Dairy farming - Knowledge

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inefficient, most producers aim to first breed their heifers between 12 and 14 months. Before a heifer can be bred she must reach sexual maturity and attain the proper body condition to successfully bear a calf. Puberty in cattle depends largely on weight among other factors. Holstein heifers reach puberty at an average body weight between 550 and 650 lbs. Smaller breeds of cattle, such as Jerseys, usually reach puberty earlier at a lighter weight. Under typical nutritional conditions, Holstein heifers will reach puberty at the age 9–10 months. Proper body condition for breeding is also largely judged by weight. At about 800lbs Holstein heifers will normally be able to carry a healthy calf and give birth with relative ease. In this way, the heifers will be able to give birth and join the milking herd before their second birthday.

1274:(MSQ) for industrial raw milk. The supply management system was authorized in 1972 through the Farm Products Agencies Act. Supply management ensures consistent pricing of milk for farmers with no fluctuation in the market. The prices are based on the demand for milk throughout the country and how much is being produced. In order to start a new farm or increase production more share into the SMS needs to be bought into known as "Quota". in this case farmers must remain up to or below the amount of "quota" they have bought share of. Each province in Canada has their own cap on quota based on the demand in the market. There is a cap on the countries quota known as total quota per month. In 2016 the total butter fat produced per month was 28,395,848 kg. 680:

environmental conditions are conducive to producing as much high quality milk as possible. On some farms the milking herd is further divided into milking strings, which are groups of animals with different nutritional needs. The segment of the adult herd that are in the resting period before giving birth to their next calf are called dry cows because they are not being milked. All female animals that have yet to give birth to their first calf are called heifers. Some of them will grow up to take the place of older animals in the milking herd and thus are sometimes generally referred to as the replacement herd. The others, as well as most male calves are considered surplus dairy calves and are slaughtered for meat, such as veal dairy beef, or killed on farm.

451:, the cows are loaded one at a time onto the parlor as the whole thing rotates in a circle. One milker stands near the entry to the parlor and pre-dips the teats on the udder to help prevent bacteria from entering. The next milker puts the machine on the cow to begin milking. By the time the platform has completed almost a full rotation, the cow is done milking and the unit will come off automatically. The last milker will post-dip her teats to protect them before entering back into the pen. Once this process is done, the cow will back out of the parlor and return to the barn. Rotary cowsheds, as they are called in New Zealand, started in the 1980s but are expensive compared to Herringbone cowshed – the older New Zealand norm. 608:

hand milking was replaced and, as a result, the milk can was replaced by a bulk milk cooler. 'Ice banks' were the first type of bulk milk cooler. This was a double wall vessel with evaporator coils and water located between the walls at the bottom and sides of the tank. A small refrigeration compressor was used to remove heat from the evaporator coils. Ice eventually builds up around the coils, until it reaches a thickness of about three inches surrounding each pipe, and the cooling system shuts off. When the milking operation starts, only the milk agitator and the water circulation pump, which flows water across the ice and the steel walls of the tank, are needed to reduce the incoming milk to a temperature below 5 degrees.

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of the plates to remove heat from the milk. This method of cooling can remove large amounts of heat from the milk in a very short time, thus drastically slowing bacteria growth and thereby improving milk quality. Ground water is the most common source of cooling medium for this device. Dairy cows consume approximately 3 gallons of water for every gallon of milk production and prefer to drink slightly warm water as opposed to cold ground water. For this reason, PHE's can result in drastically improved milk quality, reduced operating costs for the dairymen by reducing the refrigeration load on his bulk milk cooler, and increased milk production by supplying the cows with a source of fresh warm water.

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intensive housing options where feed is brought to the cattle at all times of year. Free stall barns are designed to allow the cows freedom to choose when they feed, rest, drink, or stand. They can be either fully enclosed or open air barns again depending on the climate. The resting areas, called free stalls, are divided beds lined with anything from mattresses to sand. In the lanes between rows of stalls, the floor is often make of grooved concrete. Most barns open onto uncovered corrals, which the cattle are free to enjoy as the weather allows. Open lots are dirt lots with constructed shade structures and a concrete pad where feed is delivered.

751:. Milk from a cow with mastitis cannot enter the human milk supply, thus farmers must be careful that infected milk does not mix with the milk from healthy cows and that the cow gets the necessary treatment. If the cow passes the mastitis inspection, the milking technician will attach the milking cluster. The cluster will run until the cow is fully milked and then drop off. The milk travels immediately through a cooling system and then into a large cooled storage tank, where it will stay until picked up by a refrigerated milk truck. Before the cow is released from the milking stalls her teats are disinfected one last time to prevent infection. 702: 620:

in tremendous increases in milk throughput and cooling demand. Today's larger farms produce milk at a rate which direct expansion refrigeration systems on bulk milk coolers cannot cool in a timely manner. PHE's are typically utilized in this instance to rapidly cool the milk to the desired temperature (or close to it) before it reaches the bulk milk tank. Typically, ground water is still utilized to provide some initial cooling to bring the milk to between 55 and 70 °F (13 and 21 °C). A second (and sometimes third) section of the PHE is added to remove the remaining heat with a mixture of chilled pure water and

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by-product of the cheese industry) and alternative proteins including soy, animal plasma and wheat gluten. The ideal levels for fat and protein in milk replacer are 10-28% and 18-30%, respectively. The higher the energy levels (fat and protein), the less starter feed (feed which is given to young animals) the animal will consume. Weaning can take place when a calf is consuming at least two pounds of starter feed a day and has been on starter for at least three weeks. Milk replacer has climbed in cost US$ 15–20 a bag in recent years, so early weaning is economically crucial to effective calf management.

1861: 440: 1415: 264: 1775: 1034:, animals, fertilizer, etc. and all nutrients exiting the farm as product, crop, animals, manure, etc. For example, a precision approach to animal feeding results in less overfeeding of nutrients and a subsequent decrease in environmental excretion of nutrients, such as phosphorus. In recent years, nutritionists have realized that requirements for phosphorus are much lower than previously thought. These changes have allowed dairy producers to reduce the amount of phosphorus being fed to their cows with a reduction in environmental pollution. 934:

condition of the cow will suffer because the cow will draw on her body stores to maintain such high milk production. Food intake of the cow also will increase. After peak lactation, the cow's milk production levels will slowly decline for the rest of the lactation cycle. The producer will often breed the cow soon after she leaves peak production. For a while, the cow's food intake will remain high before also beginning a decline to pre lactation levels. After peak milk production her body condition will also steadily recover.

1140:, and is best defined as any abnormality that causes an animal to change its gait. It can be caused by a number of sources, including infections of the hoof tissue (e.g. fungal infections that cause dermatitis) and physical damage causing bruising or lesions (e.g. ulcers or hemorrhage of the hoof). Housing and management features common in modern dairy farms (such as concrete barn floors, limited access to pasture and suboptimal bed-stall design) have been identified as contributing risk factors to infections and injuries. 689:

fertility and milk production in cattle. Providing shade is a very common method for reducing heat stress. Barns may also incorporate fans or tunnel ventilation into the architecture of the barn structure. Overly cold conditions, while rarely deadly for cattle, cause increases in maintenance energy requirements and thus increased feed intake and decreased milk production. During the winter months, where temperatures are low enough, dairy cattle are often kept inside barns which are warmed by their collective body heat.

