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591:) and the line connecting it to the Trans-Siberian main line, are now being upgraded, with the goal of enabling the railway by 2010 to pass 30 freight trains in each direction across the border, each one up to 71 cars long. The cross-border freight volume at this rail crossing is expected to reach 25.5 million tons by 2010. Besides cargo (principally, Russian oil exported to China), this crossing sees a direct weekly passenger train, Moscow–Beijing, as well as some local passenger trains. The eastern border point of the former Chinese Eastern Railway, at
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22:
902:
929:, plan to organize regular runs of direct freight train between Wuhan and European destinations (Czech Republic, Poland, Germany) starting in April 2014. Plans call for the service starting from 1–2 trains per month in April–June 2014, gradually increasing the frequency to 1–2 trains per week in 2015. A new customs facility is under construction in Wuhan's Wujiashan (吴家山) industrial area; after its planned opening in October 2015, exports from the Wuhan region will be able to clear Chinese customs there, instead of
618:–North Korean border line, 41 km (25 mi) before Khasan). It began operating in February 2000, and saw only a minor amount of traffic (678 railcars of lumber) over the next two years. The line was closed in 2002–03, briefly reopened in 2003, and closed again in September 2004. On 15 February 2011, the two companies who own the line, Northeast Asia Railway Group, a Chinese company, and JSC Golden Link, a Russian company, signed an agreement to resume operations on the line in May 2011.
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allow trains from China to cross
Kazakhstan without having to change bogies. The reported construction cost of the new railway was $ 3.5 billion. Chinese media reported that the railway would complete the link between China and Europe via central Asia, but it is unclear where the actual link to Europe would be. Also unclear is whether construction has yet to begin on the project.
1140:. After the completion of the project, a continuous run of trains will be possible between Asia and Europe, which is now done by rail ferry service. But the Marmaray tunnel may give a limited service to freight trains due to dense usage by public transport. On 7 November 2019 the first Chinese freight train through the Marmaray tunnel to Europe ran, from
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There are three main routes for container services from China to Europe: Eastern route from
Vostochny Port (Russia), northern route from west China via Manzhouli/Zabaikalsk border stations and southern route from east China via Dostyk border station, through which totally 25k TEU has been transported
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Both with respect to cost and speed, the China-Europe direct train service is in between the air and sea options. While it is estimated that the overall volume of goods moving between China and Europe by rail is not going to surpass 1–2% of the sea cargo volume, it may eat significantly into the air
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Belarusian
Railways reported similar statistics: in 2014, the volume of direct container traffic from China to Western Europe crossing Belarus amounted to 40,600 TEU, on 25 direct container train routes. This constituted over 20% of Belarusian Railway's entire volume of container transportation that
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and modern
Russian government to project political power into their territories in Asia, in the 1960s it was opened by the USSR as an international trade route connecting the Western Pacific with Europe. Freight shipments on the Trans-Siberian, however, experienced increasing problems over time with
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On 10 March 2004 the
Kazakhstan Railway Company Ltd announced that it was looking for investors to fund the construction of a railway stretching 3,083 kilometres (1,920 mi) from China across Kazakhstan to the Caspian Sea that would be the same gauge as Chinese railways. Thus, the railway would
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The service is typically used for valuable and somewhat time-sensitive cargo where the time advantage of rail over ship is essential, which, however, is heavy enough to make the cost saving vs. air transport noticeable. Typical cargoes include complex machinery and spare parts (in both directions),
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province and
Kazakhstan. In 1995 the Chinese and Kazakhstan governments signed an agreement which allows the latter to use Lianyungang as its primary seaport for exports and imports, and the former intends for Lianyungang to serve as the designated starting point for the New Eurasian Land Bridge.
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to
Vladivostok, then by the railway to Moscow. The transit time was expected to be 30 days, in comparison with the 50 days on average it takes to ship cargo by ship from Hamada to ports in western Russia. If successful, the ministry would use the results of the test to encourage other Japanese
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An alternative way from China to Europe is via Turkey. The route from China follows
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Turkey. Due to longer distance, insufficient service, and border crossings, this route has not regularly been used for direct transport from China to Europe.
463:. Although this line is comparatively little used (the management mentions 6 million tons of freight per year, not indicating the year), the management expects the line to be fully used in the foreseeable future for oil and copper ore export, and has plans to double-track it.
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The Trans-Siberian
Railway and its various associated branches and supporting lines, completed in 1916, established the first rail connection between Europe and Asia, from Moscow to Vladivostok. The line, at 9,200 kilometres (5,720 mi), is the longest rail line in the world.
800:) go directly to European Russia. These links to the Russian rail system are sometimes called the Eurasian Railway. Kazakhstan plays an important role in the "New Silk Road" initiative, known as "One Belt, One Road" linking China and Europe through Central Asia and Russia.
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through
Central Asia. The 8,000-kilometre-long (5,000 mi) route was used to exchange goods, ideas and people primarily between China and India and the Mediterranean and helped create a single-world system of trade between the civilisations of Europe and Asia.
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dilapidated rail infrastructures, theft, damaged freight, late trains, inflated freight fees, uncertain scheduling for return of containers and geopolitical tension. As a result, use of the railway for international trade had declined to almost zero by the 1990s.
1483:, Canada, a distance of 6,000 km (3,700 mi). A significant hurdle for the project is that the nearest major road to the Russian end of the tunnel is 1,600 km (1,000 mi) away. In addition, Alaska has no direct rail link to either Canada or the
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with Moscow. Rail links at Moscow allow passengers and freight to connect to train lines running further west into Europe. By making further transfers, passengers and freight can eventually reach Western European seaports. The Trans-Siberian also connects with
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in the 16th century. By the 18th century, European influence on trade and new national boundaries severely restricted the movement of traders along all land routes between Europe and China, and overland trade between East Asia and Europe virtually disappeared.
1844:("Reconstruction of the bogie exchange facility: workers at Zabaykalsk Station of the Transbaikalian Railway are working round the clock, renovating the passenger railcar bogie exchange facility"). (Transbaikalian Railway official web site, 8 June 2008
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In an effort to attract use of the Trans-Siberian to transport goods from Japan, China, and Korea to Europe, in the mid-1990s Russia lowered tariffs on freight using the railway. As a result, freight volume over the rail line doubled in 1999 and 2000.
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According to Russian statistics, the amount of international container shipments transiting annually through Russia over the Trans-Siberian has grown by a factor of 7 between 2009 and 2014, reaching 131,000 TEU (55,000 physical containers) in 2014.
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and Poland. Total transit time is 15 days, as compared with the 30 days average it would take for the freight to make the same journey by ship. The first train of 50 containers, carrying a mixed load of clothes, ceramics and electronics (for the
482:, as of 2001 there was renewed interest in using the Trans-Siberian as a route across Asia to Europe. Also, the Trans-Siberian links directly to railways which ultimately connect, via Finland and Sweden, to the year-round ice-free port of
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also provides a route via the Caspian Sea by bypassing Iran, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The new railway lines constructed in Kazakhstan will make it shorter. The new route, in this case, is China–Kazakhstan–Azerbaijan–Georgia–Turkey.
