001).
1354:
572:
509:
3433:"Famous Iowans," by Tom Longdon
3351:A Scientist Confesses His Faith
3342:
3319:
3294:
3269:
3247:
3225:
3206:
3187:
3149:
3127:
3107:
3086:
3040:
3020:
2995:
2967:
2939:
2911:
2897:
2892:10.1140/epjh/s13129-024-00068-5
2824:
2765:
2736:
2713:
2680:
2648:
2628:
2605:
2553:
2510:
2461:
2380:
2368:
2288:
2251:
2177:
2051:
1994:
1965:
1950:
1924:
1864:
1393:
7111:People from Morrison, Illinois
3438:Illustrated Millikan biography
2664:. June 4, 1923. Archived from
2656:"Medicine: Science Serves God"
2593:. Vol. 15. p. 1486.
1839:
1813:
1788:
1743:
1581:announcing emerging branch of
1470:Science and Engineering Ethics
1329:Robert A. Millikan High School
1066:(from 1922, in replacement to
981:Robert A. Millikan around 1923
688:American Philosophical Society
16:American physicist (1868–1953)
1:
7121:University of Chicago faculty
2586:""Millikan, Robert Andrew"".
1597:
1222:Robert A. Millikan circa 1953
972:
7176:Recipients of Franklin Medal
7091:IEEE Edison Medal recipients
3480:National Academy of Sciences
3349:Millikan Robert, A. (1927).
3028:"37c Robert Millikan single"
2720:Long, Edward Le Roy (1952).
2377:(World Scientific 2007) p.96
2334:"A Direct Determination of "
1961:. Prentice-Hall. p. 14.
1602:
1442:, 2000. No 4, pp30–38 (pdf).
1351:who died the previous year.
1251:United States Postal Service
1234:Millikan died at a Pasadena
1128:. He dealt with this in his
991:Throop College of Technology
727:. He went to high school in
710:
705:
696:National Academy of Sciences
413:Other academic advisors
181:measuring the charge of the
7:
7106:American optical physicists
7036:American Congregationalists
6385:Charles Christian Lauritsen
3500:(public domain audiobooks)
3393:Robert Andrews Millikan at
2862:European Physical Journal H
1971:The books, coauthored with
1936:IEEE Global History Network
1617:"Comstock Prize in Physics"
1566:
1339:In the spring of 2021, the
1182:Human Betterment Foundation
1154:Human Betterment Foundation
1126:Christian faith and science
10:
7197:
7096:Nobel laureates in Physics
6254:William Francis Gray Swann
3448:Robert Millikan: Scientist
3369:
2801:10.1038/d41586-021-03052-x
2468:Grandjean, Martin (2018).
2205:September 2, 2011, at the
2189:February 23, 2011, at the
1729:10.1126/science.32.822.436
1273:Millikan Way (MAX station)
1202:Westinghouse Time Capsules
1119:1933 Long Beach earthquake
1021:heat death of the universe
985:In 1917, solar astronomer
905:Data selection controversy
846:is one of the fundamental
799:Starting in 1908, while a
776:
700:Optical Society of America
603:elementary electric charge
18:
6942:
6933:
6929:
6899:
6889:
6885:
6821:Sylvester James Gates Jr.
6693:
6538:
6377:
6234:
6165:Edward Leamington Nichols
6133:
6023:
5998:
5979:
5963:
5939:
5920:
5521:
5178:
4867:
4645:
4411:
4260:
4065:
3940:
3791:
3624:
3574:
3564:
3549:
3544:
3453:October 11, 2007, at the
3255:"Lillian McDermott Medal"
2295:Goodstein, David (2000).
2111:10.1080/14786440208636795
1977:A First Course in Physics
1821:"Robert Andrews Millikan"
1585:under the designation of
1573:Nobel Prize controversies
1558:Kargon, Robert H (1982).
1475:Robert Andrews Millikan "
1196:Westinghouse time capsule
1136:in 1926–27, published as
1084:1932 Los Angeles Olympics
1032:National Research Council
862:of 1.602 176 53(14) x 10
675:origin, and he named it "
584:
580:
571:
566:
562:
552:
542:
534:
522:
504:
499:
495:
491:
430:
412:
394:
376:
355:
345:
338:
287:Faraday Lectureship Prize
247:
221:
207:
171:
140:
136:
117:
93:
88:
84:
72:
61:
54:1st President of the
53:
49:
37:
30:
7046:American Nobel laureates
6558:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
6391:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
6219:Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
4206:Katepalli R. Sreenivasan
3920:Christopher C. Kraft Jr.
