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592:(NYU). This was his first recognition as a physicist. Though his work had been considered important by chemists, it clearly was on the borderline between the two sciences and both would claim him from this point on. Then he returned to the University of Chicago as an associate professor of physics, being promoted to full professor in 1931. He ultimately held a position jointly in both the physics and chemistry departments. At both NYU and Chicago, he continued to refine his molecular-orbital theory.
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method), was very popular. In attempting to calculate the properties of excited states (molecules that have been excited by an energy source), the VB method does not always work well. With its description of the electron wave functions in molecules as delocalized molecular orbitals that possess the
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that would eventually supersede the old quantum theory. Mulliken was particularly influenced by Hund, who had been working on quantum interpretation of band spectra of diatomic molecules, the same spectra which
Mulliken had investigated at Harvard. In 1927 Mulliken worked with Hund and as a result
501:(NRC) which had paid for much of his work on isotope separation. The NRC grant was extended in 1923 for two years so he could study isotope effects on band spectra of such diatomic molecules as boron nitride (BN) (comparing molecules with B and B). He went to
644:, proved to be more flexible and applicable to a vast variety of types of molecules and molecular fragments, and has eclipsed the valence-bond method. As a result of this development, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1966.
424:, but continued on the same task. His laboratory techniques left much to be desired, and he was out of service for months with burns. Later he contracted a bad case of influenza, and was still hospitalized at war's end.
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In high school in
Newburyport, Mulliken followed a scientific curriculum. He graduated in 1913 and succeeded in getting a scholarship to MIT which had earlier been won by his father. Like his father, he majored in
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well enough to skip the course in scientific German in college, but could not remember the name of his high school German teacher. He also made the acquaintance, while still a child, of the physical chemist
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Note
Longuet-Higgins' amusing title "Selected ploddings of Robert S Mulliken" for reference B238 1965 on page 354 of this Biographical Memoir. The title should be "Selected papers of Robert S Mulliken."
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theory, in which electrons are assigned to states that extend over an entire molecule. In consequence, molecular orbital theory was also referred to as the
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Mulliken helped with some of the editorial work when his father wrote his four-volume text on organic compound identification, and thus became an expert on
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In 1925 and 1927, Mulliken traveled to Europe, working with outstanding spectroscopists and quantum theorists such as
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project. Afterward, he developed mathematical formulas to enable the progress of the molecular-orbital theory.
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classification of plants and, in general, had an excellent, but selective, memory. For example, he learned
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same symmetry as the molecule, Hund and
Mulliken's molecular-orbital method, including contributions by
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in 1936, the youngest member in the organization's history at the time. He was elected to the
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1080:(Washington, D.C.: The National Academy Press, 2000), pages 146–165. Available on-line at:
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Historical
Perspective of Early Twentieth Century Carboniferous Paleobotany in North America
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http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/mulliken-robert.pdf
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At the age of 90, Mulliken died of congestive heart failure at his daughter's home in
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to learn spectrographic technique from
Frederick A. Saunders and quantum theory from
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This article is about the Nobel laureate chemist. For Nobel laureate in physics, see
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Guide to the Robert S. Mulliken
Scientific Offprints Collection ca. 1930s-1985
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Platt, J. R. (1966). "1966 Nobel
Laureate in Chemistry: Robert S. Mulliken".
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681:, a geology professor at the University of Chicago. They had two daughters.
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Mulliken got his doctorate in 1921 based on research into the separation of
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730:.) In 1961, he became Distinguished Professor of Physics and Chemistry at
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is named after him, a method of assigning charges to atoms in a molecule.
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Linus
Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History
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courses in his curriculum and spent a summer touring chemical plants in
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in any molecule could be described in a manner similar to the bond in H
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Biographical
Memoirs, Vol. 78: Robert Sanderson Mulliken, 1896-1986
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463:, and continued in his isotope separation by this method. While at
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Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
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On December 24, 1929, he married Mary Helen von Noé, daughter of
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of elements. This does not entirely correlate with the scale of
615:) in 1927. With the conception of hybridized atomic orbitals by
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
1052:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
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560:, who was at the time Born's assistant. They all, as well as
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746:. In 1983, Mulliken received the Golden Plate Award of the
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After the war, he took a job investigating the effects of
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
1101:
University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
186:
825:"Robert Sanderson Mulliken. 7 June 1896-31 October 1986"
288:(June 7, 1896 – October 31, 1986) was an American
984:
Spectroscopy, Molecular Orbitals, and Chemical Bonding
661:
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRs) in 1967
296:, primarily responsible for the early development of
830:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
420:. After nine months, he was drafted into the Army's
595:Up to this point, the primary way to calculate the
556:(all of whom eventually received Nobel Prizes) and
340:. As a child, Robert Mulliken learned the name and
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
689:In 1934, he derived a new scale for measuring the
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1097:Guide to the Robert S. Mulliken Papers 1908-1985
493:Robert Mulliken, Chicago 1929 (third from right)
982:including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1966
819:
3430:Founding members of the World Cultural Council
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757:on October 31, 1986. His body was returned to
3445:Members of the American Philosophical Society
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2530:
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995:Darrah, William Culp; Lyons, Paul C. (1995).