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On 15 December 2011, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that a rail link was being considered between Sakhalin Island and Japan. The rail line, constructed in an undersea tunnel, would link Japan to the Trans-Siberian.
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The South Korean government announced on 2 December 2009 that it would conduct an economic and technical study on the feasibility of constructing undersea tunnels for transporting goods and people to and from the country directly to
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The New Eurasian Land Bridge, also called the New Eurasian Continental Bridge, is the name given to China's rail link with Central Asia. The route includes China's east–west railways which, in addition to the Beijiang line, are the
165:. From the 1960s until the early 1990s the railway served as the primary land bridge between Asia and Europe, until several factors caused the use of the railway for transcontinental freight to dwindle. One factor is use of a wider
580:. While the more northerly Trans-Siberian route, located entirely on Russian soil, was completed in 1916, the former Chinese Eastern Railway route continues as an important connector between the two countries' railway networks.
894:, and Poland took place in March–April 2011, covering 10,300 km (6,400 mi) in 16 days. It was again said by DB that if there is enough demand, the service can be made regular already in 2011, As of March 2014, the
670:, both serves as a crucial link to the outside world for landlocked Mongolia, and the shortest connection between the Trans-Siberian Railway and Beijing. This line's capacity, however, is limited by its being single-track.
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It was reported in the press in March 2007 that China intends to build a high-speed rail link between China and Western Europe with the possibility of a high-speed rail journey from Beijing to London taking just two days.
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as well as high-end groceries and consumer goods (primarily toward China). While major customers ship their products by full container load, freight forwarders also make it possible to send less-than-container shipments.
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Because Kazakhstan was once in the Russian Empire and then a member of the USSR, its rail system connects with and carries the same rail gauge as the Russian rail system, as well as the other Central Asian republics of
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In November 2008, the transport ministries of Russia and the China signed an agreement about creating one more link between the railway systems of the two countries. It will involve a railway bridge between across the
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to Rotterdam would cut shipping time from 26 to 16 days and save $ 800 per container of freight. As part of its plan to link the Trans-Siberian to North and South Korea, Russia rebuilt its rail link from Khasan to
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Exports from Asia transported along the Silk Road included fabrics, carpets, furs, weapons, utensils, metals, farm produce, livestock and slaves. Civilisations active in trading during the road's history included
1766:(Transit of containers over the Trans-Siberian from P.R. China is increasing rapidly. 66,000 containers has been transported during the January to September 2015, which is 11,000 more than during the entire 2014)
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to allow South Korean goods to be shipped to Europe via the Eurasian Land Bridge. According to Choi Yeon-Hye, a professor of marketing and management at the Korea National Railway College, a rail connection from
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cables and power lines. The tunnel project was estimated to cost $ 65 billion and take between 15 and 20 years to build. In addition to the Russian government, sponsors of the project apparently include
3087:(March 2008). "Just 15 days after leaving Beijing, the first demonstration intermodal freight service operated by Eurasian Land Bridge between China and Germany arrived in Hamburg on January 24". p. 7.
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In February 2011, the Chinese government announced that it would jointly sponsor the construction of a high-speed rail line between Astana and Almaty in Kazakhstan. The announced completion date was 2015.
1272:; it is reported that containers can be moved from one train to another in as little as 47 minutes. In the case of liquids, frozen goods and hazardous materials, however, the bogies are usually changed.
1764:Транзитные контейнерные перевозки по Транссибу в сообщении с КНР растут опережающими темпами. За январь – сентябрь 2015 года перевезено 66 тыс. контейнеров, что на 11 тыс. больше, чем за весь 2014 год.
867:(DB), stated in March 2008 that regularly scheduled, weekly China-Germany freight services should be in operation by 2010. In April 2009, however, DB postponed the service indefinitely because of the
3719:
490:, but may encounter greater congestion along this route with resulting delays. The trade route between the east coast of North America and eastern Russia using the Trans-Siberian is often called the
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to Japan in order to provide access for Japanese trains to the Trans-Siberian Railway. Wehrfriz, however, does not mention any involvement in the proposal by the Korean government, stating simply,
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By 2016, the freight rail service between a number of container terminals in China and their counterparts in Europe has become fairly regular. Between some city pairs, there is one train per week.
1334:. The route would allow freight from India and Burma to travel overland to Europe. The link would also give rail access for China to the Indian Ocean. One proposed starting point for the route is
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has advocated greater regional integration along the Eurasian Land Bridge, including development of rail links between the countries of South and Southeast Asia and Central Asia, called the
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A fully electrified and double-tracked line, the Trans-Siberian Railway line is capable of transporting around 100 million tons of freight annually. The line can handle up to 200,000
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in China, "If this comes true, it will enable the continental bridge to play its due role in enhancing co-operation between Asia and Europe, and promoting world peace and development."
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freight), freight is transshipped from one train to another instead of changing the bogies. As of 2016, this is the usual procedure with China-Europe container trains at places such as
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1835:Реконструкция пункта перестановки вагонов: В круглосуточном режиме на станции Забайкальск Забайкальской железной дороги ведется реконструкция пункта перестановки пассажирских вагонов
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955:) is a major destination. According to a 2018 report, Duisburg is either the destination, or one of the destinations, of some 80% of all direct China-Western Europe cargo trains.
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year, 193,100 TEU. While significant, and growing, this is still much less than 0.1% of the number of containers that travel via China's sea ports (some 170 million TEU).
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Wehrfritz, George; Eve Conant; B. J. Lee (13 August 2001). "The Coming Rail Boom – A Moscow-Pyongyang deal to extend the Trans-Siberian Railway could boost Eurasian commerce".
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was developed in line with the New Silk Road Initiative. President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev even noted that Nurly zhol was a part of the New Silk Road Economic Belt.
3704:
3152:"Three Candidates Face Off in Bid For Incumbent Warner's Senate Seat; All Virginia Voters Will Decide Who Among The Candidates Will Begin Serving A Six-Year Term in January".
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Germany’s China City: how Duisburg became Xi Jinping’s gateway to Europe: Some 80 per cent of trains from China make the world’s largest inland port their first European stop
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Underhill, William (28 July 2008). "All Tickets, Please – As oil prices rise, businesses and consumers alike are ditching planes and cars for more-efficient rail".
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have proposed building, with China's cooperation, a link to the Eurasian Land Bridge that would start in India or Burma and connect to the Chinese rail system in
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502:
1120:, a distance of 11,870 kilometres (7,400 mi). The exact route used to connect the two cities, whether through Mongolia or Kazakhstan, however, is unclear.
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848:, where it then continues north to the Trans-Siberian. After reaching the end of the Trans-Siberian at Moscow the train continues to Germany via rail links in
158:. As of November 2007, about one percent of the $ 600 billion in goods shipped from Asia to Europe each year were delivered by inland transport routes.
