186:
139:
3962:
3189:
3974:
33:
1582:, Germany. According to a spokesperson of the Baden-Württemberg Judiciary, all judges of the Stuttgart Commercial Court and the Mannheim Commercial Court will be able to conduct hearings in the English language. The courts have been created with the intent of settling international disputes, thus increasing the role of Germany in international commercial law.
1078:, Wales's last independent prince, in battle. Edward followed the practice used by his Norman predecessors in their subjugation of the English, and constructed a series of great stone castles in order to control Wales, thus preventing further military action against England by the Welsh. With ‘English’ political control at this time came
998:). This caused divisions in the country where the Lowlands remained, historically, more influenced by the English to the south: the Lowlands lay more open to attack by invading armies from the south and absorbed English influence through their proximity to and their trading relations with their southern neighbours.
878:
remains low, particularly since the 1960s. About 165,000 people in
Northern Ireland have some knowledge of Irish. Ability varies; 64,847 people stated they could understand, speak, read and write Irish in the 2011 UK census, the majority of whom have learnt it as a second language. Otherwise, except
1207:
After independence in the 1960s there was some attempt to encourage French, which was still the most important
European language. This policy would have been in line with that in place in Greece at the time. Furthermore, in the 1960s, affluent French-speaking tourists (both from France and Lebanon)
1196:
have had little opportunity or inclination to learn the others' language, and are more likely to talk to each other in
English. Older Turkish Cypriots who worked or lived with Greek Cypriots prior to partition often speak Greek quite fluently. Indeed, many Ottoman soldiers took Greek wives and were
963:
by the end of the 13th century. English appeared in
Scotland for the first time in literary form in the mid-14th century, when its form unsurprisingly differed little from other northern English dialects. As a consequence of the outcome of the Wars of Independence though, the English of Lothian who
1703:
English has become the pre-eminent second language of Europe not in the absence of any colonial history or diaspora, but rather as a concerted effort to increase fluency in
English by Europeans since the Second World War. English has become the most useful language to connect different language
1467:
was ceded to
Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht, although as it transpired this was to be a temporary dominion. Nevertheless, while under British Control Menorca become the Royal Navy's main Mediterranean base and English has been very widely spoken throughout Menorca ever since. Although not an
1620:, Volvo, etc. have designated English to be the language of communication for their senior management, and many universities offer their programmes in English. The language is also a required subject in most European countries. Thus, the percentage of English speakers is expected to rise.
1428: – hitherto an unscripted vernacular – in or around 1868. From this point on, the Maltese language gradually gained currency as the main language on the islands, its grammars and conventions evolving in a mix between Italian, Arabic and English.
869:
was established in
Belfast to drive inward investment as a response to a notable level of public interest in learning Irish and the expansion of Irish-medium education (predominantly attended by children whose home language is English) since the 1970s. In recent decades, some
409:. In return, the Angles were granted lands in the South-East. Further aid was sought, and in response "came men of Ald Seaxum of Anglum of Iotum" (Saxons, Angles and Jutes). The Chronicle documents the subsequent influx of settlers who eventually established seven kingdoms:
604:
after the Norman conquest, and French in later centuries; as a result, a substantial proportion of
English vocabulary is very close to French, with some slight spelling differences (word endings, use of old French spellings, etc.) and some occasional shifts in meaning.
659:. English influence on the country waned during this period to the point that the English-dominated Parliament was driven to legislate that any Irish of English descent must speak English (requiring those that did not know English to learn it) through the
1208:
in terms of percentage were more important than today. Overall though, the French policy was indicative of a desire to distance Cyprus from the former
British colonial power, against which a bitter war of independence had recently been fought and won.
1708:
remains to be seen, but it is possible that the EU, in retaining
English as a key working language without the dominant presence of British English speakers, would claim ownership over its own variety of English and develop it for its own needs.
1454:
English remains an official language in Malta, but since independence in 1964, the country's cultural and commercial links with Italy have strengthened, owing to proximity. Italian television is widely received in Malta and is highly popular.
736:. Accordingly, some Irish people who spoke both Irish and English refrained from speaking to their children in Irish, or, in extreme cases, feigned the inability to speak Irish themselves. Despite state support for the Irish language in the
1183:
The British colonial history of Cyprus has left Cypriots with a good level of English but it is no longer an official language in either the Greek south side of the island, formally known as the Republic of Cyprus or the Turkish north, the
1009:
of England, and became James I of England. James moved to London and only returned once to Scotland. By the time of James VI's accession to the English throne the old Scottish Court and Parliament spoke Scots. Scots developed from the
1601:
and the aim of making Helsinki more attractive to international talent. 8,000 Helsinkians speak English as their native language, which is 1.2% of Helsinki's population and makes it the 7th most spoken native language in the city.