750:. He retired in 1985. His wife died in 1975.
509:. At the time, he was able to associate with
497:At Chicago, he had received a grant from the
697:, but is generally in close correspondence.
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599:of molecules was based on a calculation by
513:and many future Nobel laureates, including
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16:American physicist and chemist (1896–1986)
842:
447:Graduate and early postdoctoral education
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
3390:Fellows of the American Physical Society
715:to the analysis of the reaction between
488:
955:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
3410:People from Newburyport, Massachusetts
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2744:
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1118:
858:
815:
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657:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
338:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
304:method of computing the structure of
3385:Foreign members of the Royal Society
637:Heitler-London-Slater-Pauling (HLSP)
584:From 1926 to 1928, he taught in the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
13:
808:
734:, and continued in his studies of
408:, and Mulliken took a position at
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1088:Key Participants: Robert Mulliken
1070:
3370:20th-century American physicists
1367:
672:
647:Mulliken became a member of the
30:
1060:American Academy of Achievement
748:American Academy of Achievement
395:
392:in chemistry from MIT in 1917.
41:needs additional citations for
3450:20th-century American chemists
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653:American Philosophical Society
319:
300:, i.e. the elaboration of the
1:
3435:University of Chicago faculty
1003:Geological Society of America
801:
469:Nobel Prize-winning physicist
467:, he took a course under the
358:organic chemical nomenclature
312:in Chemistry in 1966 and the
3420:University of Chicago alumni
3405:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
1001:. United States of America:
881:10.1126/science.154.3750.745
667:Mulliken population analysis
649:National Academy of Sciences
363:
324:Robert Mulliken was born in
213:Mulliken population analysis
7:
3440:New York University faculty
951:"Robert Sanderson Mulliken"
776:Adiabatic electron transfer
764:
728:Acid-base reaction theories
474:, which exposed him to the
10:
3466:
3415:American physical chemists
755:Arlington County, Virginia
711:In 1952 he began to apply
659:in 1965. He was elected a
564:, were developing the new
416:, making poison gas under
326:Newburyport, Massachusetts
209:Mulliken electronegativity
175:Arlington County, Virginia
156:Newburyport, Massachusetts
18:
3380:Harvard University alumni
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781:Bonding molecular orbital
499:National Research Council
308:. Mulliken received the
281:Robert Sanderson Mulliken
274:
260:
253:
218:
196:
182:
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142:Robert Sanderson Mulliken
137:
130:
3375:American Nobel laureates
2771:Founding members of the
2291:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
1570:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1150:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
732:Florida State University
422:Chemical Warfare Service
298:molecular orbital theory
232:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
201:Molecular orbital theory
2832:André Frédéric Cournand
2659:Charles Brenton Huggins
580:Early scientific career
330:Samuel Parsons Mulliken
21:Robert Andrews Millikan
2773:World Cultural Council
2674:Nobel Prize recipients
2645:Physiology or Medicine
2455:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2443:M. Stanley Whittingham
1414:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1031:World Cultural Council
844:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0015
821:Longuet-Higgins, H. C.
744:World Cultural Council
525:, who had worked with
494:
480:Hermann I. Schlesinger
3088:Marshall W. Nirenberg
3083:William A. Nierenberg
3043:Vernon B. Mountcastle
2852:Jean-François Denisse
2784:Christian B. Anfinsen
1825:Christian B. Anfinsen
1465:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
575:Hund-Mulliken theory.