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or Second Eurasian Continental Bridge. In addition to Kazakhstan, the railways connect with other countries in Central Asia and the Middle East, including
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298:. The Silk Road was not a specific thoroughfare, but a general route used by traders to travel, much of it by land, between the two continents along the
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Magazine, 9 November 1999. Quote: "a set of huge hydraulic cranes at the Sino-Mongolian border that lifted each train-car off the ground as the wheels (
599:, sees significant use as well, with over 8 million tons of freight crossing the border there in 2007, and regular cross-border passenger service.
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than most of the rest of Europe and China. Recently, however, the Trans-Siberian has regained ground as a viable land route between the two continents.
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Ren, Daniel; Lilian Zhang; Will Clem (11 June 2009). "Jiangsu coast to act as catalyst for growth: Region will be turned into a transport hub".
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This article is about the rail route between East Asia and Europe. For the now flooded land connection between Eurasia and North America, see
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Beginning in the 5th century AD, new land routes between Asia and Europe developed further to the north. Many of these routes passed through
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in Norway. At Narvik, freight can be transshipped to ships to cross the Atlantic to North America. Rail links from Russia also connect to
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A new direction of the Silk Road was launched in January 2016 and included the Ukraine – Georgia – Azerbaijan – Kazakhstan – China route.
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From Kazakhstan, four major north–south railways connect with the Russian rail system. Two connect with the Trans-Siberian Railway (the
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In 2010 and 2011, China announced plans to finance expansion of the rail systems in Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Vietnam and
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Nicholson, Alex (24 April 2007). "A tunnel under the Bering Strait? Russian, U.S. backers make a new push for a century-old idea".
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The former countries of the Russian Empire and USSR, including Finland (which was once part of Russia), as well as Mongolia, use a
1819:(Transbaikal Railway: The Southern Branch investment project: General information) (Not dated, but appear to be written ca. 2005)
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sponsored a test of the route by shipping roof tiles to Europe via the Trans-Siberian. The tiles were transported by ship from
3246:"Development of The Trans-Asian Railway; Trans-Asian railway in the north-south corridor; Northern Europe to the Persian Gulf"
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1109: in) gauge, requiring freight cars transiting from China into Iran to change wheel gauges twice. The train ferry across
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Mirak-Weissbach, Muriel (2 August 2000). "Iranian President's Visit to China Advances Strategic, Cultural Dialogue Part 1".
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United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, "Development of the Trans-Asian Railway", pp. 56–58
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1959:(Construction of the first railway bridge connecting Russia and China will start in 2009) China.org.cn, 27 November 2008.
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Berk, Michael (27 November 2007). "The Arctic Bridge; Churchill, Man., is the key to linking Afghans with the world".
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using a Chinese locomotive. This demonstrated a China to Turkey transportation time reduced from a month to 12 days.
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was completed on 16 September 1990, linking the railway lines of the two countries at Dostyk. In July 1991 the first
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BC, Belarusian Railways: Volume of rail freight transport carried between China and EU via Belarus tripled in 2014
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In 2013 a direct container, pallet, and general cargo rail service began, 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) from
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3172:"Experts propose developing SW corridor of third Asia-Europe land-bridge". Xinhua News Agency. 24 November 2008.
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Hearst, David (21 April 2007). "Readers' page: You asked...: Will a tunnel linking Russia to the US be built?".
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The central Asian route did not extend all the way into Europe until October 2013 when the rail link across the
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A third, little-known and less used, rail connection between Russia and China was built farther south, between
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1455:. The tunnel, as projected, would be 100 km (60 mi) long and would include oil and gas pipelines,
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Proposed expansion of the Eurasian Land Bridge includes construction of a railway across Kazakhstan that is
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In 2011, a direct container rail service began carrying car parts 11,000 kilometres (6,800 mi) from
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In January 2008 China and Germany inaugurated a long-distance freight train service between Beijing and
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at both ends of the Eurasian Land Bridge to facilitate development. Said Khalid Malik, United Nations
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Xinhua, "China northwest city to host UN meet on Eurasia continental bridge 29 June to 4 July"; Islam.
2679:"Some have proposed extending the line with a tunnel linking the South Korean port of Pusan to Japan."
1971:
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A more northerly east–west route across Siberia, parallel to the Trans-Siberian line and known as the
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Sciacca, Joe (10 September 2001). "Race for 9th District; As races go, Joe would've loved this one".
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Chinese state media claims that the New Eurasian Land/Continental Bridge extends from Lianyungang to
832:. Travelling a total of 10,000 kilometres (6,210 mi), the train uses the China Railways and the
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Both Russia and China are seeking to establish a permanent rail link with South Korea by way of
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China's rail system as of 2008. The link with Kazakhstan is at the upper left corner of the map.
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Christian, David (Spring 2000). "Silk Roads or Steppe Roads? The Silk Roads in World History".
1957:"Строительство первого железнодорожного моста соединяющего Китай и Россию начнется в 2009 году"
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In April 2007 the Russian government announced that it was considering building a double track
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While the USSR had long been connected with China via the rail links in Northeastern China and
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3273:"Trans-Asia Railway Network Agreement: Dhaka fails to sign deal for lack of cabinet approval"
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Completed in 1916, the Trans-Siberian connects Moscow with Russian Pacific seaports such as
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1283:. However, their implementation would involve a much higher capital cost, requiring either
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Batbayar, S. (8 April 2009). "Global crisis delays Mongolia-Europe rail freight project".
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1240:. Large facilities to carry out this procedure exist at most border crossing between the "
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Blomfield, Adrien (20 April 2007). "Kremlin revives plan for 60-mile tunnel to Alaska".
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forks off of the Northern Xinjiang Railway at Jinghe and approaches Kazakhstan from the
734:. In December 2009, a second rail link from China was built to the Kazakhstan border at
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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to connect the Trans-Siberian to the North American rail system, and construction of a
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Xinhua, "China: Congress deputies propose free trade zones along continental bridge".
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3017:(2008). "Resources and infrastructure: Transport, communications and the Internet".
2619:; Xinhua, "Experts propose developing SW corridor of third Asia-Europe land-bridge".
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1810:Забайкальская железная дорога | Инвестиционный проект "Южный ход" | Общие сведения
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978:. Together, the railways create an uninterrupted rail link between the port city of
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3186:"China northwest city to host UN meet on Eurasia continental bridge 29 Jun-4 Jul".
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1947:, "Railway Linking NE China, Russia To Resume Operation in May", 23 February 2011.
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to link the Chinese and Russian rail networks via Kazakhstan. The section between
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2996:"A bridge too far?: Rev. Moon calls for billions to connect Alaska with Russia".
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route for moving freight and passengers overland between Pacific seaports in the
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1894:"Nine Transportation Corridors in Northeast Asia and Their Discontinuous Points"
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route makes three weekly services carrying up to 50 forty-foot-long containers.
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has been operating, which goes through the territory of Kazakhstan to the Port
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by 2013. The rail link through the Korgas Pass was completed in December 2012.
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Qi, Yong; Yan Wang (December 1991). "Analysis of Land Bridge Transportation".