1799: 567: 1283: 232: 730:— each lined with rubber or silicone. The cluster is attached to both a milk collection system and a pulsating vacuum system. When the vacuum is on, it pulls air from between the outer metal cup and the liner, drawing milk out of the teat. When the vacuum turns off, it gives the teat an opportunity to refill with milk. In most milking systems, a milking technician must attach the cluster to each cow, but the machine senses when the cow has been fully milked and drops off independently. 2014: 1583: 2077: 1607: 427:

their feed. A new group of cows is then loaded into the now vacant side and the process repeats until all cows are milked. Depending on the size of the milking parlor, which normally is the bottleneck, these rows of cows can range from four to sixty at a time. The benefits of a herringbone parlour are easy maintenance, the durability, stability, and improved safety for animals and humans when compared to tie stall The first herringbone shed is thought to have been built in 1952 by a

1367: 952: 2248: 1222:, and incorporate the business to limit the legal liabilities of the owners and simplify such things as tax management.The transition from family farms to farms with employed staff who carry out the day-to-day management of the herd's animals has changed the farmer's duties and role on the farm. New questions have arisen concerning how the development of bigger farms places greater demands on strategies focused on financial control, leadership, and personnel issues. 1535: 5292: 1727: 1751: 998: 5304: 1391: 1270:(CDC), which was established in 1966 and is composed mostly of dairy farmers, administers the dairy supply management system for Canada's 12,000 dairy farms. The federal government is involved in supply management through the CDC in the administration of imports and exports. The Canadian Milk Supply Management Committee (CMSMC) was introduced in 1970 as the body responsible for monitoring the production rates of milk and setting the national 382: 2140: 1703: 2161: 2119: 1853: 506: 1559: 1947: 1679: 1972: 1463: 2056: 1631: 1439: 676:. Management strategies can also loosely be divided into intensive and extensive systems. Extensive systems operate based on a low input and low output philosophy, where intensive systems adopt a high input high output philosophy. These philosophies as well as available technologies, local regulations, and environmental conditions manifest in different management of nutrition, housing, health, reproduction and waste. 1993: 1511: 1487: 5328: 1186: 40: 2035: 1655: 2098: 1343: 48: 5316: 492:

depending on cow-traffic solution used at a farm level). These systems are generally limited to intensively managed systems although research continues to match them to the requirements of grazing cattle and to develop sensors to detect animal health and fertility automatically. Every time the cow enters the milking unit she is fed concentrates and her collar is scanned to record production data.

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supply of these sensitive products. The milk supply management system is a "federated provincial policy" with four governing agencies, organizations and committees—Canadian Dairy Commission, Canadian Milk Supply Management Committee (CMSMC), regional milk pools, and provincial milk marketing boards. The dairy supply management system is administered by the federal government through the

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Decreased body condition in the cow means she will not be as productive in subsequent milk cycles. Decreased health in the new born calf will negatively impact the quality of the replacement herd. There is also evidence that increased rates of mammary cell proliferation occur during the dry period that is essential to maintaining high production levels in subsequent lactation cycles.

2218:: research in Sweden found that average daily temperatures of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) reduce daily milk yield per cow by 200 g (0.44 lb), with the loss reaching 540 g (1.19 lb) for 25–30 °C (77–86 °F). Research in a humid tropical climate describes a more linear relationship, with every unit of heat stress reducing yield by 2.13%. In the 1091:, which is a result of the cow having given birth to a calf. The cycle of insemination, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation, followed by a "dry" period of about two months of forty-five to fifty days, before calving which allows udder tissue to regenerate. A dry period that falls outside this time frame can result in decreased milk production in subsequent lactation. 1172: 1098:, allowing for the collection of the milk produced. On some dairies, in order for this to take place, the calves are fed milk replacer, a substitute for the whole milk produced by the cow. Milk replacer is generally a powder, which comes in large bags, and is added to precise amounts of water, and then fed to the calf via bucket, bottle or automated feeder. 969:

or more series of loafing barns and milking parlors in this arrangement, so that the total operation may include as many as 15,000 or 20,000 cows. The milking process for these dairies is similar to a smaller dairy with a single milking parlor but repeated several times. The size and concentration of cattle creates major environmental issues associated with

298:. Feeding could occur simultaneously with milking in the barn, although most dairy cattle were pastured during the day between milkings. Such examples of this method of dairy farming are difficult to locate, but some are preserved as a historic site for a glimpse into the days gone by. One such instance that is open for this is at 644:

chamber, the vacuum inside the inflation causes the inflation to collapse around the cow's teat, squeezing the milk out of teat in a similar fashion as a baby calf's mouth massaging the teat. When the vacuum is reapplied in the chamber the flexible rubber inflation relaxes and opens up, preparing for the next squeezing cycle.

365:. The milk is pulled up into the milk-return pipe by the vacuum system, and then flows by gravity to the milkhouse vacuum-breaker that puts the milk in the storage tank. The pipeline system greatly reduced the physical labor of milking since the farmer no longer needed to carry around huge heavy buckets of milk from each cow. 1218:

severe changes in milk price and operate profitably, while "traditional" family farms generally do not have the equity or income other larger scale farms do. The common public perception of large corporate farms supplanting smaller ones is generally a misconception, as many small family farms expand to take advantage of

910:, becomes reliant on observation in the absence of bulls. It takes considerable expertise to properly inseminate a cow and high quality sperm is valuable. Ultimately, because dairy production was already a management intensive industry the disadvantages are dwarfed by the advantages of the AI for many dairy producers. 897:(AI) is a very important reproductive tool used on dairy facilities. AI, is the process by which sperm is deliberately delivered by dairy managers or veterinarians into the cow's uterus. Bulls “donate” semen at a stud farm but there is never any physical contact between the cow and the bull when using this method. 1225:

Before large scale mechanization arrived in the 1950s, keeping a dozen milk cows for the sale of milk was profitable. Now most dairies must have more than one hundred cows being milked at a time in order to be profitable, with other cows and heifers waiting to be "freshened" to join the milking herd.

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There is a great deal of variation in the pattern of dairy production worldwide. Many countries which are large producers consume most of this internally, while others (in particular New Zealand), export a large percentage of their production. Internal consumption is often in the form of liquid milk,

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are common for dairy production. Many large dairies that deliver food to their cattle have a dedicated nutritionist who is responsible for formulating diets with animal health, milk production, and cost efficiency in mind. For maximum productivity diets must be formulated differently depending on the

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Dairy cattle housing systems vary greatly throughout the world depending on the climate, dairy size, and feeding strategies. Housing must provide access to feed, water and protection from relevant environmental conditions. One issue for housing cattle is temperature extremes. Heat stress can decrease

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Plate heat exchangers have also evolved as a result of the increase of dairy farm herd sizes in the United States. As a dairyman increases the size of his herd, he must also increase the capacity of his milking parlor in order to harvest the additional milk. This increase in parlor sizes has resulted

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Another device which has contributed significantly to milk quality is the plate heat exchanger (PHE). This device utilizes a number of specially designed stainless steel plates with small spaces between them. Milk is passed between every other set of plates with water being passed between the balance

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was the milk pipeline, introduced in the late 20th century. This uses a permanent milk-return pipe and a second vacuum pipe that encircles the barn or milking parlor above the rows of cows, with quick-seal entry ports above each cow. By eliminating the need for the milk container, the milking device

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Producers will typically continue to milk the cow until she is two months away from parturition then they will dry her off. Giving the cow a break during the final stages of pregnancy allows her mammary gland to regress and re-develop, her body condition to recover, and the calf to develop normally.

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are held in place automatically by a vacuum system that draws the ambient air pressure down from 15 to 21 pounds per square inch (100 to 140 kPa) of vacuum. The vacuum is also used to lift milk vertically through small diameter hoses, into the receiving can. A milk lift pump draws the milk from

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as the 'cowshed') to maximize the number of cows per operator which streamlined the milking process to permit cows to be milked as if on an assembly line, and to reduce physical stresses on the farmer by putting the cows on a platform slightly above the person milking the cows to eliminate having to

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allowed barn length to keep increasing and expanding, but after a point farmers started to milk the cows in large groups, filling the barn with one-half to one-third of the herd, milking the animals, and then emptying and refilling the barn. As herd sizes continued to increase, this evolved into the

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strap called a surcingle was put around the cow, across the cow's lower back. The milker device and collection tank hung underneath the cow from the strap. This innovation allowed the cow to move around naturally during the milking process rather than having to stand perfectly still over a bucket on

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Dairy farming has been part of agriculture for thousands of years. Historically it has been one part of small, diverse farms. In the last century or so larger farms concentrating on dairy production emerged. Large scale dairy farming is only viable where either a large amount of milk is required for

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Centralized dairy farming as we understand it primarily developed around villages and cities, where residents were unable to have cows of their own due to a lack of grazing land. Near the town, farmers could make some extra money on the side by having additional animals and selling the milk in town.

