472:, is a set of theoretical points that a deictic expression is 'anchored' to, such that the evaluation of the meaning of the expression leads one to the relevant point. As deictic expressions are frequently egocentric, the center often consists of the speaker at the time and place of the utterance and, additionally, the place in the discourse and relevant social factors. However, deictic expressions can also be used in such a way that the deictic center is transferred to other participants in the exchange or to persons / places / etc. being described in a narrative. So, for example, in the sentence;
20:
602:-dependent references. However, the two terms have different histories and traditions. In the past, deixis was associated specifically with spatiotemporal reference, and indexicality was used more broadly. More importantly, each is associated with a different field of study. Deixis is associated with linguistics, and indexicality is associated with philosophy as well as
1522:
514:
It is helpful to distinguish between two usages of deixis, gestural and symbolic, as well as non-deictic usages of frequently deictic words. Gestural deixis refers, broadly, to deictic expressions whose understanding requires some sort of audio-visual information. A simple example is when an object
515:
is pointed at and referred to as "this" or "that". However, the category can include other types of information than pointing, such as direction of gaze, tone of voice, and so on. Symbolic usage, by contrast, requires generally only basic spatio-temporal knowledge of the utterance. So, for example
432:
is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument of the previous clause. In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and different subject markers. In the translated
377:. Temporal deixis can can be relative to the time when an utterance is made (the speaker’s "now") or the time when the utterance is heard or seen (the addressee’s "now"). Although these are often the same time, they can differ in cases such as a voice recording or written text. For example:
258:
Spatial, or place, deixis is used to refer to spatial locations relative to an utterance. Similarly to personal deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. Spatial demonstratives include locative
1523:
George
Grigore. 2012. "La deixis spatiale dans l’arabe parlé à Bagdad", Alexandrine Barontini, Christophe Pereira, Ángeles Vicente, Karima Ziamari (ed.), Estudios de dialectología árabe (n.7): Hommage offert à Dominique Caubet . Universidad de Zaragoza. pp:
505:
it is understood that the center is with the person being spoken of, and thus, "to the left" refers not to the speaker's left, but to the object of the story's left, that is, the person referred to as 'he' at the time immediately before he ran twenty feet.
1124:
216:
involved in an utterance. These can include the first person (speaker), second person (addressee), third, and in some languages fourth and fifth person. Personal deixis may give further information about the referent, such as
417:
Discourse deixis, also referred to as text deixis, refers to the use of expressions within an utterance to refer to parts of the discourse that contain the utterance—including the utterance itself. For example, in
496:
in which case the deictic center is in New York. Similarly, when telling a story about someone, the deictic center is likely to switch to him, her or they (third-person pronouns). So then in the sentence;
1038:
480:
the deictic center is simply the person at the time and place of speaking. But say two people are talking on the phone long-distance, from London to New York. The
Londoner can say,
591:
function anaphorically in their reference to London, and deictically in that the choice between "here" or "there" indicates whether the speaker is or is not currently in London.
579:
refers to the phrase, "the plate". An expression can be both deictic and anaphoric at the same time, for example "I was born in London, and I have lived
452:
Social deixis concerns the social information that is encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and familiarity. These include
1384:
345:
has seven degrees of distance combined with two degrees of visibility, while many Inuit languages have even more complex systems.
1576:
1261:
771:
751:
140:
1443:
Silverstein, Michael. (1976) "Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description". In K. Basso and H. Selby (eds.),
1593:
1504:
Fillmore, Charles J. (1982). Towards a descriptive framework for spatial deixis. In R. J. Jarvell & W. Klein (Eds.),
291:
although those are far from exclusive. Spatial demonstratives are often relative to the location of the speaker such as:
1368:
433:
example "John punched Tom, and left-," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-," it is Tom who left.
194:: personal, spatial, and temporal. In some languages, these may overlap, such as spatial and personal deixis in many
571:
refers to something within a text that has been previously identified. For example, in "Susan dropped the plate.
437:
1545:
146:
1212:
796:
551:
is a non-deictic usage of "this", which does not identify anywhere specifically. Rather, it is used as an
1521:, La deixis spatial dans l'arabe parlé à Bagdad, Estudios de dialectologia arabe n.7, Zaragoza, pp 77–90
615:
394:
1278:
960:
921:
695:
680:
353:
Temporal, or time, deixis is used to refer to time relevant to the utterance. This includes temporal
630:
124:
303:
where "across the street" is understood to mean "across the street from where I am right now."
1469:
Salmani
Nodoushan, M. A. (2018). "Which view of indirect reports do Persian data corroborate?"