3197:"China: Congress deputies propose free trade zones along continental bridge".
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Primorye Export to China Increased: Mainly timber and fertilizers are exported
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have also advocated the construction of a tunnel or bridge across the strait.
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However, work is underway to improve the viability of this route, such as the
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The transportation authorities in another industrial center of central China,
4415:
3982:
3860:
3584:
3479:
3334:
3123:
2813:"DVICE – China plans massive high-speed train network across Asia and Europe"
2717:
1444:
1241:
1060:. The link potentially enables rail freight from China to reach ports on the
1030:
864:
774:
568:
The original Moscow–Vladivostok route, completed in 1904, cut across China's
404:
363:
352:
340:
295:
3026:
Fu, Jing (27 August 2004). "UN promotes role of Eurasian continental link".
2926:
Vice premier: high-speed railway project, new highlight of Sino-Kazakh co-op
2125:
1405:. The plans include construction of a high-speed rail line from Kunming to
3605:
3094:
2673:
Kyodo; Wehrfritz also describes a proposal to construct a rail tunnel from
1488:
1284:
1261:
1061:
1048:
In 1996 a branch railway from Tejen was constructed across the border with
914:
755:
631:
471:
324:
217:
174:
76:
3967:
3050:
529:
267:
has proposed further expansion of the Eurasian Land Bridge, including the
4041:
4019:
3745:
3220:
3066:
Funabashi, Yoichi (24 December 2002). "Yoichi Funabashi at Vladivostok".
2735:
2229:"DB freight train arrives from China into Duisburg after 10300km journey"
1456:
1440:
1360:
1350:
1346:
are also studying the feasibility of establishing rail links with China.
1011:
979:
845:
727:
719:
686:
where the Chinese rail system connects with that of Kazakhstan at Dostyk.
683:
667:
430:
421:
320:
239:
in the former Russian Empire and the Soviet Union), rail links to India,
193:
162:
1045:
and the disruption of previous routes, this route became more relevant.
702:
border. The Soviets completed their line from Aktogay (a station on the
381:
Traffic along the southern Silk Road routes greatly diminished with the
3502:
3458:
3306:
2730:
2664:, "Russia, N. Korea Complete Railway Renovation Work", 14 October 2011.
1691:
1314:
1249:
1181:
930:
906:
887:
883:
807:
778:
763:
759:
695:
623:
584:
221:
189:
166:
155:
72:
67:
2660:
1461:
1406:
1264:
takes hours and special, heavy equipment. In many cases (especially,
1141:
1137:
1117:
1088:
1034:
1026:
995:
875:
782:
743:
611:
588:
573:
561:
487:
291:
205:
2897:"King's Cross to Beijing in two days on new high-speed rail network"
1896:. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia. Archived from
455:
was mostly completed in 1989. It terminates at the Pacific ports of
212:
project, the New Eurasian Land Bridge now theoretically connects to
4188:
Special Loan Program for China-Latin America Infrastructure Project
4160:
Sino-Latin American Production Capacity Cooperation Investment Fund
4064:
2970:
1372:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1232:). As a result, trains cannot run from China or European countries
1133:
1110:
1092:
1077:
1065:
1003:
991:
948:
879:
837:
813:
730:
traveled along the line from China to Kazakhstan's then-capital of
710:), but the construction on the Chinese side stopped because of the
699:
691:
659:
592:
576:; the section of the railway located within China was known as the
518:
425:
336:
248:
244:
209:
192:. China calls its uninterrupted rail link between the port city of
185:
59:
4313:
Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia
3476:"Sea-Land Makes Landbridge Rail Commitment to Former Soviet Union"
3355:"Major International Crises Need a Giant Project to Overcome Them"
857:
company), travelled on tracks operated by six different railways.
557:
3795:
3730:
3725:
2937:
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China
2255:"Germany Plans to Expand Chinese Rail Link as Xi Visits Duisburg"
2118:"Nazarbayev: Nurly zhol is a part of New Silk Road Economic Belt"
1472:
1467:
The project, as envisioned, would connect the Trans-Siberian via
1410:
1402:
1269:
1253:
1095:
link was opened. Iranian rail lines use 1,435 mm (4 ft
1081:
1053:
983:
952:
947:
On the European end of the freight route, the rail terminal near
891:
854:
849:
829:
770:
735:
703:
663:
603:
533:
522:
514:
434:
367:
344:
308:
154:
or Second Eurasian Continental Bridge, running through China and
1168:
1006:, the capital of Turkmenistan. After Ashgabat, the line ends at
385:
in the 15th century and development of the sea route around the
290:
Commercial traffic between Europe and Asia took place along the
3381:"The Northern East-West Freight Corridor (Eurasian Landbridge)"
2921:
2638:
2310:"Why The China-Europe 'Silk Road' Rail Network Is Growing Fast"
2100:"Silk Road Renewed With Launch of New Commercial Transit Route"
1944:
1452:
1431:
1409:, beginning in April 2011, with a possible future extension to
1368:
1331:
1069:
910:
793:
731:
707:
483:
348:
332:
213:
204:. With the October 2013 completion of the rail link across the
2053:, "China Opens Second Railway To Kazakhstan", 22 December 2012
1789:"Guide to the Photograph Album of the Chinese Eastern Railway"
1386:
project. Chinese leaders have called for the establishment of
552:
180:
China's rail system had long linked to the Trans-Siberian via
3083:
2721:, "China coming down the tracks", 22 January 2011, pp. 49–50.
2674:
2556:
Horse races, open spaces and the fate of Genghis Khan's balls
2497:
2163:
Rodrigue; International Railway Journal; Underhill; Batbayar.
1435:
Possible route of a bridge or tunnel across the Bering Strait
1355:
1327:
1257:
1022:
999:
926:
841:
646:
that construction on the bridge would begin in January 2011.
607:
359:
240:
131:
3162:
746:
Valley. A rail link on Kazakh side will extend the line to
706:
in eastern Kazakhstan) to their border station Druzhba (now
510:
companies to utilize the Trans-Siberian over the sea route.
4287:
3972:
3799:
3013:
2522:"10 Things to Know About Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway Project"
2148:"Iron Silk Road from China to Europe via Russia in 15 Days"
1073:
1049:
642:. On 4 November 2010, the project director, Wang Jin, told
201:
3324:"Central Asia's Rail Network and the Eurasian Land Bridge"
2839:"China's 16,000-Mile, 17-Nation Railroad Faces Bumpy Ride"
2757:
Hearst; Associated Press, "Bering Strait tunnel proposed".
1557:
1555:
4282:
2936:
2437:
Xinhua, "NW China mulls 'New Silk Road' exhibition park".
448:
of containerized international transit freight per year.
420:
The Trans-Siberian connects the Russian Pacific ports of
3111:
3005:
DiBenedetto, Bill (3 September 2007). "Getting strait".
2215:
Deutsche Bahn plant regelmäßigen Güterverkehr nach China
1879:
1279:
would achieve significant time savings in comparison to
378:
were active in trading along the northern trade routes.