752:
by only a very small number of people on the island of Ireland. Irish has been a compulsory subject in schools in the Republic since the 1920s and proficiency in Irish was until the mid-1980s required for all government jobs.
756:
It may be noted, however, that certain Irish words (especially those germane to political and civic life) in the Republic are rarely, if ever, translated into English. These include the names of legislative bodies (such as
528:. Some scholars divide Early Modern English and Late Modern English at around 1800, in concert with the British conquest of much of the rest of the world, as the influence of native languages affected English enormously.
1052:. Approximately 2% of the population use Scottish Gaelic as their language of everyday use, primarily in the northern and western regions of the country. Virtually all Scottish Gaelic speakers also speak fluent English.
1626:
or European English, less commonly known as EU English and EU Speak, is a dialect of English based on the technical jargon of the European Union and the native languages of its non-native English speaking population.
1082:
customs and language; English did not displace Welsh as the majority language of the Welsh people until the anti-Welsh language campaigns, which began towards the end of the 19th century (54% spoke Welsh in 1891; see
572:
in the North Sea. While native English speakers are generally able to read Scots, except for some odd unfamiliar words, Frisian is largely unintelligible (though it was much closer to modern English's predecessors,
333:
citizens then spoke English as their native language. Another 38% of EU citizens then stated that they had sufficient English skills to hold a conversation, so the total reach of English in the EU in 2006 was 51%.
1175:
retaining limited rights to intervene in internal affairs. Parts of the island were excluded from the territory of the new independent republic and remain under UK control. These zones are what are known as the
1022:). Scots continues to heavily influence the spoken English of the Scottish people today. It is much more similar to dialects in the north of England than to 'British' English, even today. The introduction of
928:
language. However, during the 12th and 13th centuries, Norman landowners and their retainers, were invited to settle by the king. It is probable that many of their retainers spoke a northern form of
821:, Ireland is today largely an English-speaking country. Fluent or native Irish speakers are a minority in most of the country, with Irish remaining as a vernacular mainly in the relatively small
865:. All of these Irish speakers were bilingual and chose to speak English to their children, and thus these areas of Northern Ireland are now entirely English-speaking. However, in the 2000s a
1563:, a trilingual country, there was a proposal in 2019 to make English an official language, but this ultimately failed to get the required minimum number of signatures to be discussed by the
964:
lived under the King of Scots had to accept Scottish identity. The growth in prestige of English in the 14th century, and the complementary decline of French in Scotland, made English the
189:
Knowledge of English as a foreign and second language in the EU member states (plus Turkey), in per cent of the adult population (over the age of 14), 2005. Data taken from an EU survey.
717:
from 1831 proved a powerful vector for the transmission of English as a home language, with the greatest retreat of the Irish language occurring in the period between 1850 and 1900.
3169:
1200:
English is also commonly used on Cyprus to communicate with foreign visitors. The large number of British tourists (and other, largely Northern European ones, who use English as a
971:
Thus, from the end of the 14th century, and certainly by the end of the 15th century, Scotland began to show a split into two cultural areas – the mainly English or
1215:, leading to diffusion of culture and language back to their country of origin, and negative sentiments towards the UK have waned or disappeared. There is now a large British
686:
and suppression of Catholicism, including both native Irish and the "Old English" (those of Anglo-Norman descent), further cemented English influence across the country.
588:
of the eastern Netherlands and northern Germany, which was the old homeland of the Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain. Other less closely related living languages include
1612:
In areas of Europe where English is not the first language, there are many examples of the mandated primacy of English: for example, many European companies, such as
1788:"Accroître le taux d'attraction des talents non francophones et l'intégration mondiale : faire de l'anglais une langue officielle du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg"
3262:
853:
At the time of partition, English had become the first language of the vast majority in Northern Ireland. It had small elderly Irish-speaking populations in the
1812:
3162:
3021:
2961:
1439:
regime in Italy, which had made territorial claims on the islands, although the use of Italian by nationalists was more out of cultural affinities with
1431:
Between the 1870s and 1930s, Malta had three official languages, Italian, Maltese and English, but in 1934, English and Maltese were declared the sole
3257:
3155:
1014:
spoken in the Northumbrian kingdom of Bernicia, which in the 6th century conquered the Brittonic kingdom of Gododdin and renamed its capital of
1877:
440:
These Germanic invaders dominated the original Celtic-speaking inhabitants. The dialects spoken by these invaders formed what would be called
1204:) who visit Cyprus regularly has contributed largely to the continued use of English on Cyprus, especially in its thriving tourist industry.
1091:
is currently spoken by about one-fifth of the population. It has been enjoying support from the authorities for some decades, resulting in a
234:
1982:
3450:
3307:
1856:
1726:
1705:
97:
50:
1605:
Throughout Europe, tourism, publishing, finance, computers and related industries rely heavily on English due to Anglophone trade ties.