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While cattle were domesticated as early as 12,000 years ago as a food source and as beasts of burden, the earliest evidence of using domesticated cows for dairy production is from the seventh millennium BC – the early Neolithic era – in northwestern Anatolia. Dairy farming developed elsewhere in the

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a number of dairies have been established on a very large scale. Each dairy consists of several modern milking parlor set-ups operated as a single enterprise. Each milking parlor is surrounded by a set of 3 or 4 loafing barns housing 1,500 or 2,000 cattle. Some of the larger dairies have planned 10

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To increase the energy density of their diet, cattle are commonly fed cereal grains. In many areas of the world, dairy rations also commonly include byproducts from other agricultural sectors. For example, in California cattle are commonly fed almond hulls and cotton seed. Feeding of byproducts can

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The nutritional requirements of cattle are usually divided into maintenance requirements, which depend on the cow's weight; and milk production requirements, which in turn depend on the volume of milk the cow is producing. The nutritional contents of each available feed are used to formulate a diet

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In herringbone and parallel parlors, the milker generally milks one row at a time. The milker will move a row of cows from the holding yard into the milking parlor, and milk each cow in that row. Once all of the milking machines have been removed from the milked row, the milker releases the cows to

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content. In China, daily milk production per cow is already lower than the average by between 0.7 and 4 kg (1.5 and 8.8 lb) in July (the hottest month of the year), and by 2070, it may decline by up to 50% (or 7.2 kg (16 lb)) due to climate change. Some researchers suggest that

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Advances in technology have mostly led to the radical redefinition of "family farms" in industrialized countries such as Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. With farms of hundreds of cows producing large volumes of milk, the larger and more efficient dairy farms are more able to weather

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Life on a dairy farm revolves around the milking parlor. Each lactating cow will visit the parlor at least twice a day to be milked. A remarkable amount of engineering has gone into designing milking parlors and milking machines. Efficiency is crucial; every second saved while milking a single cow

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It takes the average cow three to five minutes to give her milk. Some cows are faster or slower. Slow-milking cows may take up to fifteen minutes to let down all their milk. Though milking speed is not related to the quality of milk produced by the cow, it does impact the management of the milking

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The milking of cows was traditionally a labor-intensive operation and still is in less developed countries. Small farms need several people to milk and care for only a few dozen cows, though for many farms these employees have traditionally been the children of the farm family, giving rise to the

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characteristics. Most dairy farms in the United States are required to develop nutrient management plans for their farms, to help balance the flow of nutrients and reduce the risks of environmental pollution. These plans encourage producers to monitor all nutrients coming onto the farm as feed,

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For a period of 20 days post parturition the cow is called a fresh cow. Milk production quickly increases during this phase but milk composition is also significantly different from the rest of the cycle. This first milk, called colostrum, is rich in fats, protein, and also maternal immune cells.

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This method of insemination quickly gained popularity among dairy producers for several reasons. Dairy bulls are notoriously dangerous to keep on the average dairy facility. AI also makes it possible to speed the genetic improvement of the dairy herd because every dairy farmer has access to sperm

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Feed provision is also an important feature of dairy housing. Pasture based dairies are a more extensive option where cows are turned out to graze on pasture when the weather permits. Often the diet must be supplemented with when poor pasture conditions persist. Free stall barns and open lots are

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utilizes an evaporator built directly into the inner wall of the storage tank to remove heat from the milk. Direct expansion is able to cool milk at a much faster rate than early ice bank type coolers and is still the primary method for bulk tank cooling today on small to medium-sized operations.

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first the equipment was initially used to cool cans of milk, which were filled by hand milking. These cans were placed into a cooled water bath to remove heat and keep them cool until they were able to be transported to collect facilities. As more automated methods were developed for eating milk,

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and the milker should be removed. While parlor operations allowed a farmer to milk many more animals much more quickly, it also increased the number of animals to be monitored simultaneously by the farmer. The automatic take-off system was developed to remove the milker from the cow when the milk

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system, a national agricultural policy framework that coordinates supply and demand through production and import control and pricing mechanisms designed to prevent shortages and surpluses, to ensure farmers a fair rate of return and Canadian consumer access to a high-quality, stable, and secure

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In the 1980s and 1990s, robotic milking systems were developed and introduced (principally in the EU). Thousands of these systems are now in routine operation. In these systems the cow has a high degree of autonomy to choose her time of milking freely during the day (some alternatives may apply,

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The next 30 to 60 days of the lactation cycle is characterized by peak milk production levels. The amount of milk produced per day during this period varies considerably by breed and by individual cow depending on her body condition, genetics, health, and nutrition. During this period the body

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Feed for their cattle is by far one of the largest expenses for dairy producer whether it be provided by the land they graze or crops grown or purchased. Pasture based dairy producers invest much time and effort into maintaining their pastures and thus feed for their cattle. Pasture management

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Most modern dairy farms divide the animals into different management units depending on their age, nutritional needs, reproductive status, and milk production status. The group of cows that are currently lactating, the milking herd, is often managed most intensively to make sure their diet and

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will normally continue for as long as the cow is milked but production will steadily decline. Dairy farmers are extremely familiar with the pattern of milk production and carefully time the cow's next breeding to maximize milk production. The pattern of lactation and pregnancy is known as the

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Milk is extracted from the cow's udder by flexible rubber sheaths known as liners or inflations that are surrounded by a rigid air chamber. A pulsating flow of ambient air and vacuum is applied to the inflation's air chamber during the milking process. When ambient air is allowed to enter the

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This cooling method worked well for smaller dairies, however was fairly inefficient and was unable to meet the increasingly higher cooling demand of larger milking parlors. In the mid-1950s direct expansion refrigeration was first applied directly to the bulk milk cooler. This type of cooling

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As measured in phosphorus, the waste output of 5,000 cows roughly equals a municipality of 70,000 people. In the U.S., dairy operations with more than 1,000 cows meet the EPA definition of a CAFO (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation), and are subject to EPA regulations. For example, in the

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Milk replacers are classified by three categories: protein source, protein/fat (energy) levels, and medication or additives (e.g. vitamins and minerals). Proteins for the milk replacer come from different sources; the more favorable and more expensive all milk protein (e.g. whey protein- a

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Female calves born on a dairy farm will typically be raised as replacement stock to take the place of older cows that are no longer sufficiently productive. The life of a dairy cow is a cycle of pregnancy and lactation starting at puberty. The timing of these events is very important to the

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must be cleaned and disinfected to prevent both milk contamination and udder infections. Then the milking technician must check each teat for signs of infection by observing the first stream of milk. During this processes, called stripping the teat, the milking technician is looking for any

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Most dairy producers aim for a replacement heifer to give birth to her first calf, and thus join the milking herd, on her second birthday. As the cow's gestation period is a little over 9 months this means the cow must be inseminated by the age of 15 months. Because the breeding process is

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The naturally cold underground water would be continuously pumped into a cooling tub or vat. Tall, ten-gallon metal containers filled with freshly obtained milk, which is naturally warm, were placed in this cooling bath. This method of milk cooling was popular before the arrival of

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were an extension of the traditional milking pail. The early milker device fit on top of a regular milk pail and sat on the floor under the cow. Following each cow being milked, the bucket would be dumped into a holding tank. These were introduced in the early 20th century.

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within herd that would ultimately lead to fertility problems. Many producers also find it to be more economical than keeping a bull. On the other hand, AI does require more intensive reproductive management of the herd as well as more time and expertise. Detection of

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It can be harmful to an animal for it to be over-milked past the point where the udder has stopped releasing milk. Consequently, the milking process involves not just applying the milker, but also monitoring the process to determine when the animal has been

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collapsed releasing 3,000,000 US gallons (11,000,000 L; 2,500,000 imp gal) of manure into the Black River. Subsequently, the New York Department of Environmental Conservation mandated a settlement package of $ 2.2 million against the dairy.

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that meets all nutritional needs in the most cost effective way. Notably, cattle must be fed a diet high in fiber to maintain a proper environment for the rumen microbes. Farmers typically grow their own forage for their cattle. Crops grown may include

287:, several large dairy operations existed in some northeastern states and in the west, that involved as many as several hundred cows, but an individual milker could not be expected to milk more than a dozen cows a day. Smaller operations predominated. 872:. Estrous cycles are the recurring hormonal and physiological changes that occur within the bodies of most mammalian females that lead to ovulation and the development of a suitable environment for embryonic and fetal growth. The cow is considered 89:, around the seventh millennium BC, in many regions of Europe and Africa. Before the 20th century, milking was done by hand on small farms. Beginning in the early 20th century, milking was done in large scale dairy farms with innovations including 837:

To meet all of their nutritional requirements cows must eat their entire ration. Unfortunately, much like humans, cattle have their favorite foods. To keep cattle from selectively eating the most desirable parts of the diet, most produces feed a

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serve as important producers, exporters, and importers of milk. Since the late 20th century, there has generally been an increase in total milk production worldwide, with around 827,884,000 tonnes of milk being produced in 2017 according to the

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and Northeast, where land-base is a significant limiting factor to herd size. The average herd size in the U.S. is about one hundred cows per farm but the midpoint size is 900 cows with 49% of all cows residing on farms of 1000 or more cows.