146:, which runs through Russia and is sometimes called the
3333:. East Japan Railway Culture Foundation. Archived from
3242:
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
2500:"First China Railway Express line train reaches Turkey"
2010:
A competitive environment for linking the TSR & TKR
1552:
536:, China, through Siberia in 14 days, 3 days each week.
503:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
284:
3952:
Bangladesh, China, India and Myanmar Economic Corridor
1002:, Turkmenistan. From Tejen, another line continues to
2815:. Comparecarhire.co.uk. 18 March 2010. Archived from
2775:
Nicholson; DiBenedetto; Church & State; Sciacca;
2644:
Russia to test railway to N. Korea next month: report
2247:
466:
While the Trans-Siberian has always been used by the
117:
101:
1988:
Sino-Russian cross-border railway bridge to be built
714:
of the 1960s. In 1985 construction commenced on the
3358:(Google translation of an Arabic newspaper article)
2733:, "Putin mulls Sakhalin to Japan undersea tunnel",
2498:Mustafa Hatipoglu; Emrah Gokmen (7 November 2019).
255:, construction of a rail tunnel and highway bridge
3177:"NW China mulls "New Silk Road" exhibition park".
2482:"Is Marmaray Key for Europe-Asia Rail Connection?"
2465:"Wagons On Board: Tekirdag Derince Ferry Departed"
1714:DB Schenker to launch daily freight train to China
1136:to connect Europe and Asia via a tunnel under the
990:From Almaty in Kazakhstan, the railway extends to
610:province) and Russian Makhalino (a station on the
3751:China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan International Highway
3746:Uzbekistan-Tajikistan-China International Highway
34:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
4413:
3387:. Department of Global Studies & Geography,
3299:"South Korea to study undersea tunnel to Kyushu"
3251:. United Nations. pp. 56–58. Archived from
2791:"China's Railway Calls for High-Speed Diplomacy"
2539:"Kazakhstan to Strengthen China Europe Corridor"
814:Through service between China and Western Europe
806:Kazakhstan's infrastructure development program
564:, China's oldest and busiest rail gate to Russia
283:Silk Road trading routes during the 1st century
71:Railway bridge on the Trans-Siberian across the
3216:"New railway linking China, Europe to be built"
3091:
2939:, 22 February 2011; retrieved 25 February 2011.
649:
3741:China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor
3366:. H.H. Saudi Research & Marketing (UK) Ltd
2964:. Associated Press. 20 April 2007. p. A1.
1728:, 30 September 2011. Accessed: 4 October 2011.
1025:, then through the Caspian Sea to Azerbaijan (
4328:Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation
3696:Economic corridor in Greater Mekong Subregion
3621:
3518:
3378:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
1064:and via other train lines, to reach into the
111:
3815:International North–South Transport Corridor
3635:
2358:
2356:
1123:
547:
3701:China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor
3004:
2491:
1830:
1828:
1739:"Pociąg Łódź - Chiny: Trzy razy w tygodniu"
1569:
1567:
1019:Trans-Caspian International Transport Route
958:
553:Direct connections between Russia and China
4338:Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation
3628:
3614:
3525:
3511:
3436:
2573:) were changed to fit the new track-gauge"
2292:
1029:), then to Georgia, and from the Georgian
3715:New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor
3142:
3102:
3065:
3034:
2986:
2353:
2226:
2174:The N.E.W. Corridor and the Northern Axis
2082:"China's Triple Wins: The New Silk Roads"
1275:It has been suggested that on some lines
393:
4135:China-Eurasian Economic Cooperation Fund
3720:Regional Comprehensive Economic Corridor
3532:
3473:
3132:"Third land link to Europe envisioned".
2968:
1825:
1564:
1430:
1313:
1167:
1163:
1146:
900:
677:
556:
403:
278:
66:
4140:China-ASEAN Investment Cooperation Fund
3810:China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor
3710:China-Laos-Thailand Railway Cooperation
3474:Thuermer, Karen E. (12 February 1995).
3409:"Bering bridge idea to highlight rally"
3352:
3120:
3070:. Japan: Asahi Evening News. p. 1.
2448:"Completely False Facts About Marmaray"
2307:
1778:( 10 February 2015, "UIC eNews" Nr 435)
1707:
1290:
55:Rail route between East Asia and Europe
4414:
4229:Community of shared future for mankind
4050:Agricultural Development Bank of China
3846:Addis Ababa-Djibouti Economic Corridor
3731:Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park
3726:China-Malaysia Qinzhou Industrial Park
3482:/Tribune Business News. Archived from
3430:
3321:
3281:. World Prout Assembly. Archived from
3074:
2866:"China Explores Rail Routes to Europe"
2863:
673:
437:in Northeastern China, or directly at
4467:International railway lines in Europe
4150:China-CEE Investment Cooperation Fund
3609:
3506:
3270:
2946:
2894:
1420:
1295:
134:and seaports in Europe. The route, a
4363:China-Pacific Island Countries Forum
4323:Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Mechanism
4088:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
4015:Internationalization of the renminbi
3877:Agua Negra Pass International Tunnel
2977:
2788:
2371:Ōtsuka, pp. 42, 44; Mirak-Weissbach.
2329:, by PHILIP OLTERMANN, 9 August 2018
1891:
1380:United Nations Development Programme
1210:used in most of Europe and China is
501:In February and March 2011, Japan's
408:Map of the Trans-Siberian (red) and
15:
4462:International railway lines in Asia
4348:China-Arab States Cooperation Forum
3555:Northern East West Freight Corridor
2124:. 17 September 2015. Archived from
1781:
1664:Rodrigue, Ōtsuka, p. 49; Wehrfritz.
1531:Eurasia Continental Bridge corridor
1287:or replacement of existing bogies.
1151:The train route from Xian to Prague
662:on the Trans-Siberian with China's
492:Northern East West Freight Corridor
263:between South Korea and Japan. The
13:
3777:China-Europe Land-Sea Express Line
3385:The Geography of Transport Systems
3353:Qazwini, Iqbal (23 January 2003).
3331:Japan Railway and Transport Review
3322:Ōtsuka, Shigeru (September 2001).
3271:Islam, Zahedul (7 November 2006).
3025:
1506:
682:Terminus of the Lanxin railway at
229:the same gauge as Chinese railways
14:
4543:
4527:Transport in the Russian Far East
4447:History of foreign trade in China
4343:Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
4293:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3379:Rodrigue, Jean-Paul (1998–2009).
2958:"Bering Strait tunnel proposed".
2308:Shepard, Wade (28 January 2016).
2187:). Page 31, and the map on p. 32.
1993:China Internet Information Center
1972:(This is somewhat obsolete by now
1696:Land, sea routes to Russia tested
1058:Islamic Republic of Iran Railways
294:from at least the 2nd millennium
4394:
4393:
3908:
3791:Trans-European Transport Network
3736:Brunei-Guangxi Economic Corridor
3665:China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
2864:Willis, Andrew (16 March 2010).
1113:is also a capacity restriction.