3401:Works by Robert Millikan
1872:"R.A. Millikan | Optica"
1703:Millikan, R. A. (1910).
1345:Robert A. Millikan award
1335:Name removal from awards
1283:named after the street.
1267:named a street on their
1117:In the aftermath of the
1106:of "Because it's there"
807:, Millikan worked on an
694:, and the United States
612:Millikan graduated from
605:and for his work on the
199:Millikan–Lauritsen plots
6576:Arthur Leonard Schawlow
6332:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster
6320:Percy Williams Bridgman
6195:Robert Andrews Millikan
5989:Robert Andrews Millikan
3836:Llewellyn M. K. Boelter
3651:Robert Andrews Millikan
3509:Robert Andrews Millikan
3470:Robert Andrews Millikan
3418:Robert Andrews Millikan
2304:Engineering and Science
2197:commencement address),
2143:Millikan, R.A. (1913).
2093:Millikan, R.A. (1910).
1440:Engineering and Science
1098:engineer. Another son,
833:Nobel Prize for Physics
599:Nobel Prize for Physics
591:Robert Andrews Millikan
98:Robert Andrews Millikan
7151:Theistic evolutionists
7136:Naval Consulting Board
7101:Oberlin College alumni
6475:John Archibald Wheeler
6362:Francis Wheeler Loomis
6296:John Torrence Tate Sr.
6183:Benjamin Osgood Peirce
6141:Henry Augustus Rowland
6029:Nobel Prize recipients
6000:Physiology or Medicine
4405:Nobel Prize in Physics
4152:Siavouche Nemat-Nasser
3139:Millikan Middle School
3033:National Postal Museum
2745:"Judgment At Pasadena"
2480:Université de Lausanne
2362:10.1103/PhysRev.4.73.2
2200:Donald Simanek's Pages
1989:New Elementary Physics
1445:Millikan, R A (1950).
1406:
1364:
1363:Greta Millikan in 1923
1255:Great Americans series
1231:
1223:
1211:
1177:
1158:San Marino, California
982:
939:
915:University of Colorado
796:
788:
773:Charge of the electron
766:
720:
271:Nobel Prize in Physics
130:San Marino, California
7051:ASME Medal recipients
6936:Presidents of Caltech
6678:Jerome Isaac Friedman
6356:J. Robert Oppenheimer
6177:William Francis Magie
6153:Arthur Gordon Webster
5956:(Republic of Ireland)
4298:Alexander Graham Bell
4098:Bradford W. Parkinson
3705:Edward P. Bullard Jr.
3566:1st President of the
3353:. Christian Century.
3145:on November 27, 2020.
2977:Chicago Daily Tribune
2831:Rosenbaum, Thomas F.
2420:10.1103/PhysRev.7.355
2387:Millikan, R. (1916).
2332:Millikan, R. (1914).
2274:10.1007/s00897970102a
2261:The Chemical Educator
2212:Lock Haven University
2170:10.1103/physrev.2.109
1401:
1362:
1229:
1221:
1206:
1175:
1140:. He was a Christian
1094:, became a prominent
1003:University of Chicago
980:
937:
805:University of Chicago
794:
786:
757:
718:
683:, from 1921 to 1953.
622:University of Chicago
535:Years of service
473:Leonard Benedict Loeb
363:University of Chicago
7041:American eugenicists
6892:Early Throop leaders
6642:Donald N. Langenberg
6630:Nicolaas Bloembergen
6499:Edward Mills Purcell
6409:Raymond Thayer Birge
6207:Joseph Sweetman Ames
4322:William Le Roy Emmet
4286:William Stanley, Jr.
4110:Richard J. Goldstein
4033:Richard H. Gallagher
3908:Horace Smart Beattie
3854:C. Richard Soderberg
3723:Charles F. Kettering
3525:Archival collections
3475:Biographical Memoirs
2668:on December 22, 2008
2641:The Nobel Foundation
2589:Who's Who in America
2566:resolver.caltech.edu
2525:(4): 270–288 (278).
1932:"Robert A. Millikan"
1847:"Robert A. Millikan"
1800:search.amphilsoc.org
1796:"APS Member History"
1755:archives.caltech.edu
1623:on December 29, 2010
1349:Lillian C. McDermott
1323:In August 2020, the
1244:Glendale, California
1112:Cumberland Mountains
1104:George Leigh Mallory
995:Pasadena, California
930:Photoelectric effect
883:charge-to-mass ratio
607:photoelectric effect
188:Photoelectric effect
6815:Philip H. Bucksbaum
6707:William F. Brinkman
6594:Mildred Dresselhaus
6517:Joseph Edward Mayer
6493:Luis Walter Alvarez
6457:John Harry Williams
6284:Harrison M. Randall
6242:Karl Taylor Compton
6147:Albert A. Michelson
4334:Cummings C. Chesney
4280:George Westinghouse
4140:C. Daniel Mote, Jr.