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process. Because most milkers milk cattle in groups, the milker can only process a group of cows at the speed of the slowest-milking cow. For this reason, many farmers will group slow-milking cows so as not to stress the faster milking cows.

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before entering the tank, where it can be stored safely for a few days at approximately 40 °F (4 °C). At pre-arranged times, a milk truck arrives and pumps the milk from the tank for transport to a dairy factory where it will be

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production capacity of the dairy. A cow will not produce milk until she has given birth to a calf. Consequently, timing of the first breeding as well as all the subsequent breeding is important for maintaining milk production levels.

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or colloquially, heat. The cow will often exhibit several behavioral changes during this phase including increased activity and vocalizations. Most importantly, during estrus she will stand still when mounted by another cow or bull.

790:. The rumen is a literal micro-ecosystem within each dairy cow. For optimal digestion, the environment of the rumen must be ideal for the microbes. In this way, the job of a ruminant nutritionist is to feed the microbes not the cow. 1063:

states that no "significant difference" has been found between milk from treated and non-treated cows but based on consumer concerns several milk purchasers and resellers have elected not to purchase milk produced with rBST.

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In the last century or so larger farms specialising in dairy alone have emerged. Large scale dairy farming is only viable where either a large amount of milk is required for production of more durable dairy products such as

2458: 842:(TMR). In this system all the components of the feed are well mixed in a mixing truck before being delivered to the cattle. Different TMRs are often prepared for groups of cows with different nutritional requirements. 879:

In cows, a complete estrous cycle lasts 21 days. Most commonly, dairy producers discuss the estrous cycle as beginning when the cow is receptive to breeding. This short phase lasting only about a day is also known as

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Milking is now performed almost exclusively by machine, though human technicians are still essential on most facilities. The most common milking machine is called a cluster milker. This milker consists of four metal

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This colostrum is not usually commercially sold, but is extremely important for early calf nutrition. Perhaps most importantly, it conveys passive immunity to the calf before its immune system is fully developed.

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handling and disposal, which requires substantial areas of cropland (a ratio of 5 or 6 cows to the acre, or several thousand acres for dairies of this size) for manure spreading and dispersion, or several-acre

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production of more durable dairy products such as cheese, butter, etc. or there is a substantial market of people with cash to buy milk, but no cows of their own. Dairy farms were the best way to meet demand.

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and well pumps were invented, one of their first uses on the farm, besides providing water for animals themselves, was for cooling milk, to extend its storage life, until it would be transported to the town

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technology in the late 19th century, which included direct expansion refrigeration and the plate heat exchanger. These cooling methods allowed dairy farms to preserve milk by reducing spoiling due to

822:. These plants are often processed after harvest to preserve or improve nutrient value and prevent spoiling. Corn, alfalfa, wheat, oats, and sorghum crops are often anaerobically fermented to create 1056:

or rBST, but this is controversial due to its effects on animal and possibly human health. The European Union, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Canada have banned its use due to these concerns.

4285:Çaylı, Ali M.; Arslan, Bilge (7 February 2022). "Analysis of the Thermal Environment and Determination of Heat Stress Periods for Dairy Cattle Under Eastern Mediterranean Climate Conditions". 2490: 1084:

cited include how often the dairy cattle must remain pregnant, the separation of calves from their mothers, how dairy cattle are housed and environmental concerns regarding dairy production.

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The potential impact of large dairies was demonstrated when a massive manure spill occurred on a 5,000-cow dairy in Upstate New York, contaminating a 20-mile (32 km) stretch of the

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Invited review: the welfare of dairy cattle—Key conceptsand the role of science. M.A.G. von Keyserlingk, J. Rushen, A.M. de Passillé, and D.M. Weary. J. Dairy Sci. 92 :4101–4111.

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associated with manure management also is a major concern. As a result, proposals to develop dairies of this size can be controversial and provoke substantial opposition from

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The dairy farmers would fill barrels with milk in the morning and bring it to market on a wagon. Until the late 19th century, the milking of the cow was done by hand. In the

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Although any mammal can produce milk, commercial dairy farms are typically one-species enterprises. In developed countries, dairy farms typically consist of high producing

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The dairy industry is a constantly evolving business. Management practices change with new technology and regulations that move the industry toward increased economic and

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heat stress is felt indoors and outdoors during May, June, July, August, September, and October. Additionally, June and August are the months where cattle are exposed to

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world in subsequent centuries: the sixth millennium BC in eastern Europe, the fifth millennium BC in Africa, and the fourth millennium BC in Britain and Northern Europe.

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After a brief rise following the Great Recession of 2008-9, milk prices crashed again in the late 2010s to well under $ 3 a gallon at major grocers in the United States.

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Cook, N.B., and K.V. Nordlund. 2009. Review: The influence of the environment on dairy cow behavior, claw health and herd health lameness dynamics. Vet. J. 179:360–369.

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Rushen, J., de Passillé, A. M., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Weary, D. M. (2008). The welfare of cattle. Animal Welfare Vol. 5. Berlin: Springer Verlag. pp. 21-35.

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Capuco, A.; Ellis, S.; Hale, S.; Long, E.; Erdman, R. A.; Zhao, X.; Paape, M. J. (2003). "Lactation persistency: insights from mammary cell proliferation studies".

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In the US however, no such prohibition exists, but rBST is not used on dairy farms. Most dairy processors, if not all, will not accept milk with rBST. The U.S.

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with its present 27 member countries produced 158,800,000 metric tons (156,300,000 long tons; 175,000,000 short tons) in 2013(96.8% cow milk), the most by any

4521:

Kerr R.B., Hasegawa T., Lasco R., Bhatt I., Deryng D., Farrell A., Gurney-Smith H., Ju H., Lluch-Cota S., Meza F., Nelson G., Neufeldt H., Thornton P., 2022:

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investigation. Dean Foods says it buys 15% of the country's raw milk. In 2011, a federal judge approved a settlement of $ 30 million to 9,000 farmers in the

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Hagevoort, G.R., Douphrate, D.I. & Reynolds, S.J. (2013). "Review of Health and Safety Leadership and Managerial Practices on Modern Dairy Farms".

2339: 782:) as they are able to acquire nutrients from even low quality plant-based food, thanks mainly to their symbiotic relationship with the microbes that 624:. These chiller systems can be made to incorporate large evaporator surface areas and high chilled water flow rates to cool high flow rates of milk. 2487: 4222:

Gaughan, J. B.; Mader, T. L.; Holt, S. M.; Sullivan, M. L.; Hahn, G. L. (21 May 2009). "Assessing the heat tolerance of 17 beef cattle genotypes".

3616: 3498: 3134: 3342: 5277: 4932: 4895: 4173: 3748: 3295:

David J. Wolfson (1996). Beyond the law: Agribusiness and the systemic abuse of animals raised for food or food production. Animal L., 2, 123.

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shrank in size and weight to the point where it could hang under the cow, held up only by the sucking force of the milker nipples on the cow's

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Ranjitkar, Sailesh; Bu, Dengpan; Van Wijk, Mark; Ma, Ying; Ma, Lu; Zhao, Lianshen; Shi, Jianmin; Liu, Chousheng; Xu, Jianchu (2 April 2020).

3013: 664:. The frequency of pick up depends and the production and storage capacity of the dairy; large dairies will have milk pick-ups once per day. 465:

flow reaches a preset level, relieving the farmer of the duties of carefully watching over 20 or more animals being milked at the same time.

3858: 3703: 3271:"Statement and Q&A-Starbucks Completes its Conversion – All U.S. Company-Operated Stores Use Dairy Sourced Without the Use of rBGH" 4628: 2571:

Schmidt, G. H., Van Vleck, L. D., & Hutjens, M. F. (1988). Principles of Dairy Science (2nd Edition). Englewook Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

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the already recorded stagnation of dairy production in both China and West Africa can attributed to persistent increases in heat stress.

2194:; the totals only increased since then, with the 2021 figure at 1.53 billion. As of 2020, it was found that in the current Eastern 3730: 1868:

Pennsylvania has 8,500 farms with 555,000 dairy cows. Milk produced in Pennsylvania yields an annual revenue of about US$ 1.5 billion.

4084: 3108: 2184: 317: 913:

The majority of cows carry a single calf. Pregnancy lasts an average of 280 to 285 days or a little less than 9 and one half months.