20:
4532:International bridges in Russia
4437:Economy of the Russian Far East
4193:China-Arab states special loans
3679:China-Myanmar Economic Corridor
3000:. 10 November 2005. p. 19.
2914:
2895:Moore, Malcolm (8 March 2010).
2888:
2857:
2831:
2805:
2782:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2724:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2667:
2653:
2631:
2622:
2609:
2597:
2588:
2576:
2548:
2531:
2514:
2474:
2457:
2440:
2431:
2409:
2400:
2374:
2365:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2277:
2261:. 28 March 2014. Archived from
2220:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2166:
2157:
2140:
2110:
2092:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2044:
2031:
2022:
1999:
1977:
1965:
1950:
1938:
1912:
1885:
1873:
1850:
1803:
1769:
1757:
1731:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1464:and RAO United Energy Systems.
917:during the inauguration of the
4457:International bridges in China
3892:Transoceanic fiber optic cable
2419:. Rail Turkey. 29 October 2013
2196:International Railway Journal.
1642:
1619:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1543:
1248:" gauge territories (e.g., at
169:by the railways of the former
1:
4172:China Africa Development Fund
3947:Global Energy Interconnection
3805:China–Belarus Industrial Park
3445:(4). Science Press: 337–346.
3085:International Railway Journal
1725:Railway Gazette International
1481:Fort Nelson, British Columbia
1363:, finishing in October 2011.
1326:The governments of India and
740:Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos Railway
103:Yevraziyskiy sukhoputniy most
4512:Rail transport in Kazakhstan
4145:Russia-China Investment Fund
3705:Laos-China Economic Corridor
3439:Chinese Geographical Science
1536:
1475:in Siberian Russia with the
1176:at the Sino-Mongolian border
650:Russia to China via Mongolia
7:
4472:International railway lines
4275:(2019 Leading Group report)
3841:Port Sudan-Ethiopia Railway
3590:Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel
3015:Economist Intelligence Unit
2789:Loyd, Beth (9 March 2010).
2006:Economist Intelligence Unit
1519:
1487:. Other leaders, including
1477:North American rail network
1401:to China's rail system via
1310:Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel
1084:; the trip takes 14 days.
1043:Russian invasion of Ukraine
788:) while the other two (the
148:Northern East-West Corridor
118:
102:
92:Евразийский сухопутный мост
10:
4548:
4422:Economic history of Russia
4308:Caribbean Development Bank
4155:China-LAC Cooperation Fund
2585:; Ōtsuka, p. 48; Rodrigue.
2227:A. Samuel (6 April 2011).
1424:
1299:
962:
817:
666:via the Mongolian capital
583:The western border point (
397:
274:
57:
4452:History of rail transport
4389:
4303:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
4272:
4244:
4237:
4216:
4209:
4180:
4117:
4110:
4078:
4040:
4033:
4007:
4000:
3978:China-UAE Industrial Zone
3973:Sino-Oman Industrial Park
3960:
3924:
3917:
3906:
3885:
3869:
3823:
3782:Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway
3759:
3684:Eastern Economic Corridor
3657:
3643:
3540:
3019:Country Profile: Mongolia
2739:, 17 December 2011, p. 2.
2382:"Yiwu-Tehran cargo train"
2231:. Rail.co. Archived from
1561:Christian; Ōtsuka, p. 42.
1479:(gauge to be widened) at
1306:Kunming–Singapore Railway
1157:Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway
1124:Iron Silk Road via Turkey
1008:Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan
998:, Uzbekistan and then to
792:, and the connection via
716:Northern Xinjiang Railway
548:China and the land bridge
136:transcontinental railroad
112:
91:
4517:Rail transport in Russia
4507:Rail transport in Europe
4482:Passenger rail transport
4477:Belt and Road Initiative
4333:Greater Tumen Initiative
4098:SCO Interbank Consortium
3831:Suez Canal Economic Zone
3786:Alyat Free Economic Zone
3767:New Eurasian Land Bridge
3637:Belt and Road Initiative
3580:Sakhalin–Hokkaido Tunnel
3550:New Eurasian Land Bridge
3226:Communist Party of China
3203:. Xinhua. 11 March 2004.
3114:South China Morning Post
3038:Journal of World History
2982:. Canada. p. FP 15.
2951:
2179:22 November 2009 at the
2039:"精伊霍铁路打破交通瓶颈 助推新疆伊犁经济发展"
1631:27 November 2011 at the
1526:Belt and Road Initiative
1485:contiguous United States
1236:the former USSR without
1037:to the countries of the
976:Lanzhou–Xinjiang Railway
965:New Eurasian Land Bridge
959:New Eurasian Land Bridge
640:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
257:across the Bering Strait
198:New Eurasian Land Bridge
152:New Eurasian Land Bridge
106:), sometimes called the
4502:Rail transport in China
4273:Multilateral mechanisms
3690:Two Corridors, One Belt
3670:Trans-Himalayan Network
3650:(2019 Joint Communique)
3565:Trans-Eurasia Logistics
3192:. Xinhua. 21 June 2007.
1649:Baikal – Amur Main Line
874:Another test run, from
820:Trans-Eurasia Logistics
578:Chinese Eastern Railway
525:in 23 days, every day.
441:south of Vladivostok).
4497:Rail transport in Asia
4492:Rail freight transport
4442:Economy of Vladivostok
4055:China Development Bank
3570:Bering Strait crossing
3545:Trans-Siberian Railway
3208:
2062:Ōtsuka, pp. 42–43, 48.
1930:Dalnevostochny Kapital
1928:("An empty corridor")
1815:9 October 2011 at the
1610:Trans-Korean Main Line
1443:rail tunnel under the
1436:
1427:Bering Strait crossing
1319:
1177:
1152:
922:
869:global economic crisis
687:
570:northeastern provinces
565:
413:
400:Trans-Siberian Railway
394:Trans-Siberian Railway
383:fall of Constantinople
287:
144:Trans-Siberian Railway
79:
3988:Lekki Free Trade Zone
3051:10.1353/jwh.2000.0004
2650:), 15 September 2011.
2628:Wehrfritz; Funabashi.
2561:30 April 2009 at the
2284:湖北：汉新欧铁路月底重新鸣笛 将延伸至西欧
2259:BloombergBusinessweek
1924:6 August 2007 at the
1704:, 1 March 2011, p. 7.
1626:Transsiberian Railway
1434:
1425:Further information:
1338:. The governments of
1317:
1206:). The international
1171:
1164:Break of gauge issues
1150:
919:China Railway Express
904:
681:
560:
517:, Germany, to inland
407:
282:
119:Noviy shyolkoviy put'
70:
4427:Economic integration
4368:World Economic Forum
4130:Green Silk Road Fund
4093:New Development Bank
3534:Eurasian Land Bridge
3414:The Washington Times
3285:on 27 September 2007
2341:, Ōtsuka, pp. 42–43.
2015:22 July 2011 at the
1862:16 July 2011 at the
1840:1 March 2012 at the
1719:21 June 2012 at the
1582:Rodrigue; Wehrfritz.