4092:Norman R. Augustine
3961:Jacob P. Den Hartog
3729:Theodore von Kármán
3639:Frederick A. Halsey
3395:www.aip.org/history
3123:. November 8, 2021.
2884:2024EPJH...49...11H
2792:2021Natur.599..194S
2411:1916PhRv....7..355M
2354:1914PhRv....4R..73M
2214:, rev. August 2008.
2193:(adapted from 1974
2161:1913PhRv....2..109M
2072:1982PhT....35f..43F
2022:2001AmSci..89...54G
1985:Elements of Physics
1906:Columbia University
1721:1910Sci....32..436M
1507:1979SciAm.240a.142K
1495:Scientific American
809:oil-drop experiment
779:Oil drop experiment
762:Elements of Physics
753:Columbia University
638:oil-drop experiment
618:Columbia University
438:Carl David Anderson
421:Albert A. Michelson
404:Ogden Nicholas Rood
179:Oil drop experiment
158:Columbia University
6875:Presidents of the
6779:Malcolm R. Beasley
6743:Arthur Bienenstock
6618:James A. Krumhansl
6564:Lewis M. Branscomb
6451:William V. Houston
6421:Henry DeWolf Smyth
6350:Lee Alvin DuBridge
6290:Lyman James Briggs
6278:Floyd K. Richtmyer
4340:Robert A. Millikan
4188:Reginald I. Vachon
4182:Thomas J.R. Hughes
4080:Warren M. Rohsenow
4057:H. Norman Abramson
4039:Robert C. Dean Jr.
3949:Raymond D. Mindlin
3842:Wilbur H. Armacost
3771:Frederick G. Keyes
3633:Hjalmar G. Carlson
3616:Recipients of the
3420:on Nobelprize.org
2531:10.1007/BF02851177
2010:American Scientist
1827:. February 9, 2023
1778:www.nobelprize.org
1579:Millikan's passage
1478:Robert A. Millikan
1461:Robert A. Millikan
1407:
1365:
1302:Shirley Hufstedler
1232:
1224:
1178:
1146:theistic evolution
987:George Ellery Hale
983:
940:
848:physical constants
797:
789:
725:Morrison, Illinois
721:
547:Lieutenant Colonel
529:United States Army
111:Morrison, Illinois
79:Lee Alvin DuBridge
32:Robert A. Millikan
21:Robert S. Mulliken
7013:
7012:
7009:
7008:
6971:Marvin Goldberger
6925:
6924:
6842:
6841:
6773:Michael S. Turner
6612:Val Logsdon Fitch
6582:Maurice Goldhaber
6546:William A. Fowler
6481:Charles H. Townes
6368:Isidor Isaac Rabi
6201:Henry A. Bumstead
6093:
6092:
6008:Frederick Banting
5878:
5877:
4367:
4366:
4316:Benjamin G. Lamme
4254:IEEE Edison Medal
4220:
4219:
4086:Leroy S. Fletcher
4074:Arthur E. Bergles
4045:Bernard Budiansky
4027:Daniel C. Drucker
4021:Harley A. Wilhelm
3979:Jack N. Binns Sr.
3902:Robert R. Gilruth
3890:Samuel C. Collins
3824:Granville M. Read
3818:E. Burnley Powell
3783:Harvey C. Knowles
3777:Fred L. Dornbrook
3753:William F. Durand
3711:Stephen J. Pigott
3584:
3583:
3575:Succeeded by
3562:
3545:Academic offices
3405:Project Gutenberg
3304:Los Angeles Times
3279:Los Angeles Times
3265:. September 2021.
3100:Los Angeles Times
3052:vintageTEK Museum
3005:Los Angeles Times
2921:Los Angeles Times
2786:(7884): 194–198.
2624:on March 2, 2006.