3411: 5245: 5189: 3270: 876:, which means that she will continue to undergo regular estrous cycles until death unless the cycle is interrupted by a pregnancy. 4597: 4196: 4003: 4560: 3810: 3397: 4128: 826:. Many crops such as alfalfa, timothy, oats, and clover are allowed to dry in the field after cutting before being baled into 4371:"Analysis of the effects of thermal stress on milk production in a humid tropical climate using linear and non-linear models" 2732: 3777: 4584: 4529:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012 2520: 1094:

An important part of the dairy industry is the removal of the calves off the mother's milk after the three days of needed

5147: 4578: 3320: 1880: 1824: 738:

Every time a cow enters the parlor several things need to happen to ensure milk quality and cow health. First, the cow's

251:, butter, etc. or there is a substantial market of people with money to buy milk, but no cows of their own. In the 1800s 414:

constantly bend over. Many older and smaller farms still have tie-stall or stanchion barns, but worldwide a majority of

5177: 4588: 4418:"Modeling heat stress under organic dairy farming conditions in warm temperate climates within the Mediterranean basin" 3188: 255:

argued that there was about a 100-mile radius surrounding a city where such fresh milk supply was economically viable.

5332: 4014: 3460:

Fraser, A.F. and D.M/ Broom. 1990. Farm Animal Welfare and Behaviour (3rd ed.) London: Bailliere Tindall. pp.355-356.

3192: 1918: 1293: 553: 31: 2980: 636:

the receiving can through large diameter stainless steel piping, through the plate cooler, then into a refrigerated

535: 4621: 1226:

In New Zealand, the average herd size increased from 113 cows in the 1975–76 season to 435 cows in 2018–19 season.

4522: 2387: 5225: 5210: 5205: 4982: 3884: 3630: 2253: 1895: 4150:

McLean, Dan (28 July 2009). "Dean Foods snubs Sanders". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 1A.

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There has been substantial concern over the amount of waste output created by dairy industries, seen through

4106: 3427: 2347: 252: 4967: 4942: 1060: 834:

reduce the environmental impact of other agricultural sectors by keeping these materials out of landfills.

673: 4062: 4952: 4614: 4161:"Milk processors under fire". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. 20 September 2009. pp. 1B. 2903:"A survey of bovine colostrum composition and colostrum management practices on Pennsylvania dairy farms" 3681: 4992: 4927: 4754: 4544: 1899: 1888: 1262: 17: 3783:. Library of Parliament Research Publications. Economics, Resources and International Affairs Division 3296: 2879:, Peters, A., & Ball, P. (2004b). Reproduction in cattle. (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 2222:

systems, daily milk yield per cow declines by 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) during severe heat stress. In

4729: 4601: 3346: 2302: 1267: 3042: 2583:"The Dispensable Surplus Dairy Calf: Is This Issue a "Wicked Problem" and Where Do We Go From Here?" 1829:

In the United States, the top five dairy states are, in order by total milk production; California,

5240: 4826: 4739: 4724: 4679: 3469:

Greenough, P.R. Bovine Laminitis and Lameness: A Hands-On Approach. 2007. Edinburgh: Saunders. p.3.

1830: 1155: 1106: 701: 516: 473: 184: 156: 4265: 2891:

Vishwanath, R. (2003). Artificial insemination: the state of the art. Theriogenology, 59, 571–584.

5167: 4890: 4885: 4776: 4744: 4416:

Blanco-Penedo, Isabel; Velarde, Antonio; Kipling, Richard P.; Ruete, Alejandro (25 August 2020).

3707: 3412:

http://www1.extension.umn.edu/dairy/calves-and-heifers/milk-replacer-feeding-and%20management.pdf

2372: 894: 520: 2750:"Quantity and Economic Importance of Nine Selected By-products Used in California Dairy Rations" 1860: 5353: 5235: 5220: 5162: 5157: 4912: 4843: 4836: 4653: 4648: 4476: 4370: 3655: 2529: 2297: 1006: 3189:"FDA Warns Milk Producers to Remove "Hormone Free" Claims From the Labeling Of Dairy Products" 3068: 2837:"Some Factors Affecting Age at Puberty and the First 90 Days of Lactation in Holstein Heifers" 2433: 5051: 4831: 4369:

Pramod, S.; Sahib, Lasna; Becha B, Bibin; Venkatachalapathy, R. Thirupathy (3 January 2021).

3610: 1081: 448: 271: 90: 439: 5296: 5132: 4922: 4781: 4734: 4488: 4429: 4333: 3912: 3864:. Independent Agri-Food Policy Note. Guelph, Ontario: Agri-Food Economic Systems Newsletter 3545: 3398:

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/dairy/downloads/bamn/BAMN08_GuideMilkRepl.pdf

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dairies are growing in popularity to produce an alternative milk source for human infants.

3218: 2853: 2836: 2807: 2790: 2766: 2749: 2658: 2641: 2404: 574:

Cool temperature has been the main method by which milk freshness has been extended. When

8: 5320: 4749: 3532:

Laborde, David; Mamun, Abdullah; Martin, Will; Piñeiro, Valeria; Vos, Rob (10 May 2021).

3241:"Kroger to complete transition to certified rBST-free milk by early 2008 (press release)" 2733:

http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/milk-cost-of-production-estimates.aspx#.U16jc4FdWXk

2145: 1053: 1043: 1022: 172: 4515: 4492: 4433: 4337: 3549: 3274: 2983:. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 9 August 2007. Archived from 5308: 5230: 5056: 4972: 4504: 4457: 4398: 4351: 4322:"Temperature, productivity, and heat tolerance: Evidence from Swedish dairy production" 4302: 4247: 3574: 3533: 2617: 2582: 1219: 1114: 961: 873: 839: 761: 580: 2876: 2735:, USDA Economic Research Service. (2013). Milk Cost-of-Production Estimates-2010 Base. 5303: 4900: 4873: 4821: 4791: 4508: 4461: 4402: 4390: 4355: 4306: 4270: 4239: 3978: 3934: 3596: 3579: 3561: 3307: 2959: 2924: 2812: 2771: 2715: 2663: 2622: 2604: 2409: 2219: 1017:

When properly managed, dairy and other livestock waste, due to its nutrient content (

987: 975: 902: 901:

from genetically superior sires. Additionally, AI has been shown to reduce spread of

486: 478: 357: 302: 98: 52: 4251: 3090: 2190:

As of 2009, there were 1.2 billion cattle in the world, with around 82% in the

951: 5137: 5095: 4987: 4878: 4786: 4771: 4496: 4447: 4437: 4382: 4341: 4294: 4231: 3569: 3553: 2951: 2914: 2848: 2802: 2761: 2707: 2653: 2612: 2594: 2399: 2267: 621: 369: 351: 337:

This developed into the Surge hanging milker. Prior to milking a cow, a large wide

109: 94: 4215: 4037: 3835: 5363: 5112: 4848: 3656:"What Are The Top Cow's Milk Producing Countries In The World ? | Unisensor" 3163: 3006: 2494: 2440: 2287: 2223: 1246: 1179: 588: 566: 415: 330: 70: 3371: 2506: 231: 5068: 4500: 4442: 4417: 4386: 4346: 4321: 4298: 3557: 2019: 1952: 1872: 1588: 1250: 1242: 1199: 1133: 1126: 1077: 1049: 869: 652: 176: 160: 4543: 4235: 2955: 2681: 2599: 2386:

Pearson, R. E.; Fulton, L. A.; Thompson, P. D.; Smith, J. W. (December 1979).

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heat stress outside, which is mitigated to moderate heat stress indoors. Even

1833:, New York, Idaho, and Texas. Dairy farming is also an important industry in 1190: 5358: 5347: 5262: 5127: 5085: 4853: 4674: 3565: 2608: 2282: 2202:

heat stress inside unadapted stalls for nearly half a year (159 days), while

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It is possible to maintain higher milk production by supplementing cows with

1010: 979: 803: 748: 604: 592: 284: 236: 208: 175:

has also been controversial. Dairy farming in general has been criticized by

148: 124: 105: 86: 82: 4452: 3859:"Understanding the Dynamics of Milk Pricing and Revenue in a Time of Change" 3196: 2711: 163:. Various measures have been put in place in order to control the amount of 5182: 5041: 5016: 4858: 4816: 4761: 4719: 4394: 4243: 3583: 2963: 2928: 2816: 2667: 2626: 2277: 1282: 1175: 1137: 1110: 1073: 322: 3157:"Dairy 2007 Part II: Changes in the U.S. Dairy Cattle Industry, 1991–2007" 2919: 2902: 2775: 2719: 405:

Innovation in milking focused on mechanizing the milking parlor (known in

5172: 5107: 5090: 5063: 5036: 5021: 4997: 4868: 4709: 4637: 2984: 2413: 2307: 2292: 2082: 1612: 1540: 1234: 1211: 1203: 991: 983: 778: 657: 410: 299: 152: 132: 62: 4320:

Ahmed, Haseeb; Tamminen, Lena-Mari; Emanuelson, Ulf (22 November 2022).