511:J. Robert Oppenheimer
492:
441:University of Chicago
332:, was a professor of
191:University of Chicago
3183:William G. Schneider
3178:Menahem Max Schiffer
3162:Hakim Muhammad Saeed
3136:Chintamani N. R. Rao
2874:Jacques-Émile Dubois
2487:Karl Barry Sharpless
1984:Dudley R. Herschbach
1809:Luis Federico Leloir
931:search.amphilsoc.org
927:"APS Member History"
903:"Robert S. Mulliken"
597:electronic structure
375:chemical engineering
65:"Robert S. Mulliken"
50:improve this article
3116:Comlan A. A. Quenum
3078:Bernhard H. Neumann
2975:Vassos Karageorghis
2912:José Rafael Estrada
2840:Eduardo de Robertis
2653:Francis Peyton Rous
2479:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
2391:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
2128:Jens Christian Skou
2096:F. Sherwood Rowland
2008:Charles J. Pedersen
1972:Herbert A. Hauptman
1665:Vincent du Vigneaud
1282:Richard Willstätter
1166:Jacobus van 't Hoff
1056:www.achievement.org
873:1966Sci...154..745P
736:molecular structure
590:New York University
410:American University
3309:Eugene van Tamelen
3298:Jean L. F. Tricart
3288:Jan Peter Toennies
3274:Peter C. Thonemann
3236:Heikki Suomalainen
3174:Stuart J. Saunders
3152:Stanley K. Runcorn
3148:Abraham J. A. Roux
3126:G. N. Ramachandran
3063:Jayant V. Narlikar
3058:Ilie G. Murgulescu
3048:Robert S. Mulliken
3007:William D. McElroy
2849:Guy Blaudin de Thé
2807:Christiaan Barnard
2588:Shmuel Yosef Agnon
2564:Robert S. Mulliken
2439:John B. Goodenough
2367:William E. Moerner
2247:Richard R. Schrock
2219:Roderick MacKinnon
2191:K. Barry Sharpless
2016:Johann Deisenhofer
1845:Geoffrey Wilkinson
1841:Ernst Otto Fischer
1765:Robert S. Mulliken
1701:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
1649:Hermann Staudinger
1469:Irène Joliot-Curie
1076:R. Stephen Berry,
976:on Nobelprize.org
974:Robert S. Mulliken
642:John Lennard-Jones
503:Harvard University
495:
476:old quantum theory
472:Robert A. Millikan
400:At this time, the
385:. He received his
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3324:William J. Whelan
3283:Alexander R. Todd
3278:Phillip V. Tobias
3232:Frederick Stewart
3202:Leonard T. Skeggs
3028:Desmond J. Morris
2995:Georges B. Koelle
2962:Adrian Kantrowitz
2957:Reginald V. Jones
2939:Alfred D. Hershey
2909:Kenneth O. Emergy
2855:Venancio Deulofeu
2845:Cornelis de Jager
2738:
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2512:
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2495:Moungi G. Bawendi
2415:Richard Henderson
2259:Roger D. Kornberg
2227:Aaron Ciechanover
2060:Rudolph A. Marcus
1964:Robert Merrifield
1900:Peter D. Mitchell
1673:Cyril Hinshelwood
1434:Friedrich Bergius
1358:Richard Zsigmondy
1274:Theodore Richards
1222:Ernest Rutherford
907:www.nasonline.org
867:(3750): 745–747.
713:quantum mechanics
691:electronegativity
633:Valence-Bond (VB)
571:molecular orbital
566:quantum mechanics
542:Werner Heisenberg
534:Erwin Schrödinger
515:John H. Van Vleck
404:had just entered
351:Arthur Amos Noyes
334:organic chemistry
302:molecular orbital
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255:Scientific career
226:Peter Debye Award
205:Quantum chemistry
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3334:Rosalyn S. Yalow
3329:Karel F. Wiesner
3314:Ulf S. von Euler
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3218:Leonard Sosnowky
3188:Glenn T. Seaborg
3157:Donald H. Sadler
3112:Jens J. Pindborg
3098:Arthur B. Pardee
3093:George E. Palade
3068:Louis E. F. NĂ©el
3033:Giuseppe Moruzzi
3018:Jerrold Meinwald
2998:Walther Manshard
2967:Nathan O. Kaplan
2944:Gerhard Herzberg
2935:Carl G. Gahmberg
2901:Mohammed El Fasi
2836:William J. Darby
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992:
986:
981:
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947:
941:
940:
938:
937:
923:
917:
916:
914:
913:
899:
893:
892:
856:
850:
848:
846:
817:
771:Mulliken symbols
655:in 1940 and the
546:Louis de Broglie
538:Paul A. M. Dirac
414:Washington, D.C.