2450:978-0-7864-7635-0
2237:978-0-393-31604-9
2080:10.1063/1.2915126
2030:10.1511/2001.1.54
1981:Practical Physics
1973:Henry Gordon Gale
1851:www.nasonline.org
1480:– Nobel Biography
1463:– Nobel Biography
1458:Nobel Lectures, "
1425:Practical physics
1383:Famous statements
1144:and proponent of
1092:Clark B. Millikan
1060:League of Nations
899:Charles Steinmetz
887:George FitzGerald
844:elementary charge
826:Avogadro constant
733:bachelor's degree
588:
587:
478:William Pickering
431:Doctoral students
340:Scientific career
299:
263:IEEE Edison Medal
122:December 19, 1953
7188:
6995:Thomas Rosenbaum
6989:Jean-Lou Chameau
6931:
6930:
6894:(before Caltech)
6887:
6886:
6879:
6869:
6862:
6855:
6846:
6845:
6749:Cherry A. Murray
6666:D. Allan Bromley
6636:Ernest M. Henley
6624:Eugen Merzbacher
6600:Robert R. Wilson
6439:Victor Weisskopf
6433:George Uhlenbeck
6308:George B. Pegram
6120:
6113:
6106:
6097:
6096:
6031:
5905:
5898:
5891:
5882:
5881:
5871:
5855:
5839:
5823:
5807:
5791:
5775:
5759:
5743:
5731:
5715:
5703:
5691:
5675:
5663:
5647:
5631:
5619:
5607:
5591:
5575:
5559:
5543:
5514:
5498:
5486:
5470:
5454:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5402:
5394:
5386:
5370:
5354:
5338:
5326:
5310:
5302:
5290:
5278:
5270:
5254:
5242:
5226:
5210:
5194:
5171:
5155:
5143:
5127:
5111:
5103:
5091:
5083:
5075:
5067:
5059:
5043:
5027:
5011:
5003:
4991:
4983:
4971:
4955:
4943:
4927:
4915:
4903:
4895:
4883:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4775:
4767:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4720:
4708:
4700:
4699:
4693:
4685:
4677:
4669:
4657:
4638:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4561:
4555:
4543:
4535:
4533:Kamerlingh Onnes
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4435:
4423:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4292:Charles F. Brush
4274:Frank J. Sprague
4247:
4240:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4176:Zděnek P. Bažant
4146:Jan D. Achenbach
4015:William R. Sears
3926:Nicholas J. Hoff
3896:Lloyd H. Donnell
3866:Igor I. Sikorsky
3830:Harry F. Vickers
3741:Lewis K. Sillcox
3717:James E. Gleason
3675:Albert Kingsbury
3610:
3603:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3556:
3550:Preceded by
3542:
3541:
3505:
3504:
3489:Internet Archive
3425:
3363:
3362:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3141:. Archived from
3131:
3125:
3124:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3072:The Student Life
3062:
3056:
3055:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2915:
2909:
2905:The Time Capsule
2901:
2895:
2894:
2877:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2803:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2620:. Archived from
2609:
2603:
2602:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2313:on June 25, 2010
2312:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2221:
2215:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1903:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1770:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1715:(822): 436–448.
1700:
1694:
1693:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1649:. March 22, 1949
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1555:
1518:
1472:vol 1, pp197–214
1432:Goodstein, D., "
1429:
1418:
1269:Portland, Oregon
1214:Death and legacy
1019:and prevent the
743:in 1891 and his
719:Millikan in 1891
673:extraterrestrial
576:
524:
515:
513:
512:
396:Doctoral advisor
390:
331:
323:
315:
307:
297:
291:
283:
275:
267:
259:
216:
127:
125:
107:
105:
89:Personal details
75:
66:
44:Millikan in 1923
42:
28:
27:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7126:Spectroscopists
7016:
7015:
7014:
7005:
6983:David Baltimore
6977:Thomas Everhart
6947:Robert Millikan
6938:
6921:
6895:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6843:
6838:
6827:Frances Hellman
6725:Marvin L. Cohen
6713:Myriam Sarachik
6701:George Trilling
6689:
6684:James S. Langer
6660:J.R. Schrieffer
6570:Herman Feshbach
6534:
6529:Chien-Shiung Wu
6511:Philip M. Morse
6445:Frederick Seitz
6373:
6338:Harvey Fletcher
6230:
6129:
6124:
6094:
6089:
6027:
6019:
6016:(Great Britain)
5994:
5991:(United States)
5975:
5959:
5935:
5916:
5909:
5879:
5874:
5858:
5842:
5826:
5810:
5794:
5778:
5762:
5746:
5734:
5718:
5706:
5694:
5678:
5666:
5650:
5634:
5622:
5610:
5594:
5578:
5562:
5546:
5530:
5523:
5517:
5501:
5489:
5473:
5464:Cohen-Tannoudji
5457:
5441:
5429:
5417:
5405:
5397:
5389:
5373:
5357:
5341:
5329:
5313:
5305:
5293:
5281:
5273:
5257:
5245:
5229:
5213:
5197:
5185:
5174:
5158:
5146:
5130:
5114:
5106:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5046:
5030:
5014:
5006:
4994:
4986:
4974:
4958:
4946:
4930:
4918:
4906:
4898:
4886:
4874:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4711:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4672:
4660:
4652:
4641:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4589:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4438:
4426:
4418:
4407:
4398:
4368:
4363:
4256:
4251:
4221:
4216:
4104:Robert E. Uhrig
4061:
4003:Philip G. Hodge
3997:Orlan W. Boston
3936:
3932:Maxime A. Faget
3914:Waloddi Weibull
3800:Glenn B. Warren
3787:
3759:Morris E. Leeds
3735:Ervin G. Bailey
3693:Charles T. Main
3645:John R. Freeman
3620:
3614:
3580:
3571:
3555:
3527:
3518:Robert Millikan
3502:
3455:Wayback Machine
3442:Wayback Machine
3414:
3409:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3347:
3343:
3324:
3320:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3219:Long Beach Post
3211:
3207:
3192:
3188:
3181:Long Beach Post
3173:
3169:
3154:
3150:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3063:
3059:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2949:Washington Post
2945:
2944:
2940:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2898:
2858:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2829:
2825:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2750:Washington Post
2741:
2737:
2718:
2714:
2699:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2610:
2606:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2558:
2554:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2466:
2462:
2451:
2435:
2428:
2398:Physical Review
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2342:Physical Review
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2222:
2218:
2207:Wayback Machine
2191:Wayback Machine
2182:
2178:
2149:Physical Review
2141:
2137:
2122:
2118:
2091:
2087:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1970:
1966:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1772:
1771:
1762:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1591:Popular Science
1589:, published in
1569:
1428:. Boston: Ginn.
1417:. Boston: Ginn.
1396:
1385:
1369:Clark Blanchard
1357:
1337:
1318:Louis Armstrong
1310:
1304:Professorship.
1289:
1216:
1198:
1189:Thomas C. Hales
1163:Duke University
1080:Hendrik Lorentz
1076:Albert Einstein
1048:centrifugal gun
1044:William T. Wood
975:
967:Planck constant
944:Albert Einstein
932:
923:David Goodstein
907:
891:Walter Kaufmann
837:Felix Ehrenhaft
822:Harvey Fletcher
781:
775:
741:Oberlin College
731:and received a
729:Maquoketa, Iowa
713:
708:
653:Planck constant
649:Albert Einstein
632:droplets in an
626:electric charge
614:Oberlin College
510:
508:
500:Military career
487:
483:Ralph A. Sawyer
468:C. C. Lauritsen
453:Harvey Fletcher
448:Robley D. Evans
423:
419:
408:
388:
372:
334:
329:
327:Medal for Merit
321:
313:
305:
295:Matteucci Medal
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
243:
229:Clark Blanchard
203:
167:
148:Oberlin College
141:Alma mater
128:
123:
121:
109:
103:
101:
100:
99:
73:
67:
62:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7194:
7184:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7011:
7010:
7007:
7006:
6999:
6998:
6997:(2014–present)
6992:
6986:
6980:
6974:
6968:
6965:Robert Christy
6962:
6956:
6950:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6913:
6910:Walter Edwards
6907:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6883:
6882:
6872:
6871:
6864:
6857:
6849:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6830:
6824:
6818:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6767:Robert L. Byer
6764:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6672:Andrew Sessler
6669:
6663:
6657:
6654:C. Kumar Patel
6651:
6648:Burton Richter
6645:
6639:
6633:
6627:
6621:
6615:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6588:Robert Marshak
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6454:
6448:
6442:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6418:
6412:
6406:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6365:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6326:Albert W. Hull
6323:
6317:
6314:George Stewart
6311:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6275:
6272:Robert W. Wood
6269:
6266:Arthur Compton
6263:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6213:Theodore Lyman
6210:
6204:
6198:
6192:
6189:Ernest Merritt
6186:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6123:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6100:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6011:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5985:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5950:
5948:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5926:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5856:
5840:
5824:
5808:
5792:
5776:
5760:
5744:
5732:
5716:
5704:
5692:
5676:
5664:
5648:
5632:
5620:
5608:
5592:
5576:
5560:
5544:
5527:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5499:
5487:
5471:
5455:
5439:
5427:
5415:
5403:
5395:
5387:
5371:
5355:
5339:
5327:
5311:
5303:
5291:
5279:
5271:
5255:
5243:
5227:
5211:
5200:P. W. Anderson
5195:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5156:
5144:
5128:
5112:
5104:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5044:
5028:
5021:Goeppert Mayer
5012:
5004:
4992:
4984:
4972:
4956:
4944:
4928:
4916:
4904:
4896:
4884:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4760:
4748:
4745:C. D. Anderson
4736:
4728:
4721:
4709:
4701:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4658:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4556:
4544:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4436:
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3991:Milton C. Shaw
3987:
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3973:Robert S. Hahn
3969:
3967:Soichiro Honda
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3955:Robert W. Mann
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3707:
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3687:Willis Carrier
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3387:Physics paper
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1587:quantum theory
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1536:10.1086/351871
1530:(4): 509–526.