1352:
1344:
599:
568:
564:
135:
120:
112:
883:
1351:, Typological Studies in Language, vol. 2, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp.
598:
are frequently used almost interchangeably, and both deal with essentially the same idea of
1529:
655:
1540:]. Studies in Slavic Linguistics; 18 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 280.
8:
1613:
1163:
625:
453:
191:
158:
1125:"Here Is/Where There/Is: Some Observations of Spatial Deixis in Robert Creeley's Poetry"
1618:
1232:
1085:
863:
469:
213:
1559:
1551:
1541:
1364:
1298:
1257:
1236:
1193:
1144:
1105:
1066:
1058:
1019:
999:
980:
941:
855:
816:
767:
715:
552:
374:
342:
1488:
Language typology and syntactic description: Grammatical categories and the lexicon
1399:
1356:
1325:
1290:
1224:
1183:
1175:
1136:
1097:
1050:
1011:
972:
933:
880:
847:
808:
759:
707:
429:
70:
38:
1486:
Anderson, Stephen R.; & Keenan, Edward L. (1985). Deixis. In T. Shopen (Ed.),
1456:
Levinson, Stephen C. (2006) "Deixis". In
Laurence R. Horn, Gregory L. Ward (eds.)
1567:
1294:
1251:
976:
812:
711:
405:
is relative to some other deictically specified time, as in "When I got home, he
23:
Image depicting temporal, spatial and personal deixis, including a deictic center
488:
in which case the deictic center is in London, or they can equally validly say,
330:), far-distal (far from both the speaker and addressee, such as archaic English
1518:
1403:
1324:. Buffalo, New York, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics: 113–122.
1140:
1054:
1607:
1302:
1197:
1148:
1109:
1062:
1023:
984:
945:
859:
820:
763:
719:
272:
195:
1563:
1493:
Fillmore, Charles J. (1966). Deictic categories in the semantics of 'come'.
182:, which is the sense in which the term is used in contemporary linguistics.
1571:
1188:
595:
128:
1345:"Topic continuity in discourse: The functional domain of switch-reference"
1329:
1070:
937:
212:
Personal deictic words, called personal pronouns in
English, refer to the
635:
306:
Words relating to spatial deixis can be proximal (near, such as
English
119:. Deixis exists in all known natural languages and is closely related to
28:
1360:
1213:"J. Peter Denny, "Semantics of the Inuktitut (Eskimo) Spatial Deictics""
867:
835:
336:
1598:
1179:
851:
620:
603:
402:
164:
797:"Between text and context: Deixis, anaphora, and the meaning of then"
457:
441:
198:
pronouns. Some linguists consider social deixis to be a fourth type.
116:
99:) is the use of words or phrases to refer to a particular time (e.g.
1534:
Wörter im
Grenzbereich von Lexikon und Grammatik im Serbokroatischen
1322:
26th Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
1317:
1250:
Horn, Laurence; Ward, Gergory (2004-02-23). "Chapter five: Deixis".
539:
requires only knowledge of the current location. In a similar vein,
1589:
1228:
1101:
645:
207:
1555:
1490:(Vol. 3, pp. 259–308). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1015:
527:
requires being able to see which finger is being held up, whereas
397:. For example, simple English past tense is absolute, such as "He
1385:"The discourse deictics ∧ and ← in a World of Warcraft community"
640:
354:
260:
218:
1538:
Serbo-Croatian Words on the Border
Between Lexicon and Grammar
1506:
Speech, place and action: Studies in deixis and related topics
190:
There are three main types of deictic words, as described by
959:
Cormier, Kearsy; Schembri, Adam; Woll, Bencie (2013-12-01).
1279:"Deixis and grounding in speech and thought representation"
801:
Text - Interdisciplinary
Journal for the Study of Discourse
650:
366:
151:
123:, with a sometimes unclear distinction between the two. In
79:
47:
163:'display, demonstration, or reference'. To this,
88:
56:
19:
1434:
Levinson, Stephen C. "Deixis" in Pragmatics. pp. 54–96.
1039:"Speech roles and the development of personal pronouns"
91:
85:
82:
59:
53:
50:
76:
44:
1318:"Discourse Deixis: Reference to Discourse Segments"
958:
127:, deixis is seen as the same as, or a subclass of,
73:
41:
16:
Words requiring context to understand their meaning
741:, Vol. 2, pp. 636–724. Cambridge University Press.
758:, De Gruyter Mouton, 2011-04-20, pp. 49–62,
558:
1605:
1086:"Coreferential Fourth-Person Pronouns in Matses"
426:refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse.