1120:
are two Crown Dependencies. Besides English, some (very few) inhabitants of these islands speak regional languages, or those related to
3056:
2029:
69:
1668:(44%), Cyprus (42%) and Sweden (40%). Working knowledge varies a lot between European countries. It is very high in Malta, Cyprus,
326:
form a "European Anglosphere" with an area of about 316,000 km (122,000 sq mi) and a population of over 71 million.
4004:
838:
697:
to their children as they knew that the children might have to emigrate and Irish would be of no use outside the home country, in
76:
1834:
1048:
Today, almost all residents of Scotland speak English, although many speak various dialects of Scots which differ markedly from
600:. Many French words are also intelligible to an English speaker, as English absorbed a tremendous amount of vocabulary from the
455:
invaders who settled mainly in the North-East. English, England and East Anglia are derived from words referring to the Angles:
3236:
3285:
3106:
2891:
299:, the sole official language of Gibraltar and of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, and one of the official languages of Ireland, Malta,
1899:
83:
3126:
2199:
2084:
1045:. A customs and currency union also took place. With this, Scotland's position was consolidated within the United Kingdom.
1042:
842:
3579:
1468:
official language, English tends to be used on much public signage for the benefit of tourists and expatriates, alongside
2607:
1648:
English is the most commonly spoken foreign language in 19 out of 25 European Union countries (excluding Ireland) In the
1451:, the Maltese lost their sense of fraternity with the Italian world, and there was a decline in Italian spoken in Malta.
1185:
690:
2712:
65:
1361:
do so in the UK. Gibraltar receives Spanish television and radio, and British television is also widely available via
185:
1956:
including native speakers, the figures are: English 38%, German 14%, French 14%, Spanish 6%, Russian 6%, Italian 3%.
1787:
1424:
However, this was increasingly downgraded by the increased use of English. The British began scripting and codifying
116:
932:, although probably French was more common. Most of the evidence suggests that English spread into Scotland via the
3430:
2511:
1564:
1357:, used by Government. It is also the medium of instruction in schools and most Gibraltarians who go on to tertiary
17:
3226:
2759:
2555:
1639:
1023:
874:
in Northern Ireland have used it as a means of promoting an Irish identity. However, the amount of interest from
3855:
3076:
2516:
2022:
1924:
1504:. There are communities of native English speakers in some European cities outside the UK and Ireland, such as
1034:
54:
3178:
3116:
2809:
2771:
1417:, and all legal statutes, taxation, education and clerical discourses were conducted either in Italian or in
1365:. Whereas a century ago, most Gibraltarians were monolingual Spanish speakers, the majority is now naturally
834:
744:) after independence, Irish continued to retreat, the economic marginality of many Irish-speaking areas (see
478:(or Anglo-French during the Plantagenet period) was the language of the elite and the administration and few
3999:
3474:
3111:
2764:
2584:
2401:
2222:
1245:
238:
142:
1151:
declared war against the United Kingdom and France as part of the complex series of alliances that led to
2487:
2477:
2075:
2042:
2038:
1155:. The British then annexed Cyprus on 2 November 1914 as part of the British Empire, making the Cypriots
90:
3952:
3289:
Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority
3071:
2786:
2644:
1084:
866:
561:
2007:
1342:. Even though Andalusian Spanish is the main constituent of Llanito, it is also heavily influenced by
924:
by the 7th century, but remained confined there, and indeed contracted slightly to the advance of the
3994:
3051:
2577:
2535:
2506:
2438:
2406:
2015:
1753:
809:
are still common for houses, streets, villages, and geographic features, especially the thousands of
714:
667:
3583:
Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language
1026:
into Scottish churches also was a blow to the Scots language, since it used Southern English forms.
3871:
3462:
2776:
2730:
2629:
2602:
2567:
2462:
2333:
1696:(14%). On average in 2012, 38% of citizens of the European Union (excluding the United Kingdom and
1261:
979:
597:
1188:
though English remains official in the SBAs. Since the effective partition of the island in 1974,
879:
for place names and folk music, English is effectively the sole language of Northern Ireland. The
789:, are referred to as "the Gardaí", or "the Guards" for short. Irish appears on government forms,
3747:
2988:
2821:
2639:
2614:
1980:
1961:
1945:
1700:) stated that they have sufficient knowledge of English to have a conversation in this language.
1410:
541:
43:
3361:
3221:
2903:
2881:
2685:
2382:
2351:
2229:
1211:
However, knowledge of English is helped by the large Cypriot migrant communities in the UK and
1019:
683:
565:
418:
282:
2799:
689:
As the centuries passed and the social conditions in Ireland deteriorated, culminating in the
3799:
3420:
3101:
2886:
2781:
2494:
2428:
2182:
2172:
2167:
1998:
925:
908:
888:
880:
569:
553:
475:
393:
3094:
1652:, working knowledge of English as a foreign language is clearly leading at 38%, followed by
1484:
There are also pockets of native English speakers to be found throughout Europe, such as in
1159:. On 5 November 1914 the British and the French declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Most of
486:
words were absorbed into Old English, which also lost most of its inflections, resulting in
3529:
2523:
2416:
2356:
2234:
2207:
2124:
1567:. In 2021, a similar proposal was made, which failed to meet the 4500 minimum signatures.
1413:. Prior to the arrival of the British, the language of the educated Maltese elite had been
1362:
1276:
1075:
959:, these small urban communities appear to have been using English as something more than a
848:
679:
660:
619:
521:
513:
441:
138:
1579:
861:
and Rathlin Island. There were also pockets of Irish speakers in the southernmost part of
8:
3928:
3500:
3456:
3333:
3298:
3121:
2951:
2943:
2841:
2804:
2690:
2675:
2550:
2540:
2467:
2306:
1976:
1941:
1697:
1606:
1331:
1272:
1220:
1177:
1071:
1038:
937:
892:
875:
786:
741:
675:
637:
525:
323:
206:
1041:, and transferring all their powers to a new Parliament in London which then became the
3011:
2978:
2913:
2896:
2751:
2572:
2119:
2109:
1382:
1319:
1061:
983:
945:
537:
358:
214:
3731:
3016:
3001:
2973:
2933:
2725:
2662:
2411:
2187:
2151:
1586:
1469:
1432:
1354:
1296:
1280:
1265:
1253:
1030:
991:
975:
965:
854:
758:
725:
651:. By the 14th century, however, English rule was largely limited to the area around
549:
491:
430:
402:
292:
250:
2707:
762:
131:"European English" redirects here. For the language used in the European Union, see
3882:
3850:
3740:
3555:
3385:
3136:
3089:
3041:
2968:
2876:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2697:
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2528:
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1049:
1011:
995:
917:
912:
896:
798:
737:
733:
508:
479:
426:
300:
246:
337:
European English is known by a number of colloquial portmanteau words, including:
3978:
3892:
3006:
2908:
2846:
2816:
2624:
2499:
2320:
2296:
2268:
2239:
2212:
2177:
2064:
1986:
1653:
1343:
1335:
1323:
1300:
1193:
1156:
1121:
956:
952:
858:
818:
623:
601:
593:
483:
471:
422:
364:
274:
198:
774:
3822:
3548:
3519:
3436:
3373:
3231:
3081:
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2680:
2433:
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2046:
1406:
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1347:
1292:
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1148:
1088:
972:
929:
884:
794:
694:
671:
589:
574:
545:
495:
487:
445:
401:, King of the Britons, issued an invitation to the "Angle kin" (Angles, led by
376:
330:
319:
312:
258:
202:
1764:
Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity.
778:
3988:
3966:
3468:
3414:
3318:
3131:
3046:
2702:
2619:
2560:
2472:
2423:
2301:
2283:
1386:
1229:
1189:
1079:
1065:
862:
749:
702:
698:
254:
1649:
3828:
3673:
3663:
3443:
2634:
2482:
2361:
1643:
1623:
1448:
1390:
1249:
1098:
871:
802:
544:
family of languages. The closest undoubted living relatives of English are
368:
132:
1597:. He cited the difficulty typically encountered by foreigners in learning
1473:
813:. But with these important exceptions, and despite the presence of Irish
556:
is spoken by approximately half a million people in the Dutch province of
3770:
3720:
3678:
3542:
3506:
3425:
3338:
3241:
3147:
1673:
1669:
1378:
1233:. All of the above maintains an English-speaking presence on the island.
1224:
1152:
941:
578:
410:
242:
218:
1125:
770:
3668:
3613:
3407:
2545:
2037:
1560:
1525:
1311:
1216:
1133:
948:
814:
806:
585:
278:
3792:
3775:
3754:
3643:
3537:
2102:
1571:
1549:
1513:
1505:
1366:
1241:
1212:
1109:
1015:
822:
810:
782:
766:
745:
721:
706:
557:
398:
372:
262:
230:
713:. In addition, the introduction of universal state education in the
520:
The rise of Modern English began around the fifteenth century, with
32:
3973:
3845:
3765:
3703:
3688:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3494:
3379:
3343:
3327:
2129:
1693:
1590:
1575:
1529:
1521:
1497:
1117:
1002:
987:
656:
648:
444:, which was also strongly influenced by another Germanic language,
384:
304:
289:
226:
1393:, died in 1974. All inhabitants of the Isle of Man speak English.
1389:
are the two official languages.. The last native speaker of Manx,
951:), Flemish and French. Although the military aristocracy employed
3909:
3898:
3653:
3648:
3633:
3628:
3401:
3391:
3354:
3066:
3061:
2871:
2217:
2144:
2139:
1878:"Mayor suggests Helsinki declare itself an English-language city"
1835:"What's the verdict with Stuttgart's new English language court?"
1813:"Make English an official language in Luxembourg, petition urges"
1685:
1665:
1617:
1594:
1501:
1493:
1464:
1444:
1339:
1315:
921:
729:
633:
629:
584:
After Scots and Frisian, the next closest relative is the modern
503:
296:
1656:
and French (at 14% each), Russian and Spanish (at 6% each), and
1219:
population, in addition to the British military presence in the
936:, proto-urban institutions which were first established by King
682:
and a deepening of the English language culture in Ireland. The
3904:
3698:
3693:
3658:
3638:
3513:
3396:
3367:
3348:
2134:
2114:
1960:. "Special Eurobarometer 243" of the European Commission (2006)
1677:
1660:(3%). "Very good" knowledge of English is particularly high in
1613:
1553:
1541:
1517:
1509:
1489:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1113:
1006:
748:) being a primary factor. For this reason Irish is spoken as a
710:
652:
641:
452:
434:
414:
380:
270:
222:
3887:
3877:
3860:
3805:
3760:
3683:
3623:
3618:
1689:
1681:
1661:
1537:
1485:
1440:
1418:
1402:
1304:
1288:
1257:
933:
645:
449:
406:
388:
308:
210:
1609:
and shipping movements are almost all conducted in English.
720:
By the 20th century, Ireland had a centuries-old history of
273:, English is spoken mainly by those who have learnt it as a
3865:
3839:
3833:
1545:
1533:
825:
regions, and most Irish speakers also have fluent English.
790:
266:
1593:, proposed to elevate English as an official language in
940:. Incoming burghers were mainly English (especially from
1857:"Two English-speaking commercial courts open in Germany"
1099:
English in other British or formerly British territories
3263:
List of countries where English is an official language
1500:, as well as numerous US and British military bases in
1095:, and is in a healthy position in many parts of Wales.
1033:. Implementing the treaty involved dissolving both the
839:
Languages of the United Kingdom § Northern Ireland
531:
1925:"English dominates EU language curricula, study finds"
1900:"Language according to sex by municipality, 1990-2021"
1139:
All inhabitants of the Channel Islands speak English.
1029:
In 1707 the Scottish and English Parliaments signed a
3950:
363:
English is descended from the language spoken by the
209:. Outside of these states, it has official status in
2001:
by Marko Modiano, World Englishes 19 September 2017
1227:, whose peacekeepers usually also use English as a
501:The most famous surviving work from Old English is
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3188:
674:to collapse at the start of the 17th century. The
666:English rule expanded in the 16th century by the
608:
536:English belongs to the western sub-branch of the
494:marked the transformation of Middle English into
277:, but also, to a lesser extent, natively by some
150: "Very High Proficiency" (score 63.07–70.27)
3986:
3258:List of countries by English-speaking population
773:, of the elected representative(s) in the Dáil (
329:According to a survey published in 2006, 13% of
174: "Very Low Proficiency" (score 40.87–48.19)
162: "Moderate Proficiency" (score 52.50–57.38)
1570:In 2020, two English-language courts opened in
883:specifically acknowledges the position both of
524:reaching its literary pinnacle at the time of
3163:
2023:
728:while the Irish language was associated with
235:Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3451:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3308:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
2381:
507:; the most famous Middle English work being
311:, the Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey and the
156: "High Proficiency" (score 58.26–61.86)
1630:
1279:as a result of the mix of the neighbouring
168: "Low Proficiency" (score 48.69–52.39)
3177:
3170:
3156:
3057:Comparison of American and British English
2030:
2016:
1435:. The British associated Italian with the
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
2750:
1777:The Turnstone: A Doctor's Story page 216
1768:, 39(1): 24. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
986:(which then could be thought to include
184:
137:
1999:English in a post-Brexit European Union
564:is spoken in nearby areas of Germany.
14:
3987:
3237:English in the Commonwealth of Nations
1792:The petition website of the Parliament
1706:impact of Brexit on EU language policy
1248:since an Anglo-Dutch force led by Sir
920:speakers were actually established in
3203:
3151:
2011:
1992:
1975:. "Special Eurobarometer 386" of the
1940:. "Special Eurobarometer 386" of the
1260:ceded the territory in perpetuity to
352:
3127:Non-native pronunciations of English
1754:Europeans and their Languages (2006)
1749:
1747:
843:English language in Northern Ireland
532:Classification and related languages
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
1727:"EF English Proficiency Index 2019"
1719:
1186:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
828:
24:
3187:
1479:
1103:
777:), and political parties (such as
25:
4016:
3204:
1744:
482:spoke English. A large number of
3972:
3960:
3431:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1346:, involving a certain amount of
1283:population with immigrants from
765:), government positions such as
628:The second English dominion was
371:along the southern coast of the
31:
4005:History of the English language
3227:History of the English language
1966:
1950:
1931:
1917:
1892:
1640:Languages of the European Union
1443:than any sympathy with Italian
1024:King James Version of the Bible
785:). Ireland's police force, the
42:needs additional citations for
3077:English-based creole languages
1870:
1849:
1827:
1805:
1780:
1771:
1758:
1372:
678:in 1607 paved the way for the
609:English in Britain and Ireland
13:
1:
3117:List of English-based pidgins
1973:Europeans and their Languages
1958:Europeans and their Languages
1938:Europeans and their Languages
1712:
1326:as well as languages such as
1314:language of the territory is
1197:allowed to marry up to four.
1163:gained independence from the
968:of most of eastern Scotland.
835:Languages of Northern Ireland
693:, Irish parents didn't speak
3475:United States Virgin Islands
3112:Linguistic purism in English
1236:
490:. Around the year 1500, the
470:For 300 years following the
288:The English language is the
249:has an official status as a
239:British Overseas Territories
180: Not included in report
143:EF English Proficiency Index
66:"English language in Europe"
7:
2213:London & Thames Estuary
902:
857:as well as in the northern
640:gained Irish lands and the
405:), to help him against the
281:from some countries in the
10:
4021:
3192:English speaking countries
3072:English as a lingua franca
1637:
1458:
1318:. It consists of a mix of
1246:British overseas territory
1059:
1001:In 1603 the Scottish King
906:
846:
832:
632:. With the arrival of the
617:
613:
356:
341:(first recorded in 1979),
201:, is mainly spoken in the
195:English language in Europe
130:
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3052:Broad and general accents
3034:
2987:
2962:regional and occupational
2942:
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1409:, under the terms of the
1353:English remains the sole
1142:
1050:Scottish Standard English
668:Tudor conquest of Ireland
636:in Ireland in 1169, King
3872:Northern Mariana Islands
3463:Turks and Caicos Islands
1396:
1369:in English and Spanish.
1055:
598:North Germanic languages
3748:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1447:. With the outbreak of
801:and in media promoting
3362:British Virgin Islands
3222:English-speaking world
3193:
3179:English-speaking world
2230:Received Pronunciation
1704:groups in Europe. The
1277:rich cultural heritage
1167:in 1960, with the UK,
1020:etymology of Edinburgh
1018:to Edinburgh (see the
684:Cromwellian Plantation
397:, around 449 AD,
283:English-speaking world
190:
182:
3800:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3421:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3191:
2424:Multicultural Toronto
909:Languages of Scotland
881:Good Friday Agreement
847:Further information:
570:North Frisian Islands
476:Anglo-Norman language
394:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
188:
141:
2585:Western Pennsylvania
1223:, as well as the UN
1221:Sovereign Base Areas
1178:Sovereign Base Areas
1076:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
1039:Scottish Parliaments
849:Languages of Ireland
680:Plantation of Ulster
661:Statutes of Kilkenny
620:Languages of Ireland
522:Early Modern English
514:The Canterbury Tales
51:improve this article
4000:Languages of Europe
3457:Trinidad and Tobago
3334:Antigua and Barbuda
3122:Mid-Atlantic accent
2713:Trinidad and Tobago
1977:European Commission
1942:European Commission
1607:Air traffic control
1405:became part of the
1275:inhabitants have a
1072:Edward I of England
893:Republic of Ireland
742:Republic of Ireland
676:Flight of the Earls
638:Henry II of England
586:Low German language
526:William Shakespeare
391:. According to the
3194:
2645:Pennsylvania Dutch
1985:2016-01-06 at the
1904:Statistics Finland
1815:. Luxembourg Times
1766:English World-wide
1578:, in the state of
1433:official languages
1320:Andalusian Spanish
1062:Languages of Wales
1043:British Parliament
724:. English was the
691:Great Irish Famine
359:History of English
353:History of English
215:Crown Dependencies
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1587:Juhana Vartiainen
1580:Baden-Württemberg
1470:Castilian Spanish
1355:official language
1266:Treaty of Utrecht
978:, and the mainly
966:prestige language
867:Gaeltacht Quarter
855:Sperrin Mountains
799:traditional music
726:prestige language
568:is spoken on the
562:Saterland Frisian
550:Frisian languages
492:Great Vowel Shift
403:Hengist and Horsa
293:official language
251:regional language
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1474:Menorcan Catalan
1463:Like Gibraltar,
1437:Benito Mussolini
1411:Treaty of Vienna
1383:Crown Dependency
1271:The territory's
1194:Turkish Cypriots
1157:British subjects
996:Galwegian Gaelic
913:Scottish English
897:Northern Ireland
829:Northern Ireland
738:Irish Free State
734:disfranchisement
715:national schools
509:Geoffrey Chaucer
480:Kings of England
301:Northern Ireland
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253:on the isles of
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145:2019 in Europe:
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644:of many native
626:
624:Hiberno-English
618:Main articles:
616:
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3467:
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3205:Further links
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3102:International
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2798:
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2782:Torres Strait
2780:
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2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2517:North-Central
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:New York City
2493:
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2479:
2476:
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2432:
2430:
2429:Ottawa Valley
2427:
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2413:
2410:
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2258:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2223:Multicultural
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Black Country
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:West Midlands
2171:
2169:
2168:East Midlands
2166:
2165:
2163:
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2146:
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2044:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1927:. 2008-11-24.
1926:
1920:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1879:
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1722:
1718:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:, but low in
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1633:lingua franca
1628:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
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1596:
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1588:
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1568:
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1557:
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1471:
1466:
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1446:
1442:
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1325:
1321:
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1308:
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1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:Great Britain
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:Great Britain
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1230:lingua franca
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1202:lingua franca
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:In 1914, the
1140:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1066:Welsh English
1063:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:
969:
967:
962:
961:lingua franca
958:
954:
950:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
873:
868:
864:
863:County Armagh
860:
856:
850:
844:
840:
836:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:euro-currency
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
754:
751:
750:mother tongue
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:United States
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
621:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
571:
567:
566:North Frisian
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:Indo-European
539:
529:
527:
523:
518:
516:
515:
510:
506:
505:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:in 1066, the
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
438:
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428:
424:
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344:
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332:
327:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
187:
144:
140:
134:
129:
121:
118:
110:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
3932:
3929:Dependencies
3897:
3870:
3838:
3829:Cook Islands
3821:
3798:
3791:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3719:
3674:South Africa
3664:Sierra Leone
3582:
3554:
3547:
3512:
3505:
3493:
3485:
3473:
3461:
3449:
3444:Sint Maarten
3442:
3435:
3413:
3406:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3353:
3326:
3306:
3288:
2887:South Africa
2882:Sierra Leone
2635:Miami Latino
2524:Philadelphia
2512:Inland North
2417:Newfoundland
2235:West Country
2055:
2049:by continent
1994:
1972:
1968:
1957:
1952:
1937:
1933:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1733:. Retrieved
1721:
1702:
1647:
1644:Euro English
1632:
1624:Euro English
1622:
1611:
1604:
1584:
1569:
1558:
1483:
1462:
1453:
1449:World War II
1430:
1423:
1400:
1391:Ned Maddrell
1376:
1352:
1309:
1273:Gibraltarian
1270:
1264:in the 1713
1250:George Rooke
1240:
1228:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1182:
1146:
1138:
1107:
1080:Anglo-Norman
1069:
1047:
1028:
1000:
970:
960:
916:
889:Ulster Scots
872:Nationalists
852:
803:folk culture
775:Teachta Dála
759:Dáil Éireann
755:
719:
688:
672:Gaelic order
665:
627:
583:
554:West Frisian
535:
519:
512:
502:
500:
469:
464:
460:
456:
448:, spoken by
439:
392:
369:German Bight
362:
346:
342:
338:
336:
328:
317:
287:
237:(two of the
194:
192:
133:Euro English
128:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
3771:Philippines
3721:Puerto Rico
3679:South Sudan
3543:New Zealand
3507:Isle of Man
3426:Saint Lucia
3339:The Bahamas
3242:Anglosphere
3012:Philippines
2805:New Zealand
2691:Bay Islands
2671:The Bahamas
2594:Social and
2551:New Orleans
2468:New England
2362:Isle of Man
2307:Port Talbot
2208:East Anglia
2125:Northumbria
1884:10 December
1862:10 December
1841:10 December
1819:10 December
1797:10 December
1674:Netherlands
1670:Scandinavia
1631:English as
1616:, Philips,
1387:Manx Gaelic
1379:Isle of Man
1373:Isle of Man
1244:has been a
1225:buffer zone
1153:World War I
1130:Dgèrnésiais
944:, and the
942:Northumbria
779:Fianna Fáil
740:(later the
579:Old English
560:(Fryslân).
442:Old English
419:East Anglia
411:Northumbria
345:(1993) and
279:expatriates
267:other parts
243:Netherlands
219:Isle of Man
3989:Categories
3856:Micronesia
3669:Somaliland
3614:The Gambia
3408:Montserrat
2952:Bangladesh
2944:South Asia
2897:Cape Flats
2847:The Gambia
2772:Aboriginal
2608:vernacular
2573:California
2546:High Tider
2541:Appalachia
2402:Aboriginal
2334:South-West
2178:Birmingham
2135:Sunderland
2120:Manchester
2110:Lancashire
1909:13 January
1741:(pp. 6–7).
1713:References
1638:See also:
1565:parliament
1561:Luxembourg
1526:Copenhagen
1332:Portuguese
1312:vernacular
1281:Andalusian
1217:expatriate
1134:Sercquiais
1110:bailiwicks
982:-speaking
949:Huntingdon
946:Earldom of
815:loan words
807:placenames
596:, and the
241:). In the
77:newspapers
3931:shown in
3793:Gibraltar
3776:Singapore
3755:Hong Kong
3644:Mauritius
3538:Australia
3017:Singapore
2979:Sri Lanka
2934:Hong Kong
2760:variation
2752:Australia
2663:Caribbean
2529:Baltimore
2412:Lunenburg
2357:Gibraltar
2274:Highlands
2152:Yorkshire
2115:Liverpool
1735:15 August
1692:(5%) and
1585:In 2021,
1572:Stuttgart
1550:Stockholm
1514:Barcelona
1506:Amsterdam
1401:In 1814,
1367:bilingual
1363:satellite
1359:education
1242:Gibraltar
1237:Gibraltar
1213:Australia
1180:or SBAs.
1124:(such as
1074:defeated
1016:Din Eidyn
984:Highlands
876:Unionists
823:Gaeltacht
811:townlands
805:. Irish
783:Fine Gael
767:Taoiseach
746:Gaeltacht
722:diglossia
707:Australia
663:in 1367.
655:known as
558:Friesland
465:Englaland
461:Angelcynn
399:Vortigern
373:North Sea
263:Caribbean
231:Gibraltar
3979:Language
3846:Kiribati
3766:Pakistan
3713:Americas
3704:Zimbabwe
3689:Tanzania
3609:Eswatini
3604:Cameroon
3599:Botswana
3495:Guernsey
3380:Dominica
3344:Barbados
3328:Anguilla
3319:Americas
3215:Articles
3137:Standard
3107:Learning
3095:Nerrière
3086:Globish
3002:Malaysia
2974:Pakistan
2914:Zimbabwe
2842:Cameroon
2676:Barbados
2407:Atlantic
2375:Americas
2292:Abercraf
2261:Scotland
2240:Cornwall
2161:Midlands
2145:Teesside
2140:Tyneside
2130:Pitmatic
2093:Cheshire
2039:Dialects
1983:Archived
1963:, p. 152
1694:Slovakia
1672:and the
1591:Helsinki
1576:Mannheim
1530:Helsinki
1522:Brussels
1498:Portugal
1297:Portugal
1254:The Rock
1252:seized "
1126:Jèrriais
1118:Guernsey
1070:In 1282
1037:and the
1003:James VI
988:Galloway
976:Lowlands
903:Scotland
771:Tánaiste
657:the Pale
548:and the
538:Germanic
385:Frisians
349:(2006).
339:Eurolish
305:Scotland
290:de facto
233:and the
227:Guernsey
107:May 2023
3953:Portals
3933:italics
3910:Vanuatu
3899:Tokelau
3815:Oceania
3654:Nigeria
3649:Namibia
3634:Liberia
3629:Lesotho
3530:Oceania
3501:Ireland
3402:Jamaica
3392:Grenada
3355:Bermuda
3067:Engrish
3062:E-Prime
3035:Related
3022:Vietnam
3007:Myanmar
2877:Nigeria
2872:Namibia
2862:Liberia
2744:Oceania
2726:Bermuda
2698:Jamaica
2625:Chicano
2463:Midland
2449:United
2385:America
2321:Ireland
2297:Cardiff
2269:Glasgow
2218:Cockney
2098:Cumbria
2076:England
2067:Britain
2043:accents
1989:, p. 24
1947:, p. 21
1698:Ireland
1688:(14%),
1686:Hungary
1684:(12%),
1666:Denmark
1664:(52%),
1658:Italian
1618:Renault
1599:Finnish
1595:Finland
1502:Germany
1494:Algarve
1465:Menorca
1459:Menorca
1445:Fascism
1426:Maltese
1415:Italian
1340:Haketia
1336:Genoese
1328:Maltese
1316:Llanito
1301:Morocco
1093:revival
1087:). The
1035:English
1012:Anglian
992:Carrick
938:David I
922:Lothian
895:and in
891:in the
887:and of
730:poverty
699:Britain
634:Normans
630:Ireland
614:Ireland
504:Beowulf
457:Englisc
367:of the
347:Eurlish
324:Ireland
297:England
247:English
207:Ireland
197:, as a
91:scholar
3967:Europe
3905:Tuvalu
3785:Europe
3699:Zambia
3694:Uganda
3659:Rwanda
3639:Malawi
3592:Africa
3571:
3514:Jersey
3486:Europe
3397:Guyana
3368:Canada
3349:Belize
3299:Africa
3277:
3090:Gogate
2997:Brunei
2909:Uganda
2892:accent
2867:Malawi
2835:Africa
2810:accent
2765:accent
2708:Samaná
2681:Bequia
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2329:Dublin
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