287:
170:
167:October 31, 1986
151:
149:
128:
127:
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110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3465:
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3454:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3305:Constantin Vago
3270:Harold Thompson
3245:Charles Tanford
3222:Roger W. Sperry
3214:George D. Snell
3210:George J. Smets
3198:Frederick Seitz
3193:Ernest R. Sears
3108:Jacques Piccard
2988:Seymour S. Kety
2983:Donald W. Kerst
2926:David J. Finney
2916:Hans J. Eysenck
2905:Ernest L. Eliel
2883:Francisco J. Dy
2869:Audouin Dollfus
2864:Richard S. Doll
2812:Colin Blakemore
2775:
2769:
2739:
2734:
2672:
2664:
2661:(United States)
2655:(United States)
2639:
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2599:
2569:
2566:(United States)
2550:
2543:
2513:
2508:
2492:
2476:
2467:David MacMillan
2464:
2459:Jennifer Doudna
2452:
2436:
2420:
2404:
2395:Fraser Stoddart
2388:
2379:Paul L. Modrich
2372:
2356:
2340:
2328:
2320:
2315:Ei-ichi Negishi
2307:Richard F. Heck
2304:
2288:
2275:Osamu Shimomura
2272:
2264:
2256:
2240:
2224:
2212:
2196:
2183:William Knowles
2180:
2169:
2160:Alan MacDiarmid
2153:
2145:
2133:
2117:
2112:Richard Smalley
2101:
2088:Paul J. Crutzen
2085:
2077:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2029:
2013:
2004:Jean-Marie Lehn
1997:
1981:
1969:
1961:
1953:
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1933:
1917:
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1897:
1889:
1881:
1870:
1865:Vladimir Prelog
1858:
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1838:
1822:
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1794:
1786:
1770:
1762:
1757:Robert Woodward
1754:
1749:Dorothy Hodgkin
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1594:William Giauque
1591:
1583:
1578:Robert Robinson
1575:
1562:James B. Sumner
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1509:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
1505:Adolf Butenandt
1502:
1494:
1482:
1474:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1442:Irving Langmuir
1439:
1427:
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1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1372:
1368:
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1355:
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1327:Frederick Soddy
1324:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1254:Victor Grignard
1251:
1243:
1235:
1230:Wilhelm Ostwald
1227:
1219:
1211:
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1195:
1187:
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1073:
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1005:. p. 175.
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614:
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418:James B. Conant
398:
366:
322:
314:Priestley Medal
283:
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244:Priestley Medal
211:
207:
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189:
183:Alma mater
178:
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153:
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132:Robert Mulliken
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3255:John M. Tedder
3252:
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3172:
3167:
3166:Nobufusa Saito
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Gunnar Randers
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3103:David Phillips
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Walter H. Munk
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:Nevill F. Mott
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Harry Melville
3020:
3015:
3014:John McMichael
3012:
3011:Henry McIlwain
3009:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2992:Prem N. Kirpal
2990:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2972:
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2959:
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2949:David H. Hubel
2946:
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2936:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Don W. Fawcett
2918:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:John C. Eccles
2884:
2881:
2879:Gerald Durrell
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:Frank J. Dixon
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Norman Borlaug
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2798:M. Balasegaram
2796:
2794:James Baddiley
2791:
2786:
2780:
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2768:
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2669:
2666:
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2647:
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2640:
2638:
2637:
2634:Alfred Kastler
2630:
2628:
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2490:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2434:
2427:Gregory Winter
2423:Frances Arnold
2418:
2402:
2386:
2370:
2354:
2347:Michael Levitt
2343:Martin Karplus
2338:
2326:
2318:
2302:
2286:
2283:Roger Y. Tsien
2279:Martin Chalfie
2270:
2262:
2254:
2238:
2222:
2210:
2194:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2156:Alan J. Heeger
2151:
2143:
2131:
2124:John E. Walker
2115:
2099:
2083:
2075:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2027:
2024:Hartmut Michel
2011:
2000:Donald J. Cram
1995:
1979:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1940:Roald Hoffmann
1931:
1924:Walter Gilbert
1915:
1903:
1895:
1892:Ilya Prigogine
1887:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1861:John Cornforth
1856:
1848:
1836:
1829:Stanford Moore
1820:
1812:
1804:
1792:
1784:
1777:Ronald Norrish
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
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1685:Alexander Todd
1680:
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1625:Edwin McMillan
1619:
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1589:
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1500:
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1485:Norman Haworth
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1319:Walther Nernst
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1214:Eduard Buchner
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1190:William Ramsay
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617:John C. Slater
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601:Walter Heitler
588:department at
581:
578:
569:developed his
562:Wolfgang Pauli
558:Friedrich Hund
523:John C. Slater
521:. He also met
519:Harold C. Urey
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39:This article
37:
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3265:Howard Temin
3141:Rex Richards
3121:Hermann Rahn
3047:
2931:Val L. Fitch
2892:Paul Ehrlich
2817:Aage N. Bohr
2789:Werner Arber
2704:
2563:
2431:George Smith
2311:Akira Suzuki
2267:Gerhard Ertl
2251:Yves Chauvin
2199:John B. Fenn
2187:Ryoji Noyori
2174:2001–present
2148:Ahmed Zewail
2108:Harold Kroto
2092:Mario Molina
2020:Robert Huber
1992:John Polanyi
1976:Jerome Karle
1912:Georg Wittig
1797:Derek Barton
1789:Lars Onsager
1764:
1741:Giulio Natta
1737:Karl Ziegler
1729:John Kendrew
1497:Richard Kuhn
1422:Hans Fischer
1238:Otto Wallach
1174:Emil Fischer
1091:
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1036:November 12,
1034:. Retrieved
1021:
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910:. Retrieved
906:
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828:
791:Halogen bond
761:for burial.