314:), medial (near the addressee, such as English
221:. Examples examples of personal deixis include:
737:Lyons, John (1977) "Deixis, space and time" in
555:, much the way "a" could be used in its place.
1162:Lander, Eric; Haegeman, Liliane (2016-09-30).
1161:
752:"Deixis – a pragmatic universal? Barbara Kryk"
468:A deictic center, sometimes referred to as an
1217:International Journal of American Linguistics
1090:International Journal of American Linguistics
1430:
1428:
1426:
1418:Anthropological linguistics: An introduction
1276:
902:
900:
898:
1423:
1382:
1187:
997:
961:"Pronouns and pointing in sign languages"
794:
1515:, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.
1249:
18:
1513:I: The Meaning of the First Person Term
1122:
1036:
895:
833:
756:Toward a Typology of European Languages
733:
731:
729:
1606:
1528:
1349:Switch Reference and Universal Grammar
1315:
919:
702:. Towards an Emancipatory Pragmatics.
436:Discourse deixis has been observed in
395:absolute (deictic) and relative tenses
1410:
1342:
1210:
1083:
910:. CSLI Publications (reprinted 1997).
890:The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics
693:
1460:, pp. 978–120. Blackwell Publishing.
790:
788:
726:
567:is unclearly defined. Generally, an
501:He then ran twenty feet to the left.
1594:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1383:Collister, Lauren B. (March 2012).
1277:Vandelanotte, Lieven (2004-03-01).
563:The distinction between deixis and
412:
13:
1480:
1471:International Review of Pragmatics
1450:
1164:"The Nanosyntax of Spatial Deixis"
444:language forms resembling arrows.
393:Tenses are usually separated into
14:
1630:
1583:
1316:Webber, Bonnie Lynn (June 1988).
998:Stapleton, Andreea (2017-01-01).
795:Schiffrin, Deborah (1990-01-01).
785:
463:
322:), distal (far, such as English
1508:(pp. 31–59). London: Wiley.
1211:Denny, J. Peter (October 1982).
1123:Kennedy, David (February 2012).
1037:Charney, Rosalind (2008-09-26).
694:Hanks, William F. (2009-01-01).
447:
178:) added the specialized meaning
69:
37:
1590:Demonstratives & Indexicals
1463:
1437:
1376:
1336:
1309:
1270:
1243:
1204:
1155:
1116:
1077:
1030:
991:
952:
926:Sign Language & Linguistics
440:, particularly with the use of
389:you read this it will be sunny.
1392:Discourse, Context & Media
1084:Fleck, David W. (2008-07-01).
1000:"Deixis in Modern Linguistics"
913:
874:
827:
744:
687:
673:
559:Distinction with similar terms
1:
922:"Insights into person deixis"
920:Berenz, Norine (2002-01-01).
666:
168:
1295:10.1016/j.pragma.2003.10.003
977:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.09.010
813:10.1515/text.1.1990.10.3.245
712:10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.003
575:shattered loudly," the word
152:
7:
1129:Journal of American Studies
906:Fillmore, Charles J (1971)
616:Deictic field and narration
609:
348:
201:
10:
1635:
1458:The Handbook of Pragmatics
840:Linguistics and Philosophy
834:Nunberg, Geoffrey (1993).
484:We are leaving next week.
253:
205:
139:
1404:10.1016/j.dcm.2012.05.002
1141:10.1017/S0021875811000053
1055:10.1017/S0305000900002816
1043:Journal of Child Language
836:"Indexicality and Deixis"
681:Oxford English Dictionary
509:
492:We are coming next week.
764:10.1515/9783110863178.49
661:
185:
1495:Foundations of Language
1445:Meaning in Anthropology
1420:. Blackwell Publishing.
631:Metaphysics of presence
476:I am standing here now.
228:am going to the cinema.
125:linguistic anthropology
1416:Foley, William. 1997.
1253:Handbook of Pragmatics
24:
1330:10.3115/982023.982037
1283:Journal of Pragmatics
1004:Essex Student Journal
938:10.1075/sll.5.2.06ber
700:Journal of Pragmatics
696:"Fieldwork on deixis"
594:The terms deixis and
134:The term's origin is
22:
656:Terms of orientation
235:like to have dinner?
1361:10.1075/tsl.2.06giv
626:Generic antecedents
569:anaphoric reference
422:is a great story."
214:grammatical persons
192:Charles J. Fillmore
107:), or person (e.g.