3162:. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. March 2007. Archived from 4863: 4811: 4806: 4689: 2272: 2262: 2226:

systems, the effect of heat stress on milk yields is limited, but milk

1884: 1876: 1732: 1150:

Environmental impact of meat production § Greenhouse gas emissions

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of controlling 40% of the country's milk market. He has requested the

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Common ailments affecting dairy cows include infectious disease (e.g.

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growth rate, milk production, and reproductive status of each animal.

5073: 4801: 4594: 3007:"Regulatory Definitions of Large CAFOs, Medium CAFO, and Small CAFOs" 1838: 1780: 1756: 1261:

The Canadian dairy industry is one of four sectors that is under the

1095: 1088: 922: 637: 406: 381: 295: 200: 196: 168: 104:

Milk preservation methods have improved starting with the arrival of

2698:

Young, B. A. (1981). "Cold Stress as it Affects Animal Production".

2373:"8,000 Years of Drinking Milk: The Evidence and History of Dairying" 1852: 505: 4766: 4368: 3297:

http://nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/bibarticles/wolfson_beyond.pd

2318: 2215: 1396: 1154:

Milk is estimated to have been responsible for 18% of agricultural

1021:), makes an excellent fertilizer promoting crop growth, increasing 769: 744: 575: 113: 1286:

Total milk production, measured in tonnes per year, per continent.

5122: 5078: 5046: 3890:. Backgrounder. Research Branch Library of Parliament. p. 39 2231: 2166: 2124: 1977: 1903: 1846: 1834: 1708: 1468: 1122: 815: 799: 706: 338: 276: 30:"Dairy farm" redirects here. For the retail company in Asia, see 4415: 2748:

Grasser, L.A.; Fadel, J.G.; Garnett, I.; Depeters, E.J. (1995).

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with the cattle tied by the neck with ropes or held in place by

119:

Worldwide, leading dairy industries in many countries including

39: 5100: 5026: 4694: 4684: 3244: 2061: 1998: 1804: 1684: 1636: 1564: 1516: 1492: 1444: 1031: 970: 907: 881: 823: 819: 248: 220: 144: 47: 4606: 5117: 4477:"Will heat stress take its toll on milk production in China?" 3802:

Mussell, Al; Seguin, Bob; Sweetland, Janalee (5 March 2013).

2103: 2040: 1660: 1420: 1348: 1238: 1026: 807: 795: 787: 739: 661: 632: 362: 290:

For most herds, milking took place indoors twice a day, in a

216: 128: 120: 78: 43:

A rotary milking parlor at a modern dairy facility in Germany

3883:

Jean-Denis, Frechette; Rutherford, Sally (14 October 1986).

3534:"Agricultural subsidies and global greenhouse gas emissions" 1132:

Lameness is commonly considered one of the most significant

5008: 4796: 2747: 2313: 1842: 291: 74: 66: 4527:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

4176:. Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 5A. 3809:(Report). George Morris Centre. p. 14. Archived from 3804:

Canada's Supply-Managed Dairy Policy: An Agenda for Reform

2385: 1902:, where large farms are commonplace, to roughly 50 in the 1125:) and injuries caused by their environment (e.g. hoof and 85:. Dairy farming has a history that goes back to the early 4189:"Milk Production Continues Shifting to Large-Scale Farms" 3795: 3749:"Milk and milk product statistics - Statistics Explained" 3531: 3407: 3405: 3119: 2835:

Menge; Mares, S. E.; Tyler, W. J.; Casida, L. E. (1960).

946: 827: 811: 199:. Other species used in commercial dairy farming include 137: 4221: 3771: 3769: 2581:

Bolton, Sarah E.; von Keyserlingk, Marina A. G. (2021).

1171: 4319: 3907: 3905: 3828: 651:

The extracted milk passes through a strainer and plate

495: 4595:

Climate Change, Heat Stress, and U.S. Dairy Production

3801: 3402: 3221:. Seattle Post-Intelligencer (via AP). 22 January 2007 2642:"Effects of Heat-Stress on Production in Dairy Cattle" 1198:

while the bulk of international trade is in processed

4474: 3850: 3766: 2900: 2834: 2580: 1849:. There are 40,000 dairy farms in the United States. 921:

After the birth of a calf the cow begins to lactate.

101:

that were commercially developed in the early 1990s.

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or at a dairy plant, either of which may be called a

3902: 3882: 2243: 4523:

Chapter 5: Food, Fibre and Other Ecosystem Products

4187:MacDonald, James; Newton, Doris (1 December 2014). 3101: 2941: 2877:

http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19890168396.html

1087:The production of milk requires that the cow be in 421: 3876: 3682:"N.Z. Forecasts Fall in Dairy Prices Through 2009" 3083: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2791:"Major advances in applied dairy cattle nutrition" 468: 4036:Sisney, Jason; Garosi, Justin (4 December 2014). 3998: 3996: 3393: 3391: 3389: 2177: 1009:, and killing 375,000 fish. On 10 August 2005, a 5345: 4554:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. 737–761. 3317:"Vache a lait Dix Mythes de lindustrie Laitiere" 3312:Vache à lait: Dix mythes de l'industrie laitière 2901:Kehoe, S. I.; Jayarao, B. M.; Heinrichs (2007). 2512: 1894:Herd size in the US varies between 1,200 on the 1229:Worldwide, the largest cow milk producer is the 743:discoloration or chunkiness that would indicate 179:activists due to the health issues imposed upon 4186: 4174:"Judge IKs Dean Foods' settlement with farmers" 3366: 3364: 2981:"DEC Reports: Progress since Marks Dairy Spill" 2861: 2518: 2367: 2365: 2185:Effects of climate change on livestock § Cattle 4558: 4171: 3993: 3477: 3475: 3386: 385:Efficiency of four different milking parlors. 4622: 4585:Respiratory hazards in dairy and beef farming 4127:. Center for Dairy Excellence. Archived from 3014:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2975: 2973: 2887: 2885: 2682:"Welcome to the Department of Animal Science" 1299:(including cow/buffalo/goat/sheep/camel milk) 1082:ethical complaints regarding dairy production 854: 786:it in a chamber of their stomachs called the 321:Demonstration of a new Soviet milker device. 4035: 3775: 3615:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3426:. eXtension. 19 January 2011. Archived from 3361: 3345:. Classes.ansci.illinois.edu. Archived from 2398:(12). Journalofdairyscience.org: 1941–1950. 2362: 454: 4284: 4125:"Overview of Pennsylvania's Dairy Industry" 4083:. Dairy Farming Today. 2010. Archived from 4063:"Top Ten Milk Producing States in May 2018" 3472: 3127:"Phosphorus Management For Dairy Producers" 2743: 2741: 2567: 2346:. Swift Communications, Inc. Archived from 1143: 1025:, and improving overall soil fertility and 534:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4629: 4615: 2970: 2882: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2230:suffers substantially, with lower fat and 845: 4451: 4441: 4345: 4004:"Table B12 – Production of milk and eggs" 3981:. Canadian Dairy Commission. January 2015 3776:Heminthavong, Khamla (17 December 2015). 3731:"In a growing world, milk is the new oil" 3573: 3447: 3445: 2918: 2852: 2806: 2788: 2765: 2657: 2616: 2598: 2403: 754: 667: 554:Learn how and when to remove this message 2830: 2828: 2826: 2738: 1859: 1851: 1281: 1277: 1184: 1170: 996: 950: 868:Puberty coincides with the beginning of 700: 565: 472: 438: 380: 316: 312: 270: 262: 230: 46: 38: 4598:United States Department of Agriculture 4224:International Journal of Biometeorology 4197:United States Department of Agriculture 3856: 3273:. Starbucks Corporation. Archived from 2544: 1924:(including cow/goat/sheep/buffalo milk) 1871:Milk prices collapsed in 2009. Senator 916: 888: 14: 5346: 4561:"Milking Machines:The First 100 Years" 4149: 4107:"Dairy farm numbers hover near 40,000" 4038:"California is the Leading Farm State" 3728: 3706:. MarketNewZealand.com. Archived from 3631:"New Zealand Dairy Statistics 2018-19" 3442: 3424:"Milk Replacer Costs and Your Options" 1916:European total milk production in 2009 1072:The practice of dairy production in a 947:Animal waste from large cattle dairies 713:adds up to hours over the whole herd. 155:. The industry's role in agricultural 4610: 4541: 4375:Tropical Animal Health and Production 3679: 3219:"Safeway milk free of bovine hormone" 3109:"Feed Management For Dairy Producers" 2823: 2697: 5315: 2639: 2214:heat stress can reduce the yield of 1856:Cow Milk Production by State in 2016 1256: 627: 532:adding citations to reliable sources 499: 496:History of milk preservation methods 5327: 3778:"Canada's Supply Management System" 1881:United States Department of Justice 1825:Dairy industry in the United States 1291:World total milk production in 2017 1233:, the largest cow milk exporter is 1076:environment has been criticized by 1001:Manure scraper pushing cow manure. 716: 345: 24: 5178:Environmental impact of irrigation 4589:Institute of Occupational Medicine 3195:. 12 February 2003. Archived from 3133:. 18 November 2010. Archived from 2337: 1037: 733: 696: 683: 376: 25: 5375: 4535: 4287:Journal of Biosystems Engineering 4172:D'Ambrosio, Dan (5 August 2011). 4015:Food and Agriculture Organization 3957:Canadian Dairy Information Centre 3193:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2854:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(60)90288-5 2808:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72199-3 2767:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76711-X 2659:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73803-X 2488:"Eltham Man Turns Milking Around" 2405:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83526-2 1910: 1067: 434: 159:has also been noted to implicate 32:Dairy Farm International Holdings 5326: 5314: 5302: 5291: 5290: 4266:"Number of cattle, 1961 to 2021" 4017:(FAO), Statistics Division. 2010 3979:"Supply Management: Total Quota" 3729:Arnold, Wayne (31 August 2007). 3372:"Milk Replacers - Dairy Farming" 2519:Arnold Pickmere (17 July 2004). 2459:"Recognising our built heritage" 2246: 2183:This section is an excerpt from 2159: 2138: 2117: 2096: 2075: 2054: 2033: 2012: 1991: 1970: 1945: 1818: 1797: 1773: 1749: 1725: 1701: 1677: 1653: 1629: 1605: 1581: 1557: 1533: 1509: 1485: 1461: 1437: 1413: 1389: 1365: 1341: 863: 598: 504: 422:Herringbone and parallel parlors 65:for the long-term production of 5246:Agriculture and the environment 4983:British Agricultural Revolution 4636: 4579:World milk production 1980–2003 4559:Doug Reinemann (18 July 2018). 4545:"Dairy and Dairy-farming" 4468: 4409: 4362: 4313: 4278: 4258: 4180: 4165: 4154: 4143: 4117: 4099: 4073: 4055: 4029: 3971: 3945: 3927: 3741: 3722: 3696: 3673: 3648: 3623: 3590: 3525: 3516: 3484: 3463: 3454: 3416: 3374:. Msucares.com. 14 October 2010 3335: 3301: 3289: 3263: 3233: 3211: 3181: 3149: 3057: 3027: 2999: 2935: 2894: 2782: 2726: 2691: 2674: 2633: 2587:Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2574: 2340:"Donkey milk for human health?" 2254:Agriculture and Agronomy portal 481:unit as an exhibit at a museum 469:Fully automated robotic milking 373:more efficient milking parlor. 258: 190: 5190:Climate change and agriculture 4963:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 3680:Evans, Gavin (4 August 2008). 3067:. Joseph Farms. Archived from 2500: 2481: 2451: 2445: 2427: 2379: 2331: 2178:Climate change and milk yields 1311:Production (1000 tonnes/year) 1237:, and the largest importer is 570:Modern barn on Sakhalin Island 13: 1: 4011:FAO statistical yearbook 2010 3953:"Monthly Milk Quota Exchange" 2325: 2310:, a record milk-producing cow 81:) for the eventual sale of a 4968:Arab Agricultural Revolution 4042:Legislative Analyst's Office 3704:"New Zealand Dairy Industry" 1166: 1061:Food and Drug Administration 747:, an infection in the cow's 674:environmental sustainability 27:Long-term production of milk 7: 2497:, Puke Ariki Museum website 2239: 2198:climate, cattle experience 1314:Share in Global Production 1178:on a dairy farm, Comboyne, 1117:), metabolic disease (e.g. 941: 705:Mobile Milking Parlor from 10: 5380: 4928:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 4501:10.1007/s10584-020-02688-4 4443:10.1007/s10584-020-02818-y 4387:10.1007/s11250-020-02525-x 4347:10.1007/s10584-022-03461-5 4299:10.1007/s42853-021-00126-6 3558:10.1038/s41467-021-22703-1 3091:"Animal Manure Management" 2182: 1822: 1147: 1041: 855:Puberty and first breeding 484: 349: 275:Hand milking on a farm in 226: 161:environmental consequences 29: 5287: 5278:Universities and colleges 5254: 5198: 5146: 5007: 4911: 4896:Universities and colleges 4708: 4701: 4667: 4644: 4602:Economic Research Service 4236:10.1007/s00484-009-0233-4 2956:10.2527/2003.81suppl_318x 2944:Journal of Animal Science 2789:Eastridge, M. L. (2006). 2700:Journal of Animal Science 2600:10.3389/fvets.2021.660934 2303:Managed intensive grazing 1268:Canadian Dairy Commission 1161: 768:Cattle are classified as 455:Automatic milker take-off 99:automatic milking systems 5263:Agriculturist profession 4740:Agricultural engineering 4725:Agricultural cooperative 4591:Research Report TM/95/06 4587:by D Sewell and others. 3857:Mussell, Al (May 2016). 3343:"Lactation - Dry Period" 3314:Editions Stanké, Québec 2907:Journal of Dairy Science 2841:Journal of Dairy Science 2795:Journal of Dairy Science 2754:Journal of Dairy Science 2646:Journal of Dairy Science 2463:Waikato District Council 2392:Journal of Dairy Science 2344:Tri-State Livestock News 1156:greenhouse gas emissions 1144:Greenhouse gas emissions 660:and processed into many 479:automatic milking system 267:Woman hand milking a cow 185:intensive animal farming 157:greenhouse gas emissions 5168:Agricultural wastewater 4891:Sustainable food system 4886:Sustainable agriculture 4777:Animal-free agriculture 4745:Agricultural technology 4551:Encyclopædia Britannica 4542:Fream, William (1911). 3885:"National Dairy Policy" 3599:Journal of Agromedicine 2712:10.2527/jas1981.521154x 1080:activists. Some of the 895:artificial insemination 846:Reproductive management 776:belonging to the order 356:The next innovation in 5268:Agricultural machinery 5226:History of agriculture 5211:Agriculture by country 5206:Agricultural machinery 5163:Agricultural pollution 5158:Agricultural expansion 4933:Austronesian expansion 4844:Mechanised agriculture 3247:. 2007. Archived from 2530:The New Zealand Herald 2298:List of dairy products 1865: 1857: 1287: 1194: 1182: 1002: 956: 893:In the United States, 755:Nutritional management 709: 668:Management of the herd 571: 482: 444: 402: 326: 279: 268: 239: 55: 44: 5273:Government ministries 5216:Agriculture companies 5052:Convertible husbandry 4730:Agricultural supplies 4680:Agricultural Engineer 3538:Nature Communications 2950:(15_suppl_3): 18–31. 2920:10.3168/jds.2007-0040 1936:Production (10 kg/y) 1863: 1855: 1823:Further information: 1285: 1278:World Milk Production 1188: 1174: 1148:Further information: 1052:known as recombinant 1042:Further information: 1011:manure storage lagoon 1000: 994:and local activists. 954: 704: 569: 485:Further information: 476: 443:Rotary milking parlor 442: 395:Herringbone 75 cows/h 384: 320: 313:Vacuum bucket milking 274: 266: 234: 50: 42: 4923:Neolithic Revolution 4782:Cellular agriculture 4735:Agricultural science 3915:. Dairy Farmers. n.d 3838:. Dairy Farmers. n.d 3636:. LIC & Dairy NZ 3323:on 21 September 2013 2509:, Te Ara website, NZ 2493:2 April 2011 at the 2439:13 July 2007 at the 2192:developing countries 1272:Market Sharing Quota 917:Lactation management 889:Mating and pregnancy 726:— one per teat 528:improve this section 389:Bali-Style 50 cows/h 4493:2020ClCh..161..637R 4434:2020ClCh..162.1269B 4338:2022ClCh..175...10A 4131:on 21 November 2008 4113:. 