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1293:Pomona College
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1197:
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1130:Terry Lectures
1068:George E. Hale
1052:Frank McIntyre
1040:anti-submarine
1025:magnetic field
1012:Arthur Compton
974:
971:
931:
928:
911:Allan Franklin
906:
903:
777:Main article:
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6967:# (1977–1978)
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2698:0-8046-1702-3
2694:
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2618:Adherents.com
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2100:
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2089:
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2077:
2073:
2069:
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2061:
2060:Physics Today
2054:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1881:September 13,
1877:
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1816:
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1593:January 1927.
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1361:
1355:Personal life
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1281:MAX Blue Line
1278:
1274:
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1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:postage stamp
1256:
1252:
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1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:Mount Everest
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:Order of Jade
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
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988:
979:
970:
968:
963:
961:
955:
953:
949:
945:
936:
927:
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920:
916:
912:
902:
900:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
818:
817:J. J. Thomson
814:
810:
806:
802:
793:
785:
780:
770:
765:
763:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
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730:
726:
717:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
659:(Caltech) in
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
583:
579:
575:
570:
565:
561:
558:
555:
551:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
521:
518:
517:United States
507:
503:
498:
494:
490:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
433:
429:
426:
422:
418:
417:Mihajlo Pupin
415:
411:
405:
402:
401:
399:
397:
393:
386:
385:
381:
379:
375:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
358:
354:
351:
348:
344:
341:
337:
328:
325:
320:
319:Oersted Medal
317:
312:
309:
304:
301:
296:
293:
288:
285:
280:
277:
272:
269:
264:
261:
256:
253:
252:
250:
246:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
224:
220:
215:
210:
206:
200:
197:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
180:
177:
176:
174:
170:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
120:
116:
112:
96:
92:
87:
83:
80:
77:
71:
65:
60:
57:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
7001:
7000:
6959:Harold Brown
6953:Lee DuBridge
6946:
6935:
6891:
6797:Laura Greene
6761:Barry Barish
6737:Leo Kadanoff
6606:Sidney Drell
6487:John Bardeen
6397:Enrico Fermi
6194:
6059:
6014:John Macleod
5988:
5308:von Klitzing
5300:Van der Meer
4615:
4346:John W. Lieb
4339:
4304:Nikola Tesla
4194:Subra Suresh
4066:2000–present
4051:Frank Kreith
3860:Philip Sporn
3812:Crosby Field
3650:
3578:Lee DuBridge
3572:1921 – 1946
3565:
3558:
3557:
3513:Find a Grave
3473:
3464:
3427:
3394:
3389:
3350:
3344:
3327:
3321:
3302:
3296:
3277:
3271:
3258:
3249:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3208:
3199:
3189:
3180:
3170:
3151:
3143:the original
3138:
3129:
3118:
3109:
3098:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3070:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3031:
3022:
3003:
2997:
2989:
2975:
2969:
2961:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2919:
2913:
2904:
2899:
2865:
2861:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:
2826:
2783:
2777:
2767:
2755:. Retrieved
2753:. p. C1
2748:
2738:
2721:
2715:
2688:
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2666:the original
2659:
2650:
2639:
2630:
2622:the original
2617:
2607:
2587:
2581:
2571:February 21,
2569:. Retrieved
2565:
2555:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2494:
2488:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2455:Google Books
2453:– via
2439:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2370:
2348:(1): 73–75.
2345:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2308:the original
2303:
2290:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2226:
2219:
2198:
2179:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2105:(110): 209.
2102:
2098:
2088:
2066:(6): 43–47.
2063:
2059:
2053:
2016:(1): 54–60.