1511:Gaynesford, M. de
1343:Givón, T. (1983),
1180:10.1111/stul.12061
1168:Studia Linguistica
908:Lectures on Deixis
852:10.1007/BF00984721
553:indefinite article
180:point of reference
111:) relative to the
25:
1263:978-0-631-22547-8
773:978-3-11-086317-8
547:city one time ...
438:internet language
375:grammatical tense
343:Malagasy language
297:across the street
162:
150:
1626:
1575:
1530:Kordić, Snježana
1474:
1473:, 10(1), 76–100.
1467:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1034:
1028:
1027:
995:
989:
988:
956:
950:
949:
917:
911:
904:
893:
878:
872:
871:
831:
825:
824:
792:
783:
782:
781:
780:
748:
742:
735:
724:
723:
691:
685:
677:
454:T–V distinctions
430:Switch reference
413:Discourse deixis
177:
173:
170:
157:
155:
145:
143:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
55:
52:
49:
46:
43:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1604:
1603:
1599:What is deixis?
1586:
1548:
1483:
1481:Further reading
1478:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1341:
1337:
1314:
1310:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1248:
1244:
1209:
1205:
1189:1854/LU-8166998
1160:
1156:
1121:
1117:
1082:
1078:
1035:
1031:
996:
992:
957:
953:
918:
914:
905:
896:
879:
875:
832:
828:
793:
786:
778:
776:
774:
750:
749:
745:
736:
727:
692:
688:
678:
674:
669:
664:
612:
561:
512:
466:
450:
415:
351:
256:
210:
204:
188:
175:
171:
103:), place (e.g.
72:
68:
40:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1632:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1585:
1584:External links
1582:
1581:
1580:
1546:
1526:
1519:George Grigore
1516:
1509:
1502:
1491:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1422:
1409:
1375:
1370:978-9027228666
1369:
1335:
1308:
1289:(3): 489–520.
1269:
1262:
1242:
1229:10.1086/465747
1223:(4): 359–384.
1203:
1174:(2): 362–427.
1154:
1115:
1102:10.1086/590084
1096:(3): 279–311.
1076:
1049:(3): 509–528.
1029:
990:
951:
932:(2): 203–227.
912:
894:
892:, 2003, p. 89.
873:
826:
807:(3): 245–270.
784:
772:
743:
725:
686:
684:3rd Ed. (2003)
671:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
611:
608:
583:all my life."
560:
557:
549:
548:
537:
536:
525:
524:
511:
508:
503:
502:
494:
493:
486:
485:
478:
477:
465:
464:Deictic center
462:
449:
446:
414:
411:
391:
390:
381:It is raining
350:
347:
301:
300:
273:demonstratives
255:
252:
251:
250:
241:tried to hurt
236:
229:
206:Main article:
203:
200:
187:
184:
176: 206 BCE
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1631:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:10.5526/esj23
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
909:
903:
901:
899:
891:
888:VIII.96; see
887:
886:
882:
877:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
789:
775:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
747:
740:
734:
732:
730:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
683:
682:
676:
672:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
607:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
556:
554:
546:
542:
541:
540:
534:
530:
529:
528:
522:
518:
517:
516:
507:
500:
499:
498:
491:
490:
489:
483:
482:
481:
475:
474:
473:
471:
461:
459:
455:
448:Social deixis
445:
443:
439:
434:
431:
427:
425:
421:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
388:
385:, but I hope
384:
380:
379:
378:
376:
373:) and use of
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
346:
344:
340:
338:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
298:
294:
293:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
248:
244:
240:
237:
234:
230:
227:
224:
223:
222:
220:
215:
209:
199:
197:
193:
183:
181:
166:
160:
154:
148:
142:
137:
136:Ancient Greek
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
96:
64:
34:
30:
21:
1537:
1533:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1470:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1447:. SAR p. 25.
1444:
1439:
1417:
1412:
1395:
1391:
1378:
1348:
1338:
1321:
1311:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1252:
1245:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1135:(1): 73–87.
1132:
1128:
1118:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1007:
1003:
993:
968:
964:
954:
929:
925:
915:
907:
889:
884:
876:
843:
839:
829:
804:
800:
777:, retrieved
755:
746:
738:
706:(1): 10–24.
703:
699:
689:
679:
675:
600:contextually
596:indexicality
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
562:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
513:
504:
495:
487:
479:
467:
451:
435:
428:
423:
419:
416:
406:
401:whereas the
398:
392:
386:
382:
370:
362:
358:
352:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
305:
302:
296:
295:The shop is
288:
284:
280:
276:
268:
264:
257:
246:
242:
238:
232:
225:
211:
189:
179:
133:
129:indexicality
108:
104:
100:
32:
26:
1398:(1): 9–19.