1392:Resident Coordinator
1291:Proposed development
1277:variable-gauge axles
1056:) and linked to the
834:Trans-Mongolian line
656:Trans-Mongolian line
624:Amur (Heilong) River
532:, Poland, to inland
453:Baikal–Amur Mainline
410:Baikal–Amur Mainline
362:and extended to the
84:Eurasian Land Bridge
4373:Boao Forum for Asia
4298:Asia-Europe Meeting
4246:Belt and Road Forum
3674:China–Nepal Railway
3560:Trans-Asian Railway
3451:1991ChGpS...1..337Q
3431:Further information
3340:on 22 November 2009
3155:The Virginian-Pilot
2989:The Daily Telegraph
2931:7 July 2011 at the
2819:on 19 February 2012
2545:, 17 September 2014
2406:Ōtsuka, pp. 42, 44.
2185:University of Turku
1932:, No.7, July 2004.
1600:Hisako Tsuji, p. 13
1384:Trans-Asian Railway
1302:Trans-Asian Railway
674:Kazakhstan to China
269:Trans-Asian Railway
196:and Kazakhstan the
113:Новый шёлковый путь
4432:Economy of Siberia
4318:ASEAN-China (10+1)
3836:Cape to Cairo Road
3486:on 2 November 2012
3459:10.1007/BF02664482
3389:Hofstra University
3158:. 3 November 2002.
2998:Church & State
2947:General references
2766:Blomfield; Hearst.
2488:, 12 November 2013
2471:, 11 November 2013
2388:on 6 February 2016
2183:(Master's Thesis,
2106:. 21 January 2016.
2071:Ōtsuka, pp. 45–46.
2051:Xinhua News Agency
2028:Ōtsuka, pp. 42–43.
1996:, 7 November 2010.
1984:Xinhua News Agency
1892:Kawamura, Kazumi.
1591:Ōtsuka, pp. 48–49.
1469:Komsomolsk-on-Amur
1437:
1421:Bering Strait link
1320:
1296:Expansion projects
1178:
1153:
923:
905:China's President
896:Chongqing-Duisburg
790:Trans-Aral Railway
688:
644:Xinhua News Agency
566:
480:Hofstra University
414:
288:
182:northeastern China
80:
4487:Rail cooperatives
4407:
4406:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4358:China-CEEC (14+1)
4353:China-CELAC Forum
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4165:China-Brazil Fund
4106:
4105:
3996:
3995:
3942:Digital Silk Road
3918:Linked to the BRI
3904:
3903:
3851:Northern Corridor
3651:
3603:
3602:
3496:HighBeam Research
3309:. 3 December 2009
2528:, 20 October 2014
2417:"Marmaray Opened"
2172:Jonas M. Helseth
1868:Vladivostok Times
1612:(At the official
921:in Warsaw, Poland
825:on rail by 2014.
712:Sino-Soviet split
521:, China, through
387:Cape of Good Hope
251:and elsewhere in
100:
53:
52:
4539:
4522:Transnationalism
4397:
4396:
4242:
4241:
4214:
4213:
4115:
4114:
4038:
4037:
4005:
4004:
3922:
3921:
3912:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3470:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3395:on 14 April 2009
3391:. Archived from
3375:
3373:
3371:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3250:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3204:
3193:
3182:
3173:
3168:
3159:
3148:
3139:
3128:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3088:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3031:
3022:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2940:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2876:on 22 March 2010
2872:. Archived from
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2793:. Abcnews.go.com
2786:
2780:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2740:
2728:
2722:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2681:
2671:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2552:
2546:
2535:
2529:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2502:. Anadolu Agency
2495:
2489:
2478:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2384:. Archived from
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2305:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2265:on 29 March 2014
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2235:on 20 March 2012
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2154:, 9 October 2014
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2008:; Hisako Tsuji,
2003:
1997:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1741:. Archived from
1735:
1729:
1711:
1705:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:Russian Railways
1646:
1640:
1637:Russian Railways
1623:
1617:
1614:Russian Railways
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1562:
1559:
1550:
1547:
1388:free trade zones
1231:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1187:
1134:Marmaray project
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1017:Since 2013, the
1010:, a port on the
798:Astrakhan Oblast
636:Nizhneleninskoye
461:Sovetskaya Gavan
412:(green) Railways
317:Byzantine Greece
300:Eurasian Steppes
235:, as opposed to
142:, comprises the
140:rail land bridge
128:Russian Far East
121:
115:
114:
105:
95:
93:
48:
45:
39:
32:factual accuracy
24:
23:
16:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4377:
4276:
4274:
4268:
4233:
4197:
4176:
4102:
4074:
4060:China Exim Bank
4029:
3992:
3956:
3937:Space Silk Road
3913:
3900:
3896:Polar Silk Road
3881:
3865:
3819:
3772:Port of Piraeus
3755:
3648:
3639:
3634:
3604:
3599:
3595:Maitree Express
3575:Sakhalin Tunnel
3536:
3531:
3489:
3487:
3433:
3420:
3418:
3407:
3398:
3396:
3369:
3367:
3363:Asharq Al-Awsat
3357:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3326:
3312:
3310:
3303:The Japan Times
3297:
3288:
3286:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3231:
3229:
3228:. 18 March 2004
3214:
3211:
3196:
3185:
3176:
3171:
3151:
3138:. 21 July 2009.
3131:
3105:Financial Times
3007:Pacific Shipper
2995:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2933:Wayback Machine
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2901:Daily Telegraph
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2845:. 17 March 2010
2837:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2777:Virginian-Pilot
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2654:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2563:Wayback Machine
2553:
2549:
2536:
2532:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2479:
2475:
2462:
2458:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2306:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2221:
2217:, 6 April 2011.
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2181:Wayback Machine
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2128:on 12 June 2018
2116:
2115:
2111:
2104:astanatimes.com
2098:
2097:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2017:Wayback Machine
2004:
2000:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1926:Wayback Machine
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1864:Wayback Machine
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:Wayback Machine
1833:
1826:
1820:
1817:Wayback Machine
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1791:. Oac.cdlib.org
1787:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1745:on 13 June 2013
1737:
1736:
1732:
1721:Wayback Machine
1712:
1708:
1701:The Japan Times
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1647:
1643:
1633:Wayback Machine
1624:
1620:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1522:
1509:
1507:High-speed rail
1501:14th Dalai Lama
1493:Lyndon LaRouche
1429:
1423:
1312:
1298:
1293:
1256:) Changing the
1238:changing bogies
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:4 ft
1215:
1211:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:4 ft
1189:
1185:
1166:
1126:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
972:Longhai Railway
967:
961:
951:'s river port (
861:Hartmut Mehdorn
836:to travel from
822:
816:
786:meridional line
676:
652:
555:
550:
507:Hamada, Shimane
402:
396:
277:
63:
56:
49:
43:
40:
37:
29:This article's
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4545:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4125:Silk Road Fund
4121:
4119:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4070:Sino Guarantee
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3793:
3788:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3676:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3652:
3644:Corridors and
3641:
3640:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3471:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3417:. 25 June 2005
3405:
3376:
3350:
3319:
3295:
3268:
3258:on 7 June 2011
3238:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:BBC Monitoring
3194:
3189:BBC Monitoring
3183:
3181:. 1 July 2007.