2013:
2009:
1996:
1988:
1987:(1927), and
1984:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1935:
1926:
1916:– via
1899:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1875:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1850:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1824:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:
1790:
1777:
1754:
1745:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1674:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1627:February 13,
1625:. Retrieved
1621:the original
1611:
1559:
1527:
1523:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1469:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1413:
1402:
1394:Bibliography
1389:
1386:
1377:Max Franklin
1366:
1338:
1322:
1314:Sherman Oaks
1311:
1298:
1290:
1263:
1257:(1980–2000)
1248:
1236:nursing home
1233:
1207:
1199:
1186:
1179:
1165:in the then-
1156:and praised
1137:
1123:
1116:
1029:
984:
964:
956:
951:
941:
918:
908:
895:
879:cathode rays
876:
860:modern value
841:
830:
798:
767:
761:
758:
722:
685:
646:
611:
597:who won the
590:
589:
463:Mervin Kelly
382:
356:Institutions
339:
279:Hughes Medal
239:Max Franklin
124:(1953-12-19)
74:Succeeded by
63:
25:
7031:1953 deaths
7026:1868 births
6991:(2006–2013)
6985:(1997–2006)
6979:(1987–1997)
6973:(1978–1987)
6961:(1969–1977)
6955:(1946–1969)
6949:(1921–1946)
6918:(1908–1920)
6912:(1897–1907)
6906:(1891–1896)
6809:David Gross
6785:Sam Aronson
6719:Helen Quinn
6552:George Pake
6469:Felix Bloch
6427:Jesse Beams
6302:John Zeleny
5954:W. B. Yeats
5930:Fritz Pregl
5913:Nobel Prize
5352:Steinberger
5268:K. Siegbahn
5260:Bloembergen
4981:Chamberlain
4714:Schrödinger
4624:M. Siegbahn
4553:W. H. Bragg
4549:W. L. Bragg
4212:Huajian Gao
4170:J. N. Reddy
4128:Nam-pyo Suh
3985:Aaron Cohen
3878:Jan Burgers
3872:Alan Howard
3243:. May 2021.
2842:January 15,
2672:January 19,
2268:(1): 1–14.
1856:November 6,
1831:November 6,
1805:November 6,
1373:Glenn Allan
1253:with a 37¢
1096:aerodynamic
1072:Marie Curie
1036:World War I
1008:cosmic rays
677:cosmic rays
669:Victor Hess
234:Glenn Allan
7020:Categories
6791:Homer Neal
6248:Henry Gale
6171:Henry Crew
6159:Carl Barus
5941:Literature
5869:L'Huillier
5833:Hasselmann
5789:Strickland
5757:Kosterlitz
5681:Perlmutter
5420:Brockhouse
5125:Schrieffer
4997:Hofstadter
4949:C. N. Yang
4706:Heisenberg
4683:De Broglie
4158:Van C. Mow
4134:John Abele
3618:ASME Medal
3336:1450318415
3078:October 7,
3048:"Millikan"
2875:2309.13468
2707:1249703293
2317:August 30,
1653:August 30,
1598:References
973:Later life
665:California
505:Allegiance
303:ASME Medal
217:Blanchard)
193:Cosmic ray
104:1868-03-22
6539:1976–2000
6415:E. Wigner
6378:1951–1975
6235:1926–1950
6134:1899–1925
5932:(Austria)
5922:Chemistry
5915:laureates
5853:Zeilinger
5673:Novoselov
5641:Kobayashi
5565:Abrikosov
5412:J. Taylor
5392:de Gennes
5384:R. Taylor
5276:K. Wilson
5224:R. Wilson
5208:Van Vleck
5179:1976–2000
5169:Rainwater
5165:Mottelson
5141:Josephson
5089:Gell-Mann
5053:Schwinger
5041:Prokhorov
5001:Mössbauer
4961:Cherenkov
4953:T. D. Lee
4877:Cockcroft
4868:1951–1975
4667:C. Wilson
4646:1926–1950
4592:Guillaume
4481:Michelson
4441:Becquerel
4412:1901–1925
4401:Laureates
4261:1909–1925
3941:1976–2000
3792:1951–1975
3625:1921–1950
3313:166545193
3288:166493759
3259:AAPT News
3237:AAPT News
3014:166552921
2986:178583066
2958:152605614
2930:166559215
2868:(1): 11,
2818:243987001
2757:March 30,
2599:867280944
2591:1928–1929
2099:Phil. Mag
2038:209833984
1904:(Ph.D.).
1603:Citations
1552:170329412
1265:Tektronix
1114:in 1947.
868:viscosity
801:professor
745:doctorate
711:Education
706:Biography
702:in 1950.