26 February 2018. 4081:"Facts and Figures" 3935:"Supply management" 3913:"Supply management" 3710:on 13 November 2008 3550:2021NatCo..12.2601L 3199:on 21 February 2008 3115:. 18 November 2010. 3097:. 18 November 2010. 3065:"Total Integration" 3035:"Joseph Gallo Dies" 2640:West, J.W. (2003). 2350:on 28 December 2013 1926: 1301: 1044:Bovine somatotropin 1023:soil organic matter 760:techniques such as 392:Swingover 60 cows/h 5057:Rotational grazing 4973:Columbian exchange 4332:(1–2): 1269–1285. 3735:The New York Times 3169:on 13 January 2010 2525:Ronald John Sharp" 2469:on 27 January 2018 1956:(all 27 countries) 1915: 1866: 1858: 1290: 1288: 1220:economies of scale 1195: 1183: 1115:digital dermatitis 1003: 962:San Joaquin Valley 957: 840:total mixed ration 762:rotational grazing 710: 572: 483: 445: 403: 327: 280: 269: 240: 235:Milking cattle in 167:excreted by dairy 56: 45: 5341: 5340: 4901:Urban agriculture 4874:Rice-duck farming 4822:Intensive farming 4792:Extensive farming 4271:Our World in Data 3430:on 20 August 2015 3308:Elise Desaulniers 3251:on 30 August 2019 2220:intensive farming 2175: 2174: 1925: 1816: 1815: 1300: 1263:supply management 1257:Supply management 988:environmentalists 976:methane digesters 926:lactation cycle. 903:venereal diseases 628:Milking operation 564: 563: 556: 487:Automatic milking 398:Rotary 250 cows/h 358:automatic milking 303:National Seashore 53:Bangor, Wisconsin 16:(Redirected from 5371: 5330: 5329: 5318: 5317: 5306: 5294: 5293: 5138:Wildlife farming 4988:Green Revolution 4939:Ancient history 4879:Rice-fish system 4787:Contract farming 4772:Animal husbandry 4631: 4624: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4565:pbswisconsin.org 4555: 4547: 4530: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4455: 4453:20.500.12327/909 4445: 4428:(3): 1269–1285. 4413: 4407: 4406: 4381:(1): 1269–1285. 4366: 4360: 4359: 4349: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4203:on 23 March 2015 4199:. 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Archived from 2455: 2449: 2443: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2407: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2335: 2268:Animal husbandry 2256: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2018: 2016: 2015: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1927: 1923: 1914: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1779: 1777: 1776: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1419: 1417: 1416: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1347: 1345: 1344: 1302: 1298: 1289: 729: 725: 717:Milking machines 633:Milking machines 622:propylene glycol 559: 552: 548: 545: 539: 508: 500: 416:commercial farms 352:Milking pipeline 346:Milking pipeline 331:milking machines 110:bacterial growth 95:milking pipeline 51:Dairy farm near 21: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5250: 5241:Poultry farming 5194: 5149: 5142: 5113:Poultry farming 5003: 4979:Modern history 4959:Post-classical 4907: 4906: 4905: 4849:Organic farming 4704: 4703: 4699: 4663: 4640: 4635: 4569: 4567: 4538: 4533: 4520: 4516: 4481:Climatic Change 4473: 4469: 4422:Climatic Change 4414: 4410: 4367: 4363: 4326:Climatic Change 4318: 4314: 4283: 4279: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4185: 4181: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4069:. 15 July 2018. 4061: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3816:on 19 June 2016 3813: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3684:. Bloomberg.com 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3608: 3607: 3595: 3591: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3504:on 9 March 2016 3501: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3137:on 5 April 2013 3125: 3124: 3120: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3071:on 10 June 2016 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3039:Merced Sun-Star 3033: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2940: 2936: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2862: 2833: 2824: 2787: 2783: 2746: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2638: 2634: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2517: 2513: 2507:"Milking sheds" 2505: 2501: 2495:Wayback Machine 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2441:Wayback Machine 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2384: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2288:Factory farming 2252: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2224:organic farming 2188: 2180: 2160: 2158: 2139: 2137: 2118: 2116: 2097: 2095: 2076: 2074: 2055: 2053: 2034: 2032: 2013: 2011: 1992: 1990: 1971: 1969: 1955: 1946: 1944: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1827: 1821: 1798: 1796: 1774: 1772: 1750: 1748: 1726: 1724: 1702: 1700: 1678: 1676: 1654: 1652: 1630: 1628: 1606: 1604: 1582: 1580: 1558: 1556: 1534: 1532: 1510: 1508: 1486: 1484: 1462: 1460: 1438: 1436: 1414: 1412: 1390: 1388: 1366: 1364: 1342: 1340: 1297: 1292: 1280: 1259: 1180:New South Wales 1169: 1164: 1152: 1146: 1070: 1050:growth hormones 1046: 1040: 1038:Use of hormones 949: 944: 919: 891: 866: 857: 848: 757: 736: 734:Milking routine 727: 723: 719: 699: 697:Milking systems 686: 684:Housing systems 670: 653:heat exchangers 630: 601: 560: 549: 543: 540: 525: 509: 498: 489: 471: 457: 437: 424: 401: 379: 377:Milking parlors 354: 348: 315: 261: 229: 209:water buffaloes 193: 171:. The usage of 73:(either on the 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5377: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5324: 5312: 5300: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5069:Insect farming 5066: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4948:Ancient Greece 4945: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4917: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 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2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2283:Dairy products 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2241: 2238: 2189: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2020:United Kingdom 2009: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1953:European Union 1942: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1912: 1911:European Union 1909: 1873:Bernie Sanders 1820: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1589:United Kingdom 1578: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1458: 1454: 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5351: 5349: 5335: 5334: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5289: 5286: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5236:Meat industry 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5221:Biotechnology 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5148:Environmental 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5128:Sheep farming 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5032:Dairy farming 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5009:Farming Types 5006: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4943:Ancient Egypt 4941: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4854:Paludiculture 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4755:Biotechnology 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4675:Agriculturist 4673: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4581:(FAO diagram) 4580: 4577: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4168: 4157: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4068: 4067:DairyBusiness 4064: 4058: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3997: 3980: 3974: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3886: 3879: 3860: 3853: 3837: 3831: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3779: 3772: 3770: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3683: 3676: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3632: 3626: 3618: 3612: 3605:(3): 265–273. 3604: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3519: 3500: 3493: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3373: 3367: 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2393: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338:McLean, Amy. 2334: 2330: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2244: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196:Mediterranean 2193: 2186: 2170: 2168: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2021: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1920: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1883:to pursue an 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1819:United States 1811: 1808: 1806: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1373:United States 1363: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1295: 1284: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231:United States 1227: 1223: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1192: 1187: 1181: 1177: 1176:Holstein cows 1173: 1159: 1157: 1151: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1012: 1008: 999: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 980:Air pollution 977: 972: 967: 963: 953: 939: 935: 931: 927: 924: 914: 911: 909: 904: 898: 896: 886: 883: 877: 875: 871: 864:Estrous cycle 861: 852: 843: 841: 835: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 791: 789: 785: 780: 777: 773: 771: 766: 763: 752: 750: 749:mammary gland 746: 741: 731: 714: 708: 703: 694: 690: 681: 677: 675: 665: 663: 659: 654: 649: 645: 641: 639: 634: 625: 623: 617: 613: 609: 606: 605:refrigeration 599:Refrigeration 596: 594: 593:refrigeration 590: 584: 582: 577: 568: 558: 555: 547: 537: 533: 529: 523: 522: 518: 513:This section 511: 507: 502: 501: 493: 488: 480: 475: 466: 463: 452: 450: 441: 432: 430: 419: 417: 412: 408: 397: 394: 391: 388: 387: 383: 374: 371: 366: 364: 359: 353: 343: 340: 335: 332: 324: 319: 310: 306: 304: 301: 297: 293: 288: 286: 285:United States 278: 273: 265: 256: 254: 250: 244: 238: 237:ancient Egypt 233: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 149:air pollution 147:disposal and 146: 141: 139: 134: 130: 126: 125:United States 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 106:refrigeration 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 87:Neolithic era 84: 83:dairy product 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 59:Dairy farming 54: 49: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5331: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5183:Overdrafting 5042:Goat farming 5031: 4953:Ancient Rome 4859:Permaculture 4817:Horticulture 4762:Agroforestry 4720:Agribusiness 4568:. 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