3174:
3169:
3160:
3149:
3140:
3129:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3089:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3032:
3023:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2961:The Pantagraph
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2913:
2887:
2856:
2830:
2804:
2781:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2723:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2666:
2652:
2648:alternate link
2630:
2621:
2608:
2596:
2587:
2575:
2547:
2530:
2513:
2490:
2473:
2456:
2439:
2430:
2408:
2399:
2373:
2364:
2362:Ōtsuka, p. 44.
2352:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2291:
2276:
2246:
2219:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2165:
2156:
2139:
2109:
2091:
2086:www.forbes.com
2073:
2064:
2055:
2043:
2030:
2021:
1998:
1976:
1964:
1949:
1937:
1919:Пустой коридор
1911:
1884:
1872:
1849:
1824:
1802:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1730:
1706:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1655:official site)
1641:
1639:official site)
1618:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1508:
1505:
1497:Sun Myung Moon
1422:
1419:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1281:bogie exchange
1234:into or out of
1208:standard gauge
1165:
1162:
1125:
1122:
1080:Province) and
1039:European Union
963:Main article:
960:
957:
940:cargo volume.
863:, chairman of
815:
812:
758:, Uzbekistan,
675:
672:
651:
648:
634:province with
554:
551:
549:
546:
398:Main article:
395:
392:
376:Rus' Khaganate
372:Volga Bulgaria
276:
273:
265:United Nations
253:Southeast Asia
237:1,520 mm gauge
233:standard gauge
171:Russian Empire
124:rail transport
54:
51:
50:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4544:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4410:
4400:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4224:Leading Group
4222:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4025:Green finance
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:Port of Haifa
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Air Silk Road
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3671:
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3344:11 November
3289:21 November
3262:26 November
3232:11 November
3221:China Daily
3028:China Daily
2736:Japan Times
2615:Wehrfritz;
2604:China Daily
2583:China Daily
2543:Rail Turkey
2526:Rail Turkey
2506:13 November
2486:Rail Turkey
2469:Rail Turkey
2452:Rail Turkey
2423:20 February
2339:China Daily
2152:Rail Turkey
2041:6 July 2010
1457:fiber optic
1441:broad gauge
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1182:track gauge
1091:though the
1012:Caspian Sea
980:Lianyungang
846:Ulaanbaatar
728:goods train
684:Alataw Pass
668:Ulaanbaatar
630:in China's
431:North Korea
422:Vladivostok
327:dynasties,
261:rail tunnel
194:Lianyungang
163:Vladivostok
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3313:8 December
3307:Kyodo News
2779:; Qazwini.
2748:Blomfield.
2731:Jiji Press
2392:5 February
2037:(Chinese)
1904:9 February
1880:poezda.net
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1573:Christian.
1499:, and the
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888:Kazakhstan
886:crossing,
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760:Kyrgyzstan
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167:rail gauge
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3925:Corridors
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3467:129322647
2661:NHK World
2571:wheelsets
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2122:inform.kz
1673:Rodrigue.
1537:Citations
1462:Transneft
1407:Vientiane
1375:, China.
1174:wheelsets
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1089:Bosphorus
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744:Ili River
628:Tongjiang
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589:Manzhouli
574:Manchuria
562:Manzhouli
488:Rotterdam
292:Silk Road
271:project.
206:Bosphorus
97:romanized
4399:Category
4238:Dialogue
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4008:Concepts
3961:Projects
3870:Americas
3646:projects
3165:Newsweek
3145:Newsweek
3059:18008906
3045:(1): 1.
2971:Montsame
2929:Archived
2906:23 April
2880:23 April
2849:23 April
2823:23 April
2797:23 April
2559:Archived
2269:29 March
2239:23 April
2177:Archived
2013:Archived
1922:Archived
1860:Archived
1838:Archived
1813:Archived
1795:23 April
1717:Archived
1651:(At the
1635:(At the
1629:Archived
1520:See also
1449:Chukotka
1447:between
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1344:Malaysia
1340:Thailand
1336:Kyaukpyu
1262:rail car
1246:standard
1230: in
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1111:Lake Van
1093:Marmaray
1078:Zhejiang
1066:Caucasus
1004:Ashgabat
992:Tashkent
974:and the
949:Duisburg
880:Duisburg
838:Xiangtan
773:and the
748:Saryozek
700:Xinjiang
692:Mongolia
660:Ulan-Ude
593:Suifenhe
519:Shenyang
426:Nakhodka
351:and the
341:Göktürks
337:Sogdiana
249:Malaysia
245:Thailand
210:Marmaray
186:Mongolia
60:Beringia
44:May 2024
4034:Banking
3856:LAPSSET
3796:TRACECA
3760:Eurasia
3447:Bibcode
3278:New Age
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2316:(Blog).
1749:27 June
1473:Yakutsk
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1403:Kunming
1270:Khorgos
1254:Erenhot
1244:" and "
1242:Russian
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1199:⁄
1104:⁄
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1054:Serakhs
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892:Belarus
855:Fujitsu
850:Belarus
830:Hamburg
771:Turksib
738:. The
736:Khorgos
704:Turksib
664:Erenhot
604:Hunchun
534:Chengdu
523:Siberia
515:Leipzig
468:Tsarist
435:Dandong
368:Khazars
345:Xiongnu
329:Parthia
313:Ancient
309:Scythia
275:History
218:Central
99::
88:Russian
4217:Policy
4042:Policy
3861:VICMED
3824:Africa
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3057:
2922:Xinhua
2639:Yonhap
2314:Forbes
2019:. P. 9
1945:Xinhua
1453:Alaska
1369:Kyushu
1332:Yunnan
1308:, and
1258:bogies
1070:Turkey
911:Poland
794:Atyrau
732:Almaty
720:Ürümqi
708:Dostyk
616:Khasan
484:Narvik
472:Soviet
457:Vanino
439:Khasan
366:. The
349:Yuezhi
333:Rouran
319:, the
214:Europe
4118:Funds
3886:Theme
3463:S2CID
3338:(PDF)
3327:(PDF)
3256:(PDF)
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1260:on a
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842:Hunan
608:Jilin
572:, or
360:Yugra
241:Burma
132:China
75:near
4288:APEC
4264:2023
4259:2019
4254:2017
3800:TITR
3658:Asia
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3423:2009
3401:2009
3372:2009
3346:2009
3315:2009
3291:2009
3264:2009
3234:2009
2924:), "
2908:2012
2882:2012
2851:2012
2825:2012
2799:2012
2508:2019
2425:2014
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2271:2014
2241:2012
2134:2016
1906:2008
1797:2012
1751:2013
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1342:and
1155:The
1074:Yiwu
1068:and
1052:(at
1050:Iran
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