595:physicist
567:Signature
538:1917–1918
68:1920–1946
64:In office
6403:H. Bethe
6010:(Canada)
5861:Agostini
5749:Thouless
5741:McDonald
5729:Nakamura
5697:Wineland
5629:GrĂĽnberg
5585:Politzer
5569:Ginzburg
5557:Giacconi
5537:Ketterle
5492:'t Hooft
5476:Laughlin
5468:Phillips
5448:Osheroff
5376:Friedman
5348:Schwartz
5344:Lederman
5264:Schawlow
5240:Weinberg
5049:Tomonaga
4941:Brattain
4933:Shockley
4842:Blackett
4834:Appleton
4826:Bridgman
4773:Lawrence
4753:Davisson
4733:Chadwick
4616:Millikan
4600:Einstein
4489:Lippmann
4457:Rayleigh
4449:M. Curie
4445:P. Curie
3498:LibriVox
3472:—
3451:Archived
3359:17361802
3309:ProQuest
3284:ProQuest
3162:Archived
3010:ProQuest
2982:ProQuest
2954:ProQuest
2926:ProQuest
2810:34759369
2730:26347551
2282:97609199
2243:July 10,
2203:Archived
2187:Archived
2042:Archived
1983:(1920),
1979:(1906),
1942:July 25,
1918:ProQuest
1914:10542040
1782:Archived
1737:17743310
1567:See also
1277:Portland
1150:eugenics
952:in vacuo
813:electron
737:classics
661:Pasadena
523:Service/
222:Children
183:electron
5981:Physics
5849:Clauser
5813:Penrose
5797:Peebles
5753:Haldane
5721:Akasaki
5709:Englert
5701:Haroche
5685:Schmidt
5645:Maskawa
5597:Glauber
5589:Wilczek
5573:Leggett
5553:Koshiba
5533:Cornell
5524:present
5508:Kroemer
5504:Alferov
5496:Veltman
5480:Störmer
5400:Charpak
5380:Kendall
5364:Dehmelt
5332:Bednorz
5232:Glashow
5220:Penzias
5216:Kapitsa
5188:Richter
5161:A. Bohr
5137:Giaever
5117:Bardeen
5081:Alvarez
5065:Kastler
5057:Feynman
4937:Bardeen
4901:Zernike
4893:Purcell
4663:Compton
4608:N. Bohr
4497:Marconi
4429:Lorentz
4421:Röntgen
4403:of the
3487:at the
3478:of the
3440:at the
3370:Sources
3200:Grunion
2880:Bibcode
2788:Bibcode
2547:1752415
2539:3537215
2502:July 1,
2407:Bibcode
2350:Bibcode
2157:Bibcode
2126:Phys. Z
2068:Bibcode
2018:Bibcode
1991:(1936).
1975:, were
1717:Bibcode
1709:Science
1583:physics
1503:Bibcode
1034:during
1017:entropy
864:coulomb
856:coulomb
852:integer
803:at the
749:physics
735:in the
350:Physics
211:Greta (
195:physics
6835:(2023)
6829:(2022)
6823:(2021)
6817:(2020)
6811:(2019)
6805:(2018)
6799:(2017)
6793:(2016)
6787:(2015)
6781:(2014)
6775:(2013)
6769:(2012)
6763:(2011)
6757:(2010)
6751:(2009)
6745:(2008)
6739:(2007)
6733:(2006)
6727:(2005)
6721:(2004)
6715:(2003)
6709:(2002)
6703:(2001)
6686:(2000)
6680:(1999)
6674:(1998)
6668:(1997)
6662:(1996)
6656:(1995)
6650:(1994)
6644:(1993)
6638:(1992)
6632:(1991)
6626:(1990)
6620:(1989)
6614:(1987)
6608:(1986)
6602:(1985)
6596:(1984)
6590:(1983)
6584:(1982)
6578:(1981)
6572:(1980)
6566:(1979)
6560:(1978)
6554:(1977)
6548:(1976)
6531:(1975)
6525:(1974)
6519:(1973)
6513:(1972)
6507:(1971)
6501:(1970)
6495:(1969)
6489:(1968)
6483:(1967)
6477:(1966)
6471:(1965)
6465:(1964)
6459:(1963)
6453:(1962)
6447:(1961)
6441:(1960)
6435:(1959)
6429:(1958)
6423:(1957)
6417:(1956)
6411:(1955)
6405:(1954)
6399:(1953)
6393:(1952)
6387:(1951)
6370:(1950)
6364:(1949)
6358:(1948)
6352:(1947)
6346:(1946)
6340:(1945)
6334:(1944)
6328:(1943)
6322:(1942)
6316:(1941)
6310:(1941)
6304:(1940)
6298:(1939)
6292:(1938)
6286:(1937)
6280:(1936)
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