752:
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702:World War II
699:
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605:Fritz London
594:
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507:E. C. Kemble
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433:carbon black
426:
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396:Early career
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254:
169:(1986-10-31)
152:June 7, 1896
112:
103:
93:
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79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3365:1986 deaths
3360:1896 births
3250:Henry Taube
3170:Abdus Salam
2594:Nelly Sachs
2547:Nobel Prize
2399:Ben Feringa
2383:Aziz Sancar
2363:Stefan Hell
2359:Eric Betzig
2136:Walter Kohn
2104:Robert Curl
2080:George Olah
2068:Kary Mullis
2044:Elias Corey
2036:Thomas Cech
1988:Yuan T. Lee
1956:Henry Taube
1489:Paul Karrer
1477:Peter Debye
1457:Harold Urey
1343:Fritz Pregl
1304:Fritz Haber
1246:Marie Curie
685:Later years
611:molecule (H
461:evaporation
406:World War I
320:Early years
310:Nobel Prize
3354:Categories
3319:Alan Walsh
3240:Pol Swings
3145:Jean Rösch
2575:Literature
2235:Irwin Rose
2215:Peter Agre
2140:John Pople
1948:Aaron Klug
1853:Paul Flory
1801:Odd Hassel
1725:Max Perutz
1606:Kurt Alder
1602:Otto Diels
1430:Carl Bosch
1027:"About Us"
960:2023-05-03
936:2023-05-03
912:2023-05-03
802:References
786:Delta bond
717:Lewis acid
527:Niels Bohr
429:zinc oxide
148:1896-06-07
76:newspapers
3302:Ioan Ursu
2556:Chemistry
2549:laureates
1920:Paul Berg
1875:1976–2000
1616:1951–1975
1546:Otto Hahn
1377:1926–1950
1157:1901–1925
1146:Laureates
724:molecules
706:Plutonium
371:chemistry
364:Education
342:botanical
316:in 1983.
306:molecules
290:physicist
265:chemistry
106:June 2018
2636:(France)
2596:(Sweden)
2590:(Israel)
889:17745979
823:(1990).
765:See also
609:hydrogen
550:Max Born
484:diborane
453:isotopes
285:ForMemRS
238:ForMemRS
2626:Physics
1148:of the
1108:at the
1099:at the
869:Bibcode
861:Science
837:: 328.
759:Chicago
740:spectra
726:. (See
607:on the
586:physics
465:Chicago
457:mercury
336:at the
294:chemist
269:physics
90:scholar
2493:2023:
2477:2022:
2465:2021:
2453:2020:
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2421:2018:
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1172:1902:
1164:1901:
1009:
887:
552:, and
437:rubber
390:degree
346:German
261:Fields
246:(1983)
240:(1967)
234:(1966)
228:(1963)
219:Awards
177:, U.S.
158:, U.S.
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2705:1966
2605:Peace
2545:1966
625:bonds
387:B. S.
383:Maine
97:JSTOR
83:books
2730:1971
2725:1970
2720:1969
2715:1968
2710:1967
2700:1965
2695:1964
2690:1963
2685:1962
2680:1961
2617:None
2609:1966
2579:1966
1530:1942
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1449:1933
1350:1924
1311:1919
1296:1917
1289:1916
1038:2022
1007:ISBN
885:PMID
738:and
721:base
719:and
619:and
603:and
517:and
431:and
381:and
292:and
164:Died
138:Born
69:news
877:doi
865:154
839:doi
700:In
635:or
482:on
459:by
455:of
435:on
412:in
187:MIT
52:by
3356::
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1090:-
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833:.
827:.
810:^
663:.
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879::
871::
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841::
629:2
613:2
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146:(
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104:(
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80:·
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23:.
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