971:: 230–247.
846:(1): 1–43.
636:Observation
29:linguistics
1614:Pragmatics
1608:Categories
1556:2005530313
1547:3895869546
1501:, 219–227.
779:2024-06-06
667:References
621:Determiner
604:pragmatics
581:here/there
543:I went to
458:honorifics
403:pluperfect
249:helped me.
174: – c.
172: 279
165:Chrysippus
1619:Semantics
1303:0378-2166
1256:. Wiley.
1237:144418641
1198:0039-3193
1149:1469-5154
1110:0020-7071
1063:1469-7602
1024:2633-7045
985:0024-3841
946:1387-9316
860:0165-0157
821:1860-7349
739:Semantics
720:0378-2166
147:romanized
117:utterance
1572:2863539W
1564:47905097
1532:(2001).
868:25001498
646:Pro-form
610:See also
565:anaphora
519:I broke
407:had gone
371:tomorrow
349:Temporal
208:Pronouns
202:Personal
121:anaphora
1577:Summary
1071:7440674
641:Present
531:I love
523:finger.
355:adverbs
261:adverbs
254:Spatial
161:
149::
115:of the
113:context
1570:
1562:
1554:
1544:
1367:
1301:
1260:
1235:
1196:
1147:
1108:
1069:
1061:
1022:
983:
965:Lingua
944:
866:
858:
819:
770:
718:
510:Usages
442:iconic
399:went."
369:(e.g.
357:(e.g.
337:yonder
289:those)
287:, and
275:(e.g.
269:there)
263:(e.g.
245:, but
231:Would
219:gender
196:signed
153:deixis
141:δεῖξις
33:deixis
1536:[
1524:77-90
1388:(PDF)
1233:S2CID
1010:(1).
881:S. E.
864:JSTOR
662:Notes
589:there
535:city.
470:origo
367:nouns
324:there
316:there
281:these
186:Types
1560:OCLC
1552:LCCN
1542:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1299:ISSN
1258:ISBN
1194:ISSN
1145:ISSN
1106:ISSN
1067:PMID
1059:ISSN
1020:ISSN
981:ISSN
942:ISSN
856:ISSN
817:ISSN
768:ISBN
716:ISSN
651:Self
585:here
545:this
533:this
521:this
456:and
424:this
420:This
387:when
363:soon
361:and
359:then
341:The
334:and
328:that
320:that
312:this
308:here
285:that
277:this
271:and
267:and
265:here
239:They
159:lit.
105:here
101:then
1592:at
1400:doi
1357:doi
1326:doi
1291:doi
1225:doi
1184:hdl
1176:doi
1137:doi
1098:doi
1051:doi
1012:doi
973:doi
969:137
934:doi
848:doi
809:doi
760:doi
708:doi
587:or
409:."
383:now
365:),
332:yon
326:or
318:or
310:or
247:she
233:you
109:you
27:In
1610::
1568:OL
1566:.
1558:.
1550:.
1497:,
1425:^
1394:.
1390:.
1363:,
1355:,
1353:51
1347:,
1320:.
1297:.
1287:36
1285:.
1281:.
1231:.
1221:48
1219:.
1215:.
1192:.
1182:.
1172:72
1170:.
1166:.
1143:.
1133:46
1131:.
1127:.
1104:.
1094:74
1092:.
1088:.
1065:.
1057:.
1045:.
1041:.
1018:.
1006:.
1002:.
979:.
967:.
963:.
940:.
928:.
924:.
897:^
862:.
854:.
844:16
842:.
838:.
815:.
805:10
803:.
799:.
787:^
766:,
754:,
728:^
714:.
704:41
698:.
606:.
577:it
573:It
460:.
339:).
283:,
279:,
243:me
169:c.
156:,
144:,
138::
131:.
80:eɪ
67:,
48:aɪ
31:,
1579:.
1574:.
1499:2
1406:.
1402::
1396:1
1359::
1332:.
1328::
1305:.
1293::
1266:.
1239:.
1227::
1200:.
1186::
1178::
1151:.
1139::
1112:.
1100::
1073:.
1053::
1047:7
1026:.
1014::
1008:9
987:.
975::
948:.
936::
930:5
885:M
870:.
850::
823:.
811::
762::
722:.
710::
418:"
299:.
226:I
167:(
95:/
92:s
89:ɪ
86:s
83:k
77:d
74:ˈ
71:/
63:/
60:s
57:ɪ
54:s
51:k
45:d
42:ˈ
